DOCSLIB.ORG

Cortical Folding Patterns and Predicting Cytoarchitecture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cortical Folding Patterns and Predicting Cytoarchitecture Cortical Folding Patterns and Predicting Cytoarchitecture The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Fischl, B. et al. “Cortical Folding Patterns and Predicting Cytoarchitecture.” Cerebral Cortex 18.8 (2007): 1973–1980. Web. 25 May 2012. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm225 Publisher Oxford University Press (OUP) Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70956 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5 Cerebral Cortex August 2008;18:1973--1980 doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm225 Advance Access publication December 12, 2007 Cortical Folding Patterns and Predicting Bruce Fischl1,2,3, Niranjini Rajendran1, Evelina Busa1, Jean Augustinack1, Oliver Hinds4, B.T. Thomas Yeo3, Cytoarchitecture Hartmut Mohlberg5,6, Katrin Amunts5,6 and Karl Zilles5,7 1Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, 2Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Stata Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, 3Computer Science and AI Lab (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, 4McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, 5Institute of Medicine (IME), Research Center Ju¨ lich, D-52428 Ju¨ lich, Germany, 6Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Aachen Rheinisch-Westfa¨lische Technische Hochschule University, 52074 Aachen, Germany and 7C.&O. Vogt-Institut fur Hirnforschung, Heinrich Heine Universitat, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany Downloaded from The human cerebral cortex is made up of a mosaic of structural BAs vary considerably in terms of their subtlety. For example, areas, frequently referred to as Brodmann areas (BAs). Despite the probably the most salient architectural feature of the cortex is widespread use of cortical folding patterns to perform ad hoc the stria of Gennari, a highly myelinated stripe in layer IV estimations of the locations of the BAs, little is understood present only in the primary visual cortex (BA 17). The stria of http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ regarding 1) how variable the position of a given BA is with respect Gennari is one of the few architectural features of the cortex to the folds, 2) whether the location of some BAs is more variable that is detectable in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging than others, and 3) whether the variability is related to the level of (MRI) (Clark et al. 1992; Barbier et al. 2002; Walters et al. 2003). a BA in a putative cortical hierarchy. We use whole-brain histology Another prominent cytoarchitectonic feature of the cortex is of 10 postmortem human brains and surface-based analysis to test the layer II islands (Ramon y Cajal 1909; No 1933) in entorhinal how well the folds predict the locations of the BAs. We show that cortex (EC, BA 28) that give rise to the perforant pathway higher order cortical areas exhibit more variability than primary and through which most of the input from neocortical areas travels secondary areas and that the folds are much better predictors of to the hippocampus. Using ex vivo MRI at ultrahigh field, we the BAs than had been previously thought. These results further have recently succeeded in robustly visualizing these cell- at MIT Libraries on May 25, 2012 highlight the significance of cortical folding patterns and suggest dense regions throughout the extent of EC (Augustinack et al. a common mechanism for the development of the folds and the 2005). Despite these examples, the vast majority of the cytoarchitectonic fields. architectural characteristics that define borders between adjacent cortical areas are not visible at the resolutions that Keywords: cerebral cortex, macroscopic landmarks, microscopic can be achieved by current neuroimaging technologies. architecture, morphometry Microscopic analysis of histologically stained brain sections, therefore, still remains the most powerful and reliable tool for cortical parcellation and identification of BAs. Introduction Despite the widespread use of cortical folding patterns to The human cerebral cortex is a ribbon of gray matter that is highly perform ad hoc estimations of the locations of the BAs in folded in order to enable a large surface area to fit in the limited individuals, little is understood regarding the relationship of the volume provided by the human skull. The folds are intriguing in folds to the BAs or whether there is a hierarchy in the both their variability and regularity, but little is understood about predictability of the BAs. The architectonics are of course their relationship to the microstructural organization of the important as the mosaic of functionally defined regions that are cortex. The cortex itself can be parcellated into a mosaic of arrayed across the cortical sheet (e.g., Allman and Kaas 1971; microscopically, (i.e., architectonically definable areas) based on Tootell et al. 1983; Felleman and Van Essen 1991; Sereno and localizable