The Hierarchyand Central Place Patterns of the Chalcolithic Sites in the Bakhtiari Highlands, Iran
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Journal Of Anthropological And Archaeological Sciences DOI: 10.32474/JAAS.2020.02.000133 ISSN: 2690-5752 Review Article The Hierarchyand Central Place Patterns of the Chalcolithic Sites in the Bakhtiari Highlands, Iran Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei* Departments of Archaeology, University of Shahid Chamran, Iran *Corresponding author: Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei, PhD in Archaeology, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz, Iran Received: March 16, 2020 Published: May 28, 2020 Abstract In archeology, there is a close connection between the size of the ancient places and the level of their social and economic complexity, without understanding and studying it, archaeologists cannot understand the cultural structure of the region. In this hypothesis, the larger of the settlement, the more administrative and social services are provided, and thus has a more complex administrative and economic structure than smaller ones.Accordingly, with the aim of determining the central place and hierarchy,the middle and late Chalcolithic sites ofthe Laran districtin the Zayandeh-Roud basin were studied.To determine the central place and hierarchy of settlement in a mountainous area, using GIS and SPSS software and using cluster analysis method, middle and late the Laran district, along with other Zagros valleys, have taken to complex societies, so that there is a two-rank pattern in the middle Chalcolithic periodsites were and classified there is a andthree-rank studied pattern and it was in the determined late Chalcolithic thatsocieties period. of Chalcolithic period in the mountain valleys of Keywords: Zayandeh-Roud Basin; Hierarchy; Central Place; Settlement Patterns; Chalcolithic Sites; Iran Geography and Ecosystem of Laran of -24 °C and the highest recorded temperature in July and August Laran district with a total area of 516.28 km2 is adjacent from with an average of 46 °C [1-8]. north with Isfahan province, from northwest and west with Kuhrang city, from east and south with Shahrekord city and southwest with Farsan city (Figure 1).The region is originally a valley with a northwest-southeast direction along with smaller sub-valleys, which have environmentally, permanent water resources including the Zayandeh-Roudbasinin the north and the southern parts of the Karunbasin and permanent and seasonalsprings, and now it is a countryside and one of the routes and roads of the migration of tribes of Bakhtiari. The altitude of the area is more than 2036 m and the subsistence of the today’s people of the region is low due agriculture and aquaculture. According to the data and statistics, to the lack of level and flat lands, herding, nomadism, permanent the average rainfall in the stations of the region for the past 19 years in March was 72.2 mm and the average of the lowest rainfall in 19 years was in August with an average of 0.7 mm. The coldest month is also in Novemberand December with an average temperature Figure 1: Location of Laran County. Copyright © All rights are reserved by Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei. 220 . J Anthro & Archeo Sci Volume 2 - Issue 2 Copyrights @ Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei. Theoretical foundations of Central Place and Hier- that the distance between the cities on lower level is less than the archy distance between the two cities that are on the upper level [8-10]. The central places in one geographical area in each region are that affects socio-economic development programs in different one of the larger population centers than the other centers, and the One of the most scientific models of construction of settlements countries and regions is the central place theory of Walter amount of goods and services provided in this larger center is more Christaller (1969-1873) 1which was published in 1933 in his than the centers around it6 and the direct relationship between book Central Places in the South of Germany.This theory is closely work, the size of the population centers with Volume of goods and related to hierarchy and originates from the human and economic services provided. In other words, the centers that do production geography2 activities in order to produce, supply and service are there. Now (agricultural landuse), Alfred Weber (the location of industries), these centers can either be subordinate and main centers within a . Christaller, inspired by von Thünen’s scientific theories and Wangglender (transport fare) developed the theory of central city or the city itself is considered as a production center in an urban place. This theory was not considered until the 1950s until it was distribution system. The central place model only has the ability translated into English and published in 1966, and since then it has to explain the trading relations of the settlement. It is important become the basis of urban-regional studies and has gained world when these centers may be in a region, but not necessarily all renowned. In 1940, he produced the Economic Spatial Organization, or some of them are centralized in a settlement, but also have along with August Lösch. The basis of Christaller theory is based on different settlements of different centers and different rankings the order in the number, size, distance and spatial arrangement of the in the hierarchy7 central places according to their functions and hierarchies in their settlements located at the nearest distance to the center have the . In this model, the first class settlements and the habitat3. This theory was based on a model in which settlements most common cultural interactions with the center, and as the distance from the center increases, settlements become smaller and delivery and accessibility, and each one was placed in a particular less important where the proportion of local production increase were classified according to the amount of communication, service, rank. The main purpose of the central place theory is to explain to the productions affected by the center8. Walter Christaller, bases the spatial organization of the settlements and their sphere of his theory on a set of assumptions, summarized in the following: 4. About two years later, in the toughest conditions of the Second World War, “AugustLosch”, changed a part of the hypotheses possible in all directions. There is only one vehicle in the plain. influence the existence of a flat plain, in which, equally, transportation is of Christaller model and established an urban system that was The population has spread evenly throughout the plain. In central more consistent with the truth5. Contrary to the Christaller model in the Losch model, cities of the same size can produce and supply prepared and administrative functions are created. Consumers go places in the plain, for spheres of influence, goods and services are various goods and services. The urban hierarchy system is the to the nearest central place that supplies the goods and services result of the theory of central places can be demonstrated in its they need. Here, consumers traversed minimum distance to receive simplest form by using mathematical tools, and there is usually a goods and services. The suppliers of goods and services economic direct relationship between the number and diversity of activities and the city’s population. Therefore, it can be said that cities that and as people considering economic advantage come to the nearest people and they always try to achieve maximum profits in the plain, are located on higher levels have more population. In this case, the center, the suppliers of goods and services get away from each other to attract more consumers9. In this plain, in some central places, the city on the top level has the largest city in that urban system. more functions are offered. These central places are at the higher city on the first level is the smallest city in the urban hierarchy, and From the other features of urban hierarchy based on the theory of levels of the central hierarchy system, while places that only have central places, the distance between the cities in each level with the multiple functions, work at lower levels of the hierarchy system. class in which those cities are located has an opposite relation. So At higher levels of the Central places and Hierarchy system, all 1Inomata and Aoyama 1996. 2Nakoinz, 2012. 3Brown 1995. 4Nakoinz 2012. 5Inomata and Aoyama 1996. 6Hole 1980, p. 29. 7Garajian 2003. 8Minc 2006. 9Brown 1995. Citation: Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei. The Hierarchyand Central Place Patterns of the Chalcolithic Sites in the Bakhtiari Highlands, Iran. J Anthro & Archeo Sci 2(2)- 2020. JAAS.MS.ID.000133. DOI: 10.32474/JAAS.2020.02.000133 221 J Anthro & Archeo Sci Volume 2 - Issue 2 Copyrights @ Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei. functions, including functions of lower levels of the system, are also the settlement ranking position13, because in sites with more area, offered. All consumers are in the same position in terms of income more goods and services are provided than areas with less space14, and demand for goods and services. In this model, different centers But this is true only about the farmers and urban communities15, of the settlement system are only known and explained by the type and the herdsman -Mobile Pastoralism communities had not the and number of goods, the market for the sale of goods, services, advanced government institutions and their social and economic employment and population [11-14]. This theory is presented in the form of spatial view and space, hierarchy manifests in dignified things, which first appeared in the documented16. According to ethnoarcheological studies, it has been local and temporal volumes of all activities that human beings do to fifth millennium BC cemeteries of Hakalan and Parchineh have been dominate nature and survive. In summary, for the use of the central demographic, socioeconomic, administrative-governmental, and place model in archeology and for the ancient settlements, the specified that hierarchy and centers have different types of cultural, trial17 [15-17].