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Marine Spatial Planning for the Falkland Islands

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Marine Spatial Planning for the Falkland Islands Marine Spatial Planning for the Falkland Islands ‘Methodology for identification of important areas for marine megafauna’ Workshop report A.A. Augé, B. Lascelles and M. Dias This report was prepared as part of the Darwin Plus project DPLUS027 “Marine Spatial Planning in the Falkland Islands”. To cite this report: Augé A.A., Lascelles B., and Dias M. (2015). Marine spatial planning for the Falkland Islands. ‘Methodology for identification of important areas for marine megafauna’ workshop report. South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, Falkland Islands. Table of content Section Page Table of content 1 Summary 2 1. Marine Spatial Planning for the Falkland Islands 3 2. Introduction to the marine megafauna of the Falkland Islands 5 3. Workshop aims and organisation 5 4. Spatial datasets available 6 4.1 Tracking data 6 4.2 Sighting data 7 4.3 Colony data 9 5. Species level analyses 11 5.1 Long-range flying seabirds 13 5.2 Penguins and short-range seabirds 14 5.3 Pinnipeds 15 5.4 Cetaceans 17 5.5 Rafting/landing area for seabirds and pinniped species 18 6. Megafauna level analyses 19 7. Limitations of the results 22 8. Next steps, further work and incorporation in MSP 23 8.1. Key areas as protection priorities 24 8.2. Vulnerability mapping 24 8.3. Publication concepts 26 9. Conclusion 26 Acknowledgements 27 References 28 Appendix A. List of marine mammal species in the Falkland Islands 31 Appendix B. List of seabirds species in the Falkland Islands 32 Appendix C. Workshop agenda 35 Appendix D. List of existing tracking datasets 36 Appendix E. Details of tracking datasets 39 All photos credit to Amélie Augé. MSP Falkland Islands: Methodology for identification of important areas for marine megafauna 1 Summary A project entitled ‘Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) for the Falkland Islands’, funded by Darwin Plus, was started in July 2014 with data on marine megafauna (seabirds and marine mammals) considered as an essential component to include in the MSP process. The Falkland Islands are recognised as a hotspot for marine megafauna. In order to effectively include marine megafauna in the MSP process, identification of the key areas used by these species around the Falkland Islands is needed. As part of the project, a workshop was organised in Cambridge, UK, on 13-14 April 2015 to develop methodologies for combining existing data on marine megafauna distribution (tracking, at-sea sightings, breeding locations) and provide an evidence-based assessment of key areas for inclusion in the MSP process. Most of the data holders who agreed to share data on species that breed in the Falkland Islands for the MSP project were in attendance at this workshop. The main aim of the workshop was to discuss methodologies that would allow transparent, consistent and scientifically robust approaches for data gathering and analysis to identify key and used areas for marine megafauna. This report summarises the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop, presents some examples of data and preliminary analyses and the recommended approaches agreed at the workshop. MSP Falkland Islands: Methodology for identification of important areas for marine megafauna 2 1. Marine Spatial Planning for the Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands are an archipelago of South America. They are situated 500km off the coast of Argentina and comprise approximately 778 islands with two major islands: West Falkland and East Falkland (Figure 1). These islands are sparsely populated (total population as of 2012 was 2,562). The islands are self-governed as a United Kingdom Overseas Territory and they have claimed their marine Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ; locally known as the Falkland Islands Conservation Zone; Figure 2). The main current activities identified in the marine environment of the Falkland Islands are aquaculture, commercial shipping, commercial fishing, local transport, military activities, oil and gas exploration, recreational activities, mineral extraction, science and research, and tourism (Augé, 2015). Some of these activities are increasing and oil and gas exploitation as well as aquaculture and inshore fisheries may be developed in the next decade. There is currently no coordinated management of these activities and there are also no official areas dedicated to the protection of the marine environment, with the exception of temporary fishing closure areas. The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) describes MSP as "A strategic plan for regulating, managing and protecting the marine environment that addresses the multiple, cumulative and potentially conflicting uses of the sea". The Falkland Islands’ elected members of the legislative assembly have listed the implementation of an MSP framework as an action in the Islands Plan 2014-2018. The research project ‘Marine Spatial Planning for the Falkland Islands’ started in July 2014 and is funded by Darwin Plus for two years. The aims of the project are to provide the baseline set of tools (including spatial datasets and maps of ecologically important areas) to the Government, along with recommendations for management, to initiate the MSP process in the Falkland Islands. Figure 1: Geographical location of the Falkland Islands off the eastern coast of South America on the Patagonian Shelf. MSP Falkland Islands: Methodology for identification of important areas for marine megafauna 3 Figure 2: The Falkland Islands Exclusive Economic Zone, locally known as the Falkland Islands Conservation Zone Developing MSP in the Falkland Islands will give the Government the ability to lead the Islands’ marine development by promoting certain areas for economic growth, and protecting others for their ecological or social values. Rather than reacting to single development projects that are submitted by, often, foreign companies that will produce single project Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) without accounting for cumulative impacts, the Government will be able to use MSP to address the comprehensive vision they have for the Islands’ marine environment. This Vision was developed in a previous MSP workshop held under this project and is defined as “Well managed marine and coastal areas and resources of the Falkland Islands to support sustainable economic development whilst protecting our biodiversity and wild unspoilt areas, and supporting the safe use of the sea and celebration of our maritime heritage” (Augé, 2015). Due to the importance of the Patagonian Shelf for marine megafauna (seabirds and marine mammals in this study) (Croxall and Wood, 2002; Otley, 2012; Otley et al., 2012; Woods and Woods, 1997) and the social and economic values placed on them by Falkland Islanders (Augé, 2015), the identification and mapping of the key areas for these species has been identified as a priority for the MSP project. These charismatic species, many of which are listed on the IUCN Red List, can be used as good proxies for marine biodiversity and have long been used as indicator species because they reflect prey distribution and ecosystem processes (Boyd et al., 2006; Hooker and Gerber, 2004; Montevecchi et al., 2012). Two types of data assessment are needed to include marine megafauna in the MSP process (only the first type is required for the initial MSP project), and the methods available to develop these were discussed at the workshop: Defining key areas: Assessment of the importance of different areas for marine megafauna, classified as high, medium, low importance, with the potential for those areas of highest importance to be recommended as marine reserves for their ecological values within the MSP process. Characterising areas used for different behaviours: An assessment of areas used for different behaviours, such as rafting (flying seabirds), coming ashore (penguins and pinnipeds), foraging or travelling (either in the air or through the water). This information can then be used to determine potential vulnerability of species and sites to current and future human MSP Falkland Islands: Methodology for identification of important areas for marine megafauna 4 activities, identify potential conflict areas, and assess where enhanced management for particular activities (e.g. shipping, tourism, oil infrastructure etc) might be required. 2. Introduction to the marine megafauna of the Falkland Islands The Patagonian Shelf surrounding the Falkland Islands is a productive and rich marine area (Glorioso, 2002). Seventy seabird species and 29 marine mammal species have been recorded in Falklands’ waters. The complete list of all species of marine mammals recorded in Falklands’ waters can be found in Appendix A and the complete list of seabirds in Appendix B at the end of this report. According to the IUCN global threat classification, five of the seabird species are endangered, eight are vulnerable and nine near-threatened. Seventeen species have been tracked (48% of common and regular species in Falkland’s waters). Two marine mammal species are endangered, one vulnerable and 14 are data deficient, and only four species (pinnipeds only) have been satellite tracked (13% of species). Thirty-three percent of the seabird species found in Falklands’ waters breed on the Falkland Islands. Seventeen percent of the marine mammals found in Falklands’ waters breed there, and several other species may breed there but knowledge is currently lacking. The knowledge and existing scientific data vary greatly amongst the species or group of species. There is currently very little known
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