and more or less pronounced changes in the laminar Allman 1991) are strongly linked to the underlying anatomy. distribution of neuronal cell bodies (cytoarchitecture) and/or Here we use whole-brain histology combined with statistically intracortical myelinated (myeloarchitecture) fibers (Brodmann testable parcellation methods for the identification of cortical 1909; Vogt 1911; von Economo 1929; Sarkissov et al. 1955). The areas (Amunts et al. 1999; Zilles et al. 2002) and surface-based most famous of these parcellations is the one proposed by analysis (Dale et al. 1999; Fischl, Sereno, Dale 1999; Fischl, Korbinian Brodmann (Brodmann 1909) a century ago. Most Sereno, Tootell et al. 1999) to explicitly test how well the folds current imaging studies of the human cortex report the location predict the locations of the areas. We show that the accuracy of effects as a ‘‘Brodmann area’’ (BA). This determination is with which an area can be predicted from folding patterns typically made by visual comparison of the functional imaging appears to be related to its level in the putative cortical results with Brodmann’s schematic drawings and thus comes hierarchy, with primary and secondary sensory areas being well with no defined estimate of precision or uncertainty. predicted by surrounding folding patterns, and higher level Cyto- and myeloarchitectonic differences between adjacent cognitive areas such as Broca’s area (BAs 44 and 45) the most areas that are the basis of the definition of borders between the variable with respect to the folds. We anticipate that this type Ó 2007 The Authors This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. of mapping will allow a more accurate assessment of the uncertainty associated with localization of functional or structural properties of the human brain. Materials and Methods Histological Processing Methods Ten human postmortem brains were processed and analyzed using the techniques described in Schormann and Zilles (1998), Amunts et al. (1999), and Zilles et al. (2002). The silver-stained histological sections of an individual brain were aligned to the postmortem MR volume of the same brain using nonlinear warping (Schormann and Zilles 1998) to build an undistorted 3-dimensional histological volume. The basic steps, which have been employed in numerous studies, for example, Zilles et al. 1995; Geyer et al. 1997; Schormann and Zilles 1998; Amunts et al. 2000; Geyer et al. 2000; Rademacher et al. 2002; Amunts et al. 2005, are as follows. 1. Histological, cell body--stained sections with cortical regions of Downloaded from interest are imaged under a microscope using a motorized scanning stage and a camera. For subsequent cytoarchitectonic analysis, the gray level index (GLI, [Schleicher and Zilles 1990]) is measured as an index of the volume fraction of cell bodies and GLI images are obtained. Dark pixels correspond to a low volume fraction of cell bodies, light pixels to a high one. 2. The cortex is covered by intensity line profiles that traverse the http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ cortical ribbon from gray/white boundary to pial surface. The shape of each profile reflects the cytoarchitecture (Schleicher and Zilles 1990). 3. A distance function is computed to determine the degree of similarity of adjacent blocks of line profiles. A high degree of dissimilarity (or low similarity) indicates a substantial change in the laminar profiles and hence in the underlying cytoarchitecture. 4. Significant maxima in dissimilarity are those for which the location of the maximum does not depend on the block size but remains stable over large block-size intervals. at MIT Libraries on May 25, 2012 Surface-Based Analysis Methods The reconstructed histological volumes were used to generate surface models of the gray/white interface. This was accomplished in several steps. First, a set of ‘‘control points’’ were manually added to the body of the white matter to guide an intensity normalization step that resulted in the white matter across most of the volume being close to a prespecified value (Dale et al. 1999). This volume was then thresholded and manually edited to separate white
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quantitative Analysis of Axon Collaterals of Single Pyramidal Cells
    Yang et al. BMC Neurosci (2017) 18:25 DOI 10.1186/s12868-017-0342-7 BMC Neuroscience RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Quantitative analysis of axon collaterals of single pyramidal cells of the anterior piriform cortex of the guinea pig Junli Yang1,2*, Gerhard Litscher1,3* , Zhongren Sun1*, Qiang Tang1, Kiyoshi Kishi2, Satoko Oda2, Masaaki Takayanagi2, Zemin Sheng1,4, Yang Liu1, Wenhai Guo1, Ting Zhang1, Lu Wang1,3, Ingrid Gaischek3, Daniela Litscher3, Irmgard Th. Lippe5 and Masaru Kuroda2 Abstract Background: The role of the piriform cortex (PC) in olfactory information processing remains largely unknown. The anterior part of the piriform cortex (APC) has been the focus of cortical-level studies of olfactory coding, and asso- ciative processes have attracted considerable attention as an important part in