Characteristics of Team Leaders Play As Exemplified by the European Championships in Basketball
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Journal of Human Kinetics volume 27/2011, 161-179 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0013-1 161 Section III – Sport, Physical Education & Recreation Characteristics of Team Leaders Play as exemplified by the European Championships In Basketball by Beata Pluta1, Marcin Andrzejewski1 This paper presents a statistical analysis of basketball team leaders performance during a championship status tournament in team sports using the example of the 36th European Championships EuroBasket 2009. The list of player-leaders of particular national teams was developed by means of the expert method, based on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. Empirical data gathered were taken from the website of EuroBasket 2009 Poland (www.eurobasket2009.org) and FIBA Europe (www.fiba.com). Formal statistical methods concerning sample description were used. The comparative analysis was conducted by means of various tabular and graphic techniques. The calculations were performed in a STATISTICA spreadsheet. The applied statistical methods allowed a series of conclusions to be drawn concerning the performance of leader-players and their cooperation with other players on the court. The knowledge of particular SGCs (standard game components) realization allows those dispositions of leader- players which are especially significant in the process of cooperation in a basketball team to be improved by coaching. Key words: sports leader, basketball, individual performance, statistical analysis international competitions. The national team Introduction consists of players who have achieved a desirable One of the basic problems playing ability, with the expectation that they will in the analysis of a player’s performance display their skills as effectively as possible in is the objective evaluation of his or her sports cooperation with their partners (synergy effect). accomplishments. Effective rivalry in team sports Striving to achieve such an effect creates a game requires constant improvement of the necessity for objectified identification of the team abilities of players (including leaders) in order to members, especially player-leaders, so as to achieve the highest performance efficiency. At the define in the most accurate way the disposition of professional level, the main objective is to create a players for cooperation within a team (Carron et team of the best players to take part in al., 2002; Erčulj, 2008; Lam, 2007; Zhao, 2001). 1-Faculty of Methodology and Recreation, University School of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland Authors submitted their contribution of the article to the editorial board. Accepted for printing in Journal of Human Kinetics vol. 27/2011 on March 2011. 162 Characteristics of Team Leaders Play in Basketball Basketball occupies a special place among September 2009. Numerical material comprises team sports. It is characterized by dynamic data regarding standard game components (SGC), changes of situation carried out by both which consist of explicitly defined information competing teams. Many of these situations can be resulting from the course of the game and implied objectively quantified which, as a result, leads to by FIBA rules, used to objectify game determination of various statistics describing achievements of particular players. Statistical players’ performance on the court (Trninić et al. conversion and processing of the empirical 2002). The most frequently accessible numerical material gathered were done with the use of the specifications concern such game activities of a STATISTICA program. The data source is the team leader as: the number of points scored in the official website of FIBA-http://weblisting. game, shooting effectiveness, number of stinnovation.com/eurobasket//?path. rebounds, turnovers, steals, etc. (Angel et al. 2008; Material and methods Sampaio et al. 2004; Šeparović, Nuhanović 2008). Most of these classifications do not take The formal description of line-ups into consideration the direct participation performing during the EuroBasket 2009 of players in sports achievements of their teams tournament is as follows. because these categorizations are presented in an Let set I be a 12-element set which unbalanced form. Starting the analysis of is identified with the starting numbers basketball match actions (BMA) performed by a of basketball players. Any given 5-element subset team (including a leader) during the rivalry, it G = {i1, i2, i3, i4, i5} of the set I is regarded as the may be assumed that they consist of the line-up of the players participating in the game contribution of five-person line-ups of this team and performing together in a particular time that change constantly during the game. Such interval. line-ups stay on the court for some time, while a It was assumed that q time slots were team leader