Martin Luther and the Reformation the Troubled Church
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Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform
6 RENAISSANCE HISTORY, ART AND CULTURE Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform of Politics Cultural the and III Paul Pope Bryan Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform Renaissance History, Art and Culture This series investigates the Renaissance as a complex intersection of political and cultural processes that radiated across Italian territories into wider worlds of influence, not only through Western Europe, but into the Middle East, parts of Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It will be alive to the best writing of a transnational and comparative nature and will cross canonical chronological divides of the Central Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Renaissance History, Art and Culture intends to spark new ideas and encourage debate on the meanings, extent and influence of the Renaissance within the broader European world. It encourages engagement by scholars across disciplines – history, literature, art history, musicology, and possibly the social sciences – and focuses on ideas and collective mentalities as social, political, and cultural movements that shaped a changing world from ca 1250 to 1650. Series editors Christopher Celenza, Georgetown University, USA Samuel Cohn, Jr., University of Glasgow, UK Andrea Gamberini, University of Milan, Italy Geraldine Johnson, Christ Church, Oxford, UK Isabella Lazzarini, University of Molise, Italy Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Bryan Cussen Amsterdam University Press Cover image: Titian, Pope Paul III. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy / Bridgeman Images. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 252 0 e-isbn 978 90 4855 025 8 doi 10.5117/9789463722520 nur 685 © B. -
Renaissance Popes and What They Did Source: Mcbrien, Richard; Lives of the Popes, Harper Collins, San Francisco, 1997
Renaissance Popes and what they did Source: McBrien, Richard; Lives of the Popes, Harper Collins, San Francisco, 1997. Nicholas V (1447-1455) • The first Renaissance Pope. • His book collection formed the nucleus of the Vatican Library • Was Pope when Constantinople fell • Tried to organize a crusade to retake Constantinople; couldn’t raise the funds Calixtus III (Spanish, 1455-1458) • Tried to finance a fleet to retake Constantinople (Indulgences, taxes, selling Vatican artworks/books) • French and Germans objected to heavy-handed fundraising tactics. • Made two nephews into Cardinals, one of whom became Pope Alexander VI (nepotism) Pius II (1458-1464) • Encouraged arts and literature to thrive • Called for Crusade against the Turks o Met opposition from rulers because of funding concerns o Blamed church councils for his weakness and opposed conciliarism • Went on Crusade anyway and died in transit Paul II (1464-1471) • A true medieval Pope, the only one of this period who was not a humanist • Banned the study of pagan poetry, such as Virgil and Homer • Angered humanists and was one of the least popular Popes in history • Also tried to send a Crusade to Constantinople and also failed Sixtus IV (1471-1484) • Sistine Chapel begun and named after him • Authorized Spanish Inquisition • Made two nephews cardinals, one of whom became Pope Julius II • Wanted a Crusade against Turks but rulers still didn’t really care for it • Drained treasury and approved the sale of indulgences to replenish it • Paid little attention to qualifications when -
Christopher White Table of Contents
Christopher White Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Peter the “rock”? ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Churches change over time ...................................................................................................................... 6 The Church and her earthly pilgrimage .................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 The Apostle Peter (d. 64?) : First Bishop and Pope of Rome? .................................................. 11 Peter in Rome ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Yes and No .............................................................................................................................................. 13 The death of Peter .................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 Pope Sylvester (314-335): Constantine’s Pope ......................................................................... 16 Constantine and his imprint .................................................................................................................... 17 “Remembering” Sylvester ...................................................................................................................... -
The Motivation for the Patronage of Pope Julius Ii
THE MOTIVATION FOR THE PATRONAGE OF POPE JULIUS II Christine Shaw As the head of the Western Church, Giuliano della Rovere, Pope Julius II (1503-13), has had his critics, from his own day to ours, above all for his role as ‘the warrior pope’. The aspect of his rule that has won most general approval has been his patronage of the arts. The complex iconography of some of the works Julius commissioned, particularly Raphael’s frescoes in the Vatican Stanze, and the scale of some of the projects he initiated – the rebuilding of St Peter’s, the development of the via Giulia, the massive and elaborate tomb Michelangelo planned to create for him – have provided fertile soil for interpretation of these works as expressions of Julius’s own ideals, aspirations, motives and self-image. Too fertile, perhaps – some interpretations have arguably become over-elaborate and recherchés. The temptation to link the larger than life character of Julius II with the claims for the transcendent power and majesty of the papacy embodied in the ico- nography and ideology of the works of art and writings produced in Rome during his pontificate, whether or not they were commissioned by the pope, has often proved irresistible to scholars. Some of the works associated with Julius can be read as expressions of certain conceptions of papal authority, and of the Rome of the Renaissance popes as the culmination of classical and Jewish, as well as early Christian history. But should they be read as Julius’s conception of his role as pope, his programme for his own papacy? Just because others identified him with Julius Caesar, or with Moses, does that mean that he saw himself as Moses, as a second Julius Caesar? There were plenty of learned men in Rome, ready to elabore theories of papal power which drew on different traditions and to fit Julius into them, just as they had fitted earlier popes and would fit later popes into them. -
Patronage and Dynasty
PATRONAGE AND DYNASTY Habent sua fata libelli SIXTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS & STUDIES SERIES General Editor MICHAEL WOLFE Pennsylvania State University–Altoona EDITORIAL BOARD OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS & STUDIES ELAINE BEILIN HELEN NADER Framingham State College University of Arizona MIRIAM U. CHRISMAN CHARLES G. NAUERT University of Massachusetts, Emerita University of Missouri, Emeritus BARBARA B. DIEFENDORF MAX REINHART Boston University University of Georgia PAULA FINDLEN SHERYL E. REISS Stanford University Cornell University SCOTT H. HENDRIX ROBERT V. SCHNUCKER Princeton Theological Seminary Truman State University, Emeritus JANE CAMPBELL HUTCHISON NICHOLAS TERPSTRA University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Toronto ROBERT M. KINGDON MARGO TODD University of Wisconsin, Emeritus University of Pennsylvania MARY B. MCKINLEY MERRY WIESNER-HANKS University of Virginia University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Copyright 2007 by Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri All rights reserved. Published 2007. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies Series, volume 77 tsup.truman.edu Cover illustration: Melozzo da Forlì, The Founding of the Vatican Library: Sixtus IV and Members of His Family with Bartolomeo Platina, 1477–78. Formerly in the Vatican Library, now Vatican City, Pinacoteca Vaticana. Photo courtesy of the Pinacoteca Vaticana. Cover and title page design: Shaun Hoffeditz Type: Perpetua, Adobe Systems Inc, The Monotype Corp. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, Michigan USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patronage and dynasty : the rise of the della Rovere in Renaissance Italy / edited by Ian F. Verstegen. p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 77) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-931112-60-4 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-931112-60-6 (alk. paper) 1. -
A BRIEF HISTORY of the PAPACY by John Judy (Written Mid-April
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PAPACY By John Judy (Written mid-April 2005 for “Big News.”) MICHAEL Any day now the College of Cardinals will be choosing a new Pope. White smoke will billow out into Saint Peter's Square signaling that the Holy Mother Church has discovered fire. I'm kidding. The Catholic Church has long since acknowledged the existence of fire and has used it on more than a few occasions. If you don't believe me, ask a heretic. If you can find one! (Did I mention John Paul II once issued a formal apology to Prometheus? True story...) In any case, we Big News Catholics don't want the rest of you sinners to spend the next week in complete ignorance of our glorious heritage and the intricate, infallible goings- on of our higher-ups. With that in mind we now present a brief history of the papacy, or, as we call it: "The Vatican Highlight Reel!" MATT There have been 265 Popes since Jesus chose Saint Peter to be the rock on which he founded his church in 32 A.D. SAINT PETER Numero Uno, baby! Pearly gates in the house! MATT According to Catholic tradition, Peter brought Christianity to Rome although it was there well before Peter arrived. SAINT PETER We were in previews out of town, man. MATT And once he was in Rome, Peter didn't serve as any kind of bishop or leader. SAINT PETER It was casual. Why you doggin' me, Boo? MATT Saint Sixtus, the seventh Pope, was the first Pope known to be the son of a Priest. -
ALEXANDER VI: (1431 - 1503, Pope from 1492 - 1503)
ALEXANDER VI: (1431 - 1503, Pope from 1492 - 1503) Alexander is the most notorious pope in all of history. He conducted a pontificate of nepotism, greed, ruthlessness, murder, and, as McBrien has described it, "unbridled sensuality." He became the leading figure in the saga of the Borgia family, both as a perpetuator of evil and a facilitator of the activities of the two most famous of his children, Cesare and Lucrezia. The second and last of the Spanish popes literally bought his pontificate with bribes. Such a purchased election is called "simoniacal," and was easily accomplished with the greed of seventeen of the twenty-two cardinals voting for the new pope. He was born Rodrigo Borgia near Valencia, Spain, the nephew of Callixtus, who made him a cardinal at the age of twenty-five (1456) and vice-chancellor of the Holy See (1457). As vice-chancellor, he amassed great wealth, lived an openly promiscuous life, and fathered seven children, both as a cardinal and the pope. Pius II, who had succeeded Callixtus and continued to support the rise in the church hierarchy of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, had to warn the young cardinal to refrain from his practice of participating in orgies. It was, as Pius expressed it, "unseemly." As a young man, Rodrigo was described as tall and handsome. Sigismondo de Conti speaks of him as a large, robust man, with a sharp Alexander VI Adoring gaze, great amiability, and "wonderful skill in money matters." Others the Risen Christ admired his tall figure, florid complexion, dark eyes, and full mouth. (Pinturicchio) However, in his early sixties when he became pope, he apparently lost his physical charm. -
The Borgias: “Truth” Vs Reality
1 The Borgias: “Truth” vs Reality By Theodore Kemna Introduction As I described often in class for the last few months pre-quarantine, my research for our semester long project had been on the weirder and more taboo Popes, with my research question being “What absurd stories of old Popes are true and what are myths?” Unfortunately, through my research, though I came across some very odd stories from all over the history of the catholic church, I ended up focusing on the biggest of the more well known papacy-centric collections of tales, the saga of the Borgias, which made my research question more “What absurd stories about Alexander VI are true and what are myths?” by the end. Though in the course of my research some of the information that first piqued my interest has been disproven as most likely myths, I don’t wish to rob the class of these stories. That’s why I have decided to present the information as a “Truth” vs Reality article, in which I will first outline the “truth” of the stories as often outlined and believed in our modern day society, then counter and compare it with the reality of the actual situation. With that out of the way, here it is, presented in all it’s glory. “The Truth” of The Borgias In late July 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died, and the Cardinals of the Vatican were assembled to vote for his successor. In the center of this vote were two men, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere and Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia. -
Biographical Dates
BIOGRAPHICAL DATES 1475 March 6, born in the village of Caprese in Tuscany, second son of Lodovico (1444-1531) and Francesca. Lodovico, grandson of a successful banker and son of an unsuccessful banker in Florence, lived on a small income from land and occasional government posts; at this time he was Podesta (governor) of Caprese. March 31, Lodovico's term expired; the family doubtless returned to Florence. The oldest son, Lionardo (1473-1510) entered the Dominican order in Pisa in 1491 and played virtually no part in Michelangelo's life. 1477 May 26, brother Buonarroto bom. 1479 March 11, brother Giovansimone born. 1481 January 22, brother Gismondo bom. About this time the family was living in an apartment rented from Lodovico's brother-in-law, a dyer. December 6, mother died. 1485 Father's second marriage to Lucrezia Ubaldini (d. M97)- 1488 April 8, Michelangelo left grammar school and was apprenticed for three years to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. MICHELANGELO [1] 1489 Left Ghirlandaio and studied sculpture in the gar- den of Lorenzo de' Medici the Magnificent. 1492 Lorenzo the Magnificent died, succeeded by his old- est son Piero. 1494 Rising against Piero de' Medici, who fled (d. 1503). Republic re-established under Savonarola. October, Michelangelo fled and after a brief stay in Venice went to Bologna. 1495 In Bologna, carved three small statues which brought to completion the tomb of St. Dominic. Returned to Florence, carved the Cupid, sold to Baldassare del Milanese, a dealer. 1496 June, went to Rome. Carved the Bacchus for the banker Jacopo Galli. 1497 November, went to Carrara to obtain marble. -