odor discrimination and olfactory information processing. Associational connections of pyramidal cells in the guinea pig APC were studied by direct visualization of axons stained and quantitatively analyzed by intracellular biocytin injection in vivo. Results: The observations illustrated that axon collaterals of the individual cells were widely and spatially distrib- uted within the PC, and sometimes also showed a long associational projection to the olfactory bulb (OB). The data showed that long associational axons were both rostrally and caudally directed throughout the PC, and the intrinsic associational fibers of pyramidal cells in the APC are omnidirectional connections in the PC. Within the PC, associa- tional axons typically followed rather linear trajectories and irregular bouton distributions. Quantitative data of the axon collaterals of two pyramidal cells in the APC showed that the average length of axonal collaterals was 101 mm, out of which 79 mm (78% of total length) were distributed in the PC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neocortex of Cetartiodactyls. II. Neuronal Morphology of the Visual and Motor Cortices in the Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis)
    Brain Struct Funct (2015) 220:2851–2872 DOI 10.1007/s00429-014-0830-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The neocortex of cetartiodactyls. II. Neuronal morphology of the visual and motor cortices in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Bob Jacobs • Tessa Harland • Deborah Kennedy • Matthew Schall • Bridget Wicinski • Camilla Butti • Patrick R. Hof • Chet C. Sherwood • Paul R. Manger Received: 11 May 2014 / Accepted: 21 June 2014 / Published online: 22 July 2014 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract The present quantitative study extends our of aspiny neurons in giraffes appeared to be similar to investigation of cetartiodactyls by exploring the neuronal that of other eutherian mammals. For cross-species morphology in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) neo- comparison of neuron morphology, giraffe pyramidal cortex. Here, we investigate giraffe primary visual and neurons were compared to those quantified with the same motor cortices from perfusion-fixed brains of three su- methodology in African elephants and some cetaceans badults stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique. (e.g., bottlenose dolphin, minke whale, humpback whale). Neurons (n = 244) were quantified on a computer-assis- Across species, the giraffe (and cetaceans) exhibited less ted microscopy system. Qualitatively, the giraffe neo- widely bifurcating apical dendrites compared to ele- cortex contained an array of complex spiny neurons that phants. Quantitative dendritic measures revealed that the included both ‘‘typical’’ pyramidal neuron morphology elephant and humpback whale had more extensive den- and ‘‘atypical’’ spiny neurons in terms of morphology drites than giraffes, whereas the minke whale and bot- and/or orientation. In general, the neocortex exhibited a tlenose dolphin had less extensive dendritic arbors.
    [Show full text]
  • Altered Cortical Cytoarchitecture in the Fmr1 Knockout Mouse Frankie H
    Lee et al. Molecular Brain (2019) 12:56 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-019-0478-8 RESEARCH Open Access Altered cortical Cytoarchitecture in the Fmr1 knockout mouse Frankie H. F. Lee1, Terence K. Y. Lai1,2, Ping Su1 and Fang Liu1,2,3* Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene and subsequent loss of its protein product, fragile X retardation protein (FMRP). One of the most robust neuropathological findings in post-mortem human FXS and Fmr1 KO mice is the abnormal increase in dendritic spine densities, with the majority of spines showing an elongated immature morphology. However, the exact mechanisms of how FMRP can regulate dendritic spine development are still unclear. Abnormal dendritic spines can result from disturbances of multiple factors during neurodevelopment, such as alterations in neuron numbers, position and glial cells. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive histological analysis of the cerebral cortex in Fmr1 KO mice. They displayed significantly fewer neuron and PV-interneuron numbers, along with altered cortical lamination patterns. In terms of glial cells, Fmr1 KO mice exhibited an increase in Olig2-oligodendrocytes, which corresponded to the abnormally higher myelin expression in the corpus callosum. Iba1-microglia were significantly reduced but GFAP-astrocyte numbers and intensity were elevated. Using primary astrocytes derived from KO mice, we further demonstrated the presence of astrogliosis characterized by an increase in GFAP expression and astrocyte hypertrophy. Our findings provide important information on the cortical architecture of Fmr1 KO mice, and insights towards possible mechanisms associated with FXS. Keywords: Fragile X syndrome, Fmr1 KO mice, Cortical architecture, Astrocytes Introduction reduction of its protein product, fragile X retardation pro- Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited tein (FMRP) [4, 5].
