PRINCIPLES GOOD GOVERNANCE IN GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY IN THE DIGITAL ERA: THE PJAEE, 17 (7) 2020 GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH ,

PRINCIPLES GOOD GOVERNANCE IN GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY IN THE DIGITAL ERA: THE GOVERNMENT OF , INDONESIA

Syafri Arief1*, Abdullah2, Rismawati3 and I Made Parsa4 1Lecturer at Amkop College of Economics, , Indonesia 2Lecturer at School of Information and Computer Management, Makassar, Indonesia 3Institute of Economic Science (STESIA), Surabaya, Indonesia 4Department of Technology and Vocational, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Nusa Cendana, Indonesia Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Syafri Arief*, Abdullah, Rismawati and I Made Parsa: Principles Good Governance in Government Bureaucracy in the Digital Era: The Government of South Sulawesi, Indonesia -- Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17 (6), ISSN 1567-214x

Keywords: Good governance, Government bureaucracy, Personnel Regional Agency, Training Agency, South Sulawesi

ABSTRACT This study aims to get an overview of the understanding of the apparatus of the Regional Personnel Agency and Education and Training Agency in Takalar, Bantaeng dan District which is principled so that good governance in the digital era. Information on understanding the government apparatus is needed to be able to understand various kinds of obstacles and potentials in the process of management governance. Also, knowing the understanding of the government apparatus will help provide an overview of the direction, focus, and priorities of programs in the context of developing good governance. This research belongs to the type of descriptive survey research, with a quantitative approach. The sample used was 200 respondents. The results of this study provide an understanding of the Regional Government apparatus in Takalar , , and Palopo Regency in the South Sulawesi, Indonesia provincial government on the principle of good governance. In some districts, this principle has been able to run even though it is not significant, but the principle cognitive (knowledge) which includes the ability to think, know and solve problems such as comprehensive, applicable, analytical, and evaluative knowledge. Cognitive understanding is gained more after they become a public service, through education and leadership training. So that the local government, especially Takalar, Bantaeng and Palopo South Sulawesi, must be more intensive in conducting a socialization program of good governance that is online media.

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INTRODUCTION The implementation of good governance can be said as good governance in the study of government, civil society, and the private sector. Many argue that the nation's most basic problems can be resolved if the government bureaucracy goes well. The success of good governance is largely determined by the involvement and synergy of the three main actors namely the government apparatus, the community, and the private sector. According to [1] the apparatus is an individual community having the duty and function to serve the people as thinkers, planners, and executors as well as supervisors of the course of government, development, and community development. The change in the attitude of the government apparatus as a public servant is closely related to programs to improve the utilization of local government officials said by [2]; [3], so it can be concluded that the Regional Government is a community service organization, thus it must provide a good image with good performance. Ref [3]; [4] is generally argued that the government apparatus is a device that has a system of rules and structure, which is used to organize the administration both at central and levels. local Narrowly, it can also be interpreted as a Civil Servant whose salary is charged to the APBN and APBD and works in a department, non- departmental government agency, secretariat of a high state institution, a vertical agency in a provincial / district/city area, a clerkship or employed to carry out State duties opinion [4]. An ideal bureaucracy is a bureaucracy that can maintain and improve product performance to provide the best service for the people of [5]; [6]. Concrete steps that must be taken are to encourage work enthusiasm in the bureaucratic environment and increase the capacity of the bureaucratic apparatus to have knowledge of government management and have performance reliable because in daily life the bureaucracy tends to be perceived poorly [7]; [8]. After all, it is identical to convoluted, inefficient, slow, and inefficient procedures hinder, corrupt, and so forth. Implementation of Regional Autonomy brought significant changes, especially development and service and community empowerment by [9]. The enactment of Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning the Regional Government is expected to have a real impact on improving services to the community. Ref [10] the Government of the innovative thinking that is based on efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, transparency, and public participation in decision every policy area which all aim to achieve good governance (good governance). Weaknesses unreliable and apparatuses professionally produced lately have caused many protests from the public and this is an indicator of the failure of the services provided by the government to the community [11]. With the existence of good governance in the information age, it is demanded to be able to mobilize participation, transparency, and accountability for the welfare of its people [12]. Ref [13] Therefore, the essence of good governance is the process of the public, private and community sectors to deal with public issues. The problems in Takalar, Bantaeng and Palopo Regency Governments include the high discipline violations and the level of abuse of authority in the form of criminal acts of corruption, the low performance of the apparatus resources, the inadequate system institutional and the management of the government bureaucracy to support the implementation of government tasks and develop efficient and effective, and not yet the optimal application of technology information and communication (e-services) at public service agencies resulting in low-quality public services [14]. The problem arises because management has not been well-organized related to the budget which is consequently efficient, weak internal management at government