Medici-Part 3-Medici Popes
The Medici - Godfathers of the Renaissance Part 3 - The Medici Popes For over a century, one family had run the city of Florence. They had carved their name into the heart of the Florentine Renaissance: The Medici. But at the height of their success, they had been toppled by a sudden revolution. Now, two cousins, raised as brothers, struggled to resurrect the supremacy of the family and regain control of Florence. Giovanni and Giulio de’ Medici would aim for the ultimate power - the papacy. They would press into their service the greatest artists of all time. Michelangelo Buonarroti would redefine all fields of artistic achievement. But he would watch in fear as the Medici split the church in two and drove Florence, Rome, and Europe to the brink of collapse. --- David --- 1:30 Florence, 1501, home of the Italian Renaissance for nearly 200 years. It is a city at the heart of an artistic revolution. And now in a workshop behind the Cathedral, an extraordinary work of art was beginning to take form. A single 13 foot block of marble had stood for 35 years waiting for a sculptor brave enough to take on the challenge. That sculptor’s name was Michelangelo Buonarroti. ROSS KING: Michelangelo lived for his work. He was, I think by any standards, a workaholic. He rarely ate. He didn't sleep very much. He would often set away in the dead of night with his hammer ringing away. He didn't take his boots off, apparently, for months at a time, so that when he did take them off, the skin came along with the boots. -
The Family Tree of Christianity Session 5: the Protestant Reformation (1300 – 1700)
The Family Tree of Christianity Session 5: The Protestant Reformation (1300 – 1700) Review of Session 4 Iconoclast Controversy in East (717-842) Popes supported rise of Carolingian dynasty: Franks 800: Charlemagne crowned as “Emperor” by Pope Photian Schism (867-879) Constantinople IV (869): the 8th Ecumenical Council Charlemagne’s empire crumbled after his death in 814 Europe invaded by Vikings, Magyars, Muslims: “Dark Ages” 9th century: spread of Slavic peoples into Eastern Europe 863: Cyril & Methodius (Byzantines) begin to evangelize Slavs 1054: the Great Eastern Schism Roman Catholicism in the West and Orthodoxy in the East Gregorian Reform of papacy & Church Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) clashes with HRE Henry IV Battle over lay investiture: appointment of bishops The Crusades: several between 1100 and 1300 1094: Byzantine Emperor appeals to Pope Urban II for help Complete remission of sins for death in battle: “indulgence” Siege of Jerusalem (1099): defenders & civilians were massacred 1204: the debacle of the 4th Crusade Exacerbated East-West tensions beyond healing Revival in the West: High Middle Ages (1100-1300) Growth of cities: result of increased commerce Great Gothic cathedrals become urban centers Rise of mendicant (“begging”) orders Preaching and living the gospel in the world of the city Franciscans and Dominicans First universities: Paris, Oxford, Bologna Scholastic integration of Greek learning & Christian theology 3rd Lateran Council (1179): 2/3’s majority for papal elections Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) The greatest -
Mediation Between King Henry Viii of England and Pope Clement Vii for a Divorce from Catherine of Aragon
MEDIATION BETWEEN KING HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND AND POPE CLEMENT VII FOR A DIVORCE FROM CATHERINE OF ARAGON Bailey Acevedo Henry, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, was born on June 28, 1491.1 After his older brother Arthur’s death in 1502, Henry became heir to the English throne. When King Henry VII died in 1509, the then 18-year-old prince became King Henry VIII. Soon after, Henry gained papal dispensation from Rome to marry his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon.2 It is not known when Henry VIII decided that he had had enough of his wife. Despite its adverse beginnings, his union with Catherine of Aragon was an unusually good marriage.3 At the hunts, the jousts, the feasts and the religious observances that filled their time, the royal couple was always together.4 Henry’s extramarital affairs were, for a king, very few. Henry had two or three known affairs, one illegitimate offspring and another rumored.5 So far as such things can be established, it looks pretty certain that Henry loved his queen.6 In eight years of marriage, Catherine produced one daughter, Mary, five infants that did not survive, and suffered several miscarriages.7 But she was seven years older than he and, as women who suffered so many pregnancies did at that age, lost her physical attraction quite early.8 Moreover, Catherine’s failure to produce the litter of children demanded of queens even more than of wives in general preyed on her mind.9 1 BBC History, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/henry_viii (last visited Nov.