    [Show full text]
  • A Cytoarchitecture-Driven Myelin Model Reveals Area-Specific
    NeuroImage 114 (2015) 71–87 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect NeuroImage journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg A cytoarchitecture-driven myelin model reveals area-specificsignatures in human primary and secondary areas using ultra-high resolution in-vivo brain MRI J. Dinse a,b,c,⁎,N.Härtwicha, M.D. Waehnert a, C.L. Tardif a,b, A. Schäfer a,S.Geyera,B.Preimc, R. Turner a, P.-L. Bazin a,b a Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraß e 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany b Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraß e 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany c Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany article info abstract Article history: This work presents a novel approach for modelling laminar myelin patterns in the human cortex in brain MR im- Received 9 July 2014 ages on the basis of known cytoarchitecture. For the first time, it is possible to estimate intracortical contrast vis- Accepted 9 April 2015 ible in quantitative ultra-high resolution MR images in specific primary and secondary cytoarchitectonic areas. Available online 18 April 2015 The presented technique reveals different area-specific signatures which may help to study the spatial distribu- tion of cortical T values and the distribution of cortical myelin in general. It may lead to a new discussion on the Keywords: 1 concordance of cyto- and myeloarchitectonic boundaries, given the absence of such concordance atlases. The Cytoarchitecture Myeloarchitecture modelled myelin patterns are quantitatively compared with data from human ultra-high resolution in-vivo 7 T Cortical areas brain MR images (9 subjects).
    [Show full text]
  • Language Universals in the Brain: How Linguistic Are They?
    A revised version of this chapter appeared in: Morten H. Christiansen, Christopher Collins & Shimon Edelman, Language Universals.- Oxford University Press. 2009: 224-252. Language universals in the brain: How linguistic are they? Ralph-Axel Müller Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093 1. Do language universals need a brain? Anybody’s search for language universals will depend on certain assumptions that are not themselves scientific in the strict sense of the empirical sciences, since they cannot be subjected to experimental testing. These basic assumptions are ontological, as they imply convictions of how those universals might exist, and they are epistemological because their mode of existence will determine how one can find out about them. Although I do not intend to digress into philosophical questions, it is nonetheless necessary at the outset to clarify certain preconceptions that will characterize this chapter. These are physicalist in nature and therefore the information I will provide in the discussions below will be most relevant to those who believe that minds are organized in certain ways because brains are. There are alternative positions one could take regarding universals. For example, to Saussure (1915/1972) universal principles of “langue” were communicative in nature, i.e., derived from social interaction, rather than individual minds or brains.i In more recent cognitive science, minds have sometimes been likened to software or programs that can be implemented on just about any computational hardware (cf. Fodor, 1976; Gardner, 1987: p78f). The implication of this position would be that some universals of mind may exist without corresponding universals of brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Gene Delivery Methods to Label and Modulate Activity of Upper Motor Neurons: Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    brain sciences Review Advances in Gene Delivery Methods to Label and Modulate Activity of Upper Motor Neurons: Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mouna Haidar 1, Aida Viden 1 and Bradley J. Turner 1,2,* 1 Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; mouna.haidar@florey.edu.au (M.H.); aida.viden@florey.edu.au (A.V.) 2 Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6150, Australia * Correspondence: bradley.turner@florey.edu.au Abstract: The selective degeneration of both upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs) is the pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Unlike the simple organisation of LMNs in the brainstem and spinal cord, UMNs are embedded in the complex cytoarchitecture of the primary motor cortex, which complicates their identification. UMNs therefore remain a challenging neuronal population to study in ALS research, particularly in the early pre-symptomatic stages of animal models. A better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to selective UMN degeneration requires unequivocal visualization and cellular identification of vulnerable UMNs within the heterogeneous cortical neuronal population and circuitry. Here, we review recent novel gene delivery methods developed to cellularly identify vulnerable UMNs and modulate their activity in various mouse models. A critical overview of retrograde tracers, viral vectors encoding reporter genes and transgenic reporter mice used Citation: Haidar, M.; Viden, A.; to visualize UMNs in mouse models of ALS is provided. Functional targeting of UMNs in vivo with Turner, B.J. Advances in Gene the advent of optogenetic and chemogenetic technology is also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vivo Brodmann Mapping of the Human Brain”