may or may not appear in them distinguished, which is expressed by the set (Pluta, 2008). As a result, the game may be treated T = {T1, T2, ...Tq}, whose elements meet the as some dynamic sequence of changing personal conditions of disjunction, that is line-ups of a team performing in defined periods ' Tj Tj = , j j’, and overlapping, of time. that is T1 T2 ... Tq = <0, 40>, while it is This paper gives a complex statistical assumed that the game was decided within the analysis of team leader’s play during the men’s full time. basketball tournament of the European Each of the set T elements is a closed interval Championships which took place in Poland in p k p k Tj = t j ; t j , where t j and t j respectively Journal of Human Kinetics volume 27/2011, http://www.johk.pl by B. Pluta and M. Andrzejewski 163 denote the initial and final time moment j of this preliminary round into four groups A–D. time interval. Each such interval has an assigned Particular groups included respectively: defined line-up of players Gj, which leads to a Gr. A: Greece (GRE), Croatia (CRO), Macedonia fixed pair (Tj, Gj) for j = 1, 2, ..., q, while the second (MAC), Israel (ISR); elements of these pairs may be repeated. This Gr. B : Russia (RUS), Latvia (LAT), Germany means that a given line-up of players appears (GER), France (FRA); many times. The configuration of all the pairs Gr. C : Slovenia (SLO), Serbia (SER), Spain (SPA), mentioned creates the set Z = {( Tj, Gj); j = 1, 2, ... Great Britain (GBR); q}. The line-up of players G appearing on the Gr. D : Poland (POL), Bulgaria (BUL), Turkey court carry out different match actions, with or (TUR), Lithuania (LIT). without the participation of a leader. For the second phase of the tournament It is assumed that a types of such actions were (qualifying round) three teams from groups A to distinguished. The collected data regarding the D qualified, with accepted results of the ensuing actions performed by a given line-up of preliminary round. Teams from groups A and B players in a defined time interval in created group E, while teams from groups C and a global view, permitted of creation a two- D created group F. At this phase, each team dimensional table A [1:q, 1:2a]. played three games. For the quarter-final phase Complete information relating to subsequent (final round) the four best teams from groups E playing line-ups in defined time intervals and and F qualified. This part of the tournament was their basketball accomplishments is called a set of conducted according to the knock-out system, basketball information capacities for a team and leader. which is presented in the following scheme: It can undergo diversified statistical analyses, Gr. E: E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6 including the ones referring to the team leader, (B2, A2), (B3, A1), (B1, A3), (A3, B3), (A1, B2), (A2, players in the game or the remaining players B1), (B2, A3), (B3, A2), (B1, A1) (interval analysis, cumulative analysis, and Gr. F: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 intersectional analysis) and to the frequency of (D2, C2), (D3, C1), (D1, C3), (D3, C3), (D1, C2), playing line-ups (analysis of combinations of (D2, C1), (D2, C3), (D3, C2), (D1, C1) playing line-ups, series of playing line-ups, 1-8: 1-(E1, F4), 2-(E2, F3), 3-(E3, F2), 4-(E4, F1) frequency of match actions for particular playing (W1, P1) (W2, P2) (W3, P3) (W4, P4) line-ups). 1-4: 1-(W1,W3), 2-(W2,W4) 5-8: 1-(P1,P3), Teams participating in the EuroBasket 2009 2-(P2,P4) tournament (q = 16) were divided in the (W1’,P1’) (W2’,P2’) (W1”,P1”) (W2”,P2”) © Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics 164 Characteristics of Team Leaders Play in Basketball 1-2: (W1’,W2’), 3-4: (P1’,P2’), 5-6: (W1”,W2”), 7-8: power forward; 5-centre) and club membership (P1”,P2”). (1-national league, 2-NBA, 3-Italian league, 4- As follows from the specification given, the Spanish league, 5-Greek league, 6-other leagues). total number of matches played in the tournament It is worth noticing that the greatest number of equals to m = 54, where m = mw + mk + mf, while tournament participants playing in national mw is the number of matches in the preliminary leagues were from the team representing Russia round, mk is the number of matches in the (100%), the next position was occupied by Israel qualifying round, and mf is the number of and Turkey (85.7% each), while the smallest matches in the final round. numbers were from Great Britain (6.3%) and The following figures (1-3) present the Slovenia (7.1%). Among the Poles, 38.5% played distribution of 222 basketball players who entered in the national league. When considering all the tournament according to elimination groups, athletes who entered the tournament, the highest position on the court, (1-point guard (play- percentages of players performing abroad was maker); 2-shooting guard; 3-small forward, 4- observed in the Spanish league, with 29 players (13.1%), and the Italian league, with 22 (9.9%).