Cathedrals and Change in the Twentieth Century: Aspects of the life of the cathedrals of the Church of England with special reference to the Cathedral Commissions of 1925; 1958; 1992 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2011 Garth Turner School of Arts, Histories and Cultures Contents Abstract 3 Declaration 4 Copyright statement 4 Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 5 Part I The Constitutional development of the cathedrals Introduction: 7 The commissions’ definitions of ‘cathedral’ 8 The membership of the Commissions 9 Chapter I The Commission of 1925 and the Measure of 1931 12 Nineteenth Century Background 12 Discussion of cathedrals in the early twentieth century 13 The Commission of 1925 19 The Commission’s working methods 20 The Commission’s recommendations 20 The implementation of the proposals 24 Assessment 28 Chapter II The Commission of 1958 and the Measure of 1963 30 The Commission: membership 30 The Commission at work 30 Cathedrals in Modern Life 36 The Report in the Church Assembly 40 Assessment 49 Chapter III The commission of 1992 and the Measure of 1999 51 Cathedrals in travail 51 The complaints of three deans 59 The wider context 62 Moves toward reform 62 Setting up a commission 64 The working of the Commission 65 The findings of the sub-commissions 65 The bishops 65 The chapters 67 The laity 69 The report 70 The report in the Synod 76 An Interim Measure 88 A changed Anglican mentality 92 Part II Aspects of the life of the cathedrals Introduction 97 Chapter IV A Preliminary Survey 98 Chapter V The Cathedral, the Bishop, and the Diocese 107 Chapter VI Cathedrals and the churches 118 Chapter VII Cathedrals and the community 136 Between the wars 136 Cathedrals and War 143 Post-war cathedrals: reconciliation and protest 147 Post-war cathedrals: the local community 148 Embracing the zeitgeist 158 Cathedrals and the Aesthetic Quest 166 Self-questioning in the cathedrals 172 Chapter VIII Cathedrals and pastoral care 176 Chapter IX Cathedrals and internal dissension 188 Conclusion 203 Appendices 205 1: Membership of the Commissions 205 2: Educational background of membership of the commissions 206 3: Texts 207 4: Cathedral finances 1959 208 5: Case studies 208 6: Cathedrals with resident parochial population 209 7. Patronage of canonries 209 8. Statements preparatory to the Visitation at Lincoln 1990 210 Biographical appendix 212 Glossary 243 Bibliography 248 A note on oral evidence 258 Text, including footnotes: 89, 992 words 2 Abstract Gerald Garth Turner The University of Manchester Deg Cathedrals and Change in the Twentieth Century; Aspects of the life of the cathedrals of the Church of England, with special reference to the Cathedral Commissions of 1925; 1968; 1992 Date of submission: 2011 Four commissions considered cathedrals during the nineteenth century. The first two gave them their modern structure: a dean, a small number of stipendiary, residentiary, canons, a larger honorary body. But the principal achievement of these commissions was negative; their emphasis was on the removal of wealth. The second two sought to give new corporate and diocesan life to these ancient bodies. Their aspirations, however, never achieved parliamentary enactment. Thus in the early twentieth century there was will for the reform; the establishment of the Church Assembly presented more auspicious circumstances in which to attempt it. The thesis falls into two related parts. The first traces institutional change across the twentieth-century - change which can be measured by the statutory outcome of the proposals of the three commissions which sat during the century. It will be argued that all three were clearly products of their times, showing the influence of context: of social (and technological) change and of the mind-set of the Church: the first two, reflecting that Church, were conservative and respectful of inheritance and tradition. The last, in an age socially, politically, administratively, ecclesiastically, much changed, was radical. It showed less respect for tradition and a greater susceptibility to external factors: markedly to contemporary management theory. Constitutions regulate a life. The second part explores aspects of that life. All the aspects reviewed helped to form, and were in turn re-formed by, the Commissions and the consequent Measures. First among the subjects examined is the fundamental, defining, relationship, that with the bishop and the diocese. Other chapters discuss the force of external, social, change in shaping and moulding the work and witness of cathedrals, and their methods and standards of pastoral care. The ecumenical movement, though scarcely noticed by the first Commission, was already a factor in the work of a few cathedrals. The 1990s commission assumed, and its Measure provided for, ecumenical involvement. The first commission noted the fact of dissension within cathedrals and between them and their bishops; such troubles were the immediate cause of the last commission; the final chapter examines publicly prominent episodes of dissension. Throughout the century, in their witness the cathedrals responded, sometimes profoundly, to a context of change; their historic constitutions and the independence they conferred enabled the cathedrals to conduct a richly varied public ministry The, frequently decisive, force of personalities, especially of deans and provosts, in producing that ministry, is emphasised. The progress of the parish church cathedrals from, early in the century, scant institutional life to, by its end, parity with their ancient counterparts, is traced. The main text is supported by appendices, including two respectively providing biographical notes on those mentioned in the text, and definitions of specialist terms. 3 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning COPYRIGHT STATEMENT i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library‟s regulations (seehttp://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The University‟s policy on Presentation of Theses 4 Acknowledgements My interest in cathedrals has extended over most of my life. In my teens their architecture fascinated me; later the life and witness of the corporations living in those buildings has also held me – almost literally when, for two periods of my ministry in the Church of England, I have been a member of cathedral foundations: Chichester where I was a priest vicar between 1968 and 1970, and Manchester where I was a leasehold residentiary canon between 1978 and 1986. I must express my gratitude to those two cathedrals for the opportunity to share in their corporate life. Many people have helped me in the course of the preparation of this thesis; I am most grateful to them all. They include those listed in the bibliography who have provided recollections and opinions either by interview or correspondence; there are others to whom I have spoken whose words, although not directly used, have yet helped in the construction of my picture of the cathedrals. I also gratefully acknowledge the help of librarians and archivists especially those of the cathedrals at Chichester, Coventry, Lichfield, Lincoln, Liverpool, Norwich, Salisbury; of Lambeth Palace Library, the Borthwick Institute at the University of York; the West Sussex Record Office. My debt to Professor Clyde Binfield is very great; his guidance, his constructive criticism, his encouragement, his clear setting out, at one critical point, of alternative ways forward, his dissenting eye applied to these quintessentially establishment institutions - have guided the development of the thesis at every stage. Luther King House welcomed me. For the friendship and guidance of members of staff and for the support and encouragement of fellow students in seminars I am very grateful. Not only has Marguerite,