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ROLE of LOCAL GOVERNANCE in CURBING NORTH-SOUTH MIGRATION in GHANA; a STUDY in JIRAPA DISTRICT by Sa-Adu Misiri (PG 2078708)

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ROLE of LOCAL GOVERNANCE in CURBING NORTH-SOUTH MIGRATION in GHANA; a STUDY in JIRAPA DISTRICT by Sa-Adu Misiri (PG 2078708) ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN CURBING NORTH-SOUTH MIGRATION IN GHANA; A STUDY IN JIRAPA DISTRICT BY Sa-Adu Misiri (PG 2078708) A Thesis Submitted to the Institute of Distance Learning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree in COMMONWEALTH EXECUTIVE MASTERS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (CEMPA) April, 2012 i Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards CEMPA and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University or elsewhere except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Sa-Adu Misiri (PG 2078708) ………………………………………… …………………………….. Student Name and ID Signature Date Certified By: Mr. Baba Hananu ……………………………….. ………………… Name of Supervisor Signature Date Certified By: Prof. I. K. Dontwi ………………………………… ……………………. Dean, IDL Signature Date ii Dedication I dedicate this piece of work to my lovely wife; Mrs. Rafia Sa-Adu, our son; Mubashir Sa-Adu, and daughter; Rashida Sa-Adu, all my siblings, my late father; Alhaji Sa-Adu Yakubu and my late mothers and all my love ones whose prayers and encouragements have made this dream a reality. iii Acknowledgments My first thanks go to Almighty Allah for guiding and protecting me throughout my life to date. I wish to offer my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Baba Hananu for his interest in the work, encouragement, and useful suggestions offered during the course of this work. I say Almighty Allah Richly Bless You. I wish to also thank the Assembly Members, UC members and all interviewees especially Hon. James Ziekye who assisted me in mobilizing other Assembly members and Households to make my work simple. My special thanks go to my wife, Mrs. Sa-Adu Rafia who persistently reminded me about the thesis; my brothers: Sa-Adu Shafiq, Sa-Adu Ibrahim, Abdul-Rashid Alolo, Yussif Yakubu (Pacos), Abdul- Jaleel Alolo and Muntaka Alolo. My sisters: Sa-Adu Maria, Sa-Adu Suweiba, Sa-Adu Hamdia, Sa-Adu Shamsia and Imoro Fadila. My colleagues: Adam Abdul-Rahaman, Yahaya Iddrisu, Alidu Abdul Fatahi, Sulemana Mudasir, Ibrahim Hamdu, Yakubu Amin (Abaa), Zakaria Abdul- Jalil and his wife Mrs. Zakaria Fawzia. I wish to also send my profound thanks to all members of Palace in Sabonjida especially Yussif Yakubu (Pacos), Sulemana Amin (General), Baba Zakaria, Ahamed Gawsu, Hon. Prince Abuba, Awudu Mohammed, Tamimu Mohammed Salifu, Alhaji Baba Yahaya and all people of Sabonjida and Bomahagu including those whose names are not mentioned here. I wish to finally express my profound thanks to my GODFATHER Alhaji Alhassan Alolo and his wife Hajia Mariam Alolo for their continuous support and guidance of our family; I say Almighty Allah Richly Bless You. iv Table of Contents Declaration ii Dedication iii Acknowledgments iv Table of Contents v List of Tables viii List of Figures ix List of Acronyms x Abstract xii CHAPTER ONE 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Background to the study 14 1.2 Problem Statement 15 1.3 Objectives of the Study 17 1.3.1 General Objective 17 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 17 1.4 Research Questions 18 1.5 Scope of the study 18 1.6 Significance of the Study 18 1.7 Limitations of the Study 19 1.8 Organization of the Study 20 CHAPTER TWO 22 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Theoretical Framework of Decentralization 22 2.2.1 Political Decentralization/Devolution 23 2.2.2 De-Concentration 23 2.2.3 Delegation 24 2.3 Structure of the Local Government System 24 2.4 Concept of the District Assemblies 25 v 2.4.1 Planning 26 2.4.2 Organizing 27 2.4.3 Coordinating 28 2.4.4 Allocating Resources 29 2.5 Unit Committees and Decentralization 30 2.6 Financial Decentralization 31 2.7 Local Government Planning for Rural Poverty Reduction 32 2.8 Development Gap between Northern and Southern Ghana 33 2.8.1 Conditions for Addressing the North-South Development Gap 34 2.8.1.1 Political Conditions 34 2.8.1.2 Economic Conditions 35 2.8.1.3 Socio-Cultural Conditions 36 2.9 Theoretical Framework of Migration 37 2.9.2 Historical Perspective of North-South Migration 37 2.9.3 Migration in the Upper West Region 38 2.10 Causes of North-South Migration 39 2.11 Effects of North-South Migration 41 CHAPTER THREE 44 3.0 METHODOLOGY 44 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Research Design 44 3.3 Instruments of the Study 45 3.4 Study Population 45 3.5 Sample and Sampling Technique 45 3.6 Reconnaissance Visit and Pre-Test 48 3.7 Data Collection and Sources 48 3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation 48 3.10 Profile of the Study Area 48 CHAPTER FOUR 51 4.0 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Causes of North-South Migration 54 vi 4.3 Effects of Out-Migration 62 4.4 Challenges of Local Government System in Ghana 67 4.5 Role of Local Government System in Addressing North-South Migration . 72 CHAPTER FIVE 77 5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Summary of Major Findings 77 5.2.1 Causes of North-South Migration 77 5.2.2 Effects of North-South Migration 78 5.2.3 Challenges of the Local Government System 78 5.3 Conclusions 79 5.4 Recommendations 80 5.4.1 Promote Popular Participation in Local Governance 80 5.4.2 Provide Reward Packages for Rural Service 80 5.4.3 Promote Agricultural Export in the North 81 5.4.4 Initiate a National Policy on Migration 81 REFERENCES 82 APPENDICES 90 Appendix A: Interview Guide 90 Appendix B: Jirapa District Map 96 vii List of Tables Table 1.1 Volume of net- migration by Regions for 1984 and 2000. 16 Table 3.1 Sampling Structure 46 Table 4.1 Background Characteristics of Respondents 51 Table 4.2 Age Distribution of Respondents 52 Table 4.3 Educational Background of Respondents 53 Table 4.4 Have you ever migrated Down-South 55 Table 4.5 Reasons for not Migrating Down-South 57 Table 4.6 Given the Opportunity, Will you travel Down-South 58 Table 4.7 Do You Consider the Southern Part of Ghana Better than the North in Terms of Development 59 Table 4.8 The Development Gap Between the North and the South can be Closed 61 Table 4. 9 Will you Encourage Out-Migration among the People in Your Community? 66 Table 4.10 Do you have Specific Mandate as a Local Government Representative 67 Table 4.11 Are You Aware of LI 1726 (2003) that Clearly Set Out the Role of the Local Government Unit? 69 Table 4.12 Do you Consider Out-Migration a Problem in your Area? 72 Table 4.13 Policies/Programmes/Projects by Local Governemnt Authorities to Avert the Situation. 73 Table 4.14 Role of the District Assembly in Minimizing Out-Migration 75 viii List of Figures Fig. 4.1 Monthly Income against Occupation of Respondents 54 Figure 4.2 Reasons for Migrating Down-South 56 Figure 4.3 What have you seen Positive about the North Not Found in the South 60 Figure 4.4 Positive Effects of Out-Migration 62 Figure 4.5 Negative Effects of Out-Migration 64 Figure 4.6 Contributions of Migrants to Community Development 65 Figure 4.7 Mandates of Local Government Representatives 68 Figure 4.8 Logistics Required by Local Government Representatives 70 Figure 4.9 Challenges of Local Government System 71 Figure 4.10 Role of UCs in Minimising Out-Migration 59 ix List of Acronyms ADF: African Development Fund AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CEPA: Centre for Policy Analysis CFA: Common Fund Administrator CHRAJ: Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice CLGF: Commonwealth Local Government Forum CPRC: Chronic Poverty Research Centre DA: District Assembly DACF: District Assembly Common Fund DCD: District Coordinating Director DCE: District Chief Executive DPCU: District Planning Coordinating Unit GLSS: Ghana Living Standard Survey GSS: Ghana Statistical Service HIV: Human Immune Virus ILO: International Labour Organization x ISSER : Institute of Statistical, Social, and Economic Research LI : Legislative Instrument MLGRD: Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MP : Member of Parliament NCCE: National Commission for Civic Education NDPC: National Development Planning Commission NGO: Non Governmental Organization PDC: People Defense Committee PNDC: Provisional National Defense Council PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal RCC: Regional Coordinating Council UC: Unit Committee UNDP: United Nations Development Programme xi Abstract Pre- colonial development gap between the North and the South still persists in spite of several governmental and non-governmental interventions and creating a net migration of Northern youth to the South for menial jobs. Promoting the welfare of rural people is at the heart of the local government; this study attempts to identify various ways that local governance can contribute in arresting the North-South migration in Ghana. A survey of 219 Households and 61 Unit Committee (UC) members selected from each of the eight (8) town/area councils in Jirapa; and a sample of 39 elected Assembly members produced interesting results. 77.7% of the respondents were in the informal sector and their average monthly incomes range from GHC 38.00 to GHC 140.1 per month. Farmers who constitute 57% of the respondents have an average income of GHC 87.00 per month. The study showed that 91.8% respondents have ever migrated Down-South for various developmental reasons including food security and jobs. Though the local government representatives have been mandated to take charge of the welfare of the people in their area, they lack the basic logistics, qualified personnel, and discretion on the disbursement of the District Assembly Common Fund (DACF).
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