    NeuroImage 93 (2014) 155–156 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect NeuroImage journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg Editorial Introduction to the NeuroImage Special Issue: “In vivo Brodmann mapping of the human brain” To achieve the important goal of developing well-grounded mecha- cortical area. Even though different networks may be able to perform nistic models of the function of neural circuits, localized changes ostensibly the same task, it is obvious that brain areas with different in brain activity and the end-points of axonal pathways need to microarchitecture have different information processing competences. be associated with specific well-characterized neural substrates. The Human brains naturally show considerable variability, both in the reawakening of scientific interest in myeloarchitecture, as implemented pattern of sulcal folding and generally in the relative locations of cortical using high resolution structural MRI, affords deeper insights into princi- areas on the sulci and gyri. While some areas such as the primary visual ples of cortical organization which can be integrated with appropriate and primary motor cortices are quite well defined by their sulcal loca- crossing-fiber dMRI tractography. Once the location of changes in tion, their spatial extent can still vary dramatically across subjects, brain activity in a given human brain has been identified, via the individ- even after nonlinear coregistration into a template brain. Although the ual subject's own native myelin-based in-vivo cortical atlas, the corre- Big Brain dataset provides unprecedented access to details of human sponding cytoarchitecture could be looked up in a concordance atlas. cytoarchitecture, in the absence of a concordance atlas between cyto- The papers of this Special Issue offer analysis tools and examples of and myeloarchitecture it can give little insight into in vivo cortical in-vivo native cortical atlases of individual human subjects, in which parcellation.
    [Show full text]
  • Corticospinal Motor Neurons Are Susceptible to Increased ER Stress and Display Profound Degeneration in the Absence of UCHL1 Function Downloaded from Javier H
    Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published January 16, 2015 Cerebral Cortex, 2015, 1–14 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu318 Original Article ORIGINAL ARTICLE Corticospinal Motor Neurons Are Susceptible to Increased ER Stress and Display Profound Degeneration in the Absence of UCHL1 Function Downloaded from Javier H. Jara1,†, Barıs¸Genç1,†, Gregory A. Cox3, Martha C. Bohn2, Raymond P. Roos4, Jeffrey D. Macklis5, Emel Ulupınar6, and P. Hande Özdinler1,7,8 http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ 1Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, 2Neurobiology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, 3Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA, 4Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, 5Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, UK, 6Department of Anatomy, Eskis¸ehir Osmangazi University Medical School, Eskis¸ehir, Turkey, 7Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, and 8Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA by guest on January 26, 2015 Address correspondence to P. Hande Ozdinler. Email: [email protected] † Javier H. Jara and Barıs¸Genç contributed equally. Abstract Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) receive, integrate, and relay cerebral cortex’s input toward spinal targets to initiate and modulate voluntary movement. CSMN degeneration is central for numerous motor neuron disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, 5 patients with mutations in the ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) gene were reported to have neurodegeneration and motor neuron dysfunction with upper motor neuron involvement. To investigate the role of UCHL1 on − − CSMN health and stability, we used both in vivo and in vitro approaches, and took advantage of the Uchl1nm3419 (UCHL1 / ) mice, which lack all UCHL1 function.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Analysis of Laminar Structure of the Human Cortex Based
    COMPUTATIONAL NEURON-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN CORTEX CYTOARCHITECTURE APREPRINT Andrija Štajduhar∗ Tomislav Lipic´ Croatian Institute for Brain Research Laboratory for Machine Learning and Knowledge Representation University of Zagreb, School of Medicine Ruder¯ Boškovic´ Institute [email protected] [email protected] Goran Sedmak Sven Loncariˇ c´ Croatian Institute for Brain Research Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb [email protected] [email protected] Miloš Judaš Croatian Institute for Brain Research University of Zagreb, School of Medicine [email protected] ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a novel method for analysis and segmentation of laminar structure of the cortex based on tissue characteristics whose change across the gray matter underlies distinctive between cortical layers. We develop and analyze features of individual neurons to investigate changes in cytoarchitectonic differentiation and present a novel high-performance, automated framework for neuron-level histological image analysis. Local tissue and cell descriptors such as density, neuron size and other measures are used for development of more complex neuron features used in machine learning model trained on data manually labeled by three human experts. Final neuron layer classifications were obtained by training a separate model for each expert and combining their probability outputs. Importances of developed neuron features on both global model level and individual prediction level are presented and discussed. Keywords Cerebral cortex · cytoarchitecture · machine learning · computational histology arXiv:1905.01173v2 [cs.CV] 13 Dec 2019 1 Introduction Interest in analysis of laminar structure is driven by the evidence of relationship between features of cytoarchitectonic structure and cortical functions.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Full Text PDF 1.18M