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agencies is characterized by weak monitoring and evaluation of the performance and quality of public services and weak discipline and imposing sanctions on violating apparatus [15]. It also shows that the government bureaucracy has not been effective and efficient and is still overlapping because it has not been arranged for the system registration for population registration in the misuse of identity [16]. Ref [17] Lack of coordination in the implementation of audit oversight and the limited support for facilities and infrastructure for the professionalism of public service operators. While the challenges that must be faced are the lack of complete moral commitment to creating good governance, namely the still weak internal management in the government, inadequate efforts to improve the welfare of civil servants, and have been not implemented system institutional and management comprehensive resulting in low-quality public services [18]. Weak principles of good public governance, lack of apparatus synergy, and weak coordination between units within the government and with the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) [19]; [20]. Ref [ 21]; [22]from the presentation of problems and challenges, the government always strives to increase the moral commitment of the apparatus to realize good governance, increase the effectiveness of the system supervision, professional human resources, organize the system institutional, encourage the acceleration of the application and utilization of information and communication technology (e-services) [20]. All efforts can go well, planned, and can be accounted for at all levels and lines of government both central and regional so that it can be realized immediately. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS According to [21-23] governance is a series of processes of social-political interaction between the government and the community in various fields related to community interests and government intervention on those interests Governance is a process of service institutions, managing public resources and guaranteeing the reality of human rights. [24] In this context good governance has the appropriate nature which is free from abuse of authority and corruption and with recognition of rights based on government According to the OECD and the World Bank. [25]; [26] Good Governance as a management of solid and development responsible that is in line with democracy and efficient markets, avoidance of misallocation of scarce investment funds, and prevention of corruption politically and administration, running discipline and advice and creation of a political and legal framework for the growth of entrepreneurial activity. Good governance [27] has 14 (fourteen) characteristics as follows, including forward- looking governance (Principle-1). Future insight implies an understanding of the problems, challenges, and potential possessed by a government unit and formulating ideas with a vision and mission of improvement. Open government (Principle-2). Being open in the administration of government at each stage of decision making can be by the characterized degree of public accessibility to related information. Responsive governance (Principle-3). The need for these characteristics is because there is always the possibility of an unexpected situation. Accountable governance (Principle-4). Accountability in the administration of government is demanded at all stages starting from the preparation of program activities in the framework of public services. Governance based on professionalism and competence. (Principle-5). Governance with these characteristics will be seen from efforts to organize activities. Governance that uses structure and resources efficiently and effectively (Principle-6). Efforts to use structures and resources efficiently and effectively. Decentralized governance (Principle-7). Governance that has these characteristics can be seen from

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the delegation of authority. Democratic and consensus-oriented governance (Principle- 8). This principle upholds the respect for the rights and obligations of other parties. Governance that encourages community participation (Principle-9). Community participation essentially promotes active community involvement in the decision- making process. Governance that encourages partnerships with the private sector and the community (Principle-10). Government and society complement each other and support (mutualism). Governance that upholds the rule of law (Principle-11). Governance with a character like this can be seen from the practice of governance. Governance that is committed to reducing inequality (Principle-12). This principle is in favor of the interests of disadvantaged, disadvantaged, or marginalized groups of society. Governance that is committed to the market (Principle-13). This principle states the need for government involvement in strengthening market mechanisms. Governance that is committed to the environment (Principle 14). This principle states that every government and development activity must pay attention to environmental aspects. Understanding its purpose is to truly understand a problem that exists where the understanding of the Government apparatus in several districts in South Sulawesi of the principles of good governance at the cognitive level involves knowledge of a problem without implementing it in daily life . The second stage is effective, in the sense that someone besides knowing is certainly able to carry out or implement it in his daily life. The third stage, namely psychomotor, means besides knowing, being able to transform to others by moving others to carry out their duties properly. The concept of understanding in this study is only focused on the cognitive level, namely the ability associated with thinking, knowing, and solving problems such as comprehensive knowledge, applicative, synthesis, analysis, and evaluative knowledge [28]. Based on theoretical studies and the results of previous studies and modified models, the conceptual framework of the study is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Research concept framework. Source: author's own RESEARCH METHODOLOGY METHOD AND DATA This type of research is a survey. Ref [29] argues that research is conducted in large or small populations, but the data are samples taken from the population so that relative events are found. Survey research can also be used for descriptive purposes, which

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means this research is intended to measure carefully against certain social phenomena. Individual understanding is measured by giving closed questions about a general case in the implementation of governance associated with 14 (fourteen) principles of good governance, as mentioned above. Understanding of the government apparatus of the Districts of Takalar, Bantaeng, and Palopo in the South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia of the principle of good governance consists of cognitive which involves knowledge of a problem without implementation, both affect someone who knows to implement it and the third psychomotor applies and transforms to others well. This study uses a Likert scale related to research on attitudes/behaviors. Data obtained from measurement instruments of behavior/attitude with the Likert scale is interval data. The data source consists of primary data which is specifically collected by researchers from the distribution of questionnaires and secondary data is data from a collection of literature relating to governance. According to [29] the population is a generalization consisting of objects/subjects whose quantity and characteristics have been determined by the researcher. The population of the study was all employees of the personnel and Training Agency District in South Sulawesi, which consisted of 134 staff, Group III as many as 13 people, and Group IV as many as 53 people, a total of 200 employees. The sampling technique used is the total sampling method, therefore the research sample of 200 employees from the district used as a sample in this study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result Characteristics of respondents intended to know the characteristics of respondents. The results of these studies can be obtained from the special characteristics of these respondents with the problem under study. The intended respondents are 200 civil servants at the District Personnel and Training Agency in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The following respondents with the whole that can be explained as follows: Table 1. Characteristics of respondents No. Characteristics of respondents Frequency Percentage (%) 1 Age Under 25 years 22 11.4 26 - 30 years 52 25.7 30 - 35 years 46 22.9 35 - 40 years 46 22.9 Above 40 years 34 17.1 Total 200 100.0 2 Gender Male 132 65.7 Female 68 34.3 Total 200 100.0 3 Education High School 1 2.9 Diploma / Bachelor Degree 7 20.0 S1 24 68.6 S2 3 8.5 S3 0 0 Total 35 100.0 4 Position

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Staff 134 68.6 Echelon IV 53 25.7 Echelon III 13 5.7 Echelon II 0 0 Echelon I 0 0 Total 200 100.0 5 Long Working Less than 8 years 132 65.7 8 - 16 years 30 14.3 Over 16 years 40 20.0 Total 200 100.0 Primary Data Sources Processed 2020 From the table above it can be seen that some large respondents are under 40 years, respondents are at a productive age. It can be seen that most men consisted of 132 people or 65.7 percent of all respondents. At the education level, respondents are dominated by undergraduate graduates, which mean they are employees with adequate knowledge / intellectual levels. Most respondents are employees who do not yet have structural positions, respondents are dominated by employees with staff positions and only a small number have echelon positions. The length of work of respondents is dominated by respondents who have not worked long; most of them work for less than 8 years. The results of the analysis of the understanding of the Personnel Apparatus and Training Agency of the Regional Government of Takalar, Bantaeng and Palopo Regency on the principles of good governance as a whole from each indicator, can be seen in the table 2. Table 2. Indicators Understanding Good Governance Principles No Indicators Understanding Good Mean Category Governance Principles (Average) Assessment Forward-looking governance 1 3 Lack of understanding (Principle-1) 2 Open government (Principle-2) 3 Lack of understanding 3 Responsive governance (Principle-3) 3 Lack of understanding 4 Accountable governance (Principles 4) 3 Lack of understanding Governance based on professionalism 5 5 Very understanding and competence (Principle-5) 6 Governance that uses the structure 4 Understanding and resources efficiently and 4 Understanding

effectively (Principle-6) Decentralized governance (Principle - 4 Understanding 7 7) Democratic and-oriented governance 4 Understanding 8 consensus (Principle-8) Governance that encourages partis 4 Understanding 9 community space (Principle-9) Governance that encourages 4 Understanding 10 partnerships with the private sector and community (Principle-10)

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Governance that upholds the rule of 3 Lack of understanding 11 law (Principle-11) Governance that is committed to 3 Lack of understanding 12 reducing inequality (Principle-12) Governance committed to the market 3 Lack of understanding 13 (Principle-13) Governance that is committed to the 3 Lack of understanding 14 environment (Principle-14) Total average of all indicators: 3.5 Lack of understanding Source: Processed Questionnaire Data, 2020 From the explanation above shows that overall understanding of the personnel and Training Agency of Takalar, Bantaeng and Palopo Districts is not good, this can be seen from the average number/means for apparatus understanding of all indicators understanding with an average score of 3 included in the category of "lack of understanding". It can be seen from every good governance that varies from lack of understanding to understanding, the most dominant is a lack of understanding [23]. This is because the Regional Government has not yet fully provided technical and functional training and education so that they are only limited to know but cannot be fully applied. DISCUSSION Principles of Good Governance in Bureaucratic Government in the District of South Sulawesi The role of local government officials principal in the Government of the District of South Sulawesi, namely to develop a strategic issue by the district government to order to establish the mindset (paradigm), attitude and mental apparatus for determining the quality of services in general conducted by the local Regional Government and compete with the global and complex market. Apparatus' understanding of the principles of good governance consists of awareness of the problem of knowledge about available resources, knowledge of where and how to get these resources, and a feeling of confidence in providing excellent service to the community. With an understanding of the vision and mission of the Regency in South Sulawesi which is also the vision and mission of the Regional Head by the Government, the apparatus is expected to be able to change the paradigm (transformation of thought). From the answers given by respondents that the author asked through a questionnaire to get data on the apparatus understanding of the principles of good governance, most of them were unable to mention these principles in full. However, in essence, they understand that the tasks and functions that they must carry out are public service functions as the main functions of government. According to [30]; [31] states that the HR capacity development of local government officials (human resource development), the problem of developing the HR capacity of the apparatus in the regions is often unnoticed to have been trapped to improve the academic requirements of the apparatus/employee education level to fulfill administrative completeness, without prioritizing the needs, results, and benefits of personnel to the work unit and the local government itself, recruitment employee still uses the spoil system, not yet using a merit system, this affects the quality of the employees recruited. Performance improvement of the government apparatus in the regions. The performance improvement of government apparatuses simultaneously accompanies the institutional

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arrangement and improvement of the human resources of the bureaucracy as a unified "package" of policies towards good governance. Broadly speaking, it can be concluded that accountability is related to the obligations of government institutions and the officials who work in it to make policies and take action under applicable values and community needs. Public accountability requires clear and efficient restrictions on the work of the bureaucratic apparatus. Because the government is accountable both in terms of financial use and public resources and also for results, internal accountability must be supplemented by external accountability, through feedback from service users and the public. The principle of accountability is a measure that shows the level of conformity of service delivery with the size of external values or norms owned by stakeholders who are interested in the service. Takalar District Government Apparatus from the village to district level lacks or even does not understand the principle of accountability. They are not able to implement it as optimal as possible both at the cognitive level and at the affective and psychomotor level. Many factors influence the apparatus's understanding of the importance of the principle of accountability based on the concept offered by [27]; [28]; [32] which can be used to analyze within the Government of South Sulawesi. The Regency Government officials in South Sulawesi have not been able to collectively assume responsibility for carrying out their duties and the commitment of the Regional Government; this is only done by a few agencies, meaning that the accountability mechanism is not evenly distributed between one agency and the other. Within the District Government in South Sulawesi, the objectives and budgeting can be presented transparently in the Work Unit Budget Plan (RASK) as well as the Work Unit Budget Document (DASK) which contains indicators of policy targets and allocation of funds per activity per work unit and activity reports are presented in Government Agency Performance Accountability Report (LAKIP). Both RASK and DASK are still a set of documents that are used as a reference to measure performance. They are still ineffective as a performance benchmark for quantitative/measurable orientations/assessments because there are no clear guidelines on standard indicators in evaluating failure rates or the success of Local Government performance. As a result, various interpretations arise about the type, form, and number of indicators used as a measure of the success of the performance accountability of the District Government in South Sulawesi according to [14] Encourage government agencies to carry out general governmental tasks namely public service, development, and community empowerment that is good and right (good governance) based on applicable laws, transparent policies and can be accountable to the community [32]. Ref [33], concerning the level of community satisfaction, to measure the success of public services conducted by the Takalar, Bantaeng, and Palopo District Governments in South Sulawesi, aspects of information about service flow, efficiency standards, minimum service standards for service capacity are only used as "displays" not consistently implemented. For example, there is still an unclear flow of services, efficiency standards, and minimum service standards that are not clear because there is no maximum socialization to the public regarding the minimum service standards conducted by the District Government officials in South Sulawesi. The first indicator of measuring understanding of the principle of community participation in the process of preparing the APBD. This first indicator, in the end, is considered to be no longer effective when only the community leaders are involved

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while the majority of the people only accept the results of the policy [34]. This mechanism causes the public to not know what is planned this year, where, by whom, and when. This is because the majority of proposals submitted only come from the offices alone, without regard to the aspirations of the community[35]. The second indicator is the accuracy and completeness of information related to ways to achieve the goals of a program as well as the clarity of policy objectives that have been taken and the feasibility of being communicated, with measurement tools including the basic pattern, Propeda, Renstrada, RPJMD / RPJPD, APBD, planning system, regional control and development, Regent Decree, Regional Regulation. Dissemination of information of a decision through the mass media as the third indicator in the implementation of the principle of accountability with its measurement tools includes the large number of people who know the problems that exist in the District Government in South Sulawesi. This is very good because then the community will respond to this by providing constructive inputs or suggestions for regional development and problem solving faced by the Regency Government in South Sulawesi. The last indicator of the understanding of the Takalar District Government apparatus for the principle of accountability is the existence of a management information system and monitoring of results on regional policies in the procurement of goods and services, taxes and fees, financial management of attached supervision areas, reduced deviations in public service management, apparatus formation criteria, independent monitoring. A policy might have a noble aim because it will be beneficial to the public interest, even if the policy taken is not "free of value", in the sense that it will benefit some parties and harm some parties as well. However, if bureaucrats do not want to lose their authority in carrying out public policies, bureaucrats must always pay attention to the aspirations of the community and support the participation of all elements of society in a reasonable manner [36]. There are at least 2 (two) reasons why a participatory system is needed in a democratic country. First, is that it is the people themselves who truly understand their needs. And secondly, starting from the fact that modern government tends to be more extensive and complex, bureaucracy grows to swell out of control. Therefore, to avoid the alienation of citizens, citizens must be stimulated and assisted in developing relations with government officials. With this mechanism, people's aspirations do not get other channels so that they are often conveyed through anonymous letters and even demonstrations, whereas if we look at the second indicator by holding a forum to accommodate the aspirations of people who are representative, clear, and open at the lowest level of government by bringing people directly together at the Kelurahan and Kecamatan levels to be more effective [37]; [38]. In the context of good governance to empower people, local governments must pay attention to several things, changing the paradigm from using an instructional approach to a facilitation/catalyst approach, namely encouraging and providing space (space) to the community to be able to develop their initiative, creativity and innovation to develop the region; Implement a people-oriented development mechanism with planning bottom-up that must be implemented consistently; If the government feels unable to oversee the fulfillment of community needs, then it must acknowledge its inability so it needs to learn a lot from its entities through dialogue forums or public consultations [39];[40]. These problems can be answered with several solutions including increasing the number of local regulations governing community participation so that it opens wider space for the community to be involved in every process of making local policies and implementing local regulations on community participation that have been consistently available [41].

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Increased community participation in monitoring the performance of the Takalar District Government apparatus by increasing the number of public hearings, public meetings in discussing issues [42]; [43]. CONCLUSIONS From the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the understanding of the Takalar District Government apparatus on the principle of good governance cognitive (knowledge) which includes the ability to think, know and solve problems such as comprehensive, applicative, analytical and evaluative knowledge is lacking. From understanding cognitive more obtained after they become a public service, namely through education and leadership training. The suggestions that can be given by the author are as follows because there is still a lack of understanding of the principles of good governance, the Regional Government of must prepare apparatus resources in a manner professional and understand their main tasks and functions through socialization and job description techniques; increase technical training related to good governance. Promote good governance principles in each work unit both cognitive and affective increase the level of education Gradually Apparatus. To the second stratum by providing scholarships that are budgeted from the APBD and selecting apparatuses to take the stratum 2 level based on the merit system. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to the government in Takalar Regency, Bantaeng Regency, and Palopo Regency in the South Sulawesi, Indonesia who have been willing to provide data in the completion of this research. REFERENCES [1] Rumkel, L., Sam, B., & Umanailo, M. C. B. (2019). Village Head Partnership, Village Consultative Body and Customary Institution in Village Development. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res, 8(8), 1058-1063. [2] Bowen, C., Palmer, S., & Yeates, G. (2018). A relational approach to rehabilitation: Thinking about relationships after brain injury. Routledge. [3] Singkun, A., Patiwikriwong, P., Chainapong, K., & Weerakhachon, P. (2020). Factors Associated with Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention Behaviors among Health Sciences Students of a Higher Education Institution in Yala Province, Thailand. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST), 17(9), 967-978. [4] Ssorooshian, S., & Panigrahi, S. (2020). Impacts of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Industries. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST), 17(8), 903-915. [5] Berman, D. R. (2019). Local government and the states: Autonomy, politics, and policy. Routledge. [6] Yasa, N., Giantari, I., Setini, M., Sarmawa, W., Rahmayanti, P., & Dharmanegara, I. (2020). Service strategy based on Tri Kaya Parisudha, social media promotion, business values and business performance. Management Science Letters, 10(13), 2961-2972. [7] Setini, M., Yasa, N. N. K., Gede Supartha, I. W., Ketut Giantari, I., & Rajiani, I. (2020). The Passway of Women Entrepreneurship: Starting from Social Capital with Open Innovation, through to Knowledge Sharing and Innovative

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