MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY REPUBLIC OF

MNCP 2015

MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES

MNCP 2015 FOREWORD

Foreword By His Excellency ABDULLA YAMEEN ABDUL GAYOOM President of the Republic of Maldives

The future of a country is tied to the well-being of its citizens. Development should place people at the center, and recognize the inherent link between the environment and well-being of people. The government is mindful of this development and environment nexus, and takes every effort to ensure that development is sustainable. The sound management of chemicals is an important aspect in this regard. It is an issue that we cannot choose to ignore, but must take concrete and long term action to protect the environment and human health.

Individual and collective responsibility in this regard is critical in making substantive progress towards sound management of chemicals. We need to be mindful of not only our rights, but also of our responsibility in protecting the environment today and for future generation. The future security and safety of our peoples reside in our efforts to this regard.

The government is committed to spearhead this effort. I welcome the support we have received both at the national and international community towards the sound management of chemicals in the country. I take the opportunity to reiterate the government’s commitment to this regard. MINISTER’S MESSAGE

Message By THORIQ IBRAHIM Minister of Environment and Energy

The sound management of chemicals is a critical and urgent issue facing the Maldives. Our pristine environment and the health and well being of our peoples are at stake as we seek to address this critical issue. There is a need to institute long term and holistic solutions to this regard. This requires broad based participation, involving both the public and the private sector.

To date, the primary hurdle in the sound management of chemicals is the lack of data as well as coordination across various stakeholders. The current Profle is a beginning in the government led efforts to ensure the establishment of a robust mechanism for chemicals management in the country. I am confdent that this Profle provides a starting point and will serve as a reference document for subsequent policies towards the sound management of chemicals in the Maldives.

The current Profle has been compiled through the participation and consultation of various stakeholders as well as through generous fnancial and technical support from the SAICM Quick Start Programme. I wish to take the opportunity to thank everyone involved in formulating this Profle and look forward to concrete and substantive actions springing from this Profle. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Over 17 governmental, non-governmental, and private institutions assisted in the preparation of the National Chemical Profle of the Maldives.

Special mention is conveyed to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants’ National Implementation Plan project team whose contribution to the realization of this document was instrumental.

The Ministry of Environment and Energy deeply appreciates the guidance of the National Chemical Management Committee members, lead stakeholders and working group members for their invaluable data contribution, continuous review and input that went into the formulation of this Profle.

The Government of Maldives also appreciates the fnancial support through SAICM QSP in preparing the National Chemical Profle of the Maldives.

The Government of Maldives further recognizes that the National Chemical Profle is a living document and the current Profle is the frst version which will be reviewed at regular intervals and updated in the light of changes and new policies.

LEAD AUTHORS AMINATH MAIHA HAMEED HAWWA NIMSHA

LEAD TECHNICAL REVIEWERS AND CONTRIBUTOR DR. HANS DE KRUIJF United Nations Institute for Training and Research MIRUZA MOHAMED Ministry of Environment and Energy DR. AISHATH SHAIRA Ministry of Environment and Energy ZIDUNA MOHAMED Ministry of Defence and National Security HAMID IBRAHIM Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture MINNA RASHEED Maldives Customs Service AMINATH SHAUFA Health Protection Agency DR. SHAZLA MOHAMED Maldives National University ZEENATH RASHEED Maldives Food and Drug Authority MOHAMED ASIF Ministry of Environment and Energy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AISHATH THIMNA LATHEEF

EDITOR AND PROOFREADER MIDHATH ABDUL RASHEED

LAYOUT AND DESIGN AMANULLAH SHAKEEL HUSSAIN Creative Director Calibre Studio MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE CONTENTS 7

TABLE OF FIGURES 10

LIST OF TABLES 10

ABBREVIATIONS 12

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14

INTRODUCTION 14

C H A P T E R 1 NATIONAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION 18

1.1 Geographic Context 18 1.1.1 Location and Terrain 18 1.1.2 Climate 18 1.1.3 Natural Hazards 18 1.2 Physical and Demographic Context 18 1.3 Political Structure 18 1.4 Economic Sectors 19 1.5 Pollution Emissions by Major Economic Sectors 21 1.6 Assessment 23

CHAPTER 2 CORE AREAS OF MALDIVIAN CHEMICAL IMPORT, EXPORT, USE, 24 STORAGE, TRANSPORT AND DISPOSAL

2.1 Chemical Imports 24 2.1.1 Industrial Chemicals 27 2.1.2 Fertilizers 28 2.1.3 Pesticides 28 2.1.4 Pharmaceuticals 30 2.1.5 Petroleum and Petroleum Products 30 2.2 Chemical Use and Occupational Hazards 31 2.3 Storage of Chemicals and Related Issues 32 2.4 Chemical Transportation 34 2.5 Sources of Chemical Waste Generation and Capacity for Disposal 35 2.5.1 Unintentionally Generated Chemicals 38 2.6 Stockpiles, Waste Deposits and Contaminated Sites 39 2.7 Technical Facilities for Recovery and Recycling of Chemicals 39 2.8 Assessment 40

CHAPTER 3 SOUND MANAGEMENT OF PRIORITY CARCINOGENIC CHEMICALS 42 IN MALDIVES

3.1 Cancer Prevalence in Maldives 42 3.2 Inventory of Carcinogenic Chemicals 42 3.3 Assessing the Risks of Carcinogens 43 3.4 Assessment 46 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 8

CHAPTER 4 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR MANAGING CHEMICALS 48

4.1 Overview of Key Legal Instruments Addressing the Management 48 of Chemicals 4.2 Additional Details on Key Legal Instruments for Control of 50 Chemicals 4.3 Coverage of Chemicals Lifecycle Stages by Existing Legal 52 Instruments 4.4 Description of Key Administrative Procedures for the Control of 52 Chemicals 4.4.1 Chemicals for Agricultural Purposes 52 4.4.2. Chemicals of Public Health Signifcance 52 4.4.3. Other Chemicals 53 4.5 Assessment 53

CHAPTER 5 MINISTRIES, AGENCIES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS MANAGING 54 CHEMICALS

5.1 Responsibilities of Different Ministries, Agencies and Other 54 Governmental Institutions 5.2 Description of Authorities and Mandates 54 5.3 Assessment 56

CHAPTER 6 RELEVANT ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRY, PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS 58 AND RESEARCH SECTORS

6.1 Assessment 59

CHAPTER 7 INTER-MINISTERIAL COMMISSIONS AND COORDINATING 60 MECHANISMS

7.1 Description of Inter-ministerial Commissions and Coordinating 60 Mechanisms 7.2 Assessment 61

CHAPTER 8 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, ACCESS AND USE 61

8.1 Suffciency in Quality and Quantity of Available Information 61 8.3 Availability of International Literature and Databases 63 8.4 Assessment 65

CHAPTER 9 TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 66

9.1 Overview of Laboratory Capacity 66 9.2 Assessment 67 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 9

CHAPTER 10 RESOURCES AVAILABLE AND NEEDED FOR CHEMICALS 68 MANAGEMENT

10.1 Resources Available in Government Ministries/Institutions for 68 Chemicals Management 10.2 Resources Needed by Government Institutions to Fulfll 69 Responsibilities Related to Chemicals Management 10.3 Assessment 69

CHAPTER 11 AWARENESS/ UNDERSTANDING OF WORKERS AND THE PUBLIC; 70 AND TRAINING AND EDUCATION OF TARGET GROUPS AND PROFESSIONALS

11.1 Assessment 70

CHAPTER 12 INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES 72

12.1 Co-operation and Involvement with International Organizations, 72 Bodies and Agreements 12.2 Assessment 79

CONCLUSION 80 CHAPTER 13 81 REFERENCES 82 ANNEXES MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 10 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 11 | PAGE 43 TABLE 9 | PAGE 28 Asbestos sheets imports in square meters Total amount of chemical fertilizer imported into the Maldives by the agricultural sector in 2013

FIGURE 1 | PAGE 19 FIGURE 12 | PAGE 45 TABLE 10 | PAGE 29 Location of Maldives Imports of Formaldehyde and Styrene (2009 Pesticide imports by the agriculture sector to 2014) in 2013

FIGURE 2 | PAGE 19 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 11 | PAGE 33 Percentage share of GDP by sectors in 2012 Approved bulk chemical storage and chemical warehousing facilities in 2014

FIGURE 3 | PAGE 27 TABLE 1 | PAGE 16 TABLE 12 | PAGE 33 Major imports of organic and inorganic Members of the National Chemical State Trading Organization medical chemicals to Maldives in 2014 Management Committee warehouses in Maldives

FIGURE 4 | PAGE 27 TABLE 2 | PAGE 20 TABLE 13 | PAGE 33 Total imports of organic and inorganic Overview of the economy by sector STO and FSM location and capacity for chemicals into the tourism sector between petroleum products 2010 and 2014

FIGURE 5 | PAGE 28 TA B L E 3 | PA G E 2 0 TABLE 14 | PAGE 34 Percentage of land use for agricultural pur- The following graph depicts the Supply chain for bulk distribution poses in Maldives in 2011. employment fgures in the country system and transport according to industry (2011-2012)

FIGURE 6 | PAGE 28 TABLE 4 | PAGE 20 TABLE 15 | PAGE 45 Total amount of pesticides imported from Breakdown of agricultural products traded in Amount of total waste transported in tonnes 2010-2014 by volume and weight the Male’ market by atolls in 2013 to the main waste site K.Thilafushi from 2003 to 2012, with the only difference made between industrial and domestic waste FIGURE 7 | PAGE 30 TABLE 5 | PAGE 22 - 23 generated from Male’. Amount of pharmaceuticals imported Releases by type and media for major between 2010-2014 in weight and volume economic sectors

F I G U R E 8 | PA G E 3 0 TABLE 6 | PAGE 22 TABLE 16 | PAGE 36 - 37 Import of petroleum and petroleum Breakdown of GHG emissions by sector in Island updates of Waste Management products into the country between 2010 and 2009 Centers (WMC) 2014

F I G U R E 9 | PA G E 3 0 TABLE 7 | PAGE 24 - 25 TABLE 17 | PAGE 38 Amount of re-exported petroleum products Chemical imports in MVR from 2010-2014 Estimated air pollutions emitted by by weight in cubic meters and thousands of Thilafushi, based on calculations by UNEP metric tonnes in 2005

FIGURE 10 | PAGE 32 TABLE 8 | PAGE 25 - 26 TABLE 18 | PAGE 39 Number of cases treated at IGMH for List of countries, which imported chemicals Obsolete chemical stockpiles, chemical chemical related accidents/allergies to the Maldives in 2014 waste sites and contaminated sites MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TABLE 19 | PAGE 39 TABLE 30 | PAGE 59 TABLE 41 | PAGE 68 11 Facilities for recovery and recycling of Gaps, issues and recommendations Resources available in government chemicals and related waste identifed in chapter 6 ministries/institutions

TABLE 20 | PAGE 40 TABLE 31 | PAGE 60 TABLE 42 | PAGE 69 Gaps, issues and recommendations Overview of NCMC Resources needed in government ministries/ identifed in chapter institutions to fulfll responsibilities related to chemical management

TABLE 21 | PAGE 42 - 43 TABLE 32 | PAGE 60 TABLE 43 | PAGE 69 Potentially carcinogenic pesticides Gaps, issues and recommendations Gaps, issues and recommendations according to the US EPA which are identifed in chapter 7 identifed in chapter 10 currently being brought into Maldives

TABLE 22 | PAGE 44 - 45 TABLE 33 | PAGE 62 TABLE 44 | PAGE 71 Amount of imports of potentially Suffciency of available information Gaps, issues and recommendations carcinogenic pesticides from 2011-2013 (qualitative and quantitative) identifed in chapter 11

TABLE 23 | PAGE 46 TABLE 34 | PAGE 63 TABLE 45 | PAGE 73 - 75 Gaps, issues and recommendations Sources of national data, access and format Participation in international identifed in chapter 3 agreements/procedures related to chemicals management

TABLE 24 | PAGE 48 TABLE 35 | PAGE 64 TABLE 46 | PAGE 76 Legal instruments to manage chemicals Availability of international literture Maldives membership in selected international organizations

TABLE 25 | PAGE 52 TABLE 36 | PAGE 65 TABLE 47 | PAGE 77 - 78 Overview of legal instruments to Availability of international National capacity or requirements manage chemicals by life cycle stage databases under international agreements

TABLE 26 | PAGE 53 TABLE 37 | PAGE 65 TABLE 48 | PAGE 79 Gaps, issues and recommendation identifed Gaps, issues and recommendations Participation in relevant technical in chapter 4 identifed in chapter 8 assistance projects

TABLE 27 | PAGE 56 TABLE 38 | PAGE 66 TABLE 49 | PAGE 79 Gaps, issues and recommendations Overview of laboratory infrastructure for Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 5 regulatory chemical analysis identifed in chapter 12

TABLE 28 | PAGE 58 - 59 TABLE 39 | PAGE 66 Relevant NGOs Overview of laboratory infrastructure for monitoring chemical analysis

TABLE 29 | PAGE 59 TABLE 40 | PAGE 67 Summary of expertise outside of Gaps, issues and recommendations government identifed in chapter 9 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 12 ABBREVIATIONS

AA GC IFCS Gas Chromatography Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety

AAS GDP ILO Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Gross Domestic Product International Labour Organization

ADH GEF IMO Global Environment Facility International Maritime Organization

AES GF-AAS IOMC Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Inter-Organization Programme for the Spectrometry Sound Management of Chemicals

CFC GHG IPM Chlorofourocarbon Greenhouse gas Integrated Pest Management

CIF GN ISO Cost, Insurance and Freight International Organization for Standardization

CWC HA K Chemicals Weapon Convention

DMSC HCFC L Department of Medical Sciences Hydrochlorofourocarbons

DNP HDH M Department of National Planning Haa Dhaal Atoll

EIA HPA MARPOL Environment Impact Assessments Health Protection Agency International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (Marine Pollution)

EPA HPLC MCC Environmental Protection Agency High Performance Liquid Male’ City Council E-Waste Electronic Waste Chromatography

FAO HSN MCS Food and Agriculture Organization Harmonized System Nomenclature Maldives Customs Service

FTIR IARC MDNS Fourier Transform Infrared International Agency for Research on Ministry of Defence and National Spectroscopy Cancer Security MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 13

MEE NCMC UN Ministry of Energy and Environment National Chemical Management United Nations Committee

MOFA NGO UNDP Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Non-Governmental Organization United Nations Development Programme

MFDA NPK UNEP Maldives Food and Drug Authority Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium United Nations Environmental Programme

MNDF OCPS UNITAR Maldives National Defence Force Organochlorine Pesticides United Nations Institute for Training and Research

MNU ODS US EPA Maldives National University Ozone Depleting Substances United States Environmental Protection Agency

MOE PCB UV-VIS Ministry of Education Polychlorinated biphenyls Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy

MOH POP WHO Ministry of Health Persistent Organic Pollutants World Health Organization

MPL S WSSD Maldives Ports Limited Seenu Atoll World Summit on Sustainable Development

MPS SAICM Maldives Police Service Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management

MSDS SH Material Safety Data Sheet Shaviyani

MVR SOLAS Maldivian Rufyaa Safety of Life at Sea

MWSC TEQ Male’ Water and Sewerage Company Toxic Equivalency Factor

N TH Thaa Atoll MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14

The sound management of chemicals to enhance the technical capacity in is a critical issue that has implications the area of chemicals management. for both the environment and human Similarly, the lack of necessary health. As a Small Island Developing infrastructure for both collection and State, with limited technical capacity, disposal of chemical waste is a major infrastructure and fnancial resources, hurdle, which is compounded by the the management of chemicals in a current methods of waste management. holistic manner is a signifcant challenge in the Maldives. Awareness remains a key area that requires attention. To this regard, there The current Profle examines the various is a need to enhance awareness and sources and trends of chemicals import; understanding amongst policy makers the institutional, policy and regulatory and key stakeholders on the need for framework; current infrastructure; sound management of chemicals. In technical capacity; and level of addition to this, various stakeholders, awareness with regard to chemicals and including the private sector and non- its management in the country. governmental and community based organizations need to be engaged The fragmented nature of governance to ensure the sound management of and regulations in relation to chemicals chemicals in the Maldives. management in the country remain the major hurdle in addressing chemical management issues. In this regard, mandate overlaps, limited co- ordination and inadequate regulatory framework are critical issues that need to be addressed. The Profle also fnds that there are signifcant data gaps in relation to chemicals management. In the absence of such information, it is diffcult to gauge the environmental and societal impact chemicals have had over the years. Since such information is critical for informed decision making, this may then limit the policy interventions that are required.

Although various agencies and organizations collect chemicals related data, there is limited exchange amongst various actors. There is then a need for a coordinated and concerted effort to harmonize methodologies of data collection and collation across various institutions and bodies. It also requires the development of a coherent and robust policy and regulatory framework to limit the duplication of work and enhance the enforcement functions of the concerned agencies. Related to this, there is also an identifable need MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES AND 15 ANTICIPATED BENEFITS The production and consumption of to International Chemicals Management OF PREPARING THE chemicals have increased vastly over (SAICM). the past years making it one of the NATIONAL PROFILE most globalized sectors in the world While there is currently no production economy. Use of chemicals play an of chemicals in Maldives, during the last The National Chemical Profle of essential role in maintaining the quality decade, the import of chemicals has Maldives has been prepared to assess of life; on the other hand chemicals increased signifcantly. The main pattern the chemical management situation in pose adverse impacts on human health of usage of chemicals in Maldives is in the country, to identify the gaps and and environment. For this reason sound the form of consumption of petroleum prioritize issues regarding all aspects management of chemicals throughout products in the energy and transport of chemicals management throughout their life cycle has become a popular sector, the agricultural industry, its lifecycle. The Maldives National topic in various national, international construction, boat building, health Chemical Profle has been developed and multiple international forums, sector, and a variety of other uses in the with the aim of increasing transparency such as Agenda 21, the World Summit tourism industry. With the diversifcation around chemicals management in on Sustainable Development and in of the economy, chemicals management the country, and aid the public and the outcome document of the Third issues are likely to become increasingly the government in making informed International Conference on Small important in the future. decisions regarding chemicals. Island Developing States . From a legislative standpoint, The Maldives National Chemicals Profle The Strategic Approach to International the Environment Protection and has been prepared by the Ministry of Chemical Management (SAICM) is a Preservation Act (Law no. 4/93) of the Environment and Energy reviewed by policy framework stemming from the Maldives has special provisions for the the National Chemicals Management ‘2020 goal’ adopted by the World environmentally sound management Committee (NCMC) . Summit on Sustainable Development. of hazardous waste, chemicals, and The overall objective of SAICM is to oil. However, the implementation and achieve the sound management of monitoring of these particular provisions chemicals throughout their life cycle so has been a challenge due to the lack that, by 2020, chemicals are produced of a national chemicals database, lack and used in ways that minimize of coordination mechanisms or even a signifcant adverse impacts on human general baseline indicating the usage health and the environment. and disposal of these chemicals. Maldives places a great importance on Recognizing the need for the sound the sound management of chemicals management of chemicals, countries and its relation to the environment and all over the world have embarked human wellbeing. The Maldives is party on the preparation of National to various chemicals-related conventions Chemicals Management Profles with and agreements such as the Montreal the involvement of a wide range of Protocol on Substances that Deplete national stakeholders, following the the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention recommendations issued by the IFCS on the Control of Trans boundary and based on the IFCS endorsed Movements of Hazardous Wastes and United Nations Institute for Training and their Disposal, Stockholm Convention Research (UNITAR)/ Inter – Organization on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Programme for the Sound Management Rotterdam Convention on the Prior of Chemicals (IOMC) National Profle Informed Consent Procedure, and the Guidance Document published in 1996. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC). Maldives is also a member of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the Strategic Approach MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE NATIONAL CHEMICALS 16 an inter-ministerial forum established The NCMC provides guidance, advice, MANAGEMENT to foster a comprehensive approach and support the lead agencies and COMMITTEE to the management of chemicals that national project coordinators in the addresses all stages of the chemical implementation of the chemicals life cycle, where various actors can related projects in the country, such as Chemicals management encompasses exchange information, coordinate those under the Stockholm Convention a broad range of issues, each of activities that are complementary or on Persistent Organic Pollutants and which are addressed by a particular inter-related, and, in certain instances, SAICM. Major decisions in relation to the or a number of different ministries, make joint decisions or, in the longer- projects are fnalized by the approval of agencies as well as parties outside of term, develop national policy. the NCMC. The ToR for the committee government. Therefore, the NCMC is is provided in Annex 6.t

Table 1: Members of the National Chemical Management Committee

NAME ORGANIZATION

Ajwad Musthafa Permanent Secretary Ministry of Environment and Energy Aminath Suzy Head of Drug and Chemical Laboratory Maldives Police Service Mohamed Nadheem Ibrahim Captain Maldives National Defence Force Abdulla Waheed Chief Superintendet Maldives Customs Service Dr.Aishath Shaira Executve Coordinator Ministry of Environment and Energy Dr.Shazla Mohamed Dean Maldives National University Abdul Nasir Mohamed Deputy Director General Transport Authority Miruza Mohamed Director Ministry of Environment and Energy Ziduna Mohamed Technologist Ministry of Defence and National Security Aminath Shaufa Public Health Program Coordinator Health Protection Agency Aishath Yamaanee Hassan Microbiologist Environmental Protection Agency Abdulla Nashith Director Fenaka Corporation Ltd Hamid Ibrahim Project Coordinator Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Zeenath Rasheed Senior Public Health Program Ofcer Maldives Food and Drug Authority Ahmed Mizuhath Naeem Assistant Director Male’ City Council Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Legal Ofcer Ministry of Environment and Energy Mauman Abdul Rasheed Project Ofcer Ministry of Environment and Energy MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 17

PHOTO CREDITS HANI AMIR MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 18 CHAPTER 1

FORM OF GOVERNMENT NATIONAL November, while Northeast monsoon Republic BACKGROUND (dry season) begins from January and continues up to March. The average INFORMATION annualtemperature in Maldives is 28 OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ºC and relative humidity ranges from Dhivehi. English is widely spoken and understood. 71% to 84%. The mean daily maximum The purpose of this chapter is to temperature is 30.4 ºC and the mean provide a general background on the daily minimum temperature is 25.7 º C. RELIGION Sunni Muslim characteristics of the country, including The southern region of the country is its geography, climate, vegetation and distinguished from the northern region vulnerability to natural hazards, and for the high quantity of precipitation, POPULATION assess its relation to chemical with an annual average of 2,277 mm 341,256 in September 2014 consisting of 173,172 males and 168,084 females management in the country. for south and 1,786 mm for the north. This chapter also highlights the Lowest rainfall was registered at NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS demographic, political and economic Hanimaadhoo weather station (1,346 setting of the country. mm), while the highest rainfall was (INCLUDING INFANTS BORN observed at International Airport ABROAD) weather station (3,185 mm). 7153 in 2013 1.1 GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH 1.1.1 LOCATION AND TERRAIN 1.1.3 NATURAL HAZARDS 75.15 years (2014) with females having a slightly longer life expectancy at 77.55 The geographic position of the country years and males at 72.86 years The Republic of Maldives is a small, determines the inclusion of the country low-lying archipelago located in the within the range of tropical cyclones, Indian Ocean, as indicated in Figure 1, earthquakes and thunderstorms. While INFANT MORTALITY 6 infants per 1000 live births in 201 where its closest neighbors are India, the probability of such freak storms is 595 km to the north and Sri Lanka, 670 more frequent in the north, incidents of km to the northeast. Maldives covers storm surges, fooding and heavy rainfall UNEMPLOYMENT RATE an area of over 90,000 km2 in the Indian is more prominent in the southern and 11.7% in 2010, calculated from the population 15 years and above Ocean, of which 99% is ocean. Its western islands of Maldives. In addition geographic coordinates are to this, underlying geological features 7º6’35’’North, 0º42’24’’South and such as low topography and lack of 1.3 POLITICAL STRUCTURE 72º33’19’’ East, and 73º14’36’’ West. land mass increases the vulnerability The political system of Maldives has of the islands to other natural hazards evolved over the years, infuenced Geographically, Maldives is made up of such as coastal erosion, storm surges by its geographic dispersal, Islamic fat and low lying coral islands, barely and climate related hazards. religion and traditions. The head of reaching 1.5 meters above the sea state and government is the president, level. The maximum height above sea who is assisted by a vice-president and level to be recorded is 2.4 meters. The a cabinet. Executive power is vested elevation, size, shape and vegetation 1.2 PHYSICAL AND in the president, who is elected for a of these islands vary enormously from DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT 5-year term and appoints members to sand banks to elongated strip islands the cabinet. while the size of the islands range from This section highlights a few vital In June 2005, political parties were 0.5km2 to 5km2. statistics of the Maldives, to provide a registered for the frst time in Maldives, clearer understanding of the current and several parties have come into 1.1.2 CLIMATE situation. existence since then.

Maldives experiences tropical SIZE OF COUNTRY People’s Majlis (the parliament) is the monsoonal climate due to its proximity 300 km2 and a total coastline of 644 km body entrusted to make legislation and to the equator. The Southwest monsoon currently consists of 85 members. The (rainy season) extends from May to Parliament of Maldives is a unicameral MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 19 body and extensive powers are granted to the Majlis in the nation’s presidential system of governance. The legal system is based on Islamic law along with the English common law, mainly in commercial matters.

Excluding the capital Male’, the 20 administrative divisions in the Maldives are; Haa Alif Atoll, Haa , , Noonu Atoll, , , , Kaafu Atoll, Alif Alif Atoll, Alif Dhaalu Atoll, , , Dhaalu Atoll, Meemu Atoll, Thaa Atoll, Laamu Atoll, , , Gnaviyani Atoll, and .

1 .4 ECONOMIC SECTORS

The Maldivian economy has grown relatively quickly with the advent of the tourism industry in the 1970s. The Maldives has surpassed all South Asian countries to achieve the highest income per capita. However, it is important to note that while the GDP per capita is Figure 1: Location of the Maldives high, the country’s economy is still very small. 9% 9% 9% 8% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1%

Figure 2 demonstrates that by the year 27% 11% 2012, the major sectors contributing Health Tourism

to the Maldivian GDP were tourism Fisheries Transport Education Agriculture Real Estate

(the highest at 27%), government Construction Manufacturing Social Services Communication Electric & Water

administration, communication, Business Services Financial Services transport, real estate and construction.

Industries such as fsheries, agriculture, Wholesale & Retail Trade health, manufacturing and education Government Adminsitration contributed relatively less than that by the tourism sector. By the end of 2013 the Maldives GDP was USD 2.3 billion and its annual growth rate was 3.7%.

Figure 2: Percentage share of GDP by sectors in 2012 Source: Maldives Economic Diversifcation Strategy Report, Ministry of Economic Development, 2013 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE THE TABLES 2 AND 3 PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CERTAIN ECONOMIC SECTORS 20 IN MALDIVES, THE GDP, ITS GROWTH RATE, AND PERCENTAGE SHARES OF GDP BY KIND OF ACTIVITY; AND THE EMPLOYMENT FIGURES IN THE COUNTRY ACCORDING TO INDUSTRY.

Table 2: Overview of the economy by sector

TOTAL TOTAL SHARE OF MAJOR PRODUCTS IN CONTRIBUTION TO OUTPUT VALUE (USD GROWTH RATE ECONOMIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT % ESTABLISHMENT % EACH SECTOR GDP (%) ‘000) (%) 1

Manufacturing/ Industry Sector 2 3.3 9.2 n/a 1.0 6,480/0 n/a

Trade 20.5 52.0 n/a 32.5 143,294.0 n/a Agriculture and Fishing Sector 2.2 4.7 n/a 0.4 n/a n/a

Total 26.0 65.8 - 33.9 149,774.0 - Source: Department of National Planning 2013

Table 3: Employment according to industry (2011-2012)

MICRO FARMS/ FACILITIES SMALL FARMS/ FACILITIES MEDIUM FARMS/ BIG FARMS/ FACILITIES ECONOMIC SECTOR 1 (%) 2 (%) FACILITIES3 (%) 4 (%)

Manufacturing/ Industry Sector 2 8.2 0.8 0.1 0.0

Trade 46.3 5.1 0.4 0.1

Agriculture and Fishing Sector 3.6 1.0 0.0 0.0

Total 58.1 6.9 0.6 0.1

Source: Economic Survey, Department of National Planning 2013

Agricultural production in the country kilometers of land used for agricultural

is limited by the poor soil conditions purposes. Commonly grown crops TABLE 4 PROVIDES A BREAKDOWN OF MAJOR and availability of land, which restricts for domestic use include coconuts, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS TRADED IN MALE’ farming on a larger scale. For every betel, papaya, chili, cucumbers and MARKETS BY ATOLLS IN 2013. 1,000 people, there is only 0.3 square watermelon among others.

Table 4: Breakdown of agricultural products traded in the Male’ market by atolls in 2013

SIZE OF PRODUCTIVE REGION MAJOR TYPES OF CROPS) TOTAL AMOUNT (KILOGRAMS) TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AREAS (HA)

Watermelon, Coconut (young), Pa- 9,940 (total in 2007) payas, Pumpkin, Cucumber, Banana, 2,670 (total in 2005) 9,603 (locals in 2007) Republic Total Brinjal, Coconut, Wax gourd, Botle 1,324,437 1,770 (inhabited islands 336 (foreigners in 2007) gourd, Buternut, Chinese Cabbage, 990 (uninhabited) Snake Gourd, Yam, Lufa, Chillie 543 (foreigners in 2011)

HA Coconut (young) 41,496 HDh Watermelon 8,000 N/A N/A

Sh Coconut (young) 33,900 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 4: Breakdown of agricultural products traded in the Male’ market by atolls in 2013 PAGE

SIZE OF PRODUCTIVE 21 REGION MAJOR TYPES OF CROPS) TOTAL AMOUNT (KILOGRAMS) TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AREAS (HA)

N Coconut (young) 6,300

K Coconut (young) 45,900

AA Papayas 257,850

Adh Watermelon 1,000

M Coconut (young) 3,000 N/A N/A

Th Coconut (young) 32,775

L Watermelon 191,500

GDh Coconut (young) 6,000

Gn Coconut (young) 34,500

Source: Economic Research and Statistics Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture.

1.5 POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY time in the environment, they may still Maldives in the past and possibly at MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTORS be present in the environment affecting present, and is therefore in use, in the food grown; stocks, and have in all probability, Maldives is a Party to many chemicals partly entered the end of life stage; related conventions and agreements. There are no imports or exports However, this has not been fully of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Synthetic carpets produced and containing equipment to the country; imported before 2003 has the highest translated into substantive actions risk to contain PFOS; due to various constraints, the There are 18 potentially PCB containing primary of which are the lack of equipment in the Maldives, including 15 The current import of synthetic carpets fnancial and institutional capacity electrical transformers, 3 oil flled circuit are considered irrelevant for PFOS; and lack of awareness and absence breakers and 3 oil flled capacitors. of comprehensive chemical related The total volume of potentially PCB The largest amount of PFOS and legislation. Despite this, Maldives is contaminated oil is 6100 liters; related substances currently used in the required to enact effective national country are known to be for frefghting legislation to implement the obligations There are no PCB management plans foams (AFFF, FFFP) and in synthetic or guidelines for disposal of PCB carpets; under these conventions. containing equipment in Maldives; There is no specifc legislation in Maldives ratifed the Stockholm No detailed inventories on Electrical Maldives in relation to the import of Convention on 17 Oct 2006. The and Electronic Equipment (EEE) use of frefghting foams for oils tanks; convention applies to twelve POPs and Waste Electrical and Electronic chemicals which are known as the dirty Equipment (WEEE) have been All islands with oil tanks larger than dozen. The country status on POPs conducted; 3000 liters in capacity mostly have releases is outlined below: AFFF foams; There is no monitoring mechanism set There are currently no mechanisms for in Maldives to determine the chemical All current landflls and former sites monitoring POPs; content of the EEEs imported; where Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) and Film Forming Fluoroprotein POPs monitoring policies, standards POP-Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (FFFP) foam had been used in the past and guidelines do not exist and need (PBDEs) and POP-PBDE containing can be considered as sites potentially to be developed in Maldives; articles have never been produced in contaminated with PFOS. the country; There are no POPs pesticides used in the country. It has been listed under Perfuorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) banned pesticides by the MOFA. related substances in textiles and However, since POPs last for a long furniture have been imported to MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TABLE 5 DISPLAYS THE MAJOR POLLUTION EMISSIONS (BY CHEMICAL TYPES) 22 RELEASED BY THE FOLLOWING ECONOMIC SECTORS GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION OF ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (ISIC).

Table 5: Releases by Type and Media for Major Economic Sectors

WASTES EMITTED AS: SOLIDS, ECONOMIC SECTORS AND RELATED MAJOR POLLUTION EMISSIONS MEDIA TO WHICH EMISSIONS ARE ISIC REV. 4 CODE LIQUIDS, OR GASES BY VOLUME ACTIVITIES BY CHEMICAL TYPE RELEASED; AIR, WATER, SOIL OR WEIGHT IF KNOWN

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

Crop and animal Inorganics, Water, A 01 producton, huntng and relat- Pesticides Soil n/a ed service actvites

A 02 Forestry and logging n/a n/a n/a

A03 Fishing and aquaculture n/a n/a n/a Sector of Mining and Extracton Coal/Oil/Natural Gas/Miner- B 04-09 als/Metals n/a n/a n/a Sector of Manufacturing/Industry

C 10 Food products n/a Water n/a

C 11 Beverages n/a Water n/a

C 12 Tobacco products n/a n/a n/a

Textles/wearing apparel/ Organic dyes, C 13-15 Water, Air n/a leather particulates Wood and of products of wood C 16 and cork Particulates Air n/a

Paper and paper Particulates, C 17 Water, Air n/a products Organics

C 18 Printng and record media Inorganics & Organics Water n/a Coke, refned petroleum prod- C 19-22 ucts, chemicals, pharmaceut- n/a n/a n/a cal products, plastc products

C 23 Non-metallic mineral products n/a n/a n/a Basic metals and C 24-25 fabricated metal n/a n/a n/a products Computer, electronic, and C 26 optcal products n/a n/a n/a

C 27 Electrical equipment n/a n/a n/a Machinery and C 28-30 equipment, motor vehicles, n/a n/a n/a other transport equipment

C 30-33 Others n/a n/a n/a Sector of Services Electricity, gas, steam and air D conditoning supply Organic gases Air n/a Water supply, sewerage, waste E management Polluted effuent Water n/a

Particulates, F Constructon Noise Air n/a MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 5: Releases by Type and Media for Major Economic Sectors PAGE

WASTES EMITTED AS: SOLIDS, 23 ECONOMIC SECTORS AND RELATED MAJOR POLLUTION EMISSIONS MEDIA TO WHICH EMISSIONS ARE ISIC REV. 4 CODE LIQUIDS, OR GASES BY VOLUME ACTIVITIES BY CHEMICAL TYPE RELEASED; AIR, WATER, SOIL OR WEIGHT IF KNOWN

Wholesale and retail trade, G repair of vehicles and Waste lubricants Soil, Water n/a motorcycles

H Transportaton and storage n/a n/a n/a Accommodaton and food I actvites Waste water Water n/a Other service actvites (dry S cleaning) Solvents Water n/a

Economic sectors that generally release aquatic habitats; and misapplication of economy depends primarily on tourism most chemical pollutants are the fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides and marine resources. The industrial transportation sector, electricity and can result in an aerial drift of these base is very small and narrow with most water generation, the manufacturing chemicals, causing harm. Agricultural of the enterprises being located in the industry, and commercial and soils can also release greenhouse gas capital city, Male’. residential industries. (GHG) emissions into the environment. Hence, there are no chemical The chemical pollution emissions from 1.6 ASSESSMENT management issues with regards to the agricultural sector in the country their production but there are various are currently unmonitored, but it is Maldives, being a Small Island issues that need to be addressed in generally known that agrochemicals Developing State (SIDS), with its limited terms of imports, use and disposal of have the potential to pollute the land area, small population, remoteness chemicals in Maldives. environment through land, water or from major markets and low resource air. For instance, fertilizers used in endowment, relies heavily on imports the agricultural industry are known to for consumer products, capital input, release excess levels of nitrogen and foreign labor and external fnancial phosphorous into the water and disturb fow for its development. The Maldivian

THE FOLLOWING TABLE 6 DISPLAYS RELEASES OF GHG EMISSIONS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT BY THE RESPECTIVE ECONOMIC SECTORS.

Table 6: Breakdown of GHG emissions by sector in 2009

ECONOMIC SECTOR PERCENTAGE OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Tourism (resorts and transport) 36%

Fishing (industry and transport) 11%

Waste management 15%

Transport for inhabitants (excl. tourism and fshing) 9%

Electricity (residental, commercial and insttutonal) 19%

Others 8% Source: The Maldives Carbon Audit, 2009 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 24 CHAPTER 2

CORE AREAS OF 2.1 CHEMICAL IMPORTS M A L D I V I A N C H E M I C A L Chemicals are not manufactured in of chemical imports to the country IMPORT, EXPORT, USE, the Maldives and thus there is no are subdivided under the Harmonized exportation and no bulk import or System into a variety of groups as in S T O R AG E , T R A N S P O R T export of raw materials required for Annex 1. AND DISPOSAL chemical manufacture. The country depends on imports for all its chemical Table 7 provides the value of imported requirements, such as petroleum chemicals by the following categories. products to meet its energy demands. In the absence of specifc databases, In 2014 the gross value of the total This chapter provides an overview of information on chemical usage in the chemical imports into the country chemicals in the country throughout country is based on data on chemical exceeded MVR 2 billion. Petroleum its lifecycle. imports. The type of data collected products account for more than one includes: type of goods (based on third of the gross value of chemical the Harmonized System classifcation); imports, followed by essential value (CIF); country of consignment oils/resinoids (e.g. perfumery and for imports; country of origin; mode cosmetics). of transport and etc. The wide ranges

Table 7 Chemical imports in MVR from 2010-2014

ECONOMIC IMPORT IN (MVR MILLIONS) CHEMICAL TYPE SECTOR 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Insectcides 10.95 12.44 17.36 16.26 23.82

Fungicides 0.54 0.53 0.36 0.21 0.37 Herbicides Ant-sproutng Products, Plant 38 Pestcides Growth Regulators 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.21 0.13

Disinfectants 4.30 3.92 4.72 5.42 11.88

Rodentcides 0.36 0.57 1.56 0.54 0.49

Organic fertlizers 8.30 11.49 12.25 12.10 13.56 31 Fertlizers Inorganic fertlizers 4.04 6.48 7.99 7.45 7.52

27 Petroleum and petroleum products 3092.65 4940.40 5820.80 5368.27 6350.15 33 Essental Oils 223.87 285.32 398.47 388.85 471.77 Consumer Soaps, Surfactants and household 34 chemicals chemicals 116.40 139.46 187.65 220.61 248.39

30 Pharmaceutcals 125.31 146.49 179.76 185.67 259.48

29 Organic chemicals 4.65 7.18 8.83 7.59 13.76

28 Inorganic chemicals 9.26 17.35 14.53 15.92 16.30

68 Industrial Asbestos 12.37 12.30 0.00 19.09 12.97 chemicals 32 Tanning or Dying 130.71 180.28 204.18 177.43 223.28

37 Photographic or cinematographic 4.32 4.46 4.77 4.45 6.16 35 Albuminoidal substances 30.90 37.30 45.48 38.54 40.02 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 7 Chemical imports in MVR from 2010-2014 PAGE

ECONOMIC IMPORT IN (MVR MILLIONS) 25 CHEMICAL TYPE SECTOR 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

other chemicals miscellaneous 51.39 74.40 79.78 90.78 134.74 (unknown/mixed 38 use) unspecifed 5.68 14.08 17.46 13.21 21.22

Explosives 1.68 3.16 4.35 4.32 6.2

Total 3837.72 5897.68 7,010.42 6,576.92 7,862.21

TABLE 8 LISTS THE COUNTRIES WHICH IMPORTED CHEMICALS INTO MALDIVES BY VALUE AND QUANTITY OF IMPORTS.

Table 8: List of countries, which imported chemicals to the Maldives in 2014 QUANTITY VALUE COUNTRY OF CONSIGNMENT (MVR MILLION) M³ METRIC TONNES

Australia 18.1 175.66 157.86 Austria 1.1 1.82 0.04 Bahamas 1.0 5.88 2.06 Bahrain* 837.9 ¬ 62,077.88 Bangladesh 0.8 0.84 1.22 Belgium 1.8 20.55 12.20 Brunei Darussalam 0.001 ¬ Bulgaria 0.64 10.41 Cambodia 0.018 ¬ Canada 2.1 76.41 6.53 China 54.0 1,360.78 2,473.56 Cyprus 0.38 12.34 2.16 Czech Republic 1.6 44.31 5.78 Denmark 2.8 5.67 5.91 Egypt 16.9 ¬ 27.64 Finland 0.0004 ¬ 0.02 France 22.0 15.29 3.92 Germany 19.6 361.37 40.15 Greece 0.31 2.99 0.45 Hong Kong 9.6 55.29 191.70 Hungary 0.033 6.71 0.40 India 289.2 1,782.68 9,623.16 Indonesia 101.3 2,161.00 947.35 Iran 0.54 1.14 0.41 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE Table 8: List of countries, which imported chemicals to the Maldives in 2014 QUANTITY 26 VALUE COUNTRY OF CONSIGNMENT (MVR MILLION) M³ METRIC TONNES

Ireland 2.9 1.94 1.77 Italy 10.0 36.99 131.88 Japan 2.2 3.33 2.88 0.0003 Malaysia* 634.2 1,107.68 29,169.15 Malta 0.0362 0.22 Mauritus 4.1 18.33 3.69 Morocco 0.003 Netherlands 30.4 51.21 48.86 New Zealand 12.3 42.14 44.43 Norway 1.2 2.40 12.33 Oman 4.1 107.16 9.00 Pakistan 9.3 10.69 40.04 Philippines 1.3 14.43 5.76 Poland 0.2 0.44 0.18 Portugal 0.004 0.00 Qatar 0.276 0.46 65.85 Russian Federaton 0.005 0.04 Saudi Arabia 0.391 12.25 0.00 Seychelles 0.142 0.24 0.02 Singapore* 1435.3 3,838.35 79,630.72 Slovenia 0.12 0.36 5.41 South Africa 5.4 88.85 22.45 South Korea 4.0 186.68 3.66 Spain 2.5 14.08 7.85 Sri Lanka* 350.5 2,615.06 13,439.87 Sweden 1.0 6.49 0.37 Switzerland 17.7 8.24 5.00 Taiwan 0.2 7.22 0.05 Thailand 80.1 834.66 3,079.50 Turkey 16.2 133.52 107.38 UAE* 3775.8 2,289.93 256,430.19 UK 32.0 205.75 49.94 USA 34.4 368.17 265.49 Uganda 0.00002 Vietnam 1.0 30.90 2.49

Source: Maldives Customs Service * Import petrol and petroleum products in bulk MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 2.1.1 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 27 Industrial chemicals imported to the country are further classifed into subcategories (namely: organic and inorganic chemicals, asbestos, tannings, dyes and paints, photographic or cinematographic substances and albuminoidal substances) as per HSN chapters. In 2014, a total of 5,087 tonnes of industrial chemicals were imported to the country. Argon Acetone Chlorine Nitrogen

Those substances that come under Hydrocarbons the HSN chapter 32 (tannings, dyes, Calcium Carbonate Unsaturated Acyclic

paints etc.) accounted for the largest Esters of Acetic Acids Chlorodiflouromethane percentage of industrial chemicals Monosodium Glutamate from 2010-2014 by value. In contrast, Figure 3: Major imports of organic and inorganic chemicals to Maldives in 2014 substances that come under photographic or cinematographic substances held the lowest share of B) TOURISM SECTOR industrial chemicals from 2010-2014 by The Figure 4 below displays amounts value. of organic and inorganic chemicals imported for use in the tourism sector Maldives receives industrial chemicals between 2010 and 2014. such as tanning or dyeing extracts and etc. primarily from UAE and Malaysia; Chlorine powder was the most albuminoidal substances from Malaysia, imported chemical in 2014 by weight UAE and Singapore; photographic for the tourism sector. This does not or cinematographic chemicals from account for the chemicals imported Singapore, Sri Lanka, and UAE; organic outside the tourism code, which could chemicals from Singapore, China, Sri be still sold and supplied for use within Lanka; inorganic substances from Sri the tourism sector. The tourism sector Lanka, USA, China; and asbestos from also imports detergent chemicals in India, Singapore and China. bulk quantities.

A) INORGANIC AND ORGANIC

CHEMICALS

Figure 3 below displays the most imported types of chemicals classed as either inorganic or organic (as per HSN chapters).

In 2014, monosodium glutamate was the most imported chemical classed under this category, and the primary country of consignment was China. It is used in the food industry. In the same year, chlorine was the second most imported and its primary country of consignment was USA. Chlorine is Figure 4: Total imports of organic and inorganic chemicals into the tourism sector between 2010 and 2014 mainly used as a water disinfectant. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 2.1.2 FERTILIZERS 28 The Maldivian agricultural sector TABLE 9 DISPLAYS THE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZERS BY TYPE AND QUANTITY, IMPORTED IN 2013. receives most chemical fertilizers from Sri Lanka and this accounts for approximately 72.48% of the total Table 9: Total amount of chemical fertilizer imported by the agricultural sector in 2013 chemical fertilizer imports. QUANTITY FERTILIZERS BY TYPE M³ METRIC TONNES The main products of import are fertilizers containing Nitrogen, Ammonium - 98.85 Phosphorous and Potassium (N, P, K) Sulphate compounds. Nitrogen fertlizers Calcium nitrate 1.6 11.97 The country also imports large Urea - 112.20 amounts of ‘nitrogen-based straight’ Potassium chloride - 106 and ‘phosphatic straight’ fertilizer such Potassium oxide - 5.03 as ammonium sulphate, urea, calcium Phosphatc fertlizers nitrate, super phosphates, potash and Superphosphates - 92.7 potassium chloride. Potash - 12.416

N, P, K+micro-elements 4.37 1,056.19 Agricultural land, as a percentage of the total land area in Maldives was last Ca, Mg, Na, S fertlizers 0.19 149.59 measured at 26.67% in 2009 according Total chemical fertlizers 6.17 1,644.92 to the World Bank. Agricultural land refers to the share of land that is 3% 10% 10% 73.7% arable, under permanent crops and 3.3% under permanent pastures. Arable land is defned by FAO as land under temporary crops, temporary meadows Pastures Other Land Forest Area Forest for mowing or pasture, land under Arable Land

market/kitchen gardens and lands Permanent Crops temporarily fallow. Fertilizer use is

heaviest in agricultural islands. The Permanent Meadows and amounts of fertilizers consumed in each island are, however, not recorded.

Figure 5: Percentage of land use for agricultural purposes in Maldives in 2011. Figure 5 breaks down the agricultural Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division, 2015. land use in Maldives in 2011.

2.1.3 PESTICIDES

Pesticide imports (for both consumer use and agricultural use) to Maldives from 2010 to 2014 were primarily from India, Singapore, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Insecticides were the main type of pesticides imported to Maldives in the past fve years.

Figure 6 displays the total amounts of pesticides imported from 2010 to 2014.

Figure 6 : Total amount of pesticides imported from 2010-2014 by volume and weight Source: Maldives Customs Service MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE Table 10 below details the pesticides local market except for the import 29 imported in 2013 for agricultural restrictions on banned pesticides. In purposes. A total of 48 tonnes and addition, there are no specifc data 81m3 of pesticides were imported available for consumer use pesticides. in 2013. There are no controls on placing hazardous pesticides in the

Table 10: Pesticide imports by the agriculture sector in 2013

MOST COMMONLY IMPORTED PESTICIDE IN 2013 TYPE OF PESTICIDE COUNTRY OF IMPORT* M³ METRIC TONNES NAME TOXICITY CLASS

Hexythiazox V Acaricides - 2.15 Sri Lanka Sulphur V Cuprous oxide II Carbendazim III Fungicides 1.85 8.52 Mancozeb V Sri Lanka Chlorothalonil V Propineb V Ethephon V Herbicides, organic India South Korea pestcides and other 0.66 0.05 Azadirachtin EPA IV trace elements Thailand Glyphosate V Sri Lanka Chlorpyrifos II

Dinotefuran IV Sri Lanka Singapore Insectcide 77.86 29.83 Temephos V Italy Cypermethrin II Thailand Tetramethrin V

Metaldehyde III Molluscicide and Netherland - 2.13 Sulphur mitcides Sri Lanka Ferric Phosphate IV Bromadiolone Ia Sri Lanka Rodentcide - 5.3 Brodifacoum Ia Malaysia Italy Coumatetralyl Ib Nitrobenzene III Vitamin V Plant growth sodium para Sri Lanka regulators and stm- 0.81 0.057 nitrophenolate+ Thailand ulants sodium ortho - nitrophenolate + sodium 5- nitroguaiacolate Source: Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture *Country of import: Top countries that import pesticides into Maldives in large amounts. Ranked from highest to lowest for each type of pesticide MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 2.1.4 PHARMACEUTICALS 30 The Figure 7 below presents the amounts of pharmaceuticals imported from 2010-2014. The year 2014 saw the most amounts of pharmaceuticals imported into the country, with the majority of imports coming from Sri Lanka and India. In addition to this, India and Sri Lanka are also the chief importers of all pharmaceuticals to Maldives for the past 5 years.

2.1.5 P E T R O L E U M A N D

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Fuel such as diesel, petrol, aviation Figure 7: Amount of pharmaceuticals imported between 2010-2014 in weight and volume gas and kerosene are the major types of petroleum products imported to Maldives. Among these, diesel is the most frequently imported fuel in the past fve years and accounts for 72% of total fuel imports. Figure 8 displays the amounts of petroleum and its products imported between the years 2010-2014.

Electricity generation is the single largest use of imported fuel, and electricity generation for the capital Male’ (Male’, and Hulhumale’) accounts for 57.65% of the total electricity generated of all the inhabited islands. Out of 337,531 tonnes of diesel imported in 2012, 39% was used to generate electricity in Figure 8: Import of petroleum and petroleum products into the country between 2010 and inhabited islands. 2014

The amount of petroleum products re- exported from the country in the years 2010 to 2014 is displayed in Figure 9 below.

Figure 9: Amount of re-exported petroleum products by weight in cubic meters and thou- sands of metric tonnes MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

2.2 C H E M I C A L U S E A N D PAGE spaces without proper protection and concentrations and thus pose a low OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS 31 ventilation are exposed to chemicals risk of exposure. Chemical pesticides such as uncured resin, hardeners, are also used at resorts, where they An overview of chemical use in major glass fber, styrene, auxiliary agents practice regular spraying of chemicals sectors and its occupational hazards and Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic to prevent mosquito outbreaks. are provided below. dust. These are toxic chemicals where long term exposure can cause serious HEALTH AGRICULTURE damages to the nervous system, liver and kidneys. Chemicals used for health purposes are Chemicals used in agriculture are pesticides and insecticides to control primarily in the form of fertilizers and TOURISM vector-borne diseases such as dengue pesticides. The categories of chemicals fever and chikungunya. used in Maldives range from fungicides, This industry uses 4% of HCFC blends, herbicides/algaecides, insecticides, with 2% of the total refrigerants used ULV spraying of Malathione and plant growth regulators, rodenticides in Maldives. This sector also uses Deltacide fogging is only advised and weed killers. the most fossil fuels, and contributes during dengue outbreaks with most to GHG emissions in the country. permission from Health Protection Some farmers spray their crops with According to MDNS, this sector imports Agency, however, continuous use of pesticide six to ten times in one season, the highest amounts of detergents into these chemicals are practiced in many which exceeds the manufacturer’s the country. High amount of pesticides of the islands. recommendations. Intense pesticide are used on a daily basis in resorts to spraying can leave chemical residues control mosquitoes Larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis on the harvested crops. Agrochemicals Israeliensis (BTI) and Temphos are also can be acutely toxic if present in the FOOD INDUSTRY AND used for the control and prevention of food at high levels and may cause FISHERIES dengue. health risks with long-term exposure. It can also cause death of a number of The food industry is the major sector Main chemicals used for health benefcial insects and could result in involved in using refrigerants, with purposes are pharmaceuticals and the emergence of pest resistance. reportedly 63% of HCFC use. The laboratory re-agents. Healthcare fsheries sector consumes 15-20% of workers can also be exposed to a Workers in the agricultural industry, the total refrigerants used in Maldives. variety of chemicals such as laboratory for instance farmers, are particularly chemicals and chemicals used for exposed to the toxic pesticides due to Chemicals such as pesticides are cleaning and disinfection purposes and lack of awareness and proper handling commonly used in households and etc. of these chemicals. resorts to control pests such as rats, cockroaches, ants and mosquitoes. OTHER CONSTRUCTION AND BOAT Some examples include mosquito BUILDING repellents, naphthalene moth balls, Workers and mechanics at several disinfectants, cockroach traps and automobile repair garages throughout Construction is a hazardous industry, antiseptic creams. Import of pesticides the country are also exposed to generally associated with high rates classed under WHO toxicity classes toxic chemicals used for degreasing, of fatal and non-fatal accidents. are banned with the exception of the solvents and paint pigments and etc. Construction workers, mostly foreign following rodenticides of WHO class In some islands, e.g. Male’ City, where laborers, are exposed to chemicals 1a (extremely hazardous) and 1b (highly such garages are located within dense (such as solvents, paints, pesticides, hazardous) residential areas, even the public is glues, adhesives and etc.) at exposed. Workers who handle waste/ construction sites. Effects of exposure WHO class 1a: sewerage and workers at the port are are exacerbated by the fact that the Brodifacoum, Bromadiolone, also exposed to hazardous chemicals. workers hardly use personal protection Difenacoum, Flocoumafen. such as masks, goggles and gloves. Figure 10 below displays the number WHO class 1b: Coumatetralyl of cases treated at the Indira Gandhi Fiber-glass boat building is also an Memorial Hospital (IGMH) due to expanding chemical based industry. However, they are available as chemical related accidents/allergies Workers who labor in confned ready-to-use baits and exist at low from 2005-2011. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 32 In this regard, the youngest patient to be treated was 1 year old in 2006 from toxic effects of an unidentifed petroleum product, and the oldest patient was 76 years in 2006, from an injury or poisoning caused by corrosive acids or acid-like substances. The circumstances on how such accidents occurred were not recorded, but the above cases were registered according to the International Statistical Classifcation of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) under ‘Toxic effects of substances chiefy non- medicinal as to source’ (ICD-9-CM codes 980-989). Figure 10: Number of cases treated at IGMH for chemical related accidents/allergies

THESE INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING, AMONG OTHERS: since the criterion placed upon these the STO and FSM storage locations warehouses are of general standards. and capacity for petroleum products The MDNS chemical warehouse nationwide. ICD-9-CM code 987: Toxic effects of approval standards can be viewed in other gases, fumes and vapors the Annex 2. The standard is mainly for fre safety purposes. ICD-9-CM code 981: Toxic effects of petroleum products Pharmaceutical warehouses are not inspected by MDNS unless other ICD-9-CM code 983: Toxic effects of chemicals or chemical products are corrosive aromatics, acids, and caustic stored in the same warehouse. alkalis The State Trading Organization (STO) Peoples’ Choice Medicals holds the 2.3 STORAGE OF CHEMICALS main stores of pharmaceuticals, with

AND RELATED ISSUES 103 STO pharmacies nationwide. The company supplies to Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital and a number of MDNS inspects and approves chemical other corporate clients, as well as storage warehouses in the capital regional hospitals and many other area of Male’, Villingili, Hulhumale’, chemists and pharmacists in Male’ and Hulhule’ and Thilafushi only. General other islands. warehouses are approved to store just chemicals and chemical products STO has 3 medical warehouses, all (in bulk or otherwise). However, some located in K. Atoll and listed in Table 12. chemical products e.g. detergents STO Peoples’ Fuel and Lubricants and thinners are stored along with also deals with the supply and sale of other products in the same warehouse. petroleum products. They supply Jet Hazardous/dangerous chemicals are A1 aviation fuel to the Maldives Airports always stored separately in individual Company. Fuel Supplies Maldives pvt racks. ltd (FSM) was established by STO and is involved in the distribution of fuels to Detailed information of these the islands and consumers in Male’. The warehouses are not kept at MDNS, following Table 13 gives an overview of MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE THE FOLLOWING TABLE 11 PRESENTS INFORMATION ON BULK CHEMICAL STORAGE AND CHEMICAL WAREHOUSING FACILITIES THAT HAVE BEEN 33 APPROVED FOR CHEMICAL STORAGE BY MDNS IN THE COUNTRY IN 2014. THIS DOES NOT INCLUDE STORAGE FACILITIES AT INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISES, PETROLEUM PRODUCT STORAGE WAREHOUSES OR SMALL SCALE USE OF CHEMICALS IN LABORATORIES, WHERE STORAGE FACILITIES WILL BE PART OF THE INSTALLATION.

Table 11: Approved bulk chemical storage and chemical warehousing facilities in 2014

SIZE/ CAPACITY (VOLUME IN LABELING; HEALTH AND LOCATION AREA (PORT, INDUSTRIAL TOTAL NO. OF FACILITIES TYPE OF FACILITY CUBIC METERS OR WEIGHT IN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMPLEX, URBAN, RURAL) TONNES) MEASURES

Chemical storage Fire safety protection mea- 33 n/a Urban, Industrial Complex warehouse sures. Chemical storage Fire safety protection 1 warehouse and n/a Urban laboratory measures

Fire safety protection 1 Gas warehouse Urban measures Petrol warehouse

Fire safety protection 2 Laboratory n/a Urban measures

Fire safety protection 1 General warehouse n/a Urban measures

Fire safety protection 5 Shop n/a Urban measures Data source: Ministry of Defence and National Security, 2014

TABLE 12. STO PEOPLES’ FUEL AND LUBRICANTS ALSO DEALS WITH THE SUPPLY AND SALE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.

Table 12: State Trading Organization medical warehouses in Maldives

LOCATION TYPE SQUARE FT

IGMH Store 4578.94 Medicals Main Go-down 8484.65 Head Ofce Go-down 15499.42 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 34 TABLE 13 GIVES AN OVERVIEW OF THE STO AND FSM STORAGE LOCATIONS AND CAPACITY FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS NATIONWIDE.

Table 13: STO and FSM location and capacity for petroleum products

DIESEL PETROL KEROSENE/ JET A-1 ISLAND NAME COMPANY NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF CAPACITY (LTR) CAPACITY (LTR) CAPACITY (LTR) TANK TANK TANK

K. Funadhoo STO 20,832,333.00 6 4,640,732.00 2 825,179.00 5

G. Dh. STO 5,000.00 1 NIL NIL NIL NIL

L. Airport STO NIL NIL NIL NIL 18,000.00 2 G. Dh. Kaadedhoo Airport STO NIL NIL NIL NIL 24,500.00 2 H. Dh. Hanimaadhoo Airport STO NIL NIL NIL NIL 23,400.00 2

S. Gan FSM 1,030,000.00 7 185,000.00 2 48,000.00 2

G. Dh. Thinadhoo FSM 270,000.00 2 NIL NIL NIL NIL

Fuvahmulah FSM 36,000.00 1 NIL NIL NIL NIL

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE HEALTH 2.4 C H E M I C A L AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES TRANSPORTATION TAKEN BY STO AND FSM:

Issues related to chemical Fuel tank cooling systems are used in all transportation are low in Maldives, since fuel tanks; Maldives is not a supply chain center. Imported chemicals are mainly shipped Fire alarm system and fre extinguisher by sea and upon arrival in the country, attached at different location; chemicals are once again transported

to their respective destinations by sea. THE FOLLOWING TABLE 14 DISPLAYS THE Fuel frms are separated off using fence Upon arrival to the domestic terminals, SUPPLY CHAIN FOR THE DISTRIBUTION AND net and barbed wire as per MNDF chemicals are transported by trucks to TRANSPORTATION OF THE AFOREMENTIONED BULK CHEMICALS. recommendations. their storage facilities.

Table 14: Supply chain for bulk distribution system and transport

TYPE OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITY: APPROXIMATE CAPACITY (VOLUME IN LABELING; HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT CHEMICAL TYPE MARITIME, AIR, ROAD, INLAND CUBIC METERS OR WEIGHT IN TONS PROTECTION MEASURES WATERWAY TRANSPORTED BY YEAR)

Petroleum Products Maritime, Road N/A N/A Pestcides (agricultural, public health, and consumer use) Maritime, Road N/A Manufacturer labels

Fertlizers Maritime, Road N/A Manufacturer labels Industrial chemicals (used in manu- facturing/ processing facilites) Maritime, Road N/A Manufacturer labels

Consumer chemicals Maritime, Road N/A Manufacturer labels Chemical Waste N/A N/A N/A Other chemicals (unknown/ mixed use) N/A N/A N/A MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

2.5 S O U R C E S O F C H E M I C A L THE HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTE PAGE WASTE GENERATION AND oil was exported out of Maldives. MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE 35 CAPACITY FOR DISPOSAL Nevertheless, the amount of general FACILITIES ARE AS FOLLOWS waste transported to the main waste Chemical wastes which are generated No records are kept of hazardous site in K.Thilafushi is recorded and the around commercial facilities and chemical waste in health care facilities fgures are shown in Table 15. residences, can be thought to regarding its generation, treatment compose mainly of used oil. However, most waste generated in Maldives and disposal; Owners of industrial chemicals that involves solid waste, which in itself is have passed the expiry date may apply not directly related to the management Almost all health centers and health to MDNS to get assistance and have of chemicals. Currently, most of liquid posts in island communities practice to bear the logistical costs associated waste generated is poured in to the segregation of sharp waste, infectious with the disposal process. Chemicals drainage system and solids are mixed waste and general wastes at the source are disposed by the MNDF Fire and with other waste. of waste generation (e.g. in wards, Rescue Service. Chemical waste management sites laboratories, labor rooms, operation Previously, hazardous chemical wastes have not yet been established and theaters, etc.); were disposed at K.Thamburudhoo. a national waste audit has not been completed. However, all waste types are mixed and However, currently there is no burnt together at general waste sites or designated area for disposing The ongoing Regional Waste in waste burners; chemicals and consequently no facility Management project has proposed that fulflls environmental criteria for to segregate waste at the unloading Liquid wastes generated from X-ray disposing such chemicals. There is platform. This operation has proposed flm processing and laboratories are no specifc facility that specializes to segregate and remove hazardous disposed in a separate soak pit; in disposing chemicals and related and toxic components (along with high waste. At the moment, MNDF dilutes value recyclables and inert fractions) Dental amalgams with mercury are no the waste chemicals and drain it to both manually and mechanically. longer used in Male’ (i.e. at IGMH, ADK, the ground or sea, due to lack of Segregation of waste to remove and other dental clinics). It is also not neutralizing chemicals and proper metals and other hazardous waste will used at the 19 atoll hospitals/health facilities for chemical disposal. reduce the hazardous metal loaded for centers throughout Maldives; incineration. However, there are facilities to handle Regional Hospital has sound general solid waste. The Vandhoo operation proposes methods for safe handling of mercury to divide a landfll into two parts, the spillage and disposal of mercury frst part for fy ash and bulky non- wastes. However, no other health care combustible waste, and the second facility has such systems in place; part for the bottom ash. Fly ash and other hazardous materials will be Hospital and clinic waste from Male’ is disposed in one compartment of the taken to and burnt in Thilafushi. Some landfll, whereas the other component atoll health facilities have burners will be utilized for storage of bottom and few incinerators, however, open ash. burning is practiced with all types of health care waste; No regular monitoring is carried out to assess the impact of any chemical Except usage of latex gloves, other leachate from dump-sites. The protective gears such as aprons, eye Maldives currently lacks the systems glass, gum boots etc are not generally and procedures for the management, used. recycling and safe disposal of chemical waste. The amounts of chemical waste generated in the country is not segregated or recorded. It is unknown whether chemical waste is imported or exported, except for waste oil. In 2014, 17.5 metric tonnes of waste MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 36 TABLE 15 DISPLAYS DATA WHICH CURRENTLY EXIST IN THE COUNTRY REGARDING GENERATION AND TRADE OF CHEMICAL WASTE.

Table 15: Amount of total waste transported in tonnes to the main waste site K.Thilafushi from 2003 to 2012, with the only difference made between industrial and domestic waste generated from Male’.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Male’ Industrial 43,886 33,078 38,901 43,648 40,179 52,791 47,881 28,591 55,484 56,059 Domestc 60,611 67,247 71,380 65,752 71,776 81,931 75,668 73,443 71,507 89,797

Villingili 4,300 6,755 7,779 12,311 8,960 9,002 8,232 7,294 6,496 3,661 Hulhum- ale’ - 1,385 1,918 2,373 1,365 1,162 1,358 1,435 588 - K. Dhoonid- - - 276 497 - - - 91 - - hoo Other islands - 375 56 ------ In- ternaton- 3,485 3,610 3,685 15,477 9,009 8,505 6,930 6,216 7,329 5,544 al Airport

Resorts 27,625 30,105 28,810 127,932 137,298 137,298 139,671 134,001 124,446 111,720

TABLE 16 LISTS ALL THE ISLANDS CURRENTLY WITH AND WITHOUT WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTERS IN THE COUNTRY.

Table 16: Island updates of Waste Management Centers (WMC)

ISLANDS WHERE ESTABLISHMENT OF ATOLL ISLANDS WITH WMC ISLANDS WITHOUT WMC WMC IS ONGOING

Baarah, Dhidhdhoo*, Filladhoo, Maarandhoo, Mulhadhoo, North Thiladhunmathi (HA) Hoarafushi, Ihavandhoo, , Muraidhoo, Thakandhoo, - Thurakunu, , Vashafaru Uligamu, , Hirimaradhoo, Kubu- Hanimaadhoo, *, rudhoo, Kumundhoo, Kuribi, South Thiladhunmathi (HDh) Naivaadhoo, Nellaidhoo, Nolhi- - Makunudhoo, Neykurendhoo, varanfaru Nolhivaramu, Vaikaradhoo

North Miladhunmadulu (Sh) Funadhoo*, Komandoo, Maro- Bilehffahi, , , Ka- Foakaidhoo, , Maau- shi, Narudhoo ditheemu, Lhaimagu, Noomaraa goodhoo, Milandhoo

Holhudhoo, Kedhikolhudhoo, Fodhdhoo, Hebadhoo, Land- South Miladhunmadulu (N) , , *, hoo, , Maalhendhoo, , Agolhitheemu, , , Hulhudhuffaaru, Iguraidhoo, , , Maduv- North Maalhosmadulu (R) Kandholhudhoo vari, , , , Ungufaaru*, MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 16: Island updates of Waste Management Centers (WMC) PAGE 37 ISLANDS WHERE ESTABLISHMENT OF ATOLL ISLANDS WITH WMC ISLANDS WITHOUT WMC WMC IS ONGOING

Dharavandhoo, , *, , Goid- South Maalhosmadulu (B) hoo, , , , , Kudariki- lu, , , Kurendhoo, *, Faadhippolhu (Lh) Maaflaafushi Olhuvelifushi , , , Male' Atoll (K) , , , , , Thulus- dhoo* , Feridhoo, North (AA) Himandhoo, Maalhos, Mathiveri, Thoddoo *, Hangnameedhoo, Dhagethi, South Ari Atoll (ADh) Dhidhdhoo, Dhigurah, Fenfushi, , Kuburudhoo Maamigili, * Mandhoo

Felidhu Atoll (V) *, , , , Thinadhoo

Dhiggaru, Maduvvari, Muli*, Mulakatholhu (M) Naalaafushi, Raiymandhoo, ,

Biledhdhoo, Dharaboodhoo, North Nilandhe Atoll (F) Magoodhoo, *

Bandidhoo, Hulhudheli, Maae- South Nilandhe Atoll (Dh) boodhoo, Meedhoo, Rinbud- * hoo, Buruni, , , Dhiyamigili, Guraidhoo, Kadoo- Kolhumadulu (Th) Vandhoo, * dhoo, Gaadhiffushi, Thimarafus- hi, , Omadhoo Dhabidhoo, *, Gan, Is- , Hithadhoo, Kunah- Hadhdhunmathi (L) dhoo, , , andhoo, ,

Dhaandhoo, , North (GA) , Maamendhoo, , , Nilandhoo, Viligili*

Faresmaathodaa, , Fiyoari, Hoadedhdhoo, Nadal- South Huvadhu Atoll (GDh) * , Thinadhoo laa, Vaadhoo

Fuvahmulah (Gn) Fuvahmulah*

Addu Atoll (S) Meedhoo, Hithadhoo*, Hulhud- Feydhoo, , Marad- hoo hoofeydhoo MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 38 Currently, households do not segregate Due to the high permeability of As of 2012, there were 189 power chemical waste from municipal waste, limestone and absence of underground houses throughout the nation, but there is a level of segregation at protection measures, leakage into operated by different utility providers. hospitals and health centers. STO the groundwater and into the sea is By the end of 2013, STELCO operated Peoples’ Choice Medicals dispose inevitable. PCBs and polychlorinated 28 power stations in 26 islands while expired or defective medicines either pesticides, and concentrations of FENAKA operated 146 power stations in the presence of Ministry of Health chemical elements are expected in 145 islands. There were 16 power MOH offcials, or by STO personnel to be found in the surrounding and stations operated in 16 islands by island under the supervision of MOH. Liquid underground areas. councils and 3 power stations operated medicines are poured into a hole in 2 islands by private parties. dug at the waste dumpsite, while the 2.5 UNINTENTIONALLY bottle is crushed and the packets are GENERATED CHEMICALS Burning oil at power houses can discarded at the site. Pills are removed produce nitrogen oxides, carbon Dioxins and furans are chemicals that from its packet/bottle, crushed and dioxide, and methane as well as are generated unintentionally as by- buried, while the packet/bottles are mercury compounds and sulfur products of industrial processes. also crushed before discarding it at the According to the Preliminary Inventory dioxide, depending on the sulfur and waste dumpsite. ADK incinerates its Report on POPs, dioxins and furans mercury content in the burned oil. own waste, while hospital waste from have not been assessed in any form IGMH is collected by the City Council in the Maldives in the past, however, In some islands, the power houses are and disposed at Thilafushi. it was estimated that burning mixed stationed in densely populated areas waste in landflls emit dioxins and and therefore, the vicinity of the power No records have been kept on the furans in the range of approximately houses are subjected to emissions such 1,000 micrograms TEQ /ton of material amounts of chemical waste generated as smoke and carbon. burnt. Uncontrolled domestic waste in the country. Male’ City Council emits up to 1000 micrograms TEQ/ton reports that waste previously used to of burnt waste. Therefore, if an average be separated at the collection area, of 25,000 tons of waste (9% of total until 2008. Waste such as batteries, and waste) was burnt per year at Thilafushi, electronics had separate collection the amount of dioxins and furans slots, but these were either buried/ emitted to the air may be as high as 25 burned together at Thilafushi. The grams TEQ per year. Male’ City Council currently manages waste from Male’ and Villimale’, and The implications of dioxins/furan waste is disposed either in a low-lying residues from the fumes via rainwater landfll, causing harm to marine life, and into the sea and food chain require

or by open-air incineration, releasing careful assessment, but so far there TABLE 17 BELOW PROVIDES THE ESTIMATED toxic smoke. Whilst fumes are released have been diffculties in recording and AMOUNTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS RELEASED IN from burning plastic and etc., oil used collecting data on these chemicals at THILAFUSHI AND THE WHO LIMITS FOR THE to burn the rubbish also leak into the the dump site. LISTED POLLUTANTS. surrounding areas.

Table 17: Estimated air pollutions emitted by Thilafushi, based on calculations by UNEP in 2005

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LIMITS (MICROGRAMS/ ESTIMATED RANGE IN THILAFUSHI (MICROGRAMS/ PARAMETER M3) TON)

SO2 (sulphur dioxide) 100 250-700

NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) 100 350-650

HCHO (formaldehyde) 0.8 10-20 Pb (lead) 1 1-2 As (arsenic) 0.03 0.06-0.1 Hg (mercury) 0.01 0.1-0.3 Dioxins 13 300-1000 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 2.6 S T O C K P I L E S , 39 WASTE DEPOSITS AND CONTAMINATEDSITES

A contaminated site is a site where contaminants occur at concentrations above background levels and pose or are likely to pose an immediate or long-term hazard to human health or environment, or a site where chemical levels exceed the levels specifed in NO REGULAR MONITORING IS CARRIED OUT policies and/or regulations. One of the major characteristics of TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF ANY CHEMICAL the dumpsite is the regular release of smoke due to spontaneous fres. LEACHATE FROM DUMP-SITES. Populations residing around these dumpsites are affected. Communities at risk of exposure due to POPs include: People living in the vicinity of dumpsites such as K.Thilafushi.

Personnel working in power utilities especially those close to storage sites for transformers which may be containing oil with PCBs

THE FOLLOWING TABLE 18 DISPLAYS THE DATA THAT CURRENTLY EXIST IN THE COUNTRY REGARDING OBSOLETE CHEMICAL STOCKPILES, CHEMICAL WASTE SITES AND CONTAMINATED SITES.

Table 18: Obsolete chemical stockpiles, chemical waste sites and contaminated sites

MAIN CONTENT BY CHEMICAL OR MAGNITUDE OF THE STOCKS; EG. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION GROUPS OF CHEMICALS/WASTE SMALL, MEDIUM, OR LARGE.

Obsolete Chemical Stockpiles n/a n/a n/a Chemical Waste Sites None - - Contaminated Areas Waste dump sites Dioxins and Furans n/a

2.7 TECHNICAL FACILITIES FOR RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OF CHEMICALS

THERE ARE NO FACILITIES FOR THE RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OF CHEMICALS IN THE COUNTRY AS SHOWN IN TABLE 19.

Table 19: Facilities for recovery and recycling of chemicals and related waste

LOCATION OF FACILITY/ DESCRIPTION OF FACILITY/ CAPACITY OF THE FACILITY (IN DOES THE FACILITY TREAT DISPOSAL OPERATION OPERATION OR PROCESS OPERATION OR PROCESS METRIC TONS) IMPORTED WASTES? YES/NO

None MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 2.8 ASSESSMENT 40 There are chronic gaps with regard Maldives imports all its chemicals and to chemical waste management in is not involved in the production of any the country (e.g. collecting, treating, chemicals. disposing), which is inconsistent with environmental and public health The community currently requires requirements. THERE ARE CHRONIC a greater understanding of the There is a need for mechanisms to G A P S W I T H R E G A R D consequences and best practices of dispose of chemical residues from commonly used chemicals. There are a laboratories throughout the country. TO CHEMICAL WASTE lot of potential occupational hazards in Currently hazardous chemical wastes the country pertaining to agrochemical generated in the country are disposed M A N AG E M E N T I N T H E and industrial use. by MDNS upon request only. C O U N T RY W H I C H I S

National data on accidental There is an absence of sound I N C O N S I S T E N T W I T H chemical poisoning in the country is mechanisms to discard PCB underestimated, given the inadequate contaminated materials and oils in E N V I R O N M E N TA L reporting mechanisms in regional Maldives. AND PUBLIC HEALTH hospitals and health centers. Currently, efforts to properly dispose R E Q U I R E M E N T S . It is important to create greater and handle chemical waste are minimal awareness in the community in order and the country lacks secure hazardous to limit the misuse of chemicals or to chemical waste storage, treatment and promote safety to reduce occupational disposal facilities. hazards and otherwise.

“NOTE: AT THE TIME OF EDITING AND PUBLISHING, THE GOVERNMENT HAD ESTABLISHED A SEPARATE ENTITY, THE WASTE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION LIMITED (WAMCO) TO PROVIDE A PRACTICAL AND AN ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE COLLECTION SERVICE. THE COMPANY IS TO OPERATE A WASTE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BETWEEN DESIGNATED WASTE COLLECTION POINTS AND WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES. MALE’ CITY COUNCIL IS NO LONGER MANDATED TO CARRY OUT THE WASTE SERVICES FOR MALE’.”

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN BELOW TABLE 20

Table 20: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 2

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Underestmated natonal data on accidental Community requires greater understand- chemical poisoning ing of consequences and best practices of commonly used chemicals Absence of sound mechanisms to discard PCB contaminated materials and oils in Lot of potential occupational hazards per- Maldives taining to agrochemical and industrial use Education and awareness to the public on potential occupational hazards Inadequate reporting mechanisms in regional hospitals and health centers on Lacks secure hazardous chemical waste chemical poisoning storage, treatment and disposal facilites Efforts to properly dispose and handle chemical waste are minimal. PHOTO CREDITS HANI AMIR MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 42 CHAPTER 3

S O U N D M A N AG E M E N T Cadmium compounds in the form of OF PRIORITY standard solutions CARCINOGENIC Chromium (IV) compounds in the form of a standard solution CHEMICALS IN MALDIVES Styrene

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of carcinogenic chemicals in Maldives.

3.1 CANCER PREVALENCE IN THE TABLE 21 PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENTLY KNOWN POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS IMPORTED TO THE COUNTRY AND THEIR CANCER MALDIVES CLASSIFICATION AS PER THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (US EPA). Cancer comprises 8.3% of all deaths in the Maldives. Demographic health surveys reveal that women represent Table 21: Potentially carcinogenic pesticides according to the US EPA which are cur- 72% of cancers cases and the prevalent rently being brought into Maldives group is 41-50 years. No offcial CHEMICAL CANCER CLASSIFICATION national record of cancer patients has been maintained in the Maldives thus far. However, the S. Meedhoo Health Acephate Group C: possible human carcinogen Centre has been keeping a record of Alpha-Cypermethrin Group C: possible human carcinogen cancer patients, with the frst recorded Amitraz Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenic Potential case in 1960 in S. Meedhoo, and in 1975 in Hulhudhoo. This record lists Benomyl Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen the type of cancer, year of demise, or Bifenthrin Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen whether the person is currently seeking Buprofezin Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity, but Not Suffcient treatment. to Assess Human Carcinogenic Potential

3.2 INVENTORY OF Likely at prolonged, high level exposures, but not likely at Captan dose levels that do not cause cytotoxicity and regenerative CARCINOGENIC CHEMICALS cell hyperplasia

Carbaryl Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monograph series, Carbendazim Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen has classifed human carcinogens for Chlorothalonil Likely To Be Carcinogenic To Humans more than 40 years. The following is Cypermethrin Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen based on the list compiled by IARC of known carcinogens, which are currently Diazinon* Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans imported to the Maldives. Dimethoate Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen

Fipronil Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen Asbestos in several forms Hexythiazox Likely To Be Carcinogenic To Humans

Formaldehyde Iprodione Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity, but not suffcient Nickel compounds as Sulphates of Malathion to assess Human Carcinogenic Potential Nickel and Nickel Chloride MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 43

Table 21: Potentially carcinogenic pesticides according to the US EPA which are cur- rently being brought into Maldives Tube & pipe fttings

CHEMICAL CANCER CLASSIFICATION Panel of asbestos

Mancozeb Group B--Probable Human Carcinogen Tiles

Metaldehyde Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenic Potential Ceiling strip of asbestos Nitrobenzene* Reasonably anticipated to be carcinogenic to humans

Permethrin Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans Cornices

propineb Likely To Be Carcinogenic To Humans Hose propoxur Group B-- Probable Human Carcinogen

Propiconazole Group C-- Possible Human Carcinogen Articles made of asbestos – cement

Tebuconazole Group C-- Possible Human Carcinogen Footwear Tetramethrin Group C-- Possible Human Carcinogen Headgear Trichlorfon (Trichlorphon) Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans (High Doses), Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans (Low Doses) *Classifed by IARC Clothing and clothing accessories Chemical carcinogens which currently exist in the country have not been identifed. As such, an inventory of past and current uses of carcinogenic chemicals in Maldives is currently Fabricated asbestos fbers; mixtures lacking. with basic & magnesium carbonate; of asbestos materials or recognize article of such 3.3 ASSESSING THE RISKS OF asbestos as a hazardous substance. CARCINOGENS In 2014 asbestos was imported in the Mask form of the following imports:

A ) A S B E S T O S Tape Corrugated sheets of asbestos – cement Cord and string whether or not plaited Asbestos is a proven carcinogen and can cause fatal respiratory diseases. Sheets of asbestos – cement Gland packing Its risk arises from the inhalation of airborne asbestos fbers. Sealed and Tube & pipe – rigid undamaged asbestos products do not pose a threat, and the risk from in-situ asbestos cement products is low (provided they are also in good condition). However, if the corrugated sheet becomes damaged, sawed, drilled, sanded or otherwise disturbed, the asbestos becomes friable and can pose a serious health hazard. Heat, weathering and aging may also weaken the sheets and release the toxic asbestos fber dust into the air. The sheets must be kept wet during removal to avoid the asbestos fbers becoming airborne.

The Maldives Customs Service (MCS) Figure 11: Asbestos sheets imports in square meters into the Maldives does not restrict the importation MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 44 Fabrics of asbestos, knitted or woven purposes. However these substances on certain pesticides based on The usage of asbestos in Maldives are known to pose neurotoxic, their toxicity; however, there are no seems to comprise mostly of relatively endocrine disruptive and carcinogenic specifc restrictions on pesticides with “low risk” cement products, mainly effects on humans. Humans are carcinogenic potential. Since 2011, in the form of corrugated sheets exposed to pesticides via air more than 20 types of potentially and ceiling. Asbestos products are (inhalation), water (dermal exposure) carcinogenic pesticides were imported imported directly for construction, and food (oral exposure). Various to the country and an increased trend of shipping and fsheries companies, studies have found linkages between import for most of these carcinogenic and resort companies. However, the pesticides and cancer; however, the pesticides was observed over the years. general trend for asbestos corrugated evidence is not strong enough to show In 2013 alone 10.3 tonnes and 18.3m3 of sheets has declined as shown in Figure a defnite link between pesticides and pesticides with carcinogenic potential 11 above. cancer. Many detailed studies have were imported to the country. also proved pesticide use as a risk B) PESTICIDES factor for various forms of cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumors, Pesticides are used widely for breast cancer and prostate cancer. agricultural, health and household MOFA has currently posed restrictions

TABLE 22 BELOW SHOWS THE AMOUNT OF POTENTIALLY CARCINOGENIC PESTICIDES IMPORTED TO MALDIVES FROM 2011 TO 2013.

Table 22: Amount of Imports of potentially carcinogenic pesticides from 2011-2013

2011 2012 2013 COMPANY LTR KG LTR KG LTR KG

Acephate - 15.0 - 450.0 - 231.2 Alpha- Cypermethrin - - 140.0 - 612.0 -

Amitraz 3.0 - 20.0 - - - Benomyl - 6.0 - - - - Bifenthrin 47.3 - 91.2 - 131.0 - Buprofezin - 11.5 - - - - Captan - 140.4 - 240.0 - 211.3 Carbaryl - 487.5 8.5 187.6 - 2,733.2 Carbendazim - 81.0 - 306.5 - 1,190.6 Chlorothalonil 144.8 6.6 340.0 - 1,439.4 - Cypermethrin 5,828.4 1.5 8,046.7 20.0 9,947.0 - Diazinon 680 185 232.4 680 1,540 47.5 Dimethoate 819.2 - 506.5 - 2,202.8 35.0 Fipronil 828.4 - 267.1 - 1,461.0 140.0

Hexythiazox - 10.0 - 1.8 - 15.0 Iprodione - 1.0 - - - - Malathion 2,948.0 - 496.0 - 300.0 - Mancozeb - 1,203.4 146.8 1,295.9 10.0 2,514.7 Metaldehyde - 266.6 - 50.3 - 1,782.0 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 22: Amount of Imports of potentially carcinogenic pesticides from 2011-2013 PAGE

2011 2012 2013 45 COMPANY LTR KG LTR KG LTR KG

Nitobenzene 135 0 53 0 337.3 0

Permethrin 1,277.0 501.0 3,589.2 402.2 56.0 85.0

Propineb - 812.0 0.6 1,154.8 - 758.6

Propoxur 1,100.0 - - - 300.0 -

Propiconazole 6.0 - 5.0 - - -

Tebuconazole 158.9 - 204.3 - 74.2 -

Tetramethrin 1.8 - - - 12.0 -

Thiamethoxam - 169.8 16.0 71.8 212.0 553.4

Trichlorfon (Trichlorphon) 10.0 - - - - -

Total 13,987.8 3,898.3 14,163.3 4,860.9 18,634.7 10,297.5

C) FORMALDEHYDE AND

OTHER CHEMICALS

Formaldehyde is mainly used in pressed Nickel compounds as Sulphates of wood products such as plywood, Nickel and Nickel Chloride: 30.91 kg and fberboard, glues and adhesives, (from 2004-2013) (customs data) permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and certain insulation Cadmium compounds in the form of materials and as intermediates in standard solutions: n/a the synthesis of other chemicals. They are also used in the agricultural Chromium (IV) compounds in the form sector, laboratory reagents, cosmetics of a standard solution: 5.10 ltr (from and photography in very small 2004-2013) amounts. Exposure to formaldehyde is associated with various health complications such as respiratory disorders and chronic exposure has the potential to cause cancer. It’s classifed as a known carcinogen by the IARC and as a probable human carcinogen by US EPA.

Large amounts of resins and cosmetics are imported to Maldives annually. Formaldehyde imports for analytical purposes can be seen in Figure 12 below. A study done by UNEP on air pollutants displayed that 10-20 micrograms/tonnes of formaldehyde was released unintentionally in Thilafushi in 2005 alone.

Other known carcinogenic chemicals are imported to the country in the following quantities: Figure 12: Imports of Formaldehyde and Styrene (2009 to 2014) MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 3.4 ASSESSMENT 46 Carcinogenic chemicals have not Issues such as lack of an inventory been addressed in the Maldives of carcinogenic chemicals, absence previously. Therefore, no management of a harmonized mechanism for interventions have been developed for managing chemicals and ambiguity sound management of carcinogenic of chemicals used by sector and chemicals to date. However, due to exposed populations to carcinogenic N O M A N AG E M E N T the increased incidents of cancer in chemicals remain a challenge for I N T E R V E N T I O N S H AV E the past years, managing carcinogenic sound management of priority chemicals have become an emerging carcinogenic chemicals. To this regard, BEEN DEVELOPED issue in the health sector. the lack of proper legal framework and enforcement of asbestos import into FO R T H E S O U N D Currently there is no control on Maldives is a signifcant issue. MANAGEMENT OF importation, use and placing carcinogenic chemicals on the local Moreover, lack of mechanisms for CARCINOGENIC market. Known carcinogenic chemicals determining the usage and presence of such as asbestos and formaldehyde and pesticide residues in the environment C H E M I C A L S I N pesticides with carcinogenic potential need to be addressed for ensuring M A L D I V E S TO DAT E . are currently imported to the country effective regulation of carcinogenic in signifcant amounts without any pesticides. controls. Nevertheless, it is impossible to determine a concrete amount of and types of carcinogenic chemicals being used due to lack of specifc data.

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 23.

Table 23: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 3

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

No management interventons have been developed for the sound management of Lack of an inventory on carcinogenic chem- carcinogenic chemicals icals

Absence of a harmonized mechanism for managing carcinogenic chemicals Stricter enforcement and/or prohibition of Ambiguity of carcinogenic chemicals used asbestos import. Or following international Lack of authentc and reliable importaton by sector and exposed populations data on carcinogenic chemicals make it regulations. impossible to determine the amounts and Increased cancer incidence types being used No control on importation, use and on placing carcinogenic chemicals on locals market. E.g. asbestos, formaldehyde, po- tentially carcinogenic pesticides PHOTO CREDITS HANI AMIR MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 48 CHAPTER 4

L E G A L I N S T R U M E N T S 4.1 OVERVIEW OF KEY LEGAL F O R M A N A G I N G INSTRUMENTS ADDRESSING THE MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS CHEMICALS

This chapter describes some of the instruments that currently address THE FOLLOWING TABLE 24 PROVIDES AN the various aspects of chemical OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT LEGAL INSTRUMENTS management in the country. USED TO MANAGE CHEMICALS IN MALDIVES.

Table 24: Legal instruments to manage chemicals

LEGAL INSTRUMENT RESPONSIBLE CATEGORY OF CHEMICALS, TYPE OF REGULATION IS CHEMICAL LIFE CYCLE (TYPE, REFERENCE, MINISTRIES OR BY-PRODUCT, OR TYPE OF RELATED OBJECTIVES OF LEGAL INSTRUMENT MADE PURSUANT STAGE COVERED YEAR) BODIES WASTE COVERED TO LAW NO:

Requires the mandated Environment Environmental government authorities Protection to provide the necessary Protecton and Harmful waste, oil, poisonous Agency, Use, Transport, guidelines and advise on Preservaton gases. Hazardous/toxic or Ministry of Disposal environmental protection in Act – Law no. nuclear wastes. 4/93 Environment accordance with the prevailing and Energy conditions and needs of the country.

Maldives Substances Customs prohibited to Service, Chemicals, Acid, Poisons, Import, Usage, Regulating imports of be brought into Ministry of Toxic Substances, Explosives Disposal, Storage prohibited substances. the Maldives – Defence and Law no 4/75 National Security Hazardous waste (e.g. Waste Environmental explosives, fammable liquid/ Protection solids, corrosives, toxic/ Management Import, Export, Agency, poisonous substances/ To implement national policies EPPA - Law no. Regulaton – Storage, Trans- Ministry of organic peroxides, etc) regarding waste management 4/93 Regulaton no: port, Disposal 2013/R-58 Environment Special waste (e.g. and Energy combustible/ reactive/ corrosive/ poisonous waste) Ministry of Environment and Energy, To reduce and limit the import, HCFC Ministry of use and sale of HCFC and Regulaton – Defence and EPPA - Law No. HCFC and HCFC blends Import, Sale, Use HCFC blends starting from Regulaton no: National 4/93 2011 and bring a complete ban 2010/R-19 Security, on these substances by 2020. Ministry of Economic Development Regulaton on Protecton and Law No. 2/99 Conservaton Ministry of To protect the environment in Toxic or hazardous waste Disposal (Maldives Tour- of Environment Tourism the tourism industry in the Tourism ism Act) Industry MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 24: Legal instruments to manage chemicals PAGE

LEGAL INSTRUMENT RESPONSIBLE CATEGORY OF CHEMICALS, TYPE OF REGULATION IS 49 CHEMICAL LIFE CYCLE (TYPE, REFERENCE, MINISTRIES OR BY-PRODUCT, OR TYPE OF RELATED OBJECTIVES OF LEGAL INSTRUMENT MADE PURSUANT STAGE COVERED YEAR) BODIES WASTE COVERED TO LAW NO:

To regulate the management, use and distribution of Ministry of Draf pesticides with the objective of Fisheries and Pesticides All stages Pestcides Bill protecting human, animal and Agriculture plant health and the marine and terrestrial environment. Ministry of Defence and National Security, To regulate the production, Law on Drugs Maldives Food import, import, export, trade, and Drug Narcotic drugs and possession or handling of any – Law no. All stages 17/2011 Authority, psychotropic substances narcotic drugs or psychotropic Maldives substances and precursor Customs chemicals. Service, National Drug Agency Ministry of Regulaton on Storage, Sale, To regulate the storage, Defence and Petrol Filling Petroleum products Transport and handling, transport and sale of Law no 4/75 National Statons Handling petroleum products. Security Ministry of To regulate the import, sale, Draf Chemical Defence and use permits, safe handling, Hazardous chemicals All stages, Law no 4/75 Regulaton National Secu- storage, and disposal of rity hazardous chemicals. Protecton of Public Health Ministry of Act - Law No. Health 7/2012

Ministry of Draf Chemical Defence and For the protection and Chemical weapons All stages Weapons Bill National regulation of chemical weapons Security MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 50 4.2 ADDITIONAL DETAILS ON which are harmful to human health and and scientifc purposes. Article 182 of KEY LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR the environment. chapter 26, designates the authority CONTROL OF CHEMICALS to the National Drug Agency (NDA) RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ and MOH to formulate policies and A) SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED TO BE ENFORCING AGENCY: rules to regulate possession, use, BROUGHT INTO THE MALDIVES - trade in, distribution, import, export, ACT NO. 4/75 The Ministry of Environment and manufacture and production of the Energy is the custodian of this law. aforementioned drugs. The objective of this Act is to deal with substances that are prohibited to C) DRAFT PESTICIDES BILL be imported unless for government RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ purposes, or only to be imported with Pesticides Bill has been drafted and ENFORCING AGENCY: special permission, or materials which sent to the Attorney General’s Offce are completely prohibited from being by MOFA. The primary objective of National Drug Agency (Precursor imported into the country. this Bill is to manage pesticides in the substances), Maldives Food and Drug country at every stage of its chemical Authority (Approved drugs for medical CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES life cycle. purposes) COVERED: CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES E) HCFC REGULATION – Chemical substances are under import, COVERED: use and manufacture controls unless REGULATION NO. 2010/R-19 accompanied with a special permission Regulate the management of the from the Ministry of Defence and importation, manufacture, distribution, This regulation is enacted by the National Security. These include sale, use and disposal of pesticides Ministry of Environment and Energy by hazardous chemicals and chemical during all stages of their life cycle, the rights vested from the EPPA 4/93, based toxins that do not fall under with the aim of protecting human, and seeks to manage HCFC usage and the category of explosives, but may animal and plant health, marine and phase-out in line with the obligations be used as substances for chemical terrestrial environment, and to promote under the Montreal Protocol on weapons. sustainable agriculture in the country. Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ ENFORCING AGENCY: ENFORCING AGENCY: CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES COVERED: The Ministry of Defense and National The Ministry of Fisheries and Security is the parent ministry, and the Agriculture is the authority responsible This regulation formulates methods to Maldives Customs Service is mandated for enforcing this legislation. A achieve the established targets under to implement this Act. Pesticides Unit will also be established Montreal Protocol, and to manage and to oversee this Act. control the importation, sale and usage B) THE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION of HCFC and HCFC blends. AND PRESERVATION ACT OF D) LAW ON DRUGS – ACT NO. MALDIVES – ACT NO. 4/93 17/2011 RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ ENFORCING AGENCY: The Environment Protection and The Law on Drugs makes provisions Preservation Act is the main legal for the prevention of the use, peddling This regulation is implemented instrument in the Maldives used to and traffcking of drugs. and enforced by the Ministry of manage environmental issues. Environment and Energy CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES COVERED: F) THE REGULATION ON THE COVERED: PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Chapter 17 and 18 of the law deals OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE TOURISM Section 7 of the Act deals with waste with requirements for possession, use, INDUSTRY disposal, oil and poisonous substances, trade in, distribution, import, export, and section 8 deals with the disposal manufacture and production of drugs This regulation stipulates the standards of hazardous/ toxic or nuclear wastes and restricts this exclusively to medical for the protection and conservation of MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE environment in the tourism industry. Its •Engine oil; 51 purpose is to encourage and facilitate •Batteries; sustainable development of tourism as •Fiber resin; well as protecting the environment. •Pesticides; •Rat poison; CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES •Paint and chemical solvents; COVERED: •Substances containing mercury; •Electronics; Cans and toxic or hazardous waste •Laboratory chemicals; (such as battery and waste oil) must be •Lead; separated and needs to be labeled as •Asbestos. such. This regulation requires certain types of equipment to be installed in RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ the islands as part of a condition of the ENFORCING AGENCY: license to operate the resort.

RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ The Environmental Protection Agency ENFORCING AGENCY: is responsible for enforcing this regulation. Resort operators are mandated to adequately manage the waste H) DRAFT CHEMICAL REGULATION generated at the resorts. The responsible authority is the Ministry This regulation was drafted from rights of Tourism. Conservation of trees/ vested from the Law no. 4/75, under agricultural purposes falls within the Article no. 5a(3). It was drafted in 2005 mandate of the MOFA. and has not yet been enacted.

G ) WA S T E M A N A G E M E N T CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES REGULATION – REGULATION NO. 2013/R-58 COVERED:

The purpose of this regulation is to This regulation covers different aspects implement national policies regarding of hazardous chemical management waste management and to conserve such as its import, sale, use permits, the environment. safe handling, storage, and disposal.

CHEMICAL USE CATEGORIES RESPONSIBLE MINISTRY/ COVERED: ENFORCING AGENCY:

This regulation covers the import, This regulation will be implemented storage, transport, use/handling/ and enforced by the Ministry of Defence export and disposal of special waste and National Security following its that falls into category 1 and 2. enactment.

Category 1 special waste is waste that has any of the following attributes:

•Waste generated from products having fre combustible sign; •Reactive waste; •Corrosive waste; •Poisonous waste.

Category 2 special wastes are waste generated from the following: MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 4.3 COVERAGE OF CHEMICALS 52 LIFECYCLE STAGES BY EXISTING LEGAL INSTRUMENTS

THE TABLE 25 PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL INSTRUMENTS TO MANAGE CHEMICALS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT STAGES OF ITS LIFECYCLE.

Table 25: Overview of legal instruments to manage chemicals by life cycle stage

DISTRIBUTION/ USE/ CATEGORY OF CHEMICAL IMPORT PRODUCTION STORAGE TRANSPORT EXPORT DISPOSAL MARKETING HANDLING

Pesticides (agricultural, public health and X X X X X X consumer use) Fertilizers X X X X X X Industrial Chemicals (used in manufacturing & processing facil- X X X X X X ities) Petroleum products X X X X X X X Consumer products X X X X X X Chemical Wastes X X X X X X Others X X X X X X Pharmaceuticals X X X X X X

4.4 DESCRIPTION OF KEY pharmaceuticals, precursor chemicals country of consignment, quantity and ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES FOR and chemicals brought for laboratories. other chemical related information THE CONTROL OF CHEMICALS Importers of chemicals for agricultural (active ingredient, concentration, trade purposes, chemicals of public health name). According to Law No. 4/75, chemicals signifcance, precursor chemicals and under the prohibited substances Act ODS have to get a ‘No Objection’ MOFA does not object pesticides can be imported only after obtaining (to import) letter from MOFA, MOH, listed in the positive pesticides list. For an offcial permit. Ministry of Defence NDA and MEE respectively prior to new pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and National Security is the responsible application for permits from MDNS. the chemical regulation unit of MOFA, authority for granting permits for the Permit for import is only given when reviews and performs technical importation of chemicals. All who plan the storage facility for the chemical in activities related to evaluation of to import chemicals into the country question meets the requirements of registration products before issuing should apply to the Ministry to obtain the chemical storage facility standards a “No objection”. A list of banned prior approval. The application should set by MDNS. pesticides is provided in the Annex 4. include the name of the chemical, its 4.4.2. CHEMICALS OF PUBLIC quantity and its intended purpose 4.4.1 CHEMICALS FOR along with the chemical manufacturer’s AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE material safety data sheet. All the chemicals brought for Chemicals of public health signifcance The existing Import Controls System agricultural use purposes have to be such as pharmaceuticals are implemented in the country covers offcially registered with MFA. The regulated by the Ministry of Health. Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) importer has to apply a completed Pharmaceuticals and other chemicals (including hydrochlorofourocarbons data sheet along with a fertilizer and used for other health purposes require (HCFCs) and blends), industrial pesticide import application form permits for both import and sale. chemicals, explosives, petrol, to MOFA. The application requires pesticides and chemical fertilizers, information on purpose of import, MOH is responsible for granting a MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 4.4.3. OTHER CHEMICALS ‘No Objection’ letter for laboratory prohibited chemicals used as drugs, 53 chemicals that can be imported and for precursor chemicals or explosives. permitting, registering and licensing Petroleum and ODS require permits to Legislations regulating certain the importers, distributors and retailers import. Approvals for import, export aspects of chemicals (such as disposal of pharmaceuticals. and use of these substances are issued of hazardous wastes in the Waste by their respective authorities, i.e. Management Regulation) and draft bills The importers who wish to place new approval for import and distribution of regulations specifc chemicals (such pharmaceuticals and other health of petrol from MDNS and ODS from as the Pesticides Bill and the Chemical related chemicals on the market or for MEE. Importers are required to submit Regulation) do exist in the country; use in Maldives need to submit data information on the chemical to their however, they are not yet enforced or on chemicals to MFDA (a separate respective authority, based on the implemented properly due to lack of legal entity regulated by MOH) for material safety data, completed with: fnancial resources and political will. registration and obtaining permits. Similarly, an approval is required from The purpose of use of the chemical; Furthermore, currently there is NDA for importers who wish to deal with no control on the quality of the precursor substances in the Maldives Quantity and chemical related chemicals and labeling. Requirements (a list of approved precursors is information of the product; for inspecting chemical storage provided in the annex). The information warehouses are also inadequate categories required for registration of Country of consignment and and there are no specifc reporting new products include: distributors. requirements for chemical distributors, retailers and consumers. According Pharmaceutical product information 4.5 ASSESSMENT to MOFA, banned pesticides are still sheet – active ingredient, brand name, being imported to Maldives without concentration strength; There is currently no national legislation approval from MDNS. Thus, this needs focusing specifcally on chemical to be addressed by employing a solid Manufacturer related information; management. Since chemicals are mechanism to inspect such chemicals imported into the country and not at the time of import. Material safety data sheet; manufactured, the laws pertaining to chemicals concentrate mostly on Moreover, there is no comprehensive Regulatory situation; its import. The Law on Drugs (Act mechanism for licensing distributors, no. 17/2011) and the Law on Items users and retailers of chemicals (such Use and handling related information. Prohibited to be brought in to Maldives as asbestos), except for chemicals used (Act no. 4/75) regulates the import of for pharmaceutical purposes.

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 26.

Table 26: Gaps, issues and recommendation identifed in chapter 4

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

No natonal legislaton on chemical safety Lack of political will and fnancial resources

No control on quality of the chemicals and Legislation (e.g. chemical regulation) not yet labeling enacted, or is not properly enforced (e.g. waste management regulation) No specifc reportng requirements for chemical distributors, retailers and consum- Requirements for inspecting chemical stor- ers age warehouse are inadequate MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 54 CHAPTER 5

MALDIVES NATIONAL DEFENCE M I N I S T R I E S , EPA is the regulatory body assigned FORCE (MNDF) AGENCIES AND OTHER to implement the laws and regulations pertaining to the environment INSTITUTIONS Tel. +960 332 2607 sector. The Agency reviews and gives Website: www.mndf.gov.mv clearance to Environmental Impact MANAGING CHEMICAL Assessments as per the Environmental The Maldives National Defence Force Impact Assessment Regulations. (MNDF) is the overarching agency The purpose of this chapter is to dealing with the disposal of chemicals MINISTRY OF HEALTH (MOH) provide a description of mandates given that chemicals are seen as a and programs of relevant ministries, safety and security issue. At the point Tel. +960 332 8887 agencies and other governmental of importation, MCS and MNDF E-Mail: [email protected] institutions responsible for and inspect goods to ensure goods are in Website: www.health.gov.mv concerned with various aspects of accordance with the list. chemical management. The ministry is responsible for MALDIVES CUSTOMS SERVICE (MCS) establishing policies for protection of Tel. 960 332 2001 public health. The following authorities are formed under MOH to work at 5.1 R E S P O N S I B I L I T I E S O F DIFFERENT MINISTRIES, AGENCIES E-Mail: [email protected] the frontline to implement the Public AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL Website: www.customs.gov.mv Health Act, Law No. 7/2012. INSTITUTIONS The MCS ensures that the regulations MALDIVES FOOD AND DRUG In Maldives, the responsibilities of regarding the import of chemicals into AUTHORITY (MFDA) chemical management are divided the country are met and fulflled. They between several authorities of verify that the chemicals imported government. into the country are authorized for Tel. +960 301 4322 importation, and withholds any Website: www.mfda.gov.mv 5.2 D E S C R I P T I O N O F chemicals without such authorization, AUTHORITIES AND MANDATES and promptly discards it if required. MFDA is the competent authority for certifying the import and export MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND items of food and drugs. Some of the NATIONAL SECURITY (MDNS) ENERGY (MEE) responsibilities of MFDA with regard to chemicals include: Tel. +960 3322601 Tel. +960 301 8300 Website: www.defence.gov.mv Website: www.environment.gov.mv Developing guidelines for food, water, medicine, chemicals, medical gas, The MDNS regulates, amongst others, MEE is responsible for the vaccine, and other biological medical the import of dangerous chemicals into management and guidance of control devices and diagnostics and radiation the country. Article 5 of the Act No. 4/75 of environmental hazards caused by emitting devices; states that all dangerous chemicals chemicals such as HCFCs and HCFC (except for freworks), acids, and other blends by formulating a guideline to Carrying out laboratory investigation poisonous items produced using these reduce and limit the import, use and and certify the import and export chemicals can only be imported into sales and phasing it out completely by items of food, water, medicine, the country with written permission 2020. chemicals, medical gas, vaccine, and from the ministry and in accordance other biological medical devices and with such rules and regulations set out ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION diagnostics and radiation emitting by the ministry. MDNS is also obliged AGENCY (EPA) devices; by the CWC to monitor/control the fow of chemicals that are categorized as Monitoring the storage, production, chemical weapons. Tel. +960 333 5949 and sales and distribution of items Website: www.epa.gov.mv of food, water, medicine, chemicals, MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 55 medical gas, vaccine, and other with regard to public health protection. MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND biological medical devices and AGRICULTURE (MOFA) diagnostics and radiation emitting NATIONAL DRUG AGENCY (NDA) devices. Tel. +960 332 2625 Tel. +960 3328184 E-Mail: [email protected] HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY (HPA) E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.fshagri.gov.mv Website: www.nda.gov.mv/home Tel. +960 301 4494 General summary of the mandate of the E-Mail: [email protected] NDA is the regulatory body assigned to Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Website: www.hpa.gov.mv implement the policies related to the regarding chemicals is as follows: law no. 17/2010 (the law on drugs). They HPA is formed under the Public Health are mandated to make regulations Developing standards and regulations Act Law No. 7/2012 to establish policies relating to the following: related to the import and handling of for protection of public health and pesticides and fertilizers; identify the parties responsible for its Rules relating to the importation of protection, to defne how public health precursor substances into the Maldives; Updating data regarding pesticides protection policies will be implemented and chemical fertilizers (this will be and establish policies to limit basic Rules providing for the issue of licenses facilitated and systematized by the rights ensured under the constitution to persons authorized to import proposed project activity “National of the Maldives to Maldivians and precursor substances into the Maldives; Chemicals Management Database people residing in Maldives to protect Development”); public health. Some of the jurisdictions Rules relating to the registration of of the agency include the following: places and buildings designated for Issuing licenses for the import of the import, export, manufacture, pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Establish policies to protect public production, distribution, storage or health in Maldives; transportation precursor substances;

Identify communicable, dangerous Rules relating to documentation and notifable diseases and develop required for transactions relating to policies on how such diseases can be precursor substances; classifed; Rules providing for keeping of records Identify lifestyle related diseases and in relation to precursor substances or non-communicable diseases, increase information required to be provided in public awareness on such diseases and relation to precursor substances and establish policies to protect the public for the inspection of such records; from such diseases; Rules relating to the labeling of Establish policies to respond to public containers of precursor substances. health emergencies;

Classify situations which may be harmful to health and establish methods to act in such a situation;

Establish roles and responsibilities of the island, atoll and city councils in protection of public health;

Make each Maldivian citizen a responsible and accountable person MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 5.3 ASSESSMENT 56 The Act no. 4/75 is the main Act concerning chemicals in Maldives, which defnes the obligations and rights of MDNS to regulate the importation of chemicals. There is no specifc legislation defning obligations and rights of different parties and their authority for control of chemicals. Nevertheless chemicals administration is divided among four ministries, namely, MDNS, MOH, MEE and MOFA. Requirements for regulating chemicals by their respective ministries exist within their own spheres of authority as described above.

Currently there is a signifcant gap and lack of adequate regulatory mechanisms for managing chemicals. Though the ministries are mandated to regulate chemicals within their scope of authority, fragmentation of responsibilities among different authorities pose a challenge in managing chemicals.

It is necessary to establish a legal base especially designated for management of chemicals. There is need for a comprehensive law on chemicals, defning obligations and rights of different parties and their authority for control of chemicals, addressing occupational and public health, chemical disposal and all other aspects of chemical management.

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE TABLE 27.

Table 27: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 5

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

There is a need for a comprehensive law on chemicals, defning obligations and rights of No specifc legislaton defning obligatons Fragmentation of responsibilities among different parties and their authority for con- and rights of diferent partes and their different authorities poses a challenge in trol of chemicals, addressing occupational authority for control of chemicals. managing chemicals. and public health, chemical disposal and all other aspects of chemical management. PHOTO CREDITS HANI AMIR MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 58 CHAPTER 6

R E L E VA N T A C T I V I T I E S In order to effectively implement laws, O F I N D U S T RY, regulations and national policies, the participation of community and private P U B L I C I N T E R E S T organizations is important. However, participatory chemicals management G R O U P S A N D between the public, community, R E S E A R C H and other agencies is insuffcient due to the lack of coordination SECTORS mechanisms, human resources, and THE CURRENT AVAILABILITY OF EXPERTISE OUTSIDE THE GOVERNMENT, IN THE FOLLOWING fnancial resources for promoting such AREAS PERTAINING TO CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT participation. IS SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 29. This chapter assesses the existence of any activities or available expertise of Not many private organizations work non-governmental organizations which in the area of chemical management, may potentially support national efforts though, some of them like Male’ Water to manage chemicals, or who aim to im- and Sewerage Company (MWSC) have prove the sectors’ environmental per- the technical capacity to do so. At the formance and safe use and disposal of moment, some private companies such chemicals as well as protect public discard its laboratory chemical wastes health and the environment related to into the sea, however, if proper effects caused by the current chemicals awareness and information is provided, use in Maldives. this can be avoided.

Table 28: Relevant NGOs

NAME OF THE SPECIFIC FOCUS DESCRIPTION CONTACT ORGANIZATION

An organization working to strengthen and empower labor unions and workers associations in Maldives. The alliance represents, Maldives Maldives Labor Union, Pilots of Maldives, Maldives Port Workers Union, Teachers Natonal Trade Association of Maldives and Tourism Employees Association of Maldives. Website: http://www.mntuc. Labor rights Unions org/ Congress These unions are involved in voicing out the fundamental rights and welfare of the workers and can be future advocates of chemical safety at the workplace.

Maldives Look after the interests of the contractors, laborers, employers, employ- ees, the all technical and support staff plus collaborating on commercial Associaton of Labor inter- and market interests of the construction industry and to generate public Website: maci.org.mv Constructon ests Industry awareness for these interests both within the government and among the general public. Tel. +960 771 2378 Environmen- E-Mail: bluepeace.maldives@ Blue peace Blue peace acts as an advocate for, raising awareness of, and supports tal sustain- gmail.com (NGO) activities related to sustainable development and island conservation. ability Website: www.bluepeacemaldives.org Tel. +960 777 1504 ECOCARE Environmen- ECOCARE Maldives works for the protection and sustainable develop- E-Mail: Maldives tal sustain- ment of the environment through public awareness programs, communi- [email protected] (NGO) ability ty based projects and other relevant activities. Website: www.ecocare.mv MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 28: Relevant NGOs PAGE 59 NAME OF THE SPECIFIC FOCUS DESCRIPTION CONTACT ORGANIZATION

Tel. +960 330 3585 Live & Learn provides education, mobilizes communities, and facilitates Environmen- E-Mail: supportive partnerships in order to help communities move towards Live & Learn tal education [email protected] a sustainable future. They focus on community based projects with a (NGO) and public Website: wide range of areas from waste reduction, human health, environmental awareness www.livelearn.org/ governance, climate change to sustainable development.

Table 29 Summary of expertise outside of government

EXPERTISE AVAILABLE OUTSIDE OF GOVERNMENT

RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES (MNU, ENVIRONMENTAL / PROFESSIONAL FIELD OF EXPERTISE INDUSTRY LABOR UNIONS INSTITUTES (MNU) VILLA) CONSUMER ORGANIZATIONS

Data Collecton X X X X X X

Testng of Chemicals X X X X Risk Assessment X X Risk Reducton X Policy Analysis X X Training and Educaton X X X X Research on Alternatves X Monitoring X X X X Follow up

Enforcement (Inspecton) X Informaton to Workers X Informaton to Public X X

6.1 ASSESSMENT Research institutes like MNU and other structural approach has been made to Even though there aren’t many private institutions conduct information make optimal use of available expertise organizations outside government sessions, studies and research, but these in the non-governmental sector. working in the feld of chemicals are relatively few and vary in quality. management in Maldives, there are a number of potential technical expert The level of cooperation between the groups available. MWSC conduct government and non-governmental laboratory tests of water samples using sectors in chemicals management so imported chemicals. All secondary far has been minimal. The government THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE private schools use chemicals in the is commencing actions in the feld CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 30 laboratory for educational purposes. of chemicals management, but no

Table 30: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 6

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Relatively few research institutes conduct information, studies and research on chemicals and they vary in No structural approach has been made to quality make optmal use of available expertse in the non-governmental sector Level of cooperation between government and non-govt. sectors in chemical management has been minimal MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 60 CHAPTER 7

I N T E R - M I N I S T E R I A L in health-care facilities, industrial The information on chemicals related C O M M I S S I O N S A N D NCMC was established in 2014 and activities of the respective members. hold regular meetings; the committee The responsibility for chemicals COORDINATING has a stronger role in advising and management in Maldives is dispersed information exchange than as a among several authorities in areas of MECHANISMS decision-making authority. authorizing, transport and disposal and administration in case of The committee mainly oversees the emergencies. For instance, imported Managing chemicals involve a wide following two projects: cargo containing any chemicals range of issues that can be addressed must come with a permit declaration by several government ministries or 1 The SAICM project “Strengthening form pre-authorized by the Maldives agencies, as well as parties outside the Capacities for National SAICM National Defence Force (MNDF). The government. Implementation in Maldives” information on this declaration form developed by the Ministry of must correlate with the details provided Currently, the only existing inter- Environment and Energy with with the imported shipment. Without ministerial commission regarding assistance from UNITAR and funded by this authorization, the shipment will chemicals is the National Chemicals QSPTF. not be cleared and will be withheld in Management Committee (NCMC), coordination with the Maldives Ports whose overview is provided in Table 31. 2 “Enabling activities to facilitate early Limited (MPL) in an MPL designated action on the implementation of the area, until the declaration form is Stockholm Convention on Persistent presented to the MCS. If the imported Organic Pollutants (POPs)”, developed chemical shipment is to be discarded, NATIONAL CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT by the Ministry of Environment and it will be promptly disposed under COMMITTEE (NCMC), WHOSE OVERVIEW IS Energy with the assistance from UNIDO MNDF supervision in the presence of PROVIDED IN TABLE 31. and funded by GEF. MCS, MPL and the importer.

The NCMC provide strategic guidance Some regulations however, like 7.1 DESCRIPTION OF INTER- and direction to the projects, as well the procedures mentioned above, MINISTERIAL COMMISSIONS AND COORDINATING MECHANISMS as substantive advice and guidance on overlap with different authorities, and effcient and timely execution of the thus inter-ministerial coordination projects. They help to resolve signifcant is required. A joint effort between The NCMC is an inter-ministerial forum conficts within the projects, and to the Ministry of Environment and the in which government departments are negotiate a solution to major problems MDNS, to collaborate and create represented, and was established as a that may arise between the projects a National Chemical Database, is requirement under the SAICM project. and external bodies. The Committee currently being undertaken which A broad scope in types of chemicals also review/establish national priorities will include information on chemicals is covered e.g. persistent organic for chemicals managements on a that are imported into the country. pollutants, pesticides, chemicals used yearly basis, and promote and share The database development is part

Table 31: Overview of NCMC

MECHANISM RESPONSIBILITIES SECRETARIAT MEMBERS MANDATE/OBJECTIVE

Will lobby high-level commitment to the Oversees the following two projects: MEE, MCS, objectives of the Stockholm Convention -The SAICM project ‘Strengthening Capac- MDNS, MNDF, and SAICM and other chemical related ities for National SAICM Implementation in SAICM Police, MNU, Natonal forums. Maldives” Project Team HPA, MTC, Waste Chemical - Dept, MEE, EPA, Managment Will provide a forum where different -Enabling activities to facilitate early action POPs MOFA, MFDA, Commitee views and technical knowledge on spe- on the implementation of the Stockholm Project Team MCC, Fenaka cifc issues of chemical management can Convention on POPs. Corporation Ltd. be shared. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 61 of the SAICM efforts, but is also an independent undertaking of MDNS and has been merged to strengthen inter-ministerial coordination.

7.2 ASSESSMENT

The participation of further institutions is still required. Chemical management has been a low priority issue within government agencies, which is further exacerbated by the lack of resources – both fnancial and technical expertise. Fragmented responsibilities are a barrier to improving inter-ministerial coordination. This leads to lack of information sharing.

The fragmented nature of legislation on chemicals also hampers its sound THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHEMICALS management. Rather than having MANAGEMENT IN MALDIVES IS DISPERSED a cohesive legal and regulatory framework for chemicals, legislative AMONG SEVERAL AUTHORITIES IN AREAS OF requirements are dispersed under sectoral laws (e.g. environment, AUTHORIZING, TRANSPORT AND DISPOSAL AND agriculture, national security). This ADMINISTRATION IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES. makes it diffcult for ministries to avoid duplication of effort and results in ineffcient use of resources.

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 32.

Table 32: Gaps. Issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 7

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Lack of resources Duplication of efforts, results in ineffcient use Develop a cohesive, legal and regulatory (fnancial, technical/human resources) of resources framework to manage chemicals

Lack of chemical management informaton Legislative requirements dispersed under Develop integrated information sharing sharing mechanisms (inter-ministerial) sector laws mechanisms MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 62 CHAPTER 8

INFORMATION M A N A G E M E N T, ACCESS AND USE

This chapter provides an overview of the information management capacity in Maldives with respect to sound chemical management and in particular the availability of data and how it is used for national and local chemical risk reduction.

8.1 SUFFICIENCY IN QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION

THE FOLLOWING TABLE 33 DEMONSTRATES THE AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT CURRENTLY IN THE COUNTRY. AS INDICATED, THE DATA REQUIRED FOR CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT IS INSUFFICIENT THROUGHOUT INSTITUTIONS.

Table 33: Suffciency of available information (qualitative and quantitative)

PESTICIDES (AGRICULTURAL, PUBLIC INDUSTRIAL CONSUMER CHEMICAL OZONE DEPLETING OTHER AREAS OF DATA NEEDED FOR/TO HEALTH, AND CONSUMER USE) CHEMICALS CHEMICALS WASTES SUBSTANCES CHEMICALS CONCERN

Priority Setng n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Assess Chemicals Impact under Local Conditons n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Risk Assessment (Environment/Health) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Classifcaton/ Labeling n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Registraton n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Licensing n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Permitng X X X X X X Risk Reducton Decisions n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Accident Preparedness/ Response n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Poisoning Control n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Emissions Inventories n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Inspectons & Audits (Environment/ Health) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Informaton to Workers n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Informaton to the Public n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 63

8.2 SOURCES OF NATIONAL DATA AND THEIR ACCESS FORMAT

Data is collected to cater for specifc and diverse requirements from government institutions. Thus, such data is not tailored to be easily interpreted for chemical management use.

THE FOLLOWING TABLE 34 INDICATES THE NATURE OF NATIONAL DATA RELATED TO CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT THAT IS AVAILABLE, AND PRACTICAL INFORMATION ON HOW TO GAIN ACCESS TO SUCH DATA.

Table 34: Sources of national data, access and format

TYPES OF DATA LOCATION WHO HAS ACCESS HOW TO GAIN ACCESS FORMAT

MCS-Tariffs and statistics MDNS Staff Database Import statstcs Inquiry, Write, Email MEE-National ozone unit Supervisor Document MOFA- chemical regulation unit Export Statstcs MCS-Tariffs and statistics Staff Supervisor Inquiry, Write, Email Database

Chemical Use Statstcs n/a n/a n/a n/a

Industrial Accident Reports n/a n/a n/a n/a

Transport Accident Reports n/a n/a n/a n/a Occupatonal health data (agricultural) n/a n/a n/a n/a Occupatonal health data (industrial) n/a n/a n/a n/a

Poisoning statstcs n/a n/a n/a n/a Pollutant release and transfer register n/a n/a n/a n/a

Hazardous waste data n/a n/a n/a n/a

Register of Pestcides n/a n/a n/a n/a

Register of toxic chemicals n/a n/a n/a n/a MOFA- chemical regulation unit Inventory of existng chem- MCS-Tariffs and statistics Staff Supervisors Write, email Database icals MDNS

Register of imports MCS-Tariffs and statistics Supervisors Write, email Database

Register of carcinogens n/a n/a n/a n/a MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 8.3 AVAILABILITY OF THE FOLLOWING TABLES 35 AND 36 LISTS SOME INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE AND 64 INTERNATIONAL DATABASES AND LITERATURE DATABASES RESOURCES TO AID IN THE SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS.

Table 35: Availability of international literature

WHO HAS LITERATURE LOCATION(S) ACCESS AND IN WHAT FORM

SAICM Informaton Clearing House: Freely Both a centralized place for news relevant to chemicals and a repository of core available to http://www.saicm.org/ich/ resources. The news is distributed in 6 main categories: knowledge and informaton, risk the public reducton, governance, capacity building, illegal internatonal trafc, stakeholders. via internet

Environmental Health Criteria Documents (WHO/IPCS): Freely Disseminates evaluatons of the efects of chemicals on human health and the quality of http://www.who.int/ipcs/publica- available to the environment tions/ehc/en/index.html the public via internet Concise Internatonal Chemical Assessment Documents (WHO/IPCS): Similar to Environmental Health Criteria Documents in providing internatonally accepted Freely review on human health and the environment chemicals/combinatons on human health http://www.who.int/ipcs/publica- available to and environment. Summarizes the informaton considered critcal for risk characterizaton tions/cicad/en/index.html the public in sufcient detail to allow independent assessment, but are concise not repeatng all the via internet informaton available on a partcular chemicals. Internatonal Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) - WHO and ILO: ICSC aims to promote the safe use of chemicals in the workplace and the main target users are therefore workers and those responsible for occupatonal safety and health. Freely Regardless of the great similarites between ICSC and MSDS, they are not the same. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/ available to The MSDS may be technically very complex and too extensive, and secondly it is a showcard.home the public management document. The ICSC, on the other hand, sets out peer-reviewed informaton via internet about substances in a more concise and single manner. Decision Guidance for Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Chemicals (FAO/UNEP): Formulatons in this Guidance document may not necessarily be banned or severely restricted in any country, but have been included because of potental problems under Freely conditons of use in developing countries. The pestcides concerned are all classifed available http://www.fao.org/docrep/ by WHO as extremely or highly hazardous, based on the concentraton of the actve to the w5715e/w5715e00.htm ingredient and the formulatons covered. public via This is intended to serve as a guide and to assist authorites in making a sound decision internet. on whether to contnue to import, or to prohibit import, of these chemicals because of health or environmental reasons.

FAO/WHO Pestcides Safety Data Sheets Freely Contains basic informaton for safe use of pestcides. Gives basic toxicological informaton available on individual pestcides. Priority for issue of PDSs is given to substances having a wide http://apps.who.int/iris/ to the use in public health programs and/or in agriculture, or having a high or unusual toxicity public via record. internet. Globally Harmonized System of Classifcaton and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS): Addresses the classifcaton of chemicals by types of hazard and proposes harmonized Freely http://www.unece.org/trans/dan- hazard communicaton elements, including labels and Safety Data Sheets. It aims at available to ger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e. ensuring that informaton on physical hazards and toxicity from chemicals available in the public html order to enhance the protecton of human health and environment during handling, via internet transport and use of these chemicals.

OECD Guidelines for Testng of Chemicals: Freely http://www.oecd.org/chemical- A collecton of internatonally agreed test methods used by the government, industry available to safety/testing/oecdguidelines- and independent laboratories. They are used to determine the safety of chemicals and the public forthetestingofchemicals.htm chemical preparaton, including pestcides and industrial chemicals. via internet OECD Good Laboratory Practce Principles: http://www.oecd.org/offcial- Freely Developed to promote the quality and validity of test data used for determining the safety documents/publicdisplay- available to of chemicals and chemical products. documentpdf/?cote=env/mc/ the public chem(98)17&doclanguage=en via internet MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

Table 36 Availability of international databases PAGE 65 DATABASE LOCATION(S) HOW TO GAIN ACCESS

WHO/IPCS INCHEM Freely available Providing rapid access to internatonally peer reviewed informaton on http://www.inchem.org/ to the public via chemicals. internet WHO/IPCS Human Health Assessment Toolkit: Chemical Hazards Provides users with guidance to identfy, acquire and use the informaton needed to assess chemical hazards, exposures and the corresponding health risks. The toolkit has http://www.who.int/ipcs/ Freely available been developed for public health and environment professionals, regulators, industrial methods/harmonization/ to the public via managers and other decision-makers with at least some training in the principles of areas/ra_toolkit/en/ internet risk assessment and who have a role in assessing and managing human health risks of chemicals.

Chemicals Abstract Services Database (CAS) Paid subscription http://www.cas.org/ Provides accurate and authoritatve chemistry content. online.

8.3 ASSESSMENT

Maldives faces challenges in accessing chemical related data in a harmonized format. This is partly due to an absence of a single platform/database where chemical information is exchanged and disseminated. Data is collected in individual formats and on individual in- formation systems. There are no formal mechanisms to share the collected data among stakeholders.

More environmental indicators need to be developed and data collected. However, given that signifcance is not placed on managing chemicals, Mal- dives falls short in prioritizing chemical information needs.

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 37.

Table 37: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 8

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Absence of a single platorm/ database Environmental indicators need where chemical informaton is exchanged to be developed and data and disseminated Data is collected in individual formats and on individual needs to be collected information systems No formal mechanisms to collect the data in Prioritize chemical information a harmonized format needs MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 66 CHAPTER 9

TECHNICAL 9.1 OVERVIEW OF LABORATORY CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE In Maldives, the main laboratory used by the national administration is located in This chapter is an overview of technical Male’ at the National Health Laboratory infrastructure and the analytical at the Maldives Food and Drug capabilities of Maldivian chemical Authority operating under the Ministry laboratories. of Health. There are several other private and state-owned laboratories doing chemical analysis e.g. at the Male’ Water and Sewerage Company, and at clinics and educational institutions.

TABLES 38 AND 39 PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR REGULATORY AND MONITORING CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Table 38: Overview of laboratory infrastructure for regulatory chemical analysis

NAME/DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT/ANALYTICAL ACCREDITATION (IF YES, BY CERTIFIED GOOD LABORATORY LOCATION(S) PURPOSE LABORATORY CAPABILITIES AVAILABLE WHOM) PRACTICE (YES/NO)

Natonal Health AAS, AES, GF-AAS, AAS-hy- Yes. To the ISO dride, HPLC, GC, FTIR, 17025:2005 standard Food Laboratory, Maldives Male’, Spectrophotometers, UV-VIS, by Bureau of Labora- No & Drug Food and Drug Authority, Maldives Ministry of Health Titration, Gravimetric, Flurom- tory Quality Standards, Testing eter, Elisa reader DMSc, Thailand AES, Spectrophotometry, Yes. To the ISO Villingili, UV-VIS, Titration, UV-Flu- Water MWSC 17025:2005 standard by No Maldives orescence, Potentiometry, Testing DAC, Dubai Luminescence

Table 39: Overview of laboratory infrastructure for monitoring chemical analysis

MAIN PURPOSE AND THE NAME/DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT/ANALYTICAL ACCREDITATION (IF YES, BY NUMBER OF SAMPLES/MONTH LOCATION CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES LABORATORY CAPABILITIES AVAILABLE WHOM) (SUBSTANCES ARE NOTED) ANALYZED

AAS, AES, AAS-GF, AAS-hydride,HPLC, Yes. To the ISO Natonal Health 150 water samples per GC, FTIR, 17025:2005 stan- Chemicals in water, food Laboratory, Maldives month (for all Male’, Spectrophotometers, dard by Bureau of and pharmaceuticals Food and Drug parameters) and 25 Maldives UV-VIS, Titration, Laboratory Quality (heavy metals, inorganics, Authority, Ministry food samples per month Gravimetric, Standards, DMSc, physical etc.) of Health (mostly histamine in fsh) Flurometer, Elisa Thailand reader AES, Chemicals and oil Spectrophotometry, Yes. To the ISO (inorganics, some 600 water samples per Villingili, UV-VIS, Titration, MWSC 17025:2005 standard organics, physical etc.) in month (for different Maldives UV-Fluorescence, by DAC, Dubai supplied water, and on parameters) Potentiometry, commercial basis Luminescence MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 67

9.2 ASSESSMENT

Maldives lacks adequate technical There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure for complex chemical national capacity and infrastructure analysis. The National Health for chemical analysis. In this regard, Laboratory is the largest laboratory enhancing existing laboratory capacity that exists nationwide for analyzing and their management structure, and to chemicals. It focuses on analyzing supply new equipment for staff training chemicals present in water, food and and quality control is necessary. In pharmaceuticals. addition to this, it is important to note that currently, the sound management There are no existing means for of laboratory chemical waste is low. analyzing environmental parameters such as air and soil quality except for The lack of fnancing remains the soil test kits at the Maldives National biggest challenge to implement University chemistry lab (and other adequate infrastructure (e.g. laboratory small scale laboratories at schools). equipment) in Maldives. Laboratories in educational institutions are used only for training purposes.

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 40.

Table 40: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 9

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Lacks adequate technical infrastructure for Need to improve the national capacity of technical Enhance existing capacity of complex chemical analysis infrastructure for chemical analysis technical infrastructure Lack of adequate air and soil quality testng for complex chemical residue (e.g. pharma- Lack of fnancing to implement adequate technical ceutcal chemicals) infrastructure in laboratories. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 68 CHAPTER 10

RESOURCES 10.1 RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN AVAILABLE AND GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES/ INSTITUTIONS FOR CHEMICALS NEEDED FOR MANAGEMENT CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT

The following chapter focuses on existing resources available within the government and non-governmental organizations related to various aspects of chemical management.

Specifc responsibilities such as risk assessment for regulation or food standards, enforcement of designated areas of legislation such as inspection, pesticide residues in food, monitoring

for health impact, monitoring the THE FOLLOWING TABLE 41 PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING environmental impact are outlined RESOURCES AVAILABLE WITHIN THE MINISTRIES AND AGENCIES, WHICH below. SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS THE GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES WITH RESPECT TO THE SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS.

Table 41: Resources available in government ministries/institutions

MINISTRY / AGENCY SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITIES FOR NO. OF PROFESSIONAL STAFF FINANCIAL RESOURCES TYPE OF EXPERTISE AVAILABLE CONCERNED WHICH RESOURCES ARE ALLOCATED INVOLVED AVAILABLE

Security, emergency response, Ministry of Defence monitoring import/export Science experts, Technical n/a n/a and Natonal Security of chemicals, control and expertise, Trained staff disposal

Maldives Customs Chief Customs Offcers as Regulations on import/export n/a n/a Service chemical experts Ministry of Health Application, control of phar- (Maldives Food and n/a n/a n/a Drug Authority) maceuticals and food safety Department of Naton- al Planning Planning, import/export supply n/a n/a n/a

Ministry of Fisheries & Application, regulation and n/a n/a n/a Agriculture approval

Analytical expert, Ministry of Environ- Assessment, analysis, moni- n/a Environmental expert, n/a ment & Energy toring Chemical expert Ministry of Economic Staff not trained in chemi- Control on import/export n/a n/a Development cal management. Maldives Transport Authority Transport n/a n/a n/a MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 69

10.2 R E S O U R C E S N E E D E D B Y GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS TO FULFILL RESPONSIBILITIES RELATED TO CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT.

THE FOLLOWING TABLE 42 PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF RESOURCE NEEDS WITHIN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, IN ORDER TO FULFILL THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT.

Table 42: Resources needed in government ministries/institutions to fulfll responsibilities related to chemical management

RESPONSIBILITY TO MINISTRY/AGENCY PROFESSIONAL STAFF REQUIRED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS BE ALLOCATED

Ministry of Defence and Monitoring and Risk assessment capability, emergency Staff trained in chemical management Natonal Security supervision response, monitoring capacity

Control on Maldives Customs Service Staff trained in chemical management Packing and identifcation capacity export/import Use, chemical analysis and monitoring Usage, storage, Pharmaceutical expert, Biochemical capacity, health risk assessment capability, Ministry of Health transport and expert, Staff trained in chemical manage- emergency response (health sector emer- treatment ment gency response plan developed by HPA) Usage, storage, Ministry of Fisheries & transport and Agrochemical expert, Chemical analysis, usage, storage Agriculture monitoring Staff trained in chemical management supervision Assessment, Ministry of Environment & Analytical expert, Environmental expert, analysis, moni- Staff trained in chemical management Energy Chemical expert toring Ministry of Economic Devel- Import/export Chemical experts and training in chemical Identifcation capacities, storage and opment limitations management transport

Ministry of Transport & Civil Storage and Chemical expert and training in chemical Transport, use and storage capacities Aviaton packing management

10.3 ASSESSMENT Assigning skilled chemical staff to Overall, the authorities have specifc departments is essential to departments to address issues such as strengthen the national chemical chemical use and import regulations, management capacity. but lack capacity in the form of experts It is also necessary to mobilize and THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE in managing chemicals (i.e. concerns facilitate the necessary resources for the CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 43 regarding hazardous waste disposal). sound management of chemical waste.

Table 43: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 10

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Lack of expertise in handling and disposing hazardous Assign staff skilled in chemical chemical waste management Lack of human resource or technical capac- ity Mobilize and facilitate necessary Lacks enough staff trained in chemical management resources to manage chemical waste MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 70 CHAPTER 11

AWARENESS/ A GUIDE TO HEALTH AND SAFETY AT 11.1 ASSESSMENT CONSTRUCTION SITES UNDERSTANDING OF Overall, the level of awareness among W O R K E R S A N D T H E A handbook on occupational health and the workers and public regarding safety in the construction industry has chemical safety issues remain low in general. With the absence of chemical P U B L I C ; A N D been published by Maldives Association production and related industries and of Construction Industry (MACI) to T R A I N I N G A N D also due to the small number of people assist all employers, workers and clients working in the chemical related areas, E D U C AT I O N O F in the construction industry to help it should not be too diffcult to spread them meet the required standards. awareness to the direct workers and TA R G E T G R O U P S A N D The guide recommends developing general public regarding chemical PROFESSIONALS and implementing effective control safety issues. However, the geographical measures and policies to ensure the distribution of the islands is a challenge safe handling of chemicals or hazardous to this regard. Another issue is the absence of research conducted on the Raising awareness on potential risks, substances, correct storage procedures, contaminated sites regarding the level safety and other aspects associated safe transportation procedures, and of impacts on ground water. with chemicals is an important safe disposal procedures. The guide component of chemicals management. cautions workers involved in working The dissemination of the existing legal with asbestos to wear respiratory SOME RECOMMENDATIONS ARE: instruments related to the management, protection. safe handling, and use of chemicals for Carry out awareness and training farmers, workers, and public at large EDUCATION TO THE GENERAL programs targeting various has been rarely operated through mass PUBLIC stakeholders; media. Primary level education institutions Provision of an environmentally friendly AWARENESS PROGRAMS ON in Maldives provide basic knowledge alternative for the current methods of CHEMICALS CONDUCTED BY to students on good practices on disposal; HPA TO TARGET GROUPS AND environment management including PROFESSIONALS waste management and chemical Research and surveys on the current usage. The secondary level education level of usage of hazardous waste; provides three streams of options, either The HPA has conducted awareness Business, Arts or Science stream. The Research on health and environmental programs focusing on occupational science stream comprise of the subject impacts of chemical use. health and safety, targeting various Chemistry which involves sub units on stakeholders. These awareness chemical usage and management. programs include; The frst government tertiary institution Workshops on Occupational Health and in Maldives, Maldives National University Safety held in 2011 and 2013. (MNU), provides an undergraduate program in Environmental Management, Training workshop for proper handing which was initiated and funded by the and safe management of chemicals for Maldives Environment Management garage workers in Male’ held in 2009. Project of the Ministry of Environment and Energy. This program offers studies Stakeholders’ workshop on in environmental chemistry and waste Occupational Health in Maldives held management including pollution in 2008. prevention. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 71

THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 44

Table 44: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 11

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Low level of awareness among workers and public Spread awareness among Lack of research conducted on the contami- regarding chemical safety issues nated sites regarding the level of impacts on workers and the general public ground water Geographical distribution of islands is a challenge in regarding chemical safety spreading awareness issues. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 72 CHAPTER 12

INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES

Maldives is a party to a number of international treaties, conventions, and agreements concerned with the management of chemicals. This chapter identifes those chemicals management stakeholders in Maldives, both within and outside of Government, that have linkages with international organizations or that participate in international agreements concerned with the management of chemicals.

12.1 CO-OPERATION AND INVOLVEMENT WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, BODIES AND AGREEMENTS. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE - 73 Permanent Representative: Permanent Repre His Excellency Mr Ahmed Sareer Ambassador Extraordinary sentative to the OPCW, and Plenipotentiary Suite 400 E 800 Second Avenue, Mailing Address: United States of America (the) NY 10017 New York, + 1 212 599 61 95; +1 94 Fax Tel. 661 6405 Email [email protected] FOCAL POINTS FOCAL National Authority: Lieutenant Colonel Ibrahim Hilmy Designation: Principal Director of International Defence Cooperation, Directorate Ministry of Defence and National Security +960 3322161 Tel. Fax +960 3332689 E-mail [email protected] Name: Miruza Mohamed Designation: Director and Energy Institution: Ministry of Environment Hingun, Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Maafannu 20392 Male Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 366 Fax: +960 3018 301 e-mail: [email protected] DATE OF OF DATE RATIFICATION 1994 Vienna Convention 1988 Montreal Protocol 1988 - AGENCY PRIMARY RESPONSIBLE RESPONSIBLE PRIMARY Maldives Customs Service Ministry of De National and fence Security Ministry of and Environment Energy - - INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS INTERNATIONAL MALDIVES IS CONVENTIONS SIGNATORY DEALING TO CHEMICALS THEWITH ENVIRONMENTAL FOLLOWINGSAFETY. IN TABLE 45. AN OVERVIEW IS PROVIDED Globally harmonized system for for system harmonized Globally of labelling and the classifcaton – (GHS) chemicals the Pro for Organizaton OPCW Weapons. Chemical of hibiton Conven Weapons -Chemicals the on Conventon as (same ton the Development, of Prohibiton Use and Stockpiling Producton, their on and Weapons Chemical of Destructon) The Vienna Conventon for the for Conventon Vienna The Layer the Ozone of Protecton on Protocol the Montreal and the Deplete that Substances Layer Ozone Table 45 Participation in international agreements/procedures related to chemicals management related 45 Participation in international agreements/procedures Table MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 74 Designated National Authority Contact Point: Name: Ms. Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Designation: Legal Offcer and Energy Institution: Ministry of Environment Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Hingun, Maafannu 20392 Male Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 370 Fax: +960 3018 301 Email: [email protected] contact Point: Offcial Name: Ms. Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Designation: Legal Offcer and Energy Institution: Ministry of Environment Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Hingun, Maafannu 20392 Male, Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 370 Fax: +960 3018 301 Email: [email protected] Competent Authority: and Energy Ministry of Environment Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Hingun, Maafannu 20392 Male Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 300 Fax: +960 3018 301 Email: [email protected] FOCAL POINTS FOCAL Offcial Contact Point Offcial Name: Ms. Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Designation: Legal Offcer and Energy Institution: Ministry of Environment Hingun, Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Maafannu 20392 Male Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 370 Fax: +960 3018 301 Email: [email protected] National Focal Point Name: Ms. Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Designation: Legal Offcer and Energy Institution: Ministry of Environment Hingun, Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Maafannu 20392 Male Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 370 Fax: +960 3018 301 Email: [email protected] Name: Ms. Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Designation: Legal Offcer and Energy Institution: Ministry of Environment Hingun, Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Maafannu 20392 Male Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 370 Fax: +960 3018 301 Email: [email protected] - DATE OF OF DATE RATIFICATION 2006 2006 1992 Ratifed but has not enacted any enabling legislation to to give effect the Conven tion. AGENCY PRIMARY RESPONSIBLE RESPONSIBLE PRIMARY Ministry of and Environment Energy Ministry of and Environment Energy Ministry of and Environment Energy - INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS INTERNATIONAL Roterdam Conventon on the on Conventon Roterdam Procedure Consent Informed Prior Chemicals Hazardous Certain for in Internatonal Pestcides and Trade Per on Conventon Stockholm (POPs) Pollutants Organic sistent the Control on Conventon Basel Movements Transboundary of their and Wastes Hazardous of Disposal the for Conventon Internatonal Ships from Polluton of Preventon IMO at Conventon (MARPOL ‘73/’78 2) 1 and annex with Table 45 Participation in international agreements/procedures related to chemicals management related 45 Participation in international agreements/procedures Table MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 75 National Drug Agency National Drug Agency Ministry of Defence and National Security FOCAL POINTS FOCAL Miruza Mohamed Designation: Director and Energy Institution: Ministry of Environment Hingun, Building, Handhuvaree Green Postal address: Maafannu 20392 Male Maldives Phone: + 960 3018 366 Fax: +960 3018 301 e-mail: [email protected] - DATE OF OF DATE RATIFICATION Ratifed but has not enacted any enabling legislation to to give effect the Conven tion. Joined in 2009 1998 2000 1989 - AGENCY PRIMARY RESPONSIBLE RESPONSIBLE PRIMARY Ministry of Human Youth Resources, and Sports Ministry of and Environment Energy Ministry of and Environment Energy Ministry of De National and fence Security - - - - - INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS INTERNATIONAL Internatonal Conventon for Safe for Conventon Internatonal Conven (SOLAS Sea at Life of ty ‘74 IMO) at ton Conventon ILO Con Framework Natons United and Change Climate on venton Protocol the Kyoto Inter to Approach Strategic The Management Chemicals natonal (SAICM) Narcotc on Conventon Single the by amended 1961, as Drugs, the Single Amending Protocol the Narcotcs on Conventon Drugs on Conventon Natons United Substances Psychotropic Conventon Natons United in Narcotc Trafc Illicit against Sub Psychotropic and Drugs stances Table 45 Participation in international agreements/procedures related to chemicals management related 45 Participation in international agreements/procedures Table MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 76 Maldives, being a party to the Montreal transboundary air pollution in South Protocol on Substances that Deplete Asia in 1998. The Male’ Declaration the Ozone Layer, is obligated to phase Project is being implemented in eight out Ozone Depleting Substances countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, (ODS) such as CFCs, Methyl Bromide, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Halons and HCFCs. Maldives has Pakistan). This regional instrument is successfully banned the import of CFCs developed for trans-boundary pollution since 2008, as well as Methyl Bromide, prevention and control. Bromochloromethane, Halons and Methylchloroform. Furthermore, efforts have been undertaken at a global level to control All refrigerant gases imported into mercury emissions with the Minamata the country are monitored through a Convention on Mercury. Mercury is a licensing system coordinated by the hazardous pollutant that has adverse Ministry of Environment and Energy environmental and neurological effects and Maldives Customs Service. The when released into the water and air. next step for Maldives in achieving the The Maldives intends to ratify the Montreal Protocol goals is to phase out Convention. HCFCs. Maldives participates in a number of SOME INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS REQUIRE The ‘Male’ Declaration on Control and international organizations, some of NATIONAL CAPACITY IN THE AREAS SPECIFIED Prevention of Air Pollution and Its Likely which are listed in Table 46 along with IN TABLE 47. Transboundary Effects for South Asia’ the year of membership. was adopted to cope with the issue of

Table 46: Maldives membership in selected international organizations

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION YEAR

Global Environment Facility (GEF) 1994

United Natons Environment Programme (UNEP) 1972

World Trade Organizaton (WTO) 1995

South Asia Co-operatve Environment Programme (SACEP) 1981

Food and Agriculture Organizaton (FAO) 1971

World Health Organizaton (WHO) 1965

Internatonal Maritme Organizaton (IMO) 1967

United Natons Development Programme (UNDP) 1965

United Natons Industrial Development Organizaton (UNIDO) 1988

World Organizaton for Animal Health (OIE) 2007

Islamic Development Bank (IDB) 1980

Asian Development Bank (ADB) 1978

Internatonal Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) 1980

Internatonal Monetary Fund (IMF) 1978

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacifc (ESCAP) 1976

United Natons Populaton Fund (UNFPA) 1965

United Natons Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 1971

Internatonal Development Associaton (IDA) 1978 MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE

- 77 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes STATUS + +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ VC/MP - - - - n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes POP cides pesti STATUS banned. + +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ STOCKHOLM - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes STATUS ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ROTTERDAM ------Yes Yes STATUS Drafted + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ FAO CODE FAO - - - Yes Yes Yes Yes oped Being STATUS devel Drafted + + CWC +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes STATUS + + + +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ BASEL - - ISSUE Life-cycle management Life-cycle principle/ Precautonary approach Generic Legislaton Legislaton Generic for Legislaton Enabling restrictons/ use chemicals bans informaton to Access / assessment Hazard classifcaton communica / risk Hazard labeling) (e.g. ton requirements Packaging manage risk for Capacity making decision and ment use Chemical-specifc restrictons/bans Import/Export Control Import/Export chemical of Development inventory and/or lists informaton Internatonal exchange generaton data Hazard confdentality Data assessment Risk Emissions reportng reportng Emissions informaton Natonal systems/exchange - - (A) Adequate Adequate (A) Legislaton for Capacity (C) assess Risk and ment interpretaton Establish (D) Risk of ment management policy (B) Informaton Informaton (B) and gathering disseminaton Table 47: National capacity or requirements under international agreements 47: National capacity or requirements Table MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE

78 - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes STATUS VC ++ MP +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ VC/MP - - - - n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes STATUS +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ STOCKHOLM - Yes Yes Yes STATUS +++ +++ +++ +++ ROTTERDAM - - - STATUS ++ ++ ++ FAO CODE FAO - - - - - Yes Yes Yes Yes STATUS + + + + CWC +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ------Yes Yes Yes STATUS + + + ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ BASEL - ISSUE Development of of Development alternatves chemical for Capacity analysis/monitoring Technology transfer Technology of Evaluaton implementaton of Enforcement regulatons/decisions Justce to Access Focal points Focal Inter-ministerial Coordinaton Involvement Stakeholder building / Skills Training Resource Mobilizaton Resource assistance Technical - (F) Capacity for Rehabilitaton Of Contami Of Rehabilitaton for Capacity (F) persons Poisoned and Sites nated (E) Capacity for for Capacity (E) Implementon and Enforcement(E) for Capacity Implementon Enforc and ment Programs Educaton Efectve (G) emergencies to Respond to Capacity (H) Table 47: National capacity or requirements under international agreements 47: National capacity or requirements Table + General reference Key: +++ Specifc obligation, ++ Specifc recommendations, MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE THE TABLE 48 LISTS SOME TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CURRENTLY ONGOING AT A 79 NATIONAL LEVEL, RELATED TO ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT.

Table 48: Participation in relevant Technical Assistance Projects

NAME OF PROJECT INTERNATIONAL/BILATERAL DONOR AGENCY INVOLVED RELEVANT ACTIVITIES

Persistent Organic Pollutants GRF/UNIDO Analysis, awareness and inventory reports.

Regulation, awareness, training and HCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) UNEP legislation reform

Natonal Chemical Profle Development Preparation of chemical profle, Capacity assessment and priority objectives Natonal Chemical Database Development UNITAR SAICM setting, Awareness

12.2 ASSESSMENT

Maldives participates in international agreements and conventions as well as in projects which provide technical and fnancial assistance. Such projects usually aim to build the national capacity. However, certain factors contribute to the impossibility of sustaining the projects targeted at aspects of chemical management. These include:

Lack of political drive or motivation;

Delays in policy making and implemen- tation of legislation;

Delays in signing and/or ratifcation of THE MAJOR GAPS AND ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE international conventions. CHAPTER ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABLE 49

Table 49: Gaps, issues and recommendations identifed in chapter 12

GAPS ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

Inability to sustain international projects

Delays in policy-making and implementation of Lack of politcal drive or motvaton legislation Delays in signing or ratifcation of international conventions MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 80 CHAPTER 13

CONCLUSION 5 There is a need for a national harmo- The following are the main conclusions nized and structured information system from the current analysis: on chemicals management. A lack of baseline data and research is also ob- served. 1 Legal instruments to regulate import, 6 storage, transport, use and disposal of There is insuffcient awareness among chemicals of chemicals are lacking or the policy makers, public and other inadequate. Existing laws and regula- stakeholders on chemical use impacts tions (such as the Waste Management on human health and the environment, Regulation) are not fully implemented. thus there is a great need for education- This is partly due to lack of technical ca- al and awareness raising programs pacity and fnancial resources/skewed allocation of fnances. Accelerating the 7 enactment of laws is slow (such as the There is an absence of facilities to re- Chemical Regulation, draft Pesticides spond to chemical accidents, for in- Bill) due to lack of commitment and re- stance poison centers and hotlines. sponsibility in comprehending the real There is a need for emergency pro- impacts of such laws. grams on poisoning as well as other emergency issues involving chemicals 2 such as fres, explosions, etc. There is a defnite need to strengthen and improve the coordination among major governmental and non-govern- mental stakeholders. Lack of national coordination is the biggest problem resulting in duplication of efforts or un- resolved and conficting mandate issues regarding different aspects of chemical management.

3 Although the country has suffcient hu- man resources, a lack of trained staff/ technical capacity in areas of chemical management is still observed. Technical infrastructure, due to lack of equipment cannot examine more complex chemi- cals.

4 There is an absence and an urgent need for a program to develop an infrastruc- ture for chemical waste collection and disposal. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE REFERENCES 81

Adam, S. 2013. Huma, A. 2015. Identifcation and Mohamed, H. 2015. PCB Inventory Environmental Impact Assessment: Fish Quantifcation of Releases of Dioxins, Report. Ministry of Environment and Packing and Processing Facility Furans and Other Unintentional Energy Maldives Marine Products Pvt Ltd POPs-Inventory Report. Ministry of Hulhumale’ Industrial Zone Environment and Energy Nitu, C. 2004. WHO Class 1 Pesticides. European Environment Agency. Centers for Disease Control and Husny, M. M. 2014. POPs Pesticide Prevention, USA. 2012. Occupational Inventory. Ministry of Environment and Philip W., van der Kolk, J., Mohapatra Cancer-Carcinogen List. Energy A., Agarwal, R. 2011.Chemicals, Environment, Health: A Global Department of National Planning. 2013. Jameel, A. 2010. Resort Waste Survey Perspective Statistical Yearbook 2013 at Ari Atoll. Environmental Protection Agency Rasheed, A. 2010. Parliament Watch: Department of Sustainable An Evaluation of The Parliament in Development and Environment, World Maldives Association of Construction Maldives. Transparency Maldives. Health Organization Offce for South- Industry. 2010. A Guide to Health and East Asia. 2008. National Occupational Safety at Construction Sites. Seafood HACCP. 2011. Chapter 2: Health Profle-Maldives (2008). Hazards-Biological, Chemical and Ministry of Economic Development. Physical. Cornell University Dich, J., Zahm, S.H., Hanberg, A., 2013. Maldives Economic Diversifcation Adami, H.O. 1997. Cancer Causes Strategy. Shan, A., Shaheem, F.A. 2015. Inventory Control. May;8(3):420-43. Review. of Perforooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) Ministry of Environment and Energy. in Maldives. Ministry of Environment Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. 2011. State of the Environment (2011) and Energy. Land Site Contamination Investigation (K. ) Ministry of Environment and Energy. Shan, A., Shaheem, F.A. 2015. Inventory 2013. Maldives Energy Outlook. of Polybrominated diphenyle Ethers Environmental Protection Agency. (PBDEs) in Maldives. Ministry of 2010. Maldives Preparing to Ministry of Environment and Energy. Environment and Energy Phase Out Refrigerant Gas 2004. Environment and Social Hydrochloroforocarbons. Assessment and Management Sharma, B.K. 2007. Current Status of Framework. Maldives Climate Change Healthcare Waste Management and Environment Research Centre/Ministry Adaptation Project Proposed Policy & Guidelines for of Environment, Energy and Water. 2008. Maldives. World Health Organization. National Solid Waste Management Ministry of Environment and Energy. Policy for the Republic of Maldives 2013. Preliminary Inventory Report Tim, D., Steenland, K., Pruss-Ustun, Maldives (POPs). A., Nelson, D.I, Leigh, J. 2004. FAO. 2013. Maldives: Troubles in Occupational Carcinogens-Assessing Paradise. Ministry of Environment, Energy and the environmental burden of disease at Water. 2007. National Adaptation national and local levels. World Health FAO Statistics Division. 2013. [Available Programme of Action (NAPA) Organization. at: http://faostat3.fao.org/] IndexMundi. 2014. Maldives Ministry of Environment and Energy. Transparency Maldives. 2012. Climate Demographics Profle [Available at: 1993. Environmental Protection and Governance Integrity (2012). [Available www.indexmundi.com/maldives/ Preservation Act. at: http://cgip.transparencymaldives. demographics_profle.html] org/2012/05/24/climate-governance-in Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture. IT Power India Pvt. Ltd. 2007. Feasibility 2013. Assessment of Solid Waste UNDP Maldives. 2008. Detailed Island Study: Small Scale Waste to Incineration Management Practices and Its Risk Assessment in Maldives in the Republic of Maldives. Vulnerability to Climate Risks in Maldives Tourism Sector MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 82 ANNEX 01

The Harmonized System (HS) Codes are developed by the World Customs Organization to assign specifc HS Codes to the individual chemicals or groups of chemicals.

HS Codes are a common standard adopted worldwide, to describe the type of commodity. All commodities that enter or crosses most international borders have to be declared to customs by means of this code.

CHAPTER ELEMENTS

Chapter Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactve elements or of 28 isotopes

i. Chemical Elements

01 Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine 02 Sulphur, sublimed or precipitated; colloidal sulphur 03 Carbon (carbon blacks and other forms of carbon not elsewhere specifed or included) 04 Hydrogen, rare gases and other non-metals 05 Alkali or alkaline-earth metals; rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or interalloyed; mercury ii. Inorganic acids and inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals

06 Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid); chlorosulphuric acid 07 Sulphuric acid; oleum 08 Nitric acid; sulphonitric acids 09 Diphosphorus pentaoxide; phosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acids, whether or not chemically defned 10 Oxides of boron; boric acids iii. Halogen or sulphur compounds of non-metals

12 Halides and halide oxides of non-metals 13 Sulphides of non-metals; commercial phosphorus trisulphide Iv. Inorganic bases and oxides, hydroxides and peroxides of metals

14 Ammonia, anhydrous or in aqueous solution 15 Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda); potassium hydroxide (caustic potash); peroxides of sodium or potassium 16 Hydroxide and peroxide of magnesium; oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium 17 Zinc oxide; zinc peroxide 18 Artifcial corundum, whether or not chemically defned; aluminium oxide; aluminium hydroxide 19 Chromium oxides and hydroxides MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE CHAPTER ELEMENTS 83

20 Manganese oxides 21 Iron oxides and hydroxides; earth colours containing 70 % or more by weight of combined iron evaluated as Fe2O3 22 Cobalt oxides and hydroxides; commercial cobalt oxides 23 Titanium oxides 24 Lead oxides; red lead and orange lead 25 Hydrazine and hydroxylamine and their inorganic salts; other inorganic bases; other metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides V. Salts and peroxysalts, of inorganic acids and metals

26 Fluorides; fuorosilicates, fuoroaluminates and other complex fuorine salts 27 Chlorides, chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides; bromides and bromide oxides; iodides and iodide oxides 28 Hypochlorites; commercial calcium hypochlorite; chlorites; hypobromites 29 Chlorates and perchlorates; bromates and perbromates; iodates and periodates 30 Sulphides; polysulphides, whether or not chemically defned 31 Dithionites and sulphoxylates 32 Sulphites; thiosulphates 33 Sulphates; alums; peroxosulphates (persulphates) 34 Nitrites; nitrates 35 Phosphinates (hypophosphites), phosphonates (phosphites) and phosphates; polyphosphates, whether or not chemi- cally defned 36 Carbonates; peroxocarbonates (percarbonates); commercial ammonium carbonate containing ammonium carbamate 37 Cyanides, cyanide oxides and complex cyanides 39 Silicates; commercial alkali metal silicates 40 Borates; peroxoborates (perborates) 41 Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids 42 Other salts of inorganic acids or peroxoacids (including aluminosilicates whether or not chemically defned), other than azides Vi. Miscellaneous

43 Colloidal precious metals; inorganic or organic compounds of precious metals, whether or not chemically defned; amalgams of precious metals 44 Radioactive chemical elements and radioactive isotopes (including the fssile or fertile chemical elements and isotopes) and their compounds; mixtures and residues containing these products 45 Isotopes other than those of heading 2844; compounds, inorganic or organic, of such isotopes, whether or not chem- ically defned 46 Compounds, inorganic or organic, of rare-earth metals, of yttrium or of scandium or of mixtures of these metals 47 Hydrogen peroxide, whether or not solidifed with urea 48 Phosphides, whether or not chemically defned, excluding ferrophosphorus 49 Carbides, whether or not chemically defned

50 Hydrides, nitrides, azides, silicides and borides, whether or not chemically defned, other than compounds which are also carbides of heading 2849 52 Inorganic or organic compounds of mercury, whether or not chemically defned, excluding amalgams 53 Other inorganic compounds (including distilled or conductivity water and water of similar purity); liquid air (whether or not rare gases have been removed); compressed air; amalgams, other than amalgams of precious metals MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 84 CHAPTER ELEMENTS

Chapter Organic chemicals 29 I. Hydrocarbons and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatves

01 Acyclic hydrocarbons 02 Cyclic hydrocarbons 03 Halogenated derivatives of hydrocarbons 04 Sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of hydrocarbons, whether or not halogenated II. Alcohols and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 05 Acyclic alcohols and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 06 Cyclic alcohols and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives III. Phenols, phenol-alcohols, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 07 Phenols; phenol-alcohols 08 Halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of phenols or phenol-alcohols IV. Ethers, alcohol peroxides, ether peroxides, ketone peroxides, epoxides with a three-membered ring, acetals and Whemi- acetals, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatves

09 Ethers, ether-alcohols, ether-phenols, ether-alcohol-phenols, alcohol peroxides, ether peroxides, ketone peroxides (whether or not chemically defned), and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 10 Epoxides, epoxyalcohols, epoxyphenols and epoxyethers, with a three-membered ring, and their halogenated, sul- phonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 11 Acetals and hemiacetals, whether or not with other oxygen function, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives V. Aldehyde-functon compounds

12 Aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen function; cyclic polymers of aldehydes; paraformaldehyde 13 Halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of products of heading 2912 VI. Ketone-functon compounds and quinone-functon compounds

14 Ketones and quinones, whether or not with other oxygen function, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives VII. Carboxylic acids and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatves

15 Saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 16 Unsaturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids, cyclic monocarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and per- oxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 17 Polycarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 18 Carboxylic acids with additional oxygen function and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halo- genated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives VIII. Esters of inorganic acids of non-metals and their salts, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatves

19 Phosphoric esters and their salts, including lactophosphates; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 20 Esters of other inorganic acids of non-metals (excluding esters of hydrogen halides) and their salts; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE CHAPTER ELEMENTS 85

IX. Nitrogen-functon compounds

21 Amine-function compounds 22 Oxygen-function amino-compounds 23 Quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides; lecithins and other phosphoaminolipids, whether or not chemically defned 24 Carboxyamide-function compounds; amide-function compounds of carbonic acid 25 Carboxyimide-function compounds (including saccharin and its salts) and imine-function compounds 26 Nitrile-function compounds 27 Diazo-, azo- or azoxy-compounds 28 Organic derivatives of hydrazine or of hydroxylamine 29 Compounds with other nitrogen function X. Organo-inorganic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, nucleic acids and their salts, and sulphonamides

30 Organo-sulphur compounds 31 Other organo-inorganic compounds 32 Heterocyclic compounds with oxygen hetero-atom(s) only 33 Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only 34 Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not chemically defned; other heterocyclic compounds 35 Sulphonamides XI. Provitamins, vitamins and hormones

36 Provitamins and vitamins, natural or reproduced by synthesis (including natural concentrates), derivatives thereof used primarily as vitamins, and intermixtures of the foregoing, whether or not in any solvent 37 Hormones, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, natural or reproduced by synthesis; derivatives and struc- tural analogues thereof, including chain modifed polypeptides, used primarily as hormones XII. Glycosides and vegetable alkaloids, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other deriva- tves

38 Glycosides, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives 39 Vegetable alkaloids, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives XIII. Other organic compounds

40 Sugars, chemically pure, other than sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose and fructose; sugar ethers, sugar acetals and sugar esters, and their salts, other than products of heading 2937, 2938 or 2939 41 Antibiotics 42 Other organic compounds Chapter Pharmaceutcal products 30 01 Glands and other organs for organo-therapeutic uses, dried, whether or not powdered; extracts of glands or other or- gans or of their secretions for organo-therapeutic uses; heparin and its salts; other human or animal substances prepared for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, not elsewhere specifed or included 02 Human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses; antisera, other blood fractions and immunological products, whether or not modifed or obtained by means of biotechnological processes; vaccines, toxins, cultures of micro-organisms (excluding yeasts) and similar products 03 Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 3002, 3005 or 3006) consisting of two or more constituents which have been mixed together for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, not put up in measured doses or in forms or packings for retail sale MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 86 CHAPTER ELEMENTS

04 Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 3002, 3005 or 3006) consisting of mixed or unmixed products for thera- peutic or prophylactic uses, put up in measured doses (including those in the form of transdermal administration systems) or in forms or packings for retail sale 05 Wadding, gauze, bandages and similar articles (for example, dressings, adhesive plasters, poultices), impregnated or coated with pharmaceutical substances or put up in forms or packings for retail sale for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes 06 Pharmaceutical goods specifed in note 4 to this chapter Chapter Fertlizers 31 01 Animal or vegetable fertilisers, whether or not mixed together or chemically treated; fertilisers produced by the mix- ing or chemical treatment of animal or vegetable products 02 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous 03 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, phosphatic 04 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, potassic 05 Mineral or chemical fertilisers containing two or three of the fertilising elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; other fertilisers; goods of this chapter in tablets or similar forms or in packages of a gross weight not exceeding 10 kg Chapter Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, puty and mastcs 32 01 Tanning extracts of vegetable origin; tannins and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives 02 Synthetic organic tanning substances; inorganic tanning substances; tanning preparations, whether or not containing natural tanning substances; enzymatic preparations for pre-tanning 03 Colouring matter of vegetable or animal origin (including dyeing extracts but excluding animal black), whether or not chemically defned; preparations as specifed in note 3 to this chapter based on colouring matter of vegetable or animal origin 04 Synthetic organic colouring matter, whether or not chemically defned; preparations as specifed in note 3 to this chapter based on synthetic organic colouring matter; synthetic organic products of a kind used as fuorescent brightening agents or as luminophores, whether or not chemically defned 05 Colour lakes; preparations as specifed in note 3 to this chapter based on colour lakes 06 Other colouring matter; preparations as specifed in note 3 to this chapter, other than those of heading 3203, 3204 or 3205; inorganic products of a kind used as luminophores, whether or not chemically defned 07 Prepared pigments, prepared opacifers and prepared colours, vitrifable enamels and glazes, engobes (slips), liquid lustres and similar preparations, of a kind used in the ceramic, enamelling or glass industry; glass frit and other glass, in the form of powder, granules or fakes 08 Paints and varnishes (including enamels and lacquers) based on synthetic polymers or chemically modifed natural polymers, dispersed or dissolved in a non-aqueous medium; solutions as defned in note 4 to this chapter 09 Paints and varnishes (including enamels and lacquers) based on synthetic polymers or chemically modifed natural polymers, dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous medium 10 Other paints and varnishes (including enamels, lacquers and distempers); prepared water pigments of a kind used for fnishing leather 11 Prepared driers 12 Pigments (including metallic powders and fakes) dispersed in non-aqueous media, in liquid or paste form, of a kind used in the manufacture of paints (including enamels); stamping foils; dyes and other colouring matter put up in forms or packings for retail sale 13 Artists', students' or signboard painters' colours, modifying tints, amusement colours and the like, in tablets, tubes, jars, bottles, pans or in similar forms or packings 14 Glaziers' putty, grafting putty, resin cements, caulking compounds and other mastics; painters' fllings; non-refractory surfacing preparations for façades, indoor walls, foors, ceilings or the like 15 Printing ink, writing or drawing ink and other inks, whether or not concentrated or solid MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE CHAPTER ELEMENTS 87

Chapter Essental oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetc or toilet preparatons 33 01 Essential oils (terpeneless or not), including concretes and absolutes; resinoids; extracted oleoresins; concentrates of essential oils in fats, in fxed oils, in waxes or the like, obtained by enfeurage or maceration; terpenic by-products of the deterpenation of essential oils; aqueous distillates and aqueous solutions of essential oils 02 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures (including alcoholic solutions) with a basis of one or more of these substances, of a kind used as raw materials in industry; other preparations based on odoriferous substances, of a kind used for the manufacture of beverages 03 Perfumes and toilet waters 04 Beauty or make-up preparations and preparations for the care of the skin (other than medicaments), including sun- screen or suntan preparations; manicure or pedicure preparations 05 Preparations for use on the hair 06 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene, including denture fxative pastes and powders; yarn used to clean between the teeth (dental foss), in individual retail packages 07 Pre-shave, shaving or aftershave preparations, personal deodorants, bath preparations, depilatories and other per- fumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations, not elsewhere specifed or included; prepared room deodorisers, whether or not perfumed or having disinfectant properties Chapter Soap, organic surface-actve agents, washing preparatons, lubricatng preparatons, artfcial waxes, prepared waxes, pol- 34 ishing or scouring preparatons, candles and similar artcles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparatons with a basis of plaster

01 Soap; organic surface-active products and preparations for use as soap, in the form of bars, cakes, moulded pieces or shapes, whether or not containing soap; organic surface-active products and preparations for washing the skin, in the form of liquid or cream and put up for retail sale, whether or not containing soap; paper, wadding, felt and nonwovens, impregnated, coated or covered with soap or detergent 02 Organic surface-active agents (other than soap); surface-active preparations, washing preparations (including auxiliary washing preparations) and cleaning preparations, whether or not containing soap, other than those of heading 3401 03 Lubricating preparations (including cutting-oil preparations, bolt or nut release preparations, anti-rust or anti-corro- sion preparations and mould-release preparations, based on lubricants) and preparations of a kind used for the oil or grease treatment of textile materials, leather, furskins or other materials, but excluding preparations containing, as basic constituents, 70 % or more by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals 04 Artifcial waxes and prepared waxes 05 Polishes and creams, for footwear, furniture, foors, coachwork, glass or metal, scouring pastes and powders and similar preparations (whether or not in the form of paper, wadding, felt, nonwovens, cellular plastics or cellular rubber, impregnated, coated or covered with such preparations), excluding waxes of heading 3404 06 Candles, tapers and the like 07 Modelling pastes, including those put up for children's amusement; preparations known as 'dental wax' or as 'dental impression compounds', put up in sets, in packings for retail sale or in plates, horseshoe shapes, sticks or similar forms; other preparations for use in dentistry, with a basis of plaster (of calcined gypsum or calcium sulphate) Chapter Albuminoidal substances; modifed starches; glues; enzymes 35 01 Casein, caseinates and other casein derivatives; casein glues Albumins (including concentrates of two or more whey proteins, containing by weight more than 80 % whey proteins, calculated on the dry matter), albuminates and other albumin derivatives 03 Gelatin (including gelatin in rectangular (including square) sheets, whether or not surface-worked or coloured) and gelatin derivatives; isinglass; other glues of animal origin, excluding casein glues of heading 3501 04 Peptones and their derivatives; other protein substances and their derivatives, not elsewhere specifed or included; hide powder, whether or not chromed 05 Dextrins and other modifed starches (for example, pregelatinised or esterifed starches); glues based on starches, or on dextrins or other modifed starches 06 Prepared glues and other prepared adhesives, not elsewhere specifed or included; products suitable for use as glues or adhesives, put up for retail sale as glues or adhesives, not exceeding a net weight of 1 kg MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 88 CHAPTER ELEMENTS

07 Enzymes; prepared enzymes not elsewhere specifed or included Chapter Albuminoidal substances; modifed starches; glues; enzymes 36 01 Casein, caseinates and other casein derivatives; casein glues Albumins (including concentrates of two or more whey proteins, containing by weight more than 80 % whey proteins, calculated on the dry matter), albuminates and other albumin derivatives 03 Gelatin (including gelatin in rectangular (including square) sheets, whether or not surface-worked or coloured) and gelatin derivatives; isinglass; other glues of animal origin, excluding casein glues of heading 3501 04 Peptones and their derivatives; other protein substances and their derivatives, not elsewhere specifed or included; hide powder, whether or not chromed 05 Dextrins and other modifed starches (for example, pregelatinised or esterifed starches); glues based on starches, or on dextrins or other modifed starches 06 Prepared glues and other prepared adhesives, not elsewhere specifed or included; products suitable for use as glues or adhesives, put up for retail sale as glues or adhesives, not exceeding a net weight of 1 kg 07 Enzymes; prepared enzymes not elsewhere specifed or included Chapter Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain combustble preparatons 37 01 Propellent powders 02 Prepared explosives, other than propellent powders 03 Safety fuses; detonating fuses; percussion or detonating caps; igniters; electric detonators 04 Fireworks, signalling fares, rain rockets, fog signals and other pyrotechnic articles 05 Matches, other than pyrotechnic articles of heading 3604 06 Ferro-cerium and other pyrophoric alloys in all forms; articles of combustible materials as specifed in note 2 to this chapter Chapter Photographic or cinematographic goods 38 01 Photographic plates and flm in the fat, sensitised, unexposed, of any material other than paper, paperboard or tex- tiles; instant print flm in the fat, sensitised, unexposed, whether or not in packs 02 Photographic flm in rolls, sensitised, unexposed, of any material other than paper, paperboard or textiles; instant print flm in rolls, sensitised, unexposed 03 Photographic paper, paperboard and textiles, sensitised, unexposed 04 Photographic plates, flm, paper, paperboard and textiles, exposed but not developed 05 Photographic plates and flm, exposed and developed, other than cinematographic flm

06 Cinematographic flm, exposed and developed, whether or not incorporating soundtrack or consisting only of soundtrack 07 Chemical preparations for photographic uses (other than varnishes, glues, adhesives and similar preparations); un- mixed products for photographic uses, put up in measured portions or put up for retail sale in a form ready for use 08 Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products and plant-growth regulators, disinfectants and similar products, put up in forms or packings for retail sale or as preparations or articles (for example, sulphur-treated bands, wicks and candles, and fy-papers) 09 Finishing agents, dye carriers to accelerate the dyeing or fxing of dyestuffs and other products and preparations (for example, dressings and mordants), of a kind used in the textile, paper, leather or like industries, not elsewhere specifed or included 10 Pickling preparations for metal surfaces; fuxes and other auxiliary preparations for soldering, brazing or welding; soldering, brazing or welding powders and pastes consisting of metal and other materials; preparations of a kind used as cores or coatings for welding electrodes or rods 11 Anti-knock preparations, oxidation inhibitors, gum inhibitors, viscosity improvers, anti-corrosive preparations and oth- er prepared additives, for mineral oils (including gasoline) or for other liquids used for the same purposes as mineral oils MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE CHAPTER ELEMENTS 89

12 Prepared rubber accelerators; compound plasticisers for rubber or plastics, not elsewhere specifed or included; anti-oxidising preparations and other compound stabilisers for rubber or plastics 13 Preparations and charges for fre-extinguishers; charged fre-extinguishing grenades 14 Organic composite solvents and thinners, not elsewhere specifed or included; prepared paint or varnish removers 15 Reaction initiators, reaction accelerators and catalytic preparations, not elsewhere specifed or included 16 Refractory cements, mortars, concretes and similar compositions, other than products of heading 3801 17 Mixed alkylbenzenes and mixed alkylnaphthalenes, other than those of heading 2707 or 2902 18 Chemical elements doped for use in electronics, in the form of discs, wafers or similar forms; chemical compounds doped for use in electronics 19 Hydraulic brake fuids and other prepared liquids for hydraulic transmission, not containing or containing less than 70 % by weight of petroleum oils or oils obtained from bituminous minerals 20 Anti-freezing preparations and prepared de-icing fuids 21 Prepared culture media for the development or maintenance of micro-organisms (including viruses and the like) or of plant, human or animal cells 22 Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a backing, prepared diagnostic or laboratory reagents whether or not on a back- ing, other than those of heading 3002 or 3006; certifed reference materials 23 Industrial monocarboxylic fatty acids; acid oils from refning; industrial fatty alcohols 24 Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specifed or included 25 Residual products of the chemical or allied industries, not elsewhere specifed or included; municipal waste; sewage sludge; other wastes specifed in note 6 to this chapter 26 Biodiesel and mixtures thereof, not containing or containing less than 70 % by weight of petroleum oils or oils ob- tained from bituminous minerals MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 90 ANNEX 02

Translation of chemical warehouse stan- dards set by the Ministry of Defence and 10 National Security. Other types of goods are not allowed to be stored in chemical warehouses. 1 Warehouse doors must be fre-resistant 11 for at least ½ hour. A pre-specifed amount and type of fre extinguishers must be placed. 2 Warehouse must be properly ventilated 12 with exhaust fans directed at the top If partitions are placed, they must be of the building, with its controls easily made of material that are fre resistant accessible from the outside. for at least 1 ½ hours.

3 Current wiring of the warehouse must be used with BS 6099/BSEN 55086 or at globally accepted equivalent standard conduit pipes.

4 All control switches must be placed outside the warehouse.

5 Fire exists must be strategically placed so as to directly exit oneself out of the warehouse.

6 Warehouse ceiling must be made of gypsum board or cement board.

7 Suffcient space for movement must be allocated between every 2 cupboards/ racks, and all walkways must be clear of any obstacles.

8 Extremely hazardous chemicals should be stored separately in a metal cup- board/safe.

9 Chemical categories (fre hazards, explosive hazards, multi-fuel hazards) must be stored separately and accord- ingly. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE ANNEX 03 91 list of chemicals (for agricultural use) set by the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, which can be imported into the country.

TOXICITY COMMON NAME TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CATEGORY CLASS

Acephate Herthene, ORthene, Surrender SP Insecticide II

Acetamiprid Mospilan, DhanPreet SP Insecticide II

Azadirachtn Azatin, Neemoil, Azamax EC Insecticide EPA IV

Azamethiphos Zazafy, Alfacron Insecticide III

Beta-cyfuthrin Bulldock, responser Insecticide II

Beta-cypermethrin Chinmix, Cyperil Insecticide II

Carbosulfan Marshal Insecticide II

Cartap hydrochloride Fast, Padan Insecticide II Chlorfuazuron Atabron, Helix Insecticide III Rider, Cyren 40, Dursban, ChlorpyrifosEC, ElephantEC, LorsbanEC, Patta- Chlorpyrifos Insecticide II sEC, JudoEC, DecaEC Cyfuthrin Baythroid, Solfac Insecticide II Cypermethrin Cybil, Cymbush, Ripcord, CypergaurdEC, White Gold EC, Bentacide EC Insecticide II Delatamethrin Spark, Decis, Butox, Residex EC Insecticide II Dimetlan Snip Insecticide IV Esfenvalerate Asana, Sumi-alpha Insecticide II Etofenoprox Trebon Insecticide III Fenobucarb BPMC, Bassa, Osbac Insecticide II Fenthion Lebaycid, Baytex, FentexEC, Vanish EC Insecticide Hydramethylnon Siege, Combat, Maxforce Insecticide Admire, Confdor, Gaucho, VegaraSL, Quickbayt, ImidolSL, Imidacloprid- Imidacloprid Insecticide SC, KohinoorSL, ProvadoWG, QuickBait, Gaucho WG GR, Inidan SL

Indoxacarb Avaunt Insecticide II

Permethrin Ambush, Coopex, Dragon Insecticide II

Phenothrin Sumithrin Insecticide V

Phoxim Baythion, Volaton Insecticide V

Propoxur Baygon, Unden Insecticide II

Prothiophos Tokuthion II

S-bioallethrin Esbiol III

Tebufenozide Mimic Insecticide III

Temephos Abate Insecticide V

Tetramethrin Neo-Pynamin Omnicide, PermexME, DeadynaEC, Biotrin EC Insecticide V

Thiamethoxam Actara, Agita WG Insecticide II Trichlorfon Dipterex, Cekufon, Danex Insecticide II Vegetable oil White summer oil Insecticide III Flubendiamide Fame SL, Takumi WG Insecticide Trichlorfon Dipterex LC Insecticide MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY COMMON NAME TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CATEGORY 92 CLASS

Fenitrothion Sumithion CS Insecticide

Thiocyclam Evisect WP Insecticide

Boric Acid Cockroach killer RB, HosanDangoKonkuGokin Jan Insecticide

Spinetoram Endure SC Insecticide Propamocarb + Fosetyl Previcur SL Insecticide

Spinosad 2.5% Success SC Insecticide

d-d-T Cyphenothrine Gokirato Insecticide

D-Phenothrin Sumithrin EC Insecticide

Alphacypermethrin Tenopa SC Insecticide

Citronella oil Massaup Insect Insecticide

Difenacoum FentrolRB, Roban Wax blocks RB Insecticide

Oxymethoxam Agita WG Insecticide

Pyriproxyfen Sumilarv Insecticide

Alanycarb Orion EC Insecticide Aluminium Phos- phide Phostoxin TB Insecticide Abamectn, AvermectnB1 Zoro, Dynamic, MigEC, JEtEC, MAsket EC Insecticide/ Acaricide IV

Bifenthrin Bista, Talstar Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Buprofezin Applaud Insecticide/ Acaricide V

Diazinon Diodin, Basudin, Diazol Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Dimethoate Terbo, Rogor, Perfekthion, DimethoateEC, Tafgor EC Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Ethion Commando, Cethion, Ethiol Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Fenvalerate Sumicidine Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Fipronil Regent Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Formothion Anthio Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Lufenuron Match Insecticide/ Acaricide III

Malathion Newmala, Celthion, Malatox Insecticide/ Acaricide III

Phenthoate Leader, Cidial, Papthion Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic Insecticide/ Acaricide III

Profenofos Calcron, Selecron, Curacron Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Pynosect, Alfadex, Pycon, Hortico insect killer, Pyrethrum, Giaguar fies, Pyrethrins Insecticide/ Acaricide II Foval CE

Quinalphos Ekalux Insecticide/ Acaricide II

Insecticide/ Plant growth Carbaryl Win, Sevin, Savit, Kevin WP II regulator Piperonylbutaoxide Butacide, Pybuthrin Insecticide/ Synergist EPA IV

Insecticide/ Nematicide/ Dazomet Basamid Granular III Fungicide/ Herbicide

Dicofol Kelthane Acaricide III MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY COMMON NAME TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CATEGORY CLASS 93

Hexythiazox Nissorun, Cesar, Zeldox Acaricide V

Insecticide/ Fungicide/ Sodium borate Borax V Herbicide Sulphur Kumulus, Maksul, Thiovit, HaymiteDF, SupramaxWP, Mitex WP Acaricide/ Fungicide V Aluminium Sulphate Alum Molluscicides V Metaldehayde Meta powder III Brodifacoum Klerat wax block, BrodyGrain, BrodyFlakes, Mortein Rat Kill RB Rodenticides Ia Bromadiolone Ratox, Ratibrom – 2 Fresh Bait, Ratibrom -2 Grain, SED – R Ia Recumin, Recumin ready bait RB, Recumin Paste 0.0375PA, Coumarac Coumatetralyl Ib W/W Difenacoum Roban, FentrolRB, Roban Wax blocks RB Ia Wafarin Ratsak double Strength Ib Flocoumafen Storm Ia Rodenticide/ Bird Alpha Chloralose Alfamat, Aphosal, Murex II Repellent

Rodenticide/ Bird Polybutene Hot Foot Bird Repellent Repellent Benomyl Benlate Fungicide III Bordeaux mixture Poltigila Fungicide III Captan Captan Fungicide V Carbendazim Bullet, HO-Guard WP, CarbezimWP, BavistinWP, Crop guard WP Fungicide III Chlorothalonil Daconil, Kavach WP Fungicide V Copper oxychloride 500g/kg Cobox, HelmoxyWP, Hortico Tomato dust WP Fungicide III

Cuprous oxide Perenox Fungicide II

Cymoxanil Curzate Fungicide III

Difenoconazole Score Fungicide III

Dodine Dodene Fungicide III

Folpet Folpane Fungicide V

Isoprothiolane Fuji-One Fungicide III

Mancozeb Dithane M-45, Marco WP, Mancozeb WP Fungicide V

Maneb Dithane M-22 Fungicide V

Metalaxyl Ridomil Fungicide III

Propineb Antracol Fungicide V Tebuconazole Folicur Fungicide III Thiram Pomarsolfort, CGThiramWP, Canker WG Fungicide III Trichodermaviride Bioderma Fungicide V Trifoxystrobin Flint Fungicide V Copper Sulphate 300g/kg Vitax WP Fungicide

Iprodione Rovral WP Fungicide MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY COMMON NAME TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CATEGORY 94 CLASS

Cyprodinil & Fludi- oxonil Switch Fungicide

Chlorothalonil Kavach WP Fungicide

Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Fungicide/Bactericide II

Copper Sulphate Copper Sulphate Fungicide/ Algicide II

Fungicide/ Bactericide/ Copper Hydroxide Kocide, Funguran WP III Nematicide

Fungicide/ Wound Thiophanate-methyl Topsin V Protectant

Bacillus thuringiensis Delfn, Vectorbac EC Thuricide III Enrofoxacin (for veterinary use) Baytril Bacterial Antibiotics V Streptomycin Sul- phate Kanker-X Bacterial Antibiotics V 1-naphthylacetc acid & thiram Secto Rooting Powder Plant Growth Regulators III

Ethephon Thrill EC Plant Growth Regulators V

Indol 3-butyric acid Clonex Rooting Hormone Gel, Rapid Root Plant Growth Regulators III

Nitrobenzene Bloom Flower-N Plant Growth Regulators III Vitamin B1 & Al- phanapthalene acetc Fruit Fix Plant Growth Regulators V acid

Phthalimide Metabolite of folpet Breakdown Product V

Wetting Agent for Phospholipid Surfactant V Pesticides Acetochlor dichlor- mid Surpass Herbicides II

Ferrous Sulphate Ferroussulfat Herbicides V Pirimisulfuron-meth- yl Becon Herbicides IV Triclopyr, triethyl- amine, picloram Tordon Gold Herbicides III Gulfosinate Ammo- nium Basta SL Herbicides Dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride Hortisept Pro Germicide 50-80%

Difubenzuron Flubex Flow EC Larvicide

Classifcation of pesticide toxicity Ia Extremely hazardous Ib Highly hazardous II Moderately hazardous III Slightly hazardous V Active ingredients unlikely to present hazards in normal us MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE ANNEX 04 95

ANNEX 4 - Banned or Severely THE FOLLOWING TABLE LISTS BANNED OR Restricted Chemicals SEVERELY RESTRICTED CHEMICALS IN THE COUNTRY.

TOXICITY LEVEL OF NAME OF CHEMICAL TRADE NAME CHEMICAL TYPE DETAILS OF RESTRICTION CLASS RESTRICTION

Acetylene tetrachloride (fumi- 1,1,2,2-tetra chloroethane Insecticide Ib Banned gant)

aldrin Octalene , Aldrex Insecticide Ib Banned

azinophosmethyl AZN Insecticide Ib Banned

azinphos-methyl Gusathion Insecticide Ib Banned

benfuracarb Oncol , Furacon Insecticide Ib Banned

camphechlor Toxaphene Insecticide Ib Banned

chlordane Octachlor Insecticide II Banned

chlordecone Kepone Insecticide Ib Banned

chlorethoxyfos Fortress Insecticide EPA I Banned

chlormephos Dotan Insecticide Ia Banned

coumaphos Asuntol Insecticide Ia Banned Anofex, Neocide, Chlorophenth- DDT Insecticide Ib Banned oate dieldrin Octalox, dieldrex, dieldrite Insecticide Ia Banned Thiodan (very highly toxic to endosulfan Insecticide II Banned PIC/POPs fsh) endothion Endocide Insecticide Ib Banned endrin Hexadrin, Endrix, Mendrin Insecticide Ia Banned ethylene dichloride Bualta , Busan 77 Insecticide I Banned ethylene oxide Oxirane (fumigant) Insecticide Ia Banned fucythrinate Cybolt , Cythrin, Pay-off Insecticide Ib Banned fonofos Dyfonate Insecticide Ia Banned furathiocarb Deltanet, Promet Insecticide Ib Banned gamma-HCH (hexachloro- cyclohexane) Gamma-Col , Lindane Insecticide II Banned

Glyphosate Round Up/ Spark Herbicides V

heptachlor Heptamul, Heptox, Hepta Insecticide II Banned

heptenophos Hostaquick, Ragadan Insecticide Ib Banned

isophenphos Oftanol, Insecticide Ib Banned

isoxathion Karphos, Insecticide Ib Banned

Karate (very highly toxic to lumbda-cyhalothrin Insecticide II Banned fsh)

methylene chloride Dichloromethane (fumigant) Insecticide II Banned MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY LEVEL OF NAME OF CHEMICAL TRADE NAME CHEMICAL TYPE DETAILS OF RESTRICTION 96 CLASS RESTRICTION

mirex Mirex Insecticide Ib Banned

nicotne Nico Soap Insecticide Ib Banned

oxydemeton-methyl Metasystox R, Insecticide Ib Banned

parathion-methyl Folidol, Metacide, Fostox Insecticide I Banned

pirimiphos-ethyl Primicid Insecticide Ib Banned

Toxic to RU 15525 Kadethrin Insecticide Banned fsh

sodium selenate Selenic acid, Disodium salt Insecticide Ib Banned

tebupirimifos Phostebupirim Insecticide Ia Banned

Insecticides/ azinphos-ethyl Gusathion A Ib Banned acaricides

Insecticides butoxycarboxim Plant Pin Ib Banned /acaricides

Insecticides/ chlorfenvinphos Birlane, Sapona, Apachlor Ia Banned acaricides

Insecticides/acari- demeton-S-methyl Metasystox Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- dichlorves Dedevap, Nogos, Vapona Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- dicrotophos Bidrin Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- disulfoton Disyston, Frumin AL, Solvirex Ia Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- EPN EPN Ia Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- formetanate Carzol, Dicarzol Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- formothion Anthio II Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- mecarbam Murfotox Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- mephosfolan Cytrolane Ia Banned cides Insecticides/acari- methamidophos Monitor, Tamaron, Patrole Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- methidathion Supracide, Suprathion Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- methomyl Lannate Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- mevinphos Phosdrin, Duraphos Ia Banned cides

Azodrin, Nuvacron, Crotos, Insecticides/acari- monocrotophos Ib Banned Monocron cides Insecticides/acari- naled Dibrom, Bromex EPA I Banned cides MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY LEVEL OF NAME OF CHEMICAL TRADE NAME CHEMICAL TYPE DETAILS OF RESTRICTION CLASS RESTRICTION 97

Insecticides/acari- omethoate Folimat Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- parathion Fostox E, E605 I Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- phosphamidon Dimecron Ia Banned cides Insecticides/acari- polychloroterpenes Strobane III Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- propetamphos Safrotin Ib Banned cides Insecticides/acari- sulfotep Bladafum Ia Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- thiofanox Dacamox Ib Banned cides

Insecticides/acari- thiometon Ekatin Ib Banned cides Insecticides/acari- vamidothion Kilval Ib Banned cides

Insecticide/Nemat- ethylene dibromide Dibrome I Banned icide

Insecticide/Nemat- ethoprophos Mocap Ia Banned icide

Insecticide/Nemat- isazofos Miral Ib Banned icide

Insecticide/Nemat- terbufos Contraven, Counter, Cyanater Ia Banned icide Insecticide/Nemat- carbofuran Furadan, Curatter , Carbodan Ib Banned icide azobenzene Azofume, Diazene Acaricide Ib Banned chlordimeform Fundal, Galecron Acaricide II Banned cyhexatn Acarstin , Aracnol F, Mitacid Acaricide III Banned cyhexatn Acarstin , Arancol F Acaricide III Banned dienochlor Pentac Acaricide EPA I Banned propargite Omite Acaricide EPA I Banned

Insecticide/Acari- aldicarb Temik Ia Banned PIC cide/Nematicide

Insecticide/Acari- aldoxycarb Standak EPA I Banned cide/Nematicide Insecticide/Acari- fensulfothion Dasanit, Terracur P I Banned cide/Nematicide

Insecticide/Acar- oxamyl Vydate Ib Banned cide/Nematicide Insecticide/Acari- phorate Agromet I Banned cide/Nematicide

Insecticide/Acari- triazophos Hostathion Ib Banned cide/Nematicide MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY LEVEL OF NAME OF CHEMICAL TRADE NAME CHEMICAL TYPE DETAILS OF RESTRICTION 98 CLASS RESTRICTION

Insecticide/ Acar- DNOC Ibertox, Trifocide, Trifrina icide/ Fungicide/ Ib Banned Herbicide Insecticide/ Fun- pentachlorophenol Dowcide, Penta, Penchlorol gicide/ Herbicide/ Ib Banned Acaricide Insecticide/ Fun- Toxic to tar oil Cade Oil gicide/ Herbicide/ Banned fsh Acaricide Insecticide/ Acaric- methiocarb Mesurol de/ Molluscicide/ Ib Banned Bird Repellent

Insecticide/ Mollus- calcium arsenate Chip-Cal, Pancal, MMA Ib Banned cicide

1,2-dibromo-3-chloropro- 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane Nemagon, Fuma- Groundwater contam- II Banned pane (DBCP) (DBCP) zone, Nemafume inant Groundwater contam- fenamiphos fenamiphos Nemacur Ia Banned inant Nematicide/ Fun- methyl isocyanate MIC gicide/ Insecticide/ Ib Banned Herbicide Nematicide/ Fun- methyl isothiocyanate Trapex gicide/ Insecticide/ Ib Banned Herbicide Toxic to 2-phenylphenol Torsite, Ortho phenylphenol Fungicide Banned fsh benomyl Benlate Fungicide III Banned blastcidin-S Bla-S Fungicide Ib Banned cadmium chloride Caddy Fungicide Ib Banned captafol Difolaten, Difosan, Crisfolaten Fungicide Ia Banned

dodine Cyprex , Melprex, Venturol Fungicide EPA I Banned

edifenphos Hinosan Fungicide Ib Banned ethyl mercury chloride Ceresan, Hexasan Fungicide Ib Banned hexachlorobenzene Anticarie, Co-op-hexa, Sanocide Fungicide Ia Banned mercuric chloride Corrosive sublimate, Fungchex Fungicide Ib Banned mercuric oxide Mecuric Oxide Red Fungicide Ib Banned methyl mercury hydroxide Methylmercury hydroxide Fungicide Ia Banned oxine-copper Quinolate Fungicide EPA I Banned phenylmercury acetate Agrosan, Unisan Fungicide Ia Banned

phenylmercury salicylate Phenylmercury Salicylate Fungicide Ia Banned

Fungicide/Insecti- mercurous chloride Calomel, Turf fungicide II Banned cide

Fungicide/Insecti- phenylmercury acetate Unisan Ia Banned cide MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY LEVEL OF NAME OF CHEMICAL TRADE NAME CHEMICAL TYPE DETAILS OF RESTRICTION CLASS RESTRICTION 99

Fungicide/ Insecti- calcium polysulfde Lime Sulfur EPA I Banned cide/ Acaricide

2,4,5-T Brochofox, Decamine Veon Herbicide Ib Banned acrolein Magnacide Herbicide EPA I Banned cadusafos Rugby , Apache Herbicide Ib Banned dinoseb Premerge, Aretit, Ivosit Herbicide Ib Banned

Agroxone MCPA Herbicide EPA I Banned naptalam Alanap Herbicide EPA I Banned nitrofen Tok, Tokkorn Herbicide Ib Banned paraquat Gramaxone Herbicide EPA I Banned

Herbicide/ Plant dimethipin Harvade EPA I Banned Growth Regulator

Insecticide/ hydrogen cyanide Cymag Ib Banned Rodenticide Insecticide/ phosphine Ratol , Phostoxin, Quickphos EPA I Banned Rodenticide

Insecticide/ Herbi- potassium arsenite Potassiumarsenite Ib Banned cide/ Rodenticide

Insecticide/ Herbi- sodium arsenite Arzeen, Weedeath Ib Banned cide/ Rodenticide alpha-naphthyl thiourea Antu Rodenticides Ia Banned antcoaglant + salmonella Biorat Rodenticides Ia Banned chlorophacinone Caid, Liphadione, Redentin Rodenticides Ia Banned Diphacine, Gold Crest, Rodent diphacinone Rodenticides Ia Banned Cake thallium (I)tetraoxosulfate Thallous Sulphate Rodenticides Ia Banned thallium sulfate Thallium Rodenticides Ia Banned strychnine Strychnine Alkaloid Rodenticide/ Avicide Ib Banned Soil Sterilant/ Fumi- methyl bromide Celfume, Embafume, Arkitropin EPA II Banned gant Fungicide Pesticide-Miscella- Arsenic compounds Banned neous

Pesticide-Miscella- Cadmium Compounds Banned neous

Inorganic Mercury Com- Pesticide-Miscella- Banned pounds neous Organic Mercury Com- Pesticide-Miscella- Banned pounds neous

Pesticide-Miscella- Selenium Compounds Banned neous Pesticide-Miscella- Thallium Compounds Banned neous MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE TOXICITY LEVEL OF NAME OF CHEMICAL TRADE NAME CHEMICAL TYPE DETAILS OF RESTRICTION 100 CLASS RESTRICTION

Following the criteria established by the Chlorofuorocarbon Montreal Protocol CFC 11 Banned Gases on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Following the criteria established by the Chlorofuorocarbon Montreal Protocol CFC 12 Banned Gases on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Following the criteria established by the Montreal Protocol Halon-1211 Halon gases Banned on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Following the criteria established by the Montreal Protocol Halon-1301 Halon gases Banned on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Following the criteria established by the Montreal Protocol Halon-2402 Halon gases Banned on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Following the criteria established by the 1,1,1-Tri Chloroethane Montreal Protocol Methyl Chloroform Banned (methylchloroform) Ch3CCl3 on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Following the criteria established by the Bromochloromethane Bromochlorometh- Montreal Protocol Banned (CH2BrCl) ane on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Following the criteria established by the Montreal Protocol Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Banned on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Classifcation of pesticide toxicity Ia Extremely hazardous Ib Highly hazardous II Moderately hazardous III Slightly hazardous V Active ingredients unlikely to present hazards in normal us MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE ANNEX 05 101

ANNEX 5 - The following table below lists precursor chemicals.

PRECURSOR CHEMICALS

N-acetylanthranilic acid also known as N-Acetylo- aminobenzoic acid Ephedrine also known asβ-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine Ergometrine also known as Ergonovine or Ergobasine or [8β(S)]-9-10-Didehydro-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6-methyl-6-methylergo- line-8-carboxamide Ergotamine also known as 12’-Hydroxy-2’-methyl-5’-a-(phenymethyl) ergotaman-3’,6’,18’-trinone Isosafrole also known as 1,2-(Methylenedioxy)-4-propenylbenzene Lysergic acid also known as 9,10-Didehydro-6-methylergoline-8β-carboxylic acid 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone Norephedrine 1-Phenyl-2-propanone also known as Phenylacetone Piperonal also known as 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)benzaldehyde orPiperonylaldehyde Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine also known as β-Hydroxy-Nmethylamphetamine Safrole also known as 4-Allyl-1,2- methylenedioxybenzene Acetic anhydride also known as Acetic oxide Acetone also known as 2-Propanone or Dimethyl ketone Anthranilic acid also known as o-Aminobenzoic acid Ethyl ether also known as Ether or Diethyl ether orEthyl oxide or Diethyl oxide or Ethoxyethane or 1,1’-Oxybisethane Hydrochloric acid Methyl ethyl ketone also known as 2-Butanone Phenylacetic acid also known as Benzeneacetic acid or β-Toluic acid Piperidine also known as Hexahydropyridine Potassium permanganate Sulphuric acid Toluene also known as Methylbenzene or phenylmethane MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 102 ANNEX 06

PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCE will help improve the management of COMMITTEE pesticides in Maldives. The draft law NATIONAL CHEMICALS consists of a list of banned pesticides Chemicals management encompasses MANAGEMENT that includes the POPs listed under a broad range of issues and each of COMMITTEE the Stockholm Convention, pesticides which are addressed by a number of listed under the Rotterdam Convention, or different ministries, agencies as and WHO class I-III pesticides. However, well as parties outside of government. the industrial chemicals listed under Therefore, in order to achieve a more BACKGROUND these conventions, such as PCBs and integrated national approach to asbestos, still need to be similarly chemicals management, a coordinating Maldives places great importance addressed in Maldives. National data mechanism is desirable through which to the wellbeing of humans and the on related usage and import of these the various actors can exchange environment. Maldives is a Party to and other chemicals also needs to be information, coordinate activities that many chemicals-related conventions strengthened. are complementary or inter-related, and agreements such as the Montreal and, in certain instances, make joint Protocol on Substances that Deplete Playing an important role in decisions or, in the longer-term, develop the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention chemicals management, Maldives’ national policy. on the Control of Trans-boundary 1993 Environment Protection and The National Chemicals Management Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Preservation Act (Law no. 4/93) Committee (NCMC) will mainly oversee their Disposal, Stockholm Convention has special provisions on the the following two projects. on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), environmentally sound management and Rotterdam Convention on the of hazardous waste, chemicals, and 1 Prior Informed Consent Procedure; oil. However, the implementation and The Strategic Approach to International and is a member of, inter alia, the monitoring of these particular provisions Chemicals Management (SAICM) Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical has been a challenge due to the lack of project “Strengthening Capacities for Safety and Strategic Approach to a national chemicals database or even National SAICM Implementation in International Chemicals Management a general baseline indicating the usage Maldives” developed by the Ministry (SAICM). and disposal of these chemicals. of Environment and Energy with the While there is currently no production assistance from UNITAR and funded by Regarding institutional and legal of chemicals in Maldives, during the the Quick Start Programme Trust Fund arrangements, chemicals that are last decade, the import of chemicals (QSPTF). imported for agricultural purposes has increased vastly. The main usage need to be approved by the Ministry of chemicals in Maldives is in the 2. of Fisheries and Agriculture before agricultural industry, construction, “Enabling Activities to facilitate early the Ministry of Defence and National boat building, and to a lesser extent in action on the implementation of the Security authorizes importation. The resorts development and maintenance. Stockholm Convention on Persistent same principle applies to chemicals Though other uses may not have been Organic Pollutants (POPs)’’ developed used for public health issues/medical recognised yet, generation of chemical by the Ministry of Environment and sector (other than pharmaceuticals waste through agriculture, construction, Energy with the assistance from UNIDO which are under the mandate of the and electronic waste is present in and funded by Global Environment Ministry of Health and Family) and ozone Maldives. With the diversifcation of Facility (GEF). depleting substances (ODS), with prior the economy in the future, chemicals approval necessary from the Maldives management issues are likely to become It will provide guidance, advice, and Food and Drug Authority and Ministry increasingly important. support for the execution of the projects of Environment and Energy respectively. Faced with a wide range of issues and to the lead agency and national pertaining to chemicals management, project coordinators (e.g. through the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, the need for developing an integrated review of regular reports and monitoring which is mandated to control and monitor and coordinated approach to national and evaluation activities), facilitate the import, usage, and sound disposal chemicals management has become a coordination of project activities among of pesticides in Maldives is currently priority for the Maldives. national stakeholders, and oversee formulating a pesticide regulation that the implementation of the projects. MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 103

It will also play an important role in and monitoring and evaluation reports. • Ministry of Youth and Sports further resource mobilization for the • Maldives Customs Service implementation of “next steps” based f)Review and comment on the project’s • National Bureau of Statistics on project results. sectoral task teams’ composition and • Local Government Authority work plans. • Ministry of Defense and M A N D AT E National Security g)Appraise the project progress and • Pesticide Industry Associations The NCMC is an inter-ministerial make recommendations for next steps • Industrial Chemicals Industry forum in which all the relevant (Identify and recommend follow-up Associations government departments, non- actions). • Maldives National University governmental organizations, the labor • Hospitals sector and industry organizations are h)Promote and discuss regulation • State Electric Company represented to increase transparency mechanisms on chemicals management. Limited and collaboration among ministries, • Blue peace (representing clarify the respective mandates and i)Share information on chemicals related CSOs) competencies of the various agencies, activities of the respective members and • Maldives Association of facilitate a sharing of information and ensure coordination. Construction Industry resources (e.g. databases, equipment), and foster a comprehensive approach j)Review/establish on a yearly basis to the management of chemicals that national priorities for chemicals ALTERNATE MEMBERS addresses all stages of the chemical life management and possible follow up cycle. The NCMC will also lobby high- action. Each organization may designate an level commitment to the objectives of alternate member to represent in his the Stockholm Convention and SAICM k)Identify resources for implementation or her stead. The Alternate Member and other chemical related forums. of awareness raising and training representing in the stead of a Committee Major decisions with relevant to the programmes. Member shall have the same rights, projects will be fnalized by the NCMC. privileges and responsibilities as such The NCMC will provide a forum where C O M M I T T E E M E M B E R S Committee Members. different views and technical knowledge on specifc issues of chemicals The NCMC comprises of x members Alternate Members should also management can be shared. The roles from relevant government departments, possess the same competencies of the NCMC include: non-governmental organizations, the and have the capacity to perform labor sector and industry organizations. the same responsibilities as the a)Provide strategic guidance and The Ministry of Environment and Energy Committee Members in accordance direction to the projects, ensuring it will be responsible for establishing the with the ‘Committee Member Roles and remains within any specifed constraints Committee. The members of the NCMC Responsibilities’, as outlined in section of time, scope and budget. will be nominated by the respective 7 below. institutions. The State/Deputy Minister b)Provide substantive advice and of MEE will chair the NCMC. The NCMC guidance on effcient and timely will include members from the following execution of the projects. sectors. c)Resolve signifcant conficts within the • Ministry of Environment and projects, and negotiate a solution to Energy major problems that may arise between • Environmental Protection the projects and external bodies. Agency • Ministry of Fisheries and d)Endorse the detailed work plans and Agriculture schedules for the projects. • Ministry of Health • Ministry of Transport and e)Review and approve project reports Communication MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE STRUCTURE 104 R E S P O N S I B I L I T I E S Overall coordination of the committee; The Projects will be implemented over COMMON RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE preparation of meeting agendas, 2 years by the Ministry of Environment COMMITTEE MEMBERS minutes and documents; information and Energy. The Secretariat of the collection, distribution, exchange and Committee will comprise members from Participating in the committee meetings archiving; and maintenance of links with the two projects. all relevant stakeholders and members Reporting to the committee secretariat of the committee

Reporting to respective constituencies ROLE OF UNITAR AND UNIDO Providing expertise and relevant input information UNITAR is Executing Agency for the SAICM QSPTF project. Specifcally, Contributing to the preparation of UNITAR will provide international project deliverables support for project activities such as guidance and training material for all Implementing tasks as agreed by the project activities, resource person(s) committee to attend the training workshops and endorsement meetings for project COMMITTEE CHAIR’S activities and document development R E S P O N S I B I L I T I E S and the National Forum, etc. UNITAR will also be contributing to the major Monitoring and reporting on progress outputs and project management. and outcomes regarding the project This relationship will be governed by a Memorandum of Understanding. Facilitating committee meetings

Ensuring balanced input from all THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF UNIDO members as appropriate INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING

COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT’S Ensure the effcient project R E S P O N S I B I L I T I E S implementation to anchor effective timely delivery of project outcomes Coordinating the committee within the project resource;

Arranging and preparing committee Monitor and supervise the development meetings of the NIP in the Republic of Maldives, working in close co-operation with the Providing facilities and materials for the National Project Coordinator; committee meetings Ensure that there is an exchange of Preparing and distributing reports for experience and expertise between committee meetings countries of the region;

Recording minutes of the committee Upon request of the NEA, appoint meetings and submitting to the other international technical experts, committee chair wherever possible drawn from the region, for specifc project tasks; Acting as focal point through which information fows Organize evaluations in line with UNIDO’s evaluation policy at the end Work in close cooperation with the chair of the frst year (mid-term) and the of the committee completion of the project; MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE CALLING COMMITTEE MEETINGS A G E N D A O F M E E T I N G S technical experts. 105 REGULAR MEETINGS The Project Coordinator shall be responsible for setting the agenda for If the request has been made for a The NCMC shall have a minimum of two meetings in consultation with the Chair. banned chemical, notifying that the meetings per year. All the meetings will An Agenda with related documentation application has been declined. be held at MEE. Meetings will generally shall be circulated to NCMC Members be kept to 1-3 hours in length. Notice of the time and place of each regular at least 2 weeks in advance of a If the request has been made for a meeting of the NCMC shall be provided scheduled NCMC meeting by the previously unaddressed chemical, then to the NCMC at least 30 days in advance Secretariat. evaluating the application to assess of the meeting. the labeling and ingredients prior to ANNEX 07 authorization of import. EMERGENCY MEETINGS Issuing approval if the chemical meets In case of a chemical accident or any STANDARD OPERATING the standard for import. Notice of other issue which requires NCMC P R O C E D U R E AT issuance of import permit. consensus, NCMC members shall be T H E C H E M I C A L provided with a time and place of the Filing the form of the chemical granted urgent meeting at the earliest possible R E G U L AT I O N A N D approval. notice. LICENSING UNIT – MFA

CONDUCT OF MEETINGS The Chemical Regulation and Licensing GENERAL CONDUCT AT MEETINGS unit approves chemical fertilizers and Meetings will generally be conducted pesticides imported to aid and boost by the NCMC Chair. the agriculture industry in Maldives. The unit operates under the agriculture All NCMC meetings shall convene division at the Ministry of Fisheries and at the stated time and commence Agriculture. immediately in accordance with the agenda as adopted. PURPOSE: The NCMC Chair shall call upon NCMC To approve chemicals imported by Members, Alternate Members or farmers at agricultural islands for designated delegates by their individual agricultural purposes and chemicals name and function. imported for sale and distribution.

When the meeting foor is open for SCOPE OF WORK: discussion, the NCMC Chair shall call upon NCMC Members, Alternate Permitting import of chemicals Members or designated delegates Things to look out for before approving: in the order in which they signal their desire to speak. Confrming that all information requirements on the pesticide/fertilizer ATTENDANCE AT MEETINGS form has been met. Requesting re- Attendance by NCMC Members and application of form if found incomplete. Alternate Members shall be recorded at the start of each NCMC meeting by the Determining whether all documents Secretariat. listed in the pesticide/fertilizer form has been submitted and complied with.

Granting approval for import if the request has been made for a chemical on the positive list of chemicals. If unlisted, and if not already banned then issuing approval upon review by MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

PAGE 106 ANNEX 08

HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTION N A M E S A N D Roashanee Building (4th Floor), Sosun Secretariat of the Male’ City Council ADDRESSES OF Magu, Henveiru, Male’, Maldives Maafaithakurufaanu Magu, Male’, ORGANIZATIONS Tel: +960 331 4494, Fax: +960 331 4484 Maldives Email: [email protected] Tel: +960 332 3859, Fax: +960 331 3801 Email: [email protected] MINISTRIES AND MALDIVES FOOD AND DRUG AUTHORITIES AUTHORITY MALDIVES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Roashanee Building (4th Floor), Sosun Rahdhebai Hingun, Male’, Maldives MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND Magu, Henveiru, Male’, Maldives Tel: +960 334 5101 ENERGY Tel: +960 301 4322, Fax: +960 301 4300 Email: www.mnu.edu Green Building, Handhuvaree Hingun, Email: [email protected] Maafannu Male’, Maldives BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY Tel: +960 301 8300, Fax: +960 301 8301 MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS Email: [email protected] DEVELOPMENT Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Male’, MALDIVES NATIONAL CHAMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Maldives COMMERCE AGENCY Tel: +960 332 3668, Fax: +960 332 3840 G.Viyafari Hiyaa, Ameenee Magu, Male’, Ameenee Magu, Maafannu, Male’, Email: [email protected] Maldives Maldives Tel: +960 332 6634, Fax: +960 331 0233 Tel: +960 333 5949, Fax: +960 333 5953 MALDIVES POLICE SERVICE Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Shaheed Hussain Adam Building, Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Male’, MALDIVES WATER AND SEWERAGE MALDIVES ENERGY AUTHORITY Maldives COMPANY Ameenee Magu, Male’ Tel: +960 332 2111, Fax: +960 331 3281 Fen Building, 5th Floor, Ameenee Magu, Tel: +960 301 9100, Fax: +960 301 8576 Email: [email protected] Male’, Maldives Email: [email protected] Tel: +960 332 3209, Fax: +960 332 4306 MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND Website: www.mwsc.com.mv MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND TREASURY AGRICULTURE Ameenee Magu, Block 379, Male’, MALDIVES ASSOCIATION OF 7th Floor, Velaanaage Offce Building, Maldives CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Male’, Maldives Tel: +960 334 9225, Fax: +960 332 4432 Ground foor, Port Complex, Hilaalee Tel: +960 332 2625, Fax: +9606558 Email: [email protected] Magu, Male’, Maldives Email: [email protected] Tel: +960 331 8660, Fax: +960 331 8796 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS Email: [email protected] MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND Ministry of Finance and Treasury, NATIONAL SECURITY Ameenee Magu, Male’, Maldives FENAKA CORPORATION LIMITED Tel: +960 332 2601, Fax: +960 332 5525 Tel: +960 334 9200, Fax: +960 332 7351 Male’, Maldives Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: +960 300 7555, Fax: +960 300 7555 Email: [email protected] MALDIVES NATIONAL DEFENCE MALDIVES CUSTOMS SERVICE FORCE Aminath Liusha (Chief Customs Offcer) INDHIRA GANDHI MEMORIAL Bandaara Koshi, Ameeru ahmed Magu, Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Maafannu, HOSPITAL Male’, Maldives Male’, Maldives Kan’baa Aisaaraani Hingun, Male’, Tel: +960 332 2607, Fax: +960 332 2496 Tel: +960 333 4193, Fax: +960 332 2633 Maldives Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: +960 333 5211, Fax: +960 332 0243 Email: [email protected] MINISTRY OF HEALTH MALE’ CITY COUNCIL Roashanee Building (4th Floor), Sosun Galolhu, Majeedhee Magu, Male’, Magu, Henveiru, Male’, Maldives Maldives Tel: +960 332 8887, Fax: +960 332 8889 Tel: +960 332 3918 Email: [email protected] Website: www.malecity.gov.mv

2015 MNCP MALDIVES NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES