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7 - Israel.Pdf Tangible Evidence • Established, centralized form of government • Frequent interaction with major world powers • Assyrians • No tombs, monuments, or archives related to specific Israelite kings Kings of Israel Jeroboam, 930-910 BC Jehoram, 852-841 BC Pekahiah, 742-740 BC Nadab, 910-909 BC Jehu, 841-814 BC Pekah, 752-732 BC Baasha, 909-886 BC Jehoahaz, 814-798 BC Hoshea, 732-722 BC Eliah, 886-885 BC Jehoash, 798-782 BC Zimri, 885 BC Jeroboam II, 793-753 BC Omri, 885-874 BC Zechariah, 753 BC Ahab, 874-853 BC Shallum, 752 BC Ahaziah, 853-852 BC Menahem, 752-742 BC Kings of Israel Jeroboam, 930-910 BC Jehoram, 852-841 BC Pekahiah, 742-740 BC Nadab, 910-909 BC Jehu, 841-814 BC Pekah, 752-732 BC Baasha, 909-886 BC Jehoahaz, 814-798 BC Hoshea, 732-722 BC Eliah, 886-885 BC Jehoash, 798-782 BC Zimri, 885 BC Jeroboam II, 793-753 BC Omri, 885-874 BC Zechariah, 753 BC Ahab, 874-853 BC Shallum, 752 BC Ahaziah, 853-852 BC Menahem, 752-742 BC Kings of Israel Jeroboam, 930-910 BC Jehoram, 852-841 BC Pekahiah, 742-740 BC Nadab, 910-909 BC Jehu, 841-814 BC Pekah, 752-732 BC Baasha, 909-886 BC Jehoahaz, 814-798 BC Hoshea, 732-722 BC Eliah, 886-885 BC Jehoash, 798-782 BC Zimri, 885 BC Jeroboam II, 793-753 BC Omri, 885-874 BC Zechariah, 753 BC Ahab, 874-853 BC Shallum, 752 BC Ahaziah, 853-852 BC Menahem, 752-742 BC Jeroboam • Established idol worship (1 Kings 12:25-33) • Bethel in the south • Dan in the north • Tell el Qadi, 1970s-1980s • Ruins of the altar found • Dates to the 10th century BC • Destroyed and rebuilt several times, last used in the 7th century BC Jeroboam Image: https://biblewalks.com/sites/DanHighPlace.html Jeroboam Image: https://biblewalks.com/sites/DanHighPlace.html Jeroboam Image: https://biblewalks.com/sites/DanHighPlace.html Jeroboam Image: https://biblewalks.com/sites/DanHighPlace.html Omri • Stopped a rebellion by Zimri who had usurped the throne from Elah (1 Kings 16:8-20) • Prevailed in a civil war against Tibni lasting four years (1 Kings 16:21-22) • Moved the capital of Israel from Tirzah to Samaria (1 Kings 16:23-24) • This was a new site Omri Image: https://www.bible-history.com/maps/books.php Omri Image: https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agsphoto/id/21169/ Omri The Moabite Stone • Discovered in 1868 at Dibon • Dated to 840 BC • Housed at the Louvre • Made of black basalt stone • Relays the story of Moab’s battle for independence from Israel (cf. 2 Kings 3) Image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/1510497879 Omri “I (am) Mesha, son of Chemosh – […], king of Moab, the Dibonite – my father reigned over Moab thirty years, and I reigned after my father, – (who) made this high place for Chemosh in Qarhoh […] because he saved me from all the kings and caused me to triumph over all my adversaries.” Image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/1510497879 Omri “As for Omri, king of Israel, he humbled Moab many days, for Chemosh was angry at his land. And his son followed him and he said, ‘I will humble Moab.’” “(Now) Omri had occupied the land of Medeba, and (Israel) had dwelt there in his time and a half the time of his son, forty years…” Image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/1510497879 Ahab Hazael • Anointed by Elijah over Syria (1 Kings 19:15-17) • Sent by Ben-Hadad to Elisha to determine prognosis of illness (2 Kings 8:7-13) • Illness isn’t fatal but the king would die • Hazael would do great evil against Israel as king of Syria • Killed Ben-Hadad and usurped the throne (2 Kings 8:14-15) Ahab Basalt statue of Shalmanser III • Dates to 833 BC • Discovered in Assur, 1903 • Housed at Istanbul Archaeological Museums, Museum of the Ancient Orient section “Haldadezer (Ben-Hadad II) perished. Hazael, son of nobody, seized the throne.” Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_III#/media/File:King_Shalmaneser_III_Istanbul_Museum.JPG, owner Bjørn Christian Tørrissen Ahab Jezebel • 1 Kings 16:31 • 1964, Nahman Avigad • Dates to 872-851 BC • Housed in Israel Department of Antiquities • Name YZBL in Hebrew Image: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071026210336.htm; Credit: Israel Museum, Jerusalem Ahab Jezebel • 1 Kings 16:31 • 1964, Nahman Avigad • Dates to 872-851 BC • Housed in Israel Department of Antiquities • Name YZBL in Hebrew • 2008, Marjo Korpel Image: http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/09/19/Seal-of-Jezebel-Identified.aspx Ahab Battling the Assyrians • Shalmaneser Stela • J.E. Taylor, 1861, Kurkh • Dates to 853 BC • Housed at the British Museum • Records a battle between Shalmaneser III and an alliance of 12 kings at Qarqar Image: © Trustees of the British Museum https://www.britishmuseum.org/join_in/using_digital_images/using_digital_images.aspx?asset_id=150815001&objectId=367117&partId=1 Ahab “I approached Karkara. I destroyed, tore down, and burned Karkara, his royal residence. He brought along to help him 1200 chariots, 1200 cavalrymen, 20,000 foot soldiers of Adad’idri (Ben-Hadad) of Damascus; 700 chariots, 700 cavalrymen, 10,000 foot soldiers of Irhuleni from Hamath; 2000 chariots, 10,000 foot soldiers of Ahab the Israelite; 500 soldiers from Que, 1000 soldiers from Musri…” Ahab “I slew 14,000 of their soldiers… descending upon them like Adad when he makes a rainstorm pour down. I spread their corpses [everywhere], filling the entire plain with their widely scattered soldiers.” Ahab Megiddo Stables • Stalled 450 horses • Storage space for 150 chariots • Dates to the days of Ahab • May have been modified, pre-existing stables from the reign of Solomon Image:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/JPF-TelMegiddo.JPG Ahab Samaria • Expanded upon Omri’s palace during a second building phase Image: https://biblewalks.com/sites/samariacity.html#AhabPalace Ahab Samaria • Expanded upon Omri’s palace during a second building phase • Ruins of the palace contained large amounts of ivory Image: https://www.ancient.eu/image/7210/carved-ivory-from-samaria/ Ahab Samaria • Expanded upon Omri’s palace during a second building phase • Ruins of the palace contained large amounts of ivory • Ostraca Image: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Inscription-3-and-the-Barley-Ostracon-from-Samaria_fig6_330040071 Ahab Jezreel • 1 Kings 21:1-16 • 1990s, David Ussishkin and John Woodhead Image: https://biblewalks.com/sites/samariacity.html#AhabPalace Jehoram The Moabite Stone • Discovered in 1868 • Dated to 840 BC • Housed at the Louvre • Made of black basalt stone • Relays the story of Moab’s battle for independence from Israel in the days of Jehoram (cf. 2 Kings 3) Image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/1510497879 Jehoram Tel Dan Inscription • Discovered in during 1993 excavation at Tel Dan • Dates to 796-792 BC • Discovered in its secondary use • Housed at the Israel Museum • Tells the story of King Hazael of Syria assaulting Israel and Judah Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele, owner Oren Rozen Jehoram Tel Dan Inscription “[I killed Jeho]ram son of [Ahab] king of Israel, and [I] killed [Ahaz]iahu son of [Jehoram ki]ng of Bayt-David. And [I set their towns into ruins] and turned their land into [destruction].” Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele, image owner Oren Rozen Jehu Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser • Discovered in 1846, Sir Austen Henry Layard in Nimrud, Assyria • Dates to 825 BC? • 198 cm tall • Housed at the British Museum • Records Shalmaneser III received tribute from various kings Image: © Trustees of the British Museum https://www.britishmuseum.org/join_in/using_digital_images/using_digital_images.aspx?asset_id=290479001&objectId=367012&partId=1 Jehu Image: By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42129532 Jehu “The tribute of Ia-u-a (Jehu), son of Hu-um-ri (Omri); I received from him silver, gold, a golden saplu-bowl, a golden vase with pointed bottom, golden tumblers, golden buckets, tin, a staff for a king, (and) wooden puruhtu.” Image: By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42129532 Jehoash Tel al-Rima Stela • Discovered 1967, Tell al-Rima, Sinjar, Iraq • Dates to early 8th century BC • Housed at the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad • Records events dating to 796 BC completed by Adad-nirari III, king of Assyria Image: http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/05/22/Israelite-Kings-in-Assyrian-Inscriptions.aspx Jehoash Tel al-Rima Stela • Adad-nirari III ed campaigns west and conquered Syria under Ben- Hadad III • “seized my feet, assuming the position of a slave” • “I received the tribute of Jehoash the Samarian, of the Tyrian [ruler] and of the Sidonian [ruler].” • 2 Kings 13:25 Image: http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/05/22/Israelite-Kings-in-Assyrian-Inscriptions.aspx Menahem “Pul of Assyria came against the land; and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him to strengthen the kingdom under his control. And Menahem exacted the money from Israel, from all the very wealthy, from each man fifty shekels of silver, to give to the king of Assyria. So the king of Assyria turned back, and did not stay there in the land.” 2 Kings 15:19-20, NKJV Menahem “So the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, that is Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria. He carried the Reubenites, the Gadites, the half-tribe of Manasseh into captivity. He took them to Halah, Habor, Hara, and the river of Gozan to this day.” 1 Chron 5:26, NKJV Menahem Stele of Tiglath-Pileser III • Also known as Iran Stela • Unknown discovery date and location • Broken into three pieces and sold in antiquities markets in western Iran • Dates 742-727 BC • Describes events from 743 BC • Housed at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem Image: http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/08/15/Evidence-for-Inerrancy-from-an-Unexpected-Source-OT-Chronology.aspx Menahem Stele of Tiglath-Pileser III • “[As for Menahem I ov]erwhelmed him [like a snowstorm] and he fled like a bird alone, [and bowed to my feet(?)].
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