DonaldW. Zaroban, ldaho D vison of Envronr.ental Qua ty. 1410N Hiton StreetBoise ldaho83706 MichaelP- Mulvey, Oregon Department of EnviTonmentaQua lty 1712 SW 11th. Port and. Oregon 97201 TerryR. Maret, U S Geoogical Survey 230 Co ns Road,Bo se ldaho83702 RobeatM. Hughes,Dynamac Corporat on 200SW 35th Street. Corva is Oregon97333 ano Glenn D. Merritt,Washington Department of Ecology300 DesmondDrive PO. Box 300. Olympa Washington I 98504 l Classificationof SpeciesAttributes for PacificNorthwest Freshwater

Abstract

Fish asscmblagesinregfate physicrl rnd chemical habitatcondilions and are usedto e\'rlurte the condilion of\later re,ioLucesnr the Pacilic N orthwest.To frc il itate such c valuations. \\'e c la\silied .ach of ihe I 32 fr eshwaterlish spccicsknown lo occur in the Paciiic North$esr (ldaho, Ofegon,washingtonl b], it,r ofigin. o\erall pdlulion tolerance..rdult habilal. aduh iicding. and \\'atef temperarureprcfcrcnce. ReconnneDdationslionl rcgional fishery experls-publishcd lilerature,and $e rggregalc cxpcrienceof the authors$er€ uscd lC)classil_v species. The ,lllributc classificationswere rcsporsj!c to hunrandi\tufbance of uquatichabitats \l''henrpplied to lish .rsscnrblagessampled from throughoutrhe region. Our attributeclassiiication offish speciespromo|es usc oi assemblagesto c!aluate varer fe$urce condirionsrcgionally and fostersgreatcr acccptance ofbiobgical measurcsoJ watcr

lntroduction agesshared by multiple states,hindering intcr- stateassessments and regional collaboration. The use of fish assemblagesfor assessingwater Becauseof high publicand economic interest in quality is in responscto nandates of the Clean theseresourccs, USEPA supporttbr quantitative WaterAc1 (Water Enyironrnent Federation l997) biocriteria, and the interstateranges of manl' of requidngStates to restoreand naintain biologi- the fish species.there is clearly a needto develop cal intcgrity.The U.S. EnvironmentalProtection more effective asscssmenttools to evaluatePa- Agency (USEPA)reconmends that Statesdo this citic Northwcst water bodiesusing their fish as- by devcloping narlative and numcric biological semblages. critcria(USEPA 1990,Gibson 1996).To date, north*estern stateshave developedonly narla- Fish assemblageshave proven useful to de tive biokrgical criteria. For example, ill the vast scribeand assess biological condition ofspecific majority ofstreamsin thc PacitlcNofihwest, state waters in thc Pacific Northwest(Hughes and "benellcial statutescall for protection of uses" Ganrmon1987, Fisher 1989,Friesen and Ward of water.such as salmonidspawning. cold watcr 1996,Marct et al. l997,Hughes et al. 1998).This biota,or no detfimentalchanges in biologicalcom is becausefish are integratorsof water resourcc nrunities(ldaho Departmentof Health and Wel- conditions,and intbrnrtrtionabout thet stucture fare1993, Oregon Secretary ofState l998.Wash- and |unction may be usedto assessthese condi- ingtonAdnrinistrative Code 1997).Previously. tions (Li st al. 1987).Specifically, tish assem however. not all fieshwatcr fish speciesof the blugesrre useiulin evrluatinpbii)lic inlcgril). "the PuLitl.N,'rthue.t ucreclus.ilie.l h5 melricscom definedas ability ofan aquaticecosystem to monly lbund usef'ulfor quantitativelyevaluating suppoftandmaintain a balanced,integratcd, adap- attainmcntof beneficialuses and biologicalin tire iommunityoI orgrni'm. hr\ing J .pucie\ tegrit),(e.g., as describedby Yoderand Rankin composition comparableto that of the natural lqa8.l.In LlJiti,'n.lhcre wcre incon\i.lenl mel- habitatswithin a region"( Frey 1977,Kan and lic classiticationsfor the sane speciesin drain Dudley1981).

