Circular Economy Zukunftsweisende Polymerwerkstoffe Pioneering

Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

ZUKUNFTSWEISENDE POLYMERWERKSTOFFE PIONEERING POLYMER MATERIALS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Josef Endres Hans-Josef Endres

Born on 17th of April 1966, married, 2 daughters (25 and 20)

Educational background: Dipl.-Ing. graduate of the Ruhr University Bochum, 1985, mechanical engineering, strong focus on material research PhD (Dr.-Ing.) received from University of Bochum, 1995 Source: China Hopson

Professional experience and activities: 9 years of employment with industrial companies including a position as departmental director at Thyssen-Krupp, overseeing a staff of 230 Professor at Hannover University of Applied Sciences & Arts, since 1999 Director of the IfBB - Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites, 2011 Head of Application Center for Wood Fiber and Composite Research, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, 2012 2019 Professor at the Leibniz University of Hanover Director of the IKK – Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy

Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy

Material Development (plastics and Material Testing bioplastics) Sustainability Assessment Plastics Polymer Processing Analysis

Recycling

- Located in Hanover Garbsen - 20 Institutes - About 1.000 employees - About 5.000 students

VW Golf 1 VW Golf 6 Weight Costs

Source: VW, Peter Helmke

Raw material Polymer Processing Use End-of-Life production production

? + + + ?

Positive assessments in %

80 78

70 70

52 50 49 46

40 DecisionEntscheider makers breiteBroad Bevölkerung Population JungeYoung Gebildeteeduacated N=801 Broad Population, N=352 Young eduacated, N=355 Decision makers (in total 1.508)

30 93 Aug 95 Aug 97 Sep 03 Aug 06 Jun 08 Mai 10 Sep 12 Juli 14 Juli 16 Nov 18 Dez

Source: PlasticsEurope Germany 2019

Sustainability

EcologicalEcological Sustainability Sustainable Materials Circular Economy FunctionalRecycling Integration

Sustainable Agriculture

Compostability

Bio-based Bio-degradable Bio-based and bio-based 1. 4. Cellulose Acetates Polylactide, Rubber, Casein… Starch blends, 5. Cellulose Hydrates, Bio-PA, Bio-PE Polyhydroxyalkanoate Bio-PET, PTT,… Non Bio- degradable Degradable 3. 2. Polycaprolactone Polyethylene Polyvinyl alcohol Polypropylene Polyester (PBAT, Polyvinylchloride PBS,..) Bio- … … degradable

Petro-based

Source: H.-J. Endres, A. Siebert-Raths; Engineering Biopolymers, Carl Hanser-Verlag, 2011

• Carbon exists in form of 3 different isotopes: 12C, 13C (stabile) and 14C (radioactive) • Half-Life time of 14C „only“ 5730 years • Due to a continuous regeneration of 14C in atmosphere the 14C quota is nearly constant • Photosynthesis  similar relationship of C-isotopes in plants • Bio-based Polymers  similar relationship of C-isotopes in biopolymers • Petrochemical raw materials and plastics contain no „young“ 14C, they consist out of Quelle: Currie, Lloyd A., modifiziert „old” 12C

DIN CERTCO

Vincotte

Primary and ultimate degradation

Primary Degradation Ultimate Degradation

Hydrolysis and H2O enzymatic degradation

Oligomers and Monomers

 O Microorganism 2 Metabolic degradation

CO2 + H2O + CH4 CO2 + H2O + CH4

Source: H.-J. Endres et al., Engineering Biopolymers, Carl Hanser, modified

Ocean Beach River/Lake

Clarification Landfill Plant Degradation Scenarios Metabolization Industrial in organism Composting

Anaerobic Domestic digestion composting Decomposition

in soil Source: H.-J. Endres, , unpublished

Bioplastics

Old Economy New Economy

Novel Drop-Ins

PLA Bio-PET Rubber PHA Bio-PE Regenerated Cellulose PBS Bio-PA Cellulose Acetates PBAT Bio-PUR Starch Blends Bio-PP Linoleum etc. etc.

durable often biodegradable durable

Source: H.-J. Endres, unpublished

Raw Polymer Processing Use End-of-Life material production Re-Use production

Mechanical or physo-chem. Rec.

Chemical Recycling

Aerobic / Anaerobic digestion Source: Spierling Source:Spierling 2018 et al.

Machinery Manufacturers Converters

Brand Material Owners Suppliers Circular Economy

Consumers Designer

Recyclers Waste Collection Systems

Design for Design for Recyclates Recycling Supply chains for Recyclates Waste Separation by Internationalization Consumer of Terminology and Circular Definitions Economy Waste Collection, Waste Logistic Extension of Characterization of Recyclates Development Advanced of Recycling Recycling Processes Machines

Maximization of Processing and Design for Recycling Utilization Performance

(Product-)Design for Recyclates

INTAREMA 1108 TVEplus ARBURG 920 S 2 K, ARBURG 470 A (2K-Wkzg, Freeformer 300-3X)

Analytics

KraussMaffei 160/750 CX DICM KraussMaffei IMC 650/4300 CX KraussMaffei Berstorff ZE28 x 37D BPT + ZE28 x 56D BPT Spritzgusswerkzeuge

Source: European Bioplastics, modified © Leibniz Universität Hannover, IKK, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Josef Endres Seite 23 | 03 / 2020 Bioplastics - End of Life Options?

Litter Mechanical Landfill Recyling Chemical Metabolization Recycling in organism Biopolymer Marine Carbon-Neutral product degradation Incineration Industrial Composting Anaerobic digestion Domestic (Bio-methane) composting Decomposition in soil

Source: H.-J. Endres, A. Siebert, A.-S. Kitzler Biopolymers – a discussion on end of life options Bioplastics Magazine 01/08

H.-J. Endres, A. Siebert-Raths, Engineering Biopolymers, Carl Hanser Verlag 2011

- Gravimetrische Analysen zum Kunststoffabbau werden durch Aufwüchse auf den Proben stark verfälscht - Beispiel:

Aufwuchs

CT-Aufnahme

- Mittels CT können Proben zerstörungsfrei in 3D dargestellt werden -  Dies ermöglicht es, den Aufwuchs aus der Analyse auszuschließen und ausschließlich die volumetrische Abnahme des Kunststoffes zu erfassen

Source: A.S. Kitzler, H.-J. Endres, M. Nelles, Fachtagung „Biokunststoffe in Verwertung und Recycling“, Dresden, 03. - 04. Dezember 2012

Source: H.-J. Endres, A. Siebert-Raths, Engineering Biopolymers, Carl Hanser Verlag 2011

Source: IfBB / PE INTERNATIONAL 2014

Environmental Social Economic

LCSA = LCA + SLCA + LCE

Life Cycle Social Life Cycle Life Cycle Life Assessment Assessment Economics Cycle Sustainability Assessment 2018 BiNa Source: Source:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Josef Endres

Leibniz Universität Hannover (LUH) Institut für Kunststoff- und Kreislauftechnik Fakultät für Maschinenbau An der Universität 2 30823 Garbsen Tel.: +49 511 762 13302 Fax: +49 511 762 18206 Mobil: +49 170 4006109 [email protected]

https://www.ikk.uni-hannover.de/