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Joana Margarida De Figueiredo Lima Rebola Netos Da View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas 2007 Joana Margarida de Netos da Revolução: Sexualidade, Nação e Frank Figueiredo Lima Ronan Rebola Grandchildren of the Revolution: Sexuality, Nation and Frank Ronan Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas 2007 Joana Margarida de Netos da Revolução: Sexualidade, Nação e Frank Figueiredo Lima Ronan Rebola Grandchildren of the Revolution: Sexuality, Nation and Frank Ronan Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses, realizada sob a orientação científica do Prof. Dr. David Callahan, Professor Associado do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro. O Júri Presidente Doutor Anthony David Barker Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro Doutor Kenneth David Callaghan Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Maria Filomena Pereira Rodrigues Louro, Professora Auxiliar do Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade do Minho palavras-chave Estudos Irlandeses, Homosexualidade, Religião, Literatura Gay, Amizade Romântica resumo Esta tese propõe-se a investigar expressões do discurso gay irlandês contemporâneo na obra do autor irlandês Frank Ronan. O tratamento literário de temas como a influência da Igreja Católica, a importância da célula familiar irlandesa, ou a manifestação de posições políticas relacionadas com nacionalismo e colonialismo nas suas obras será analisado, com vista a examinar como estes e outros factores moldam a maneira como o discurso homossexual é construído na república da Irlanda e no trabalho de Frank Ronan em particular. Também será dada atenção a estereótipos nacionais e o seu efeito na escrita de Frank Ronan. keywords Irish Studies, Homosexuality, Religion, Gay Literature, Romantic Friendship abstract This dissertation proposes an investigation of expressions of the contemporary Irish gay discourse in the fiction of Irish author Frank Ronan. The literary treatment of themes such as the influence of the Catholic Church, the importance of the Irish family cell, or the manifestation of political views, concerning nationalism and colonialism in the novels will be analysed, in order to study how these and other factors shape the way that homosexual discourse is constructed in the Republic of Ireland and in the work of Frank Ronan in particular. Attention will also be given to Irish national stereotypes, and their effect on Ronan’s writing. Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………..… 1 1. Legendary Children:……………………………………………………...……. 7 Reflections on Gay Literature in Ireland 2. Prophets, Seers and Sages:……………………………………………………... 25 The Influence of the Irish Catholic Church 3. Family Ties:…………………………………………………………………….. 45 The Irish Family Cell 4. Love Will Tear us Apart……………………………………………………..... 67 Marriages, Arrangements and Romantic Friendships 5. God Save the Queen:………………………………………………………….... 93 The Impact of Nationalism, Colonialism and Post-Colonialism 6. Suffragette City:…………………………..…………………………………....... 115 Images of Femininity Conclusion…...…………………………………………………………………….. 135 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….. 143 General Rebellions and revolts of a whole people never were encouraged, now or at any time. They are always provoked. Edmund Burke As men are affected in all ages by the same passions, the occasions which bring about great changes are different, but the causes are always the same. Charles de Montesquieu In his novel hOme (2002), Irish author Frank Ronan has his readers looking at the world, more specifically at the intricacies of the Irish social fabric, through the innocent but highly inquisitive eyes of a child. This child, named Coorg after a honey pot, was born into a hippy community in England in the 1960s, which held the belief that cabbages screamed in pain and fear when harvested, and that Marc Bolan, the late lead singer of the English band T.Rex was something of a wizard, a prophet, even the messiah. The book begins with one of Coorg’s earliest childhood recollections, which consists of being taken to a concert. There, sitting naked on the floor, he gazed at the distant stage where he could hardly make out the singer of ‘Children of the Revolution’, and he listened to the people around him as they explained to each other the ways in which that tiny man was about to save the world, and more importantly ‘save us from ourselves’ (4). Bolan’s revolution possessed a sexual character. It had to do with liberation from a biologically fixed sexuality and the power to reconfigure one’s identity at will. The main idea behind the glam rock movement of the 1960s and 70s, and T.Rex in particular was precisely that freedom to express yourself through music, glitter and make up, renouncing the notion of gender as a tool of social control through the creation and fashioning of identity, especially sexual identity, beyond the usual restraints and boundaries that the idea of a fixed gender imposes. The song ‘Children of the Revolution’ was written in September 1972 and was poorly received by some critics, who feared it might have something to do with communist propaganda. In reality, it is a rather straight-forward song about the power and glamour of teenage rebellion. The significance of Glam rock in Ronan’s narrative, and this song’s title, had me reflecting about the nature of different kinds of revolutions. The word revolution comes from the Latin ‘revolutio’ which means to turn around. It is a 1 broad and complex concept, for a revolution can be for example, political, economic, ideological, cultural, or technological in nature. Could Bolan’s sexual and glitter revolution have anything to do with, for instance, the Easter Rising? At first glance, one would say no. On the other hand, there is the will, or need, to make a change, to fight for one’s beliefs, to break out from restraints one considers wrongly imposed. This dissertation sets out to explore this connection, though its aim is not the study of revolutions, but of their effects. By playing with Bolan’s song, updating and appropriating its words for specific purposes, the title of this thesis, ‘Grandchildren of the Revolution’, refers to the examination of the consequences of past revolutions that have made it possible for Frank Ronan, among others, to be able to write what can, in broad terms, be considered gay Irish literature. The word grandchildren serves to convey the necessary distance for exploring the legacy of not one, but two revolutions, both of which, each in its own specific way, became stepping stones to the foundation of nations and communities: The Easter Rising and the Stonewall riots. The Easter Rising was undeniably a milestone in the subsequent creation of the Irish Republic, but the rebellion itself, in terms of military success, failed. It took place in the 24th of April, Easter Monday of 1916. The Irish volunteers, the Irish republic Brotherhood lead by Pádraig Pearse, and the Irish citizen Army commanded by James Connolly, attempted an uprising in order to free their country from British rule. Key locations were held by the rebels and a Republic was proclaimed, but the revolt was crushed by the English army and its leaders executed, although remembered in Ireland as martyrs and founders of the republic. Despite the blatant military failure, this rebellion managed to place the Irish on the road to independence, for the survivors of the rising, such as Michael Collins or De Valera went on to bring Ireland back to war, from 1919 to 1921. This war resulted on the two parts settling for the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921, granting independence for twenty six of Ireland’s thirty-two counties. The same way the Easter Rising is considered a stepping stone in the foundation of the Irish nation, so also did the Stonewall riots mark the beginning of the gay liberation movement, serving as an initial platform for the struggle for gay rights all over the world. Stonewall Inn was a gay bar in Greenwich Village, New York City, in the 1960s, a time when homophobia was ascendant and just about anything could justify or trigger an arrest on indecency charges. Raids on gay bars were fairly common, although the law had already undergone some alterations in 1966, allowing, for example, women to embrace and kiss without making it a cause for detention. On the 28th of June 1969, a 2 raid was conducted at the Stonewall Inn, but later than usual, and the place was full. It quickly turned into a riot, for if gay bars were legal, there was no apparent reason for such a raid. The patrons at the bar felt discriminated against due to their sexuality and race (many of the costumers were black or Hispanic people), and the number of rioters escalated, struggling against the police and resisting arrest. It was estimated that there were around 400 policemen for a crowd of 2000. The following night there was another riot, although less violent, and before long civil rights organizations connected with the gay liberation movement started to surface and to spread, in order to fight for gay rights and respond to the way homosexuals were being treated by the police. The following year festivities were planned to celebrate the date, including a march from Greenwich Village to Central Park, which became the first gay pride parade ever and for which around 15000 people turned up. Other American cities
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