NorthwestScience. Vol.73. No.2. 1999 8t

! 109! b!rhe\.nhrenSrruniri.,\rs.i'rnotr Allrtht\re\enen Accordingto Karr eral. ( 1986),the capabiiity tolerant.warmwater adapted individuals tends to offish assemblagesto accuratelyreflect environ- increaseas a result of habitatdegradation and/or mentalquality lies in their integrationoffive major water quallty degradationof coldwarcr srreams tactors that determinethe condition of a water (Lyonset al. 1996.Maret 1997). rcsource.These factors include hydrology,water Chunge.in rhebiolic intcpril) r,f \lrccrn\ (.an quality, biological intcractions,physical habirar be expressedby the trophic composition of the structure,and energyresources. Because fish as fish assenrblage.For exanrple.organic pollution semblagesintegmte these characteristics of their enteringstreams alters food sourccs,resulting in environments,they are useful tirr evaluatingthc changesto the trophic shrcture of fish assem- cflects of human actiyities on particular sitesor. blages(Kan et al. 1986).These enriched condi acrossentire regions (Kan l98l ). tions favor tolerant omnivorousindividuals that Assessmentsof biolic integrityhave typically adapteasily to disruptedfood sources.The pro included classesof attributesor metrics describ- porlion ofomnivores(primarily common carp and ing speciesrichness. species composition. tophic somecatostomid specics) increases with human struclure.fish abundancc.andfish condition (Miller disturbanceiD westem rivers (Hughes and et al. 1988,Hughes and Noss 1992.Simon and Gammon1987, Maret 1997). Lyons 1995.Sirrron 1998). Each metricreflecrs The proporrirnof rnJiridurlsoccupling I the quality of a different aspectofthc fish assem- pa icular habitarrype is useful fbr evaluatingthe blagethat responds in a dillerentmanner to aquatic effectsofaltered physical habitar (KarI et al. 1986). ecosystemstressors. The index of biotic integ- "hider,' For example,the number of native spe- rity (lBI). first lbrmulatedby Kan (1981),com- cies, which are commonly found in substratein- binesthese metrics into an indexofwarer resource tersticesor among macrophytesor organic de- condition.Recent applications summarized in bris, tendsto declinewith habitatdisturbance Simon(1998) have showo thathe IBI concepris (Hugheset al. 1998).The numberof smallbenthic widely adaptable.but metrics must be modified, dwelling species(sculpins and dace), large benthic deleted.or addedto rcflect regional diflerences species(suckers), or bothhave been recomrnendcd in tish distribution and assemblagcstrxcture. as indicatorsof biotic integrity (Karr et al. I 986, Fishassemblage attributes such as origin (na Hughesand Gammon i987). Otherbenthic spe tive or alicn),overall tolerance to pollution.habitat cies metricssuch as numberofcottid ageclasses and tenperature prefcrences.and tlophic struc- nay prolide useful information as well. ture have been found responsiveto human dis Although it is not our intent to develop a turbance(Hughes and Camnon 1987,Simon and multimetric index in this paper,an essentialslcp Lyons 1995,Kan and Chu 1999)and usefulin ln thedevelopment process is publicationof metric evaluatingbiotic inregrity (Miller et al. 1988. classificationstbr the fish speciesin this region Chandleret al. 1993.Yoder and Rankin 1998). for widespreadreview and comment. This typc HumaDdisturbance can increase taxa richness in of fish speciesinformation previously has been cold waterstreams (Lyons et al. 1996.Maret lggT) rnconsrstentand separatelylocated. Our goal is ascool andwarm water species invade where water to providc a single infomation sourceso sclen- tempemturcregimes have bcen altered by such tists can tnoreeftectively use fish assemblage activitics as agricuJture.logging and urban de infirrrnationin theirassessments of the condition velopmenl. Highly altered aquatic habitats are ofsurlacewaters. We offerconsistentspecies clas- pafiiculiirlyvulnerable to invasionby alien(in- sitlcations that are applicableto surveysacross troduced.non native.exotic) species(Moyle and the Pacific Northwest,large portions ofits states. Nichols1973, Holden and Statnaker lgl5.Leidy or at site and wate$hed scales. and Fiedler1985, Moyle 1986.Hughes and Gammon 1987).The percentage of individuals Methods that are alien reflectsbiological pollution, u'hich hasusually been less reversible than chemical and Wecompiled a list of freshwaterfish speciesknown physicaldisturbance (Hughes er al. 1998):it was to occur in Idaho. Oregon,and Washingtonliom the secondmost con-lmonlycited cause of tish speciesdescriptions by Bond(1963. 1913,1994), speclesextinction afier physicalhabitat change Scott and Crossman(l973). Moyle (1976). (Mil1eret al. 1988).Likewise. the proportionof Wydoskiand Whitney (1979). Lee et al. (1980),

82 Zaroban,Mulvey. Maret, Hughes.and Merritt Simpsonand Wallace ( 1982),McPhail and Lindsey centrationsofdissolved oxygen. Species that tend (1986),Mincklel, et al. ( 1986),Siglcr and Sigler to be neither tolerant nor sensitiveto incrcased (1987,1996), Robins et al. ( 1991),Behnke (1992). siltltion, turbidity, temperature.or lowered dis- Moseleyand Groves( 1992),Mongillo ( 1993), solvedoxygen, bul are typically replacedby tol Mongilloand Hallock (1995). ard theWashing erantspecies in thosesituations, were considered ton Depanmentof NaturalResources (l997). A intermediate.Species classilied as having inter numbero[ estuarineanLl hrleki.h \\rler \perie\ mediatetolerance are unlikely to be useful indi- were also listed if commonly found in frcshwa catorsin highly disturbedwaters with very poQr ter lish collections.We used the scientific and water quality.However. where the disturbrnceis common namesof specicsas listed by Robins et Iimited to moderatedegradation of high quality at.(1991). waten or whereit is mostlyan alteration ofphysical be A \et oI attribule\heliered responrire t,' or habitatstructure, these species are expected t() indicative of human disturbancewas selected. useful indicators. Additionally, these attributeswerc assumedto Adult habitat attributeswere classifiedas reflecteither biological processesor cntena con- benthic.water column, or hidcr to help detect tainedin statewater quality standards.Wc based human induced changesto habitat structurc our speciesclassifications on the accouDtstrom (Oberdorff and Hughes 1992. Sinlon and Lyons the authorscited in the precedingparagraph, plus 1q95.Hughe! el ul. l9oRr.Benthic speL ie. ucrc Carfander(1969, 1971).National Academy of thosethat typically occur on or near the bottom Sciencesand Nutionll Acldeml ol Engineering of llke. or streams.Wirter column \pe( ies $crc (1972),Minckley (1973), Pflieger (1975), Coutant fish that tend to occur throughoutthe variousdepths ( | 977),Hokanson ( I 977),Trautman ( 198I ), Becker or nearthe water surlace. Fish speciesclassified (1983),Snith ( 1985),Woodling (1985), Coutenay as hiders were commonly found buried in sedi- et al. (1986), Ohio EnvironmentalProtection ments or hidden in densecover such as aquatic Agency(1987), Bond et al. (1988),Robison and macrophytes,undercut banks. crevices, or over- Buchanan(1988). Page and Bun (1991),Rinne hangingvegetation. and Minckley (1991),LaRivers (1994), Baxter Changesin food resourcescan causeshifts in andStune t lqq5). and our aEgregateerperien,. e. the ffophic structureoffish assemblages(Karr et The personalobservations of the authorsand re- al. 1986).To detecteffectsof humandisturbances viewen were uscd in instanceswhcre soLlrces on the aquatic food web, we classified Pacific disagreedon aparticular specicsclassification or Northwest fishes into six feeding groups based if no information was available. on litcraturedescriptions of primary diet and dis- Each Pacific Northwest lieshwater tlsh spc- tinguishinganatomy. Our classiticationsof adult cieswas classified as either native or allenon a lteding attdbutesalso includethe fueshwaterju- :'laleby 5lateha\i\. \\e definednJIi\e \pecics c. venilesof anadromousor non-leedingadult spe- thosebelieved to have been presentin the statc cies. We defined feeding groups as filterer, her p or to Europeansettlement. Alien species\\,erc bivorc.omnivore. inlertivore. piscivore/invertivore, those that are introduccd through human inter- and piscivore.Filterers ingest tlne particlesfrom ventionin a givenstate or in thereglon. the watcr column and typically have modified We classificd the overall pollution tolerance mouth partsor gill rakerslbt filtering. Hcrbivores of speciesas sensitive(S), tolerant (T). or inter- f'eedprimarily on aquaticvcgetation, typically have mediate([). Sensitivespecics werc thosethat tend mouth parts modified for scraping.and have an to either disappearor are greatly rcducedin as- elongatedgut to aid in digestionof cell walls. sociationwith humandisturbances (Karr ct al. Speciesclassified as omnivores primarily eatplant 6/c l9E6).These species are t),pically intolerant ol and matcrial (at least 25 of cach). siltation, turbidity, increased\e'atcr temperature, InveftivoresconsuIneinveftebrate prey. prinarily and lowereddissolved oxygen and tcnd to be re- .Piscivore/inve[tivores eat considerable placedby intermediateand tolerilnt spccies.We proponionsoffish and inveftebratesand typically definedtolerant speciesas tishesthat tend to in- have an enlargcdmouth relative to non-piscivo creasein abundancewith humandislurbances. rous specics.Piscivores primarily consume lish particularly in relation to increasedsiltation, tur- and usuallyhave numerous teeth, large eyes, and bidity. anclwater temperrture.and lowered con- large mouths.

Classiticationof Pacilic Northwcsl FreshwaterFish 83 To assessthe eflccts i)f humaninduced changes aliens.more omnivores,f'ewer sensitive species, on thethermal r-egime of waterresources, we clas- or perhapsall three.The secondsite in eachpair sified fish speciesas cold water, cool $'ater. or reprcscntsless disturbed habitat. These disturbance wann water(Hokanson 1977, Eaton el al. 1995). ranklngs were made independentlyof the fish We detenninedthe temperature classifications from metric pelrentages.Only reticulatesculpin was \pclic\ rJnpe:.\pJwnin! .(asons..pru ninplum- collectedat theBone River. Washington site. Since peratures.and physiologicaloptima (Hokanson the reticulatesculpin is not classiliedas alien, t977). onrn ir un 'u.. or scn'itirc, it renJer.thcse metrics meaninglessat this site. Uset'ulmetrics may bc Besultsand Discussion combinedinto indicesof fish asscmblageinteg rity once referencc(minimally impacledor his- We provide classificationsof origin, overall pol torical) conditionsare dcterminedagainst which lution tolerance.adult habitat,adult feeding.and metricscores are judged. water temperaturefor 132 specicsof tieshwater tish knownto occurin thePacific Nonhu'est (Table To be effective and credible in using fish as- l). Of thesespecies, 78 occur in ldaho, 10:lil semblagesto assessthe integntyof waterrcsources Oreprrn.85 in Wlt.hington.rnJ 5.1.fe\'ie. irre regionally.biologists must agrceon the attribute commonk) all threestates. There are 2.9, and I classitlcationsof the fish speciespresent. Thcse fish speciesendcmic to the threerespective states. attributeclassitications promotc interagencyand intefstatecomparisons of lish assemblageinteg- To demonstrateichthyogeogtaphic patterns in rity at leastacrcssourfive agenciesand thrce states. classificationsof tish speciesattdbutes, we pro- For example,sincc all six largeriver sitesin Table videstate and rcgional examples (Figure l). Fifty 2 arein similar-sizedColumbia River tributaries. of the l32 freshwatcrt'ish speciesin the Pacific theirfish assemblagcscan be compaledorranked Northwestare aliens. The numbersofspecies that by degreeof impact from low (SnakeRiver at are rlien to Idaho. Oregon. and Washingtonare Flagg). to intermediate(Willamette River at 38,38, and36, respectively.Regionally.37 spe- McKenzie. Yakima River at Umtanum), k) high ciesare wanr-watcr tish.but 33 oftheseare aliens. (all three disturbedriver sites). In Idaho, 2.1specics are classified as warm water (allofthese are alicns). while 29 warmwater spe- Usersofthese classilications arc cautionedthat cies(26 alien) occur in Oregon,and 20 (19alien) this is a work in progressand at lcast sevenlimi in Washington.Tolerant species show similar tationsnecd to be considered. numher..R<;ionrllr. -16 frc:hrrater speiies lrc (1)Muchofthe infornation contained in Table "fishes tolcrant.32 ofwhich arealiens. ln ldaho,Oregon. I wasobtained from of'books asopposed and Washington.30, 37. and 24 of the species k) the primary literature.Such infbrmation there- i:Lretolerant, respectivcly. Most ef thesetolerant fbre reflectssubjective opinions ofthe authorsas species(2,1,26, and 18.respectively) are aliens. wcll as our own. These comparisonssho$, that, 0n regional and (2) There are substantialbiogeographic limi- statescales, the majority of warm water and tol tations in applying our classifications. For ex- eranttish speciesare alien and hrve thepotential ample. a speciesthat is gcnerally tolemnt in the lo signilicantlydistnrb fish assemblagesin stressed WillamctteValley ecoregion is unlikelyto occur habitats. in the high elevationWillamette River tributaries To illustrate the use of frsh attdbute classiti- of the CoastRange and Cascades. Sites in such calionsin site evalurtions,u,e examinedthree placeswill lack tolerantspecies as classified here, markedlyditterent metrics (% alienindividuals. so intennediatespecies may be used for assess- t/. omnivorousindividuals. and % sensitivespc- ing disturbaDce.Similar moditicationswill ap- cies) from two wadcableand trvo largerivel sites ply elsewherein nrountainousregions. Adapta- in erch.tilt( aTrble2). A lth,'ughruu specicscom tionsoflocalfish stocksorsubspccies (e.g. redband positiondata are useful for'fish biologists,it is trout, Lahonlon cutthreatffout) to elcvatedtem- easier for managersand the public to compare peraturemay rcquirc moditication of thescclas- sucha sct ol metric scores. The first site in cach sifications to increasemetric sensiti\'ily. Also. pair reprcsentsa physicallyand/or cherrically rainbowtoutplantcd in streamsinhabited by west- disturbcd habitat; these suppofi relatively more slope cutthroat trout must be consideredalicns

84 Zaroban.Muivey, Maret, Hughes.and Merritt TABLE 1. Cla\sificrtionsoflieshwalcr tish species kno$n to occurir Idaho.Oregon. r'r\lashington (fanrilies listed alphabeti- call)).

,A.duh Adult Ofigin by Ovelxll Frcsh$ater Ffesh*ater Fanlil!/Species Co,rmon Ntllne Sh(c Tolcrancer Habitat Temperature FeedinS

Acipcnseridae Acip(nt(t tnedit^tris grcer srurgcon OR.\\A S benthic cold piscivore A( r?en!? t 1t ltl\t)totl tdnus wnrlcSlurgeon ID, OR.\\A I bcn!hic cold invet/pisci\ofe

Cat0stomidae (:dtu^1dnusardetts Utah sucker ID T bcnthic cool omni\ofe Lat osto tnu s ct1 to st ot n u s rongnosesucKer ID. WA I cold irlertivore Cat os I o m us u) !um b ianut bridgelif sucker ID. OR,\\A t' cool herbivorc CatostomusdistoboLu\ blueherd sucker ll) I benthic cool herbivorc Cato s t L) mu t nu ( tul tei I^ lrrgescalesucker ID. OR.\\i\ T cool omntlorc Cutonomut ot 1idenkLlis Sacramentosuckcr OR T benthic clrlrl omnl\'ore ( ub sh /'.tlsp\d tI rh) nrhks nountain sucker ID, OR.\\A bcn!hic cool herbircfe Ct1tt)stuxttusrimi. Iu\ Klamarhsmallscale suckel OR ben$ic Cato\tomut \n\'tLri Klamrth lurgescalcsLlcker OR bentlic coot omnrvore ('utoskrnus l.1hoensk Tahoc sucker OR bcnlhic cool omnivore ( ubstomus )t dn\.rcnsis warner sucker OR benthrc Cltaeit isIes 1)ttI i tostt is snofllose sucKer OR bsnthic cool inven/plankti\ore Lost Rivef suckef OR cool inveftilore

Ccn!rarchidae Antblqlilet rupestris I $alcr column \\'arm inven/pisci\ore Atchopl i tes interuptLt \ Sacramentoperch I watef colullln warm gfeen suniish T watef column wrnn invcrL/pi!civore pumpkinsecd T water column cool invervplscivore T watct column rvarm in\ertpiscn'ofe LqoDti\ tnt1ctnchirus bluegill T \\'alct column $arm invert/piscn'ore Lelrntis nicroloph s redear\unfish T water column lr'arnr inredpiscivore lI ic rop t. rus do I o tni I u i smrllnnmrhbass I walefcolumn cool Mitropk rus talno .\ l.rrgem0uthbars T \\'atercolunn $arm \\'hlte crappie T watcr column \rarm Ponois nigroDtd(ulutu\ black crappie t' \\'atef column \rarn

Cichlidac Ci(hlu\onu nis14asritl til con!ic( cichlid T watef column waml in\crtplscivore bluc lilapia T $aler column war invertpiscivore Tilupiu nossanbicd Mozanrbiquedlapia T walcr column warm in\efi/pisci\ore

Clupcidae Anrencan shad

Cobitidre il4i\gurnusdtquilli lrklatus orientalwearherfi\lr benthic

Co||idac OR.WA benthlc cool inleni\ore pficklr sculpin OR,WA benthic cool in!err/piscivorr moded sculpin ID.OR. WA benllic cool invertivore Paiutc sculpin ID. OR.\\A benthic cold inlertllore slimr" sculpin ID. \\I{ benthic cold inlertivore shorlhcadsculpin ID. OR.\\A benlhic cold inlertilore

Clr:rilj. rti,'n oI Pil(ifi( Norlhuest Fre.h\r i]ter Firh rJ5 TADLI L Chssilicetions ()1licshwilcr lis| \pccics kno$n lo occur in ldaho. Orcgon. or \\hshington (lamilies listed alphabeti- ca ,,,'.).

Adult Adult Ongi b,v O\erall Frcshrvalcr Frcshwaler l-.rn l/Ste(ie\ CommonName Staler Tolemncer Habirat Temperature l-eeding

BeafLake sculpin ID I ben$ic cold inlertivore Shonn)nesculpin ID S benrhic cold inlertivore rillle sculpir OR.WA I berllic cool invefivofe C0tru\ kLdDtdth,: \il marblcd sculpin OR I bcnthic cool in\erlivorc \\i)od Rilef sculpin ID S benthic cold invertlvore mugin.d sculpin OR, \\A I bcnlhic cool inlertivore rcticulatcsculpin OR.\\A bcnlhic cool invenivore pir sculpin OR t' benthrc cool invcrd\ore Kla athl-ake sculpln OR I benthic cold invcrtilorc ioffent\culprn ID. OT{.\\A I cold inlcrrpiscjvore slendersculpin OR I cool inrertivore Leptocdttls dfln.o s Prciiic slaghornsculpin OR.WA I benlhic cