Rainer Dormels (2014)
Profiles of the cities of DPR Korea – Hyesan
This work was supported by the Academy of Korean Studies (KSPS) Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOE) (AKS-2011-BAA-2105)
Find an introduction to the project at http://www.univie.ac.at/koreanologie/index.php?id=digital-north-korea0
This work has been published as a chapter in: Rainer Dormels (2014): North Korea's Cities. Jimoondang. Seoul.
Statistics
IV.2.18. Hyesan
Border town to China and gate to Paektusan
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Basic data Population 192,680 (Rank 20) Area 277 km² (Rank 21) Population density 696 I./km² (Rank 13) Administrative units 25 dong /4 ri (86%) (Rank 3) “Urban” population/“rural” population 90.3%/9.7% (Rank 6) +\HVDQLVRQHRIWKHVPDOOHVWFLWLHVRI1RUWK.RUHDLQWHUPVRISRSXODWLRQDVZHOO DVDUHDVL]H7KH GRQJLQZKLFKRYHU RIWKHSRSXODWLRQOLYHDUHFRQFHQWUDWHGLQWKH 1RUWKHUQERUGHURIWKHFLW\7KLVVXJJHVWVDYHU\KLJKSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\LQWKHXUEDQLVHG DUHDVRI+\HVDQ 1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV Situated in a basin on the upper Yalu +\HVDQLVORFDWHGLQDFXSVKDSHGZLG HQLQJRIWKHXSSHUYDOOH\RIWKH 7KHDJULFXOWXUDOODQGLVRIWKHWRWDOFLW\DUHD0RVWO\YHJHWDEOHVDUHFXOWLYDWHG UDGLVK&KLQHVHFDEEDJHVSLQDFKSHSSHUVHWF 5HJDUGLQJFHUHDOVPRVWO\FRUQEHDQV ULFHSODQWVZKHDWDQGRWKHUVDUHSODQWHG,QWKHLQWUDPRXQWDLQEDVLQDJULFXOWXUHLV RSHUDWHGDVZHOOSDUWO\HYHQLQVPDOOVFDOHRQDSULYDWHEDVLV,QWKHDQLPDOKXVEDQGU\ WKHUHDUHGDLU\DQGFKLFNHQIDUPV Table: Hyesan-II. Climate values Annual average January temperature August temperature Precipitation 3.6°C (27) -16.6°C (27) 19.8°C (27) 583 mm (26) 7KHFRQWLQHQWDOFKDUDFWHURIWKHFOLPDWHLVFOHDUO\DVFHUWDLQHG'XHWRWKHDOWLWXGHWKH VXPPHULVQRWYHU\KRW)UHH]LQJZHDWKHUKRZHYHUVWDUWVDOUHDG\LQODWH6HSWHPEHUDQG FRQWLQXHVWKURXJKXQWLO0D\ City with a high number of factories 0DMRULQGXVWULDOVHFWRUVLQ+\HVDQDUHWKHFRSSHUPLQLQJLQGXVWU\WKHZRRGSURFHVVLQJ ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD LQGXVWU\LQWKHUHJLRQRI:L\ǂQWKHPDFKLQHFRQVWUXFWLRQWKHFORWKLQJDQGIRRWZHDU LQGXVWU\LURQZDUHLQGXVWU\DQGWKHSURGXFWLRQRI+XPHUHDUV FRQFUHWHWXEHVIURPVSLUDO VSXQFRQFUHWH $VDFXOWLYDWLQJSURGXFWQH[WWRWKHLUEOXHEHUULHVWKHKRSVIURP+\HVDQLV IDPRXVZLWKZKLFKEHHULVEUHZHGZLWKDOORYHU1RUWK.RUHDLQFOXGLQJLQ+\HVDQLWVHOI Table Hyesan-III. Ranking (in parenthesis: number of industrial companies or cultural institutions) Hyesan KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary Companies - 16 (12) 14 (22) 18 (9) 6 (17) 14 (29) 14 total Companies - 18 (2) 7 (3) 7 (9) 14 (11) 13 (7) important Cultural in- 11 (11) stitutions Table Hyesan-IV. Ranking (Total number of companies in relation to population) Hyesan KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary Companies - total 5 1 12-1-3 1 6-7 3-1 ,QWHUPVRISRSXODWLRQ+\HVDQRFFXSLHVUDQN+RZHYHULQUHJDUGVWR+\HVDQ¶V HTXLSPHQWWKHFLW\LVEHWWHUSODFHGLQDOOFDWHJRULHV,QYLHZRIWKHTXRWLHQWEHWZHHQWKH VKDUHVRQWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIFRPSDQLHVDQGWKHVKDUHRQWKHSRSXODWLRQ+\HVDQLVXVXDOO\ LQWKHIRUHPRVWSODFHV+\HVDQVKRZVLWVHOILQUHJDUGVWRWKLVTXDQWLWDWLYHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKH VWDWLVWLFVDVDVWURQJO\GHYHORSHGLQGXVWULDOFLW\ Table Hyesan-V. Specification (in parenthesis: number of industrial companies) Huichon Light Industry Heavy Industry Mining Energy KOFC 4 (5) 23 (5) 8 (1) 6 (1) MOU 20 (10) 10 (7) 7 (5) - IPA 9 (5) 18 (3) 9 (1) - KCNA 15 (7) 16 (5) 5 (3) 11 (2) KIET 14 (12) 13 (15) 9 (2) - :KHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQLWLVVWULNLQJWKDW+\HVDQVSHFLDOL]HVPRUHLQOLJKW LQGXVWU\WKDQLQKHDY\LQGXVWU\$OVRWKHPLQLQJLQGXVWU\LQ+\HVDQLVOLVWHGLQDOO¿YH VRXUFHV 7RFKHFNWKHDERYHTXDQWLWDWLYHUHVXOWVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFRPSDQLHVRIWKHFLW\ DUHQRZORRNHGXSRQDW,QFKDSWHU,,,VHYHQLPSRUWDQWFRPSDQLHVZHUHLGHQWLILHG 1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV IRU+\HVDQ WKH+\HVDQ)RRWZHDU)DFWRU\WKH:LZRQ6DZPLOOWKH0D\ WK )RUHVWU\ 0DFKLQHU\)DFWRU\WKH+\HVDQ3DSHU)DFWRU\WKH+\HVDQ7H[WLOH)DFWRU\WKH+\HVDQ %OXHEHUULHV3URFHVVLQJ)DFWRU\DQGWKH+\HVDQ Hyesan Youth Copper Mine as an example for cooperation with China 7KHSUR[LPLW\WR&KLQDLVVLJQL¿FDQW LQWHUDOLD GXHWRMRLQWHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVEHWZHHQ WKHWZRFRXQWULHV$QH[DPSOHRIVXFKFRRSHUDWLRQLVWKH+\HVDQ ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD The construction of the Samsu Hydroelectric Power Station $JUHDWFKDQJHZLWKLQWKHPXQLFLSDODUHDRI+\HVDQZDVEURXJKWE\WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH 6DPVX+\GURHOHFWULF3RZHU6WDWLRQ7KHEHJLQQLQJRIFRQVWUXFWLRQZDVFHOHEUDWHGLQ0D\ .&1$ DQGLQ0D\WKHFRPSOHWLRQDUULYHG7KHGDPZDVEXLOWDW WKHFRQÀXHQFHRIWKH8QFKRQJDQJDQGWKH+RFKRQJDQJRQWKHERUGHUEHWZHHQWKHFLW\ RI+\HVDQDQGWKHFRXQW\RI6DPVX$VFDSDFLW\N:ZHUHSURYLGHGE\WKH1RUWK .RUHDQVZRUNHUVZHUHPRELOLVHG.&1$ 0D\ VSHFL¿HGDVDJRDOWKH VROXWLRQWRWKHHOHFWULFLW\VXVWHQDQFHSUREOHPDURXQGWKHDUHDRI3DHNWXVDQHVSHFLDOO\LQ 6DPML\RQNXQ .&1$$XJXVW LQZKLFKWKHUHDUHQXPHURXVQDWLRQDOPHPRULDOV $GGLWLRQDOO\WKHQHZDUWL¿FLDOODNHVKRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHHQKDQFHPHQWRIWKHODQGVFDSH RIWKHFLW\RI+\HVDQDQGWKHFRXQW\RI6DPVX7KXVWKHODNHFRXOGDOVREHDWRXULVWLF GHVWLQDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\IRUYLVLWRUVIURP&KLQD 0RN Provincial capital with appropriate cultural facilities $VWKHFDSLWDORI5\RQJJDQJ3URYLQFHWKHUHDUHQXPHURXVFXOWXUDOLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ+\HVDQ VWDUWLQJIURPXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVZKLFKVSHFLDOLVHLQPHGLFLQHHGXFDWLRQ DJULFXOWXUHPLQLQJIRUHVWU\DQGZRRGFKHPLVWU\$OVRSUHVVRUJDQVVXFKDVWKHGDLO\ QHZVSDSHU³5\DQJJDQJ´DQGWKHUDGLRVWDWLRQ+\HVDQDUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHFLW\ Border trade with China and its effects 7KHHFRQRPLFVWDQGVWLOORI1RUWK.RUHDZKLFKKDVEHHQLQFUHDVLQJO\HYLGHQWVLQFHWKH VLQFUHDVHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIH[SRUWVIURP&KLQD&KLQHVH*RRGVDUULYHGWKURXJKWKH QHLJKERXULQJUHJLRQRI&KDQJEDLWKURXJK+\HVDQLQWRWKHFRXQWU\+\HVDQDIWHU6LQXLMX LVWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWERUGHUFLW\WR&KLQDRI1RUWK.RUHD7KXVLWEHFDPHDJRRGVWXUQRYHU ORFDWLRQIURPZKLFKWKHJRRGVZRXOGEHWUDQVSRUWHGWR6LQXLMX+DPKXQJ3\RQJ\DQJ DQGHYHQWR6DULZRQ7KHUHIRUHWKHVWDQGDUGRIOLYLQJLQ+\HVDQZDVFRPSDUDWLYHO\ FRQVLGHUHGDVKLJKZKLFKZDVWKHUHDVRQWKDWWKHWHUP³/LE\D+\HVDQ´ ZDVERUQ 2SSRVLWHRI+\HVDQRQWKH&KLQHVHVLGHWKHODUJHFRPPXQLW\RI&KDQJEDLSDUWRIWKH ,Q1RUWK.RUHDZRUNHUVZHUHVHQWWR/LE\DLQWKH V7KH\OLYHGEHWWHUWKDQSHRSOHZKRZRUNHGLQWKH 8665/LE\DZDVFRQVLGHUHGDVDV\PERORIULFKQHVV 1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV $XWRQRPRXV&RXQW\RI&KDQJEDLRIWKH.RUHDQV -LOLQ3URYLQFH LVORFDWHG+\HVDQDQG &KDQJEDLDUHFRQQHFWHGE\WKH&KDQJEDL+\HVDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO%ULGJH7KHEULGJHZDV EXLOWLQ KRZHYHULWZDVGHVWUR\HGVHYHUDOWLPHVDQGDOVRUHEXLOW7KHH[LVWLQJEULGJH GDWHVEDFNWRWKHUHQRYDWLRQLQ 7KHEULGJHLVPORQJDQG PZLGH %DLGXQG :KHQLWGRHVQRWUDLQWKHUHDUHPDQ\ORFDWLRQVLQ+\HVDQLQZKLFKWKH Hyesan - the basis for the Paektusan tourism +\HVDQLVDOVRDVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWRXULVPWR3DHNWXVDQHVSHFLDOO\IRU&KLQHVHWRXULVWV 2QWKHSURJUDPLVWKH0RQXPHQWRIWKH9LFWRULRXV%DWWOHRI3RFKRQERWKH&ROOHJHRI (GXFDWLRQ.LP-RQJVXNDVZHOODVDSHUIRUPDQFHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH$UWV 0RN 1954: city foundation - capital of Ryanggang Province ,Q +\HVDQEHFDPHDQ XS ZLWKLQWKH.DSVDQNXQ,Q +\HVDQNXQZDVQHZO\ $VZHOO ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD HVWDEOLVKHG$IWHUWKHOLEHUDWLRQ+\HVDQZDVDJDLQD P\RQ DQGLQWKHFRXUVHRIDODUJH VFDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLWEHFDPHDQ XS DJDLQLQ ,Q +\HVDQVLZDVIRXQGHGIURPWKH XS WKH:L\ǂQSKRURGRQJMDJXDQGWKUHH UL RIWKH+\HVDQNXQ KRZHYHUIURPWKHUHVWRIWKH NXQ 8QKXQJNXQZDVIRUPHG+\HVDQ XSZDVVSOLWLQWRVL[ GRQJDQGRQH UL :L\ǂQSKRURGRQJMDJXLQRQH GRQJDQGWZR UL 7KH ODWWHUWKUHH UL ZHUHPDGHLQWRD GRQJLQ 1961 – Expansion of the city around the rural areas $IWHUEHFRPLQJDFLW\LQFRUSRUDWLRQVZHUHPDGHLQ DQG 7KHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRI FRYHUHGWKHZHVWRIWKHFLW\ZKHUHDSRUWLRQRI-XQJXQUL 6DPVXNXQ ZDVPHUJHG ZLWK&KXQJGRQJ +\HVDQNXQ ,Q -XQJXQULZDVVSOLWFRPSOHWHO\2QHSDUWWRJHWKHU ZLWK&KXQJGRQJULIRUPHG.DQJJXGRQJ +\HVDQVL WKHRWKHUSDUWZDVDGGHGWR 3KRVǂQJUL VLQFH 3KRVǂQJURGRQJMDJX 6DPVXNXQ $GGLWLRQDOO\LQ ILYH UL ZHUHDGGHGWRWKHFLW\RI+\HVDQ$OOIRXU UL RIWKHFLW\RI +\HVDQDQG.RPVDQGRQJZKLFKHPHUJHGLQ IURP2VLFKǂQULFDPHWRWKHFLW\LQ Developments and structure 7KHROGPDUNHWRI+\HVDQZDVORFDWHGLQZKDWLVQRZ+\HJDQJGRQJQRUWKRIWKH³ )LJXUH+\HVDQ,,VKRZVWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHWHQ GRQJ LQ IRXU GRQJ RIWKHPZKLFK HPHUJHGIURP:L\ǂQSKRURGRQJMDJXDUHORFDWHGLQWKH(DVW KRZHYHUWKHIRUPHU XS OLHVLQ WKH:HVW Figure Hyesan-II. The ten dong in 1957 1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV ,QWKH HVWHQQHZ GRQJHPHUJHG ¿JXUH+\HVDQ,,, Figure Hyesan-III. The dong , which emerged in Figure Hyesan-IV. Dong , which emerged since the 1960s. 1972. &OHDUFLW\H[SDQVLRQVDUHVHHQLQWKHVRXWKDQGVRXWKZHVWRIWKHFHQWHU 6LQFH ¿YHQHZ GRQJRULJLQDWHG ¿JXUH+\HVDQ,9 $VJURZWKFHQWHUVEH\RQGWKHWZRFHQWHUV +\HVDQ:L\ǂQ DUHWKHUHJLRQVVRXWKIURP WKHFLW\FHQWHUDVZHOODVWKHUHJLRQVRQWKHQRUWKHUQERUGHUWRWKHPXQLFLSDODUHD )LJXUH+\HVDQ9JLYHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHHQWLUHPXQLFLSDODUHDDVZHOODVWKHFXUUHQW GRQJ RIWKHFLW\(YHQWKHIRUPHU+\HVDQXSDVZHOODVWKHIRUPHU URGRQJMDJX RI :L\RQSKRLVVKRZQ Figure Hyesan-V. Dong in the city of Hyesan ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD Statistics 8UEDQL]HGDUHDVEHIRUHWKHFLW\IRXQGDWLRQ XS DQG URGRQJMDJX +\HVDQXS :L\ǂQSKRURGRQJMDJX 'RQJ )RUPDWLRQ 'RQJ 6SOLWWLQJ ,QFRUSRUDWLRQV 3DUWRI-XQJXQUL 6DPVXNXQ UL RI8QKǎQJNXQ SDUWRI-XQJXQUL 6DPVXNXQ Hyesan - border city with a considerable number of middle and small factories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¶V&LWLHV VWLPXODWLRQDQGGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIWKHHFRQRPLFVWUXFWXUHRIWKHFLW\RQWKH.RUHDQ&KLQHVH ERUGHU+\HVDQZDVDSSRLQWHGLQDVRQHRIWKHQHZORFDWLRQVIRUDQHFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW]RQHRIWKH'35.RUHD ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD