Accretion: Building New Worlds Conference
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Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Non-Linear Saturation and Particle Concentration
Accepted for publication in ApJ A Preprint typeset using LTEX style emulateapj v. 02/07/07 PROTOPLANETARY DISK TURBULENCE DRIVEN BY THE STREAMING INSTABILITY: NON-LINEAR SATURATION AND PARTICLE CONCENTRATION A. Johansen1 Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Astronomie, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and A. Youdin2 Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544 Accepted for publication in ApJ ABSTRACT We present simulations of the non-linear evolution of streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks. The two components of the disk, gas treated with grid hydrodynamics and solids treated as super- particles, are mutually coupled by drag forces. We find that the initially laminar equilibrium flow spontaneously develops into turbulence in our unstratified local model. Marginally coupled solids (that couple to the gas on a Keplerian time-scale) trigger an upward cascade to large particle clumps with peak overdensities above 100. The clumps evolve dynamically by losing material downstream to the radial drift flow while receiving recycled material from upstream. Smaller, more tightly coupled solids produce weaker turbulence with more transient overdensities on smaller length scales. The net inward radial drift is decreased for marginally coupled particles, whereas the tightly coupled particles migrate faster in the saturated turbulent state. The turbulent diffusion of solid particles, measured by their random walk, depends strongly on their stopping time and on the solids-to-gas ratio of the background state, but diffusion is generally modest, particularly for tightly coupled solids. Angular momentum transport is too weak and of the wrong sign to influence stellar accretion. Self-gravity and collisions will be needed to determine the relevance of particle overdensities for planetesimal formation. -
Setting the Stage: Planet Formation and Volatile Delivery
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Setting the Stage: Planet formation and Volatile Delivery Julia Venturini1 · Maria Paula Ronco2;3 · Octavio Miguel Guilera4;2;3 Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The diversity in mass and composition of planetary atmospheres stems from the different building blocks present in protoplanetary discs and from the different physical and chemical processes that these experience during the planetary assembly and evolution. This review aims to summarise, in a nutshell, the key concepts and processes operating during planet formation, with a focus on the delivery of volatiles to the inner regions of the planetary system. 1 Protoplanetary discs: the birthplaces of planets Planets are formed as a byproduct of star formation. In star forming regions like the Orion Nebula or the Taurus Molecular Cloud, many discs are observed around young stars (Isella et al, 2009; Andrews et al, 2010, 2018a; Cieza et al, 2019). Discs form around new born stars as a natural consequence of the collapse of the molecular cloud, to conserve angular momentum. As in the interstellar medium, it is generally assumed that they contain typically 1% of their mass in the form of rocky or icy grains, known as dust; and 99% in the form of gas, which is basically H2 and He (see, e.g., Armitage, 2010). However, the dust-to-gas ratios are usually higher in discs (Ansdell et al, 2016). There is strong observational evidence supporting the fact that planets form within those discs (Bae et al, 2017; Dong et al, 2018; Teague et al, 2018; Pérez et al, 2019), which are accordingly called protoplanetary discs. -
The Multifaceted Planetesimal Formation Process
The Multifaceted Planetesimal Formation Process Anders Johansen Lund University Jurgen¨ Blum Technische Universitat¨ Braunschweig Hidekazu Tanaka Hokkaido University Chris Ormel University of California, Berkeley Martin Bizzarro Copenhagen University Hans Rickman Uppsala University Polish Academy of Sciences Space Research Center, Warsaw Accumulation of dust and ice particles into planetesimals is an important step in the planet formation process. Planetesimals are the seeds of both terrestrial planets and the solid cores of gas and ice giants forming by core accretion. Left-over planetesimals in the form of asteroids, trans-Neptunian objects and comets provide a unique record of the physical conditions in the solar nebula. Debris from planetesimal collisions around other stars signposts that the planetesimal formation process, and hence planet formation, is ubiquitous in the Galaxy. The planetesimal formation stage extends from micrometer-sized dust and ice to bodies which can undergo run-away accretion. The latter ranges in size from 1 km to 1000 km, dependent on the planetesimal eccentricity excited by turbulent gas density fluctuations. Particles face many barriers during this growth, arising mainly from inefficient sticking, fragmentation and radial drift. Two promising growth pathways are mass transfer, where small aggregates transfer up to 50% of their mass in high-speed collisions with much larger targets, and fluffy growth, where aggregate cross sections and sticking probabilities are enhanced by a low internal density. A wide range of particle sizes, from mm to 10 m, concentrate in the turbulent gas flow. Overdense filaments fragment gravitationally into bound particle clumps, with most mass entering planetesimals of contracted radii from 100 to 500 km, depending on local disc properties. -
L~,~!E?-~}On Streaming Dust Particle Instability
,I Indian Journ~f Radio' & ~patePhysics Vol. 23, Defember 1:,?~kPp. 410-415 Effect of streaming ~l~,~!E?-~}onstreaming dust particle instability Ix. { ....Physics Department,V ~ik~rn;, University yjj;yar~m~~ of Bombay,'{JS1DlTI\r' Bombay 400 090 , ,/ I J / '1J . Received 11 March 1994; revis'ed received 28 July 1994 '7 ~,ffiispersion relation for ~coustic wav~ in a homogeneous, unmagnetized and uniform plasma consistihg of charged streaming dust particles and streaming electrons is solved. The results are used .J to interpret the interaction between the solar wind plasma and ~.!~ry \iust QarticleJ. Due to this, it is suggested that, small dust particles are likely to be swept by the solar wind and thus assist in the formation of cometary tail.) :2). p 'i1 , -' /"" 1 Introduction cles with solar wind has been shown to have an Dust is found to be a common component in important role in the interpretation of large scale many plasma environments. Space plasmas, plane• structures of dusty plasma regionslH6. tary rings, cometary tails, asteroid belts, magne• To assess the interaction between the solar tospheres and lower part of earth ionosphere con• wind and cometary dust tail the conditions for the tain dust particles. In the laboratory plasmas, out• onset of streaming instability by jets, expanding gassing from nucleus, electrostatic disruption etc. halos and solar wind with dusty environment have /. are sOl)1e of the sources of dust particles. These been analyzed5• Bharuthram et al.17have analyzed dust grains collect ions and electrons and acquire the two stream ion instability and also the insta• an electric charge which can be equivalent to bility of drifting dust beams. -
Circularizing Planet Nine Through Dynamical Friction with an Extended, Cold Planetesimal Belt
MNRAS 000,1{9 (2017) Preprint 6 November 2018 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.0 Circularizing Planet Nine through dynamical friction with an extended, cold planetesimal belt Linn E.J. Eriksson,1? Alexander J. Mustill,1 Anders Johansen1 1Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Accepted XXX. Received YYY; in original form ZZZ ABSTRACT Unexpected clustering in the orbital elements of minor bodies beyond the Kuiper belt has led to speculations that our solar system actually hosts nine planets, the eight established plus a hypothetical \Planet Nine". Several recent studies have shown that a planet with a mass of about 10 Earth masses on a distant eccentric orbit with perihelion far beyond the Kuiper belt could create and maintain this clustering. The evolutionary path resulting in an orbit such as the one suggested for Planet Nine is nevertheless not easily explained. Here we investigate whether a planet scattered away from the giant-planet region could be lifted to an orbit similar to the one suggested for Planet Nine through dynamical friction with a cold, distant planetesimal belt. Recent simulations of planetesimal formation via the streaming instability suggest that planetesimals can readily form beyond 100 au. We explore this circularisation by dynamical friction with a set of numerical simulations. We find that a planet that is scattered from the region close to Neptune onto an eccentric orbit has a 20-30% chance of obtaining an orbit similar to that of Planet Nine after 4:6 Gyr. Our simulations also result in strong or partial clustering of the planetesimals; however, whether or not this clustering is observable depends on the location of the inner edge of the planetesimal belt. -
Arxiv:1906.11344V1 [Astro-Ph.EP] 26 Jun 2019 Matches the Observations of Trans-Neptunian Binaries [6]
Trans-Neptunian Binaries as Evidence for Planetesimal Formation by the Streaming Instability David Nesvorn´y1;∗, Rixin Li2, Andrew N. Youdin2, Jacob B. Simon1;3, William M. Grundy4 1Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut St., Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, USA 2Steward Observatory & Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA 3JILA, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 4Lowell Observatory, 1400 W. Mars Hill Rd., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA *e-mail:[email protected] A critical step toward the emergence of planets in a protoplanetary disk con- sists in accretion of planetesimals, bodies 1-1000 km in size, from smaller disk constituents. This process is poorly understood partly because we lack good observational constraints on the complex physical processes that contribute to planetesimal formation [1]. In the outer solar system, the best place to look for clues is the Kuiper belt, where icy planetesimals survived to this day. Here we re- port evidence that Kuiper belt planetesimals formed by the streaming instability, a process in which aerodynamically concentrated clumps of pebbles gravitation- ally collapse into ∼100-km-class bodies [2]. Gravitational collapse was previously suggested to explain the ubiquity of equal-size binaries in the Kuiper belt [3,4,5]. We analyze new hydrodynamical simulations of the streaming instability to de- termine the model expectations for the spatial orientation of binary orbits. The predicted broad inclination distribution with '80% of prograde binary orbits arXiv:1906.11344v1 [astro-ph.EP] 26 Jun 2019 matches the observations of trans-Neptunian binaries [6]. -
Planet Formation
3. Planet form ation Frontiers of A stronom y W orkshop/S chool Bibliotheca A lexandrina M arch-A pril 2006 Properties of planetary system s • all giant planets in the solar system have a > 5 A U w hile extrasolar giant planets have semi-major axes as small as a = 0.02 A U • planetary orbital angular momentum is close to direction of S un’s spin angular momentum (w ithin 7o) • 3 of 4 terrestrial planets and 3 of 4 giant planets have obliquities (angle betw een spin and orbital angular momentum) < 30o • interplanetary space is virtually empty, except for the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt • planets account for < 0.2% of mass of solar system but > 98% of angular momentum Properties of planetary system s • orbits of major planets in solar system are nearly circular (eMercury=0.206, ePluto=0.250); orbits of extrasolar planets are not (emedian=0.28) • probability of finding a planet is proportional to mass of metals in the star Properties of planetary system s • planets suffer no close encounters and are spaced fairly n regularly (Bode’s law : an=0.4 + 0.3×2 ) planet semimajor axis (A U ) n an (A U ) Mercury 0.39 −∞ 0.4 V enus 0.72 0 0.7 Earth 1.00 1 1.0 Mars 1.52 2 1.6 asteroids 2.77 (Ceres) 3 2.8 Jupiter 5.20 4 5.2 S aturn 9.56 5 10.0 U ranus 19.29 6 19.6 N eptune 30.27 7 38.8 Pluto 39.68 8 77.2 Properties of planetary system s • planets suffer no close encounters and are spaced fairly n regularly (Bode’s law : an=0.4 + 0.3×2 ) planet semimajor axis (A U ) n an (A U ) Mercury+ 0.39 −∞ 0.4 V enus 0.72 0 0.7 Earth 1.00 1 1.0 *predicted -
Planets of the Solar System
Chapter Planets of the 27 Solar System Chapter OutlineOutline 1 ● Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Hypothesis Formation of the Planets Formation of Solid Earth Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere Formation of Earth’s Oceans 2 ● Models of the Solar System Early Models Kepler’s Laws Newton’s Explanation of Kepler’s Laws 3 ● The Inner Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars 4 ● The Outer Planets Gas Giants Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Objects Beyond Neptune Why It Matters Exoplanets UnderstandingU d t di theth formationf ti and the characteristics of our solar system and its planets can help scientists plan missions to study planets and solar systems around other stars in the universe. 746 Chapter 27 hhq10sena_psscho.inddq10sena_psscho.indd 774646 PDF 88/15/08/15/08 88:43:46:43:46 AAMM Inquiry Lab Planetary Distances 20 min Turn to Appendix E and find the table entitled Question to Get You Started “Solar System Data.” Use the data from the How would the distance of a planet from the sun “semimajor axis” row of planetary distances to affect the time it takes for the planet to complete devise an appropriate scale to model the distances one orbit? between planets. Then find an indoor or outdoor space that will accommodate the farthest distance. Mark some index cards with the name of each planet, use a measuring tape to measure the distances according to your scale, and place each index card at its correct location. 747 hhq10sena_psscho.inddq10sena_psscho.indd 774747 22/26/09/26/09 111:42:301:42:30 AAMM These reading tools will help you learn the material in this chapter. -
Meteorites and the Origin of the Solar System
Meteorites and the origin of the solar system STEPHEN G. BRUSH University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: During the past two centuries, theories of the origin of the solar system have been strongly influenced by observations and theories about meteorites. I review this history up to about 1985. During the 19th century the hypothesis that planets formed by accretion of small solid particles ('the meteoritic hypothesis') competed with the alternative 'nebular hypothesis' of Laplace, based on condensation from a hot gas. At the beginning of the 20th century Chamberlin and Moulton revived the meteoritic hypothesis as the 'planetesimal hypothesis' and joined it to the assumption that the solar system evolved from the encounter of the Sun with a passing star. Later, the encounter hypothesis was rejected and the planetesimal hypothesis was incorporated into new versions of the nebular hypothesis. In the 1950s, meteorites provided essential data for the establishment by Patterson and others of the pre- sently accepted 4500 Ma age of the Earth and the solar system. Analysis of the Allende meteorite, which fell in 1969, inspired the 'supernova trigger' theory of the origin of the solar system, and furnished useful constraints on theories of planetary formation developed by Urey, Ringwood, Anders and others. Many of these theories assumed condensation from a homogeneous hot gas, an assumption that was challenged by astrophysical calculations. The meteoritic-planetesimal theory of planet formation was developed in Russia by Schmidt and later by Safronov. Wetherill, in the United States, established it as the preferred theory for formation of terrestrial planets. -
Publications Et Communications De Florentin Millour (Février 2016) H-Index 21, Total : 130 Publications Dont 53 À Comité De Lecture
Publications et communications de Florentin Millour (Février 2016) h-index 21, total : 130 publications dont 53 à comité de lecture. Articles dans des revues à comité de lecture, thèse 2015 1. Mourard, D., ..., Millour, F. ; et al., . (2015, A&A, 577, 51) Spectral and spatial imaging of the Be+sdO binary Phi Persei 2014 2. Chesneau, O. ; Millour, F. ; de Marco, O. et al., . (2014, A&A, 569, 3) V838 Monocerotis : the central star and its environment a decade after outburst 3. Chesneau, O. ; Millour, F. ; de Marco, O. et al., . (2014, A&A, 569, 4) The RCB star V854 Centauri is surrounded by a hot dusty shell 4. Chesneau, O. ; Meilland, A. ; Chapellier, E. ; Millour, F. ; et al., . (2014, A&A, 563, A71) The yellow hypergiant HR 5171 A : Resolving a massive interacting binary in the common envelope phase. 5. Domiciano de Souza, A. ; Kervella, P. ; Moser Faes, D. et al. (2014, A&A, 569, 10) The environment of the fast rotating star Achernar. III. Photospheric parameters revealed by the VLTI 6. Hadjara, M. ; Domiciano de Souza, A. ; Vakili, F. et al. (2014, A&A, 569, 45) Beyond the diraction limit of optical/IR interferometers. II. Stellar parameters of rotating stars from dierential phases 7. Schutz, A. ; Vannier, M. ; Mary, D. et al. (2014, A&A, 565, 88) Statistical characterisation of polychromatic absolute and dierential squared visibilities obtained from AMBER/VLTI instrument 2013 8. Millour, F. ; Meilland, A. ; Stee, P. & Chesneau, O. (2013, LNP, 857, 149) Interactions in Massive Binary Stars as Seen by Interferometry 9. Stee, P. ; Meilland, A. -
Allowed Planetary Orbits
RELATIONSHIPS OF PARAMETERS OF PLANETARY ORBITS IN SOLAR---TYPE-TYPE SYSTEMS FACULTY OF SCIENCE, PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY, OLOMOUC RELATIONSHIPS OF PARAMETERS OF PLANETARY ORBITS IN SOLAR-TYPE SYSTEMS DOCTORAL THESIS PAVEL PINTR OLOMOUC 2013 VYJÁD ŘENÍ O PODÍLNICTVÍ Prohlašuji, že všichni auto ři se podíleli stejným dílem na níže uvedených článcích: Pintr P., Pe řinová V.: The Solar System from the quantization viewpoint. Acta Universitatis Palackianae, Physica, 42 - 43 , 2003 - 2004, 195 - 209. Pe řinová V., Lukš A., Pintr P.: Distribution of distances in the Solar System. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 34 , 2007, 669 - 676. Pintr P., Pe řinová V., Lukš A.: Allowed planetary orbits. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 36 , 2008, 1273 - 1282. Pe řinová V., Lukš A., Pintr P.: Regularities in systems of planets and moons. In: Solar System: Structure, Formation and Exploration . Editor: Matteo de Rossi, Nova Science Publishers, USA (2012), pp. 153-199. ISBN: 978-1-62100-057-0. Pintr P.: Závislost fotometrických parametr ů hv ězd na orbitálních parametrech exoplanet. Jemná Mechanika a Optika 11 - 12 , 2012, 317 - 319. Pintr P., Pe řinová V., Lukš A.: Areal velocities of planets and their comparison. In : Quantization and Discretization at Large Scales . Editors: Smarandache F., Christianto V., Pintr P., ZIP Publishing, Ohio, USA (2012), pp. 15 - 26. ISBN: 9781599732275. Pintr P., Pe řinová V., Lukš A., Pathak A.: Statistical and regression analyses of detected extrasolar systems. Planetary and Space Science 75 , 2013, 37 - 45. Pintr P., Pe řinová V., Lukš A., Pathak A.: Exoplanet habitability for stellar spectral classes F, G, K and M. 2013, v p říprav ě. -
Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems
Specialist Topics in Astrophysics: Lecture 2 Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems Ken Rice ([email protected]) FormationFormation ofof PlanetaryPlanetary SystemsSystems Lecture 2: Main topics • Solar System characteristics • Origin of the Solar System • Building the planets Most theories of planet formation have been carried out in the context of explaining our Solar System • Any theory must first explain the data/observables OriginOrigin ofof ourour SolarSolar SystemSystem To have a successful theory we must explain the following: • Planets revolve in mostly circular orbits in same direction as the Sun spins OriginOrigin ofof ourour SolarSolar SystemSystem • Planetary orbits nearly lie in a single plane (except Pluto [no longer a planet!!] and Mercury), close to the Sun’s equator • Planets are well spaced, and their orbits do not cross or come close to crossing (except Neptune/Pluto) OriginOrigin ofof ourour SolarSolar SystemSystem • All planets (probably) formed at roughly the same time • Meteorites suggest inner portions of the Solar System were heated to ~1500 K during meteorite/planet formation period OriginOrigin ofof ourour SolarSolar SystemSystem • Planet composition varies in a systematic way throughout the Solar System Terrestrial planets are rocky Outer planets are gaseous OriginOrigin ofof ourour SolarSolar SystemSystem • Jupiter/Saturn are dominated by H and He; Neptune/ Uranus have much less H and He (mainly ices, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia) OriginOrigin ofof OurOur SolarSolar SystemSystem • Planetary satellites