    Journal of Neurolinguistics 32 (2014) 1e15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Neurolinguistics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ jneuroling Review The functional neuroanatomy of serial order in language * Cedric Boeckx a, b, , Anna Martinez-Alvarez b, Evelina Leivada b a ICREA, Spain b Universitat de Barcelona, Spain article info abstract Article history: The paper aims to shed light on how serial order is computed in Received 20 March 2014 the human mind/brain, focusing on the nature of linearization in Received in revised form 13 July 2014 language. Linearization is here understood as the mapping of hi- Accepted 23 July 2014 erarchical syntactic structures onto linear strings. We take as our Available online 20 August 2014 point of departure the now well-established need to subdivide Broca's region into different areas, and claim that these brain areas Keywords: play important and distinct roles in the context of linearization. Broca's area Linearization Crucially, for this mapping to be valid, linearization must be Language decomposed into a series of distinct (generic) sub-operations. Biolinguistics Thus, the present work highlights the benefit of decomposing Neurolinguistics Broca's area and the linearization algorithm in parallel to formu- late linking hypotheses between mind and brain. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1. Introduction The aim of the present paper is straightforward: we wish to highlight the benefits of decomposing both anatomical regions like ‘Broca's area’ and computational operations such as ‘linearization’ in language in order to formulate productive linking hypotheses across the fields of neuroscience and linguistic theory. In so doing, we hope to provide a concrete illustration of the research strategy * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiscale Examination of Cytoarchitectonic Similarity and Human Brain Connectivity
    RESEARCH Multiscale examination of cytoarchitectonic similarity and human brain connectivity 1,2 1,2 2,3 1,2,4 Yongbin Wei , Lianne H. Scholtens , Elise Turk , and Martijn P. van den Heuvel 1 Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 3Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands an open access journal Keywords: Connectivity, Network, Graph theory, BigBrain, Cytoarchitectonic differentiation, Structural type ABSTRACT The human brain comprises an efficient communication network, with its macroscale connectome organization argued to be directly associated with the underlying microscale organization of the cortex. Here, we further examine this link in the human brain cortex by using the ultrahigh-resolution BigBrain dataset; 11,660 BigBrain profiles of laminar cell structure were extracted from the BigBrain data and mapped to the MRI based Desikan– Killiany atlas used for macroscale connectome reconstruction. Macroscale brain connectivity was reconstructed based on the diffusion-weighted imaging dataset from the Human Citation: Wei, Y., Scholtens, L. H., Connectome Project and cross-correlated to the similarity of laminar profiles. We showed Turk, E., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2019). Multiscale examination of that the BigBrain profile similarity between interconnected cortical regions was significantly cytoarchitectonic similarity and human brain connectivity. Network higher than those between nonconnected regions. The pattern of BigBrain profile similarity Neuroscience, 3 (1), 124–137.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytoarchitecture and Layer Estimation in High-Resolution Neuroanatomical Images Theodore J
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/445742; this version posted October 26, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Cytoarchitecture and Layer Estimation in High-Resolution Neuroanatomical Images Theodore J. LaGrow 1;∗, Michael G. Moore 1 Judy A. Prasad2, Alexis Webber3, Mark A. Davenport1, and Eva L. Dyer 1;3;∗ 1Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA 2University of Chicago, Department of Neurobiology, Chicago, IL, USA 3Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA Correspondence*: Theodore J. LaGrow, Eva L. Dyer [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT A robust method for quantifying the cellular architecture (cytoarchitecture) of the brain is a requisite for differentiating brain areas, identifying neurological diseases, and modeling architectural differences across species. Current methods for characterizing cytoarchitecture and, in particular, identifying laminar (layer) divisions in tissue samples, require the expertise of trained neuroanatomists to manually annotate the various regions within each image. However, as neuroanatomical datasets grow in volume, manual annotations become inefficient, impractical, and risk the potential of biasing results. In this paper, we propose an automated framework for cellular density estimation and detection of laminar divisions within retinal and neocortical datasets. This method is based upon the use of sparse recovery methods to simultaneously denoise cellular densities and detect transitions in the density which mark the beginning and end of layers.
    [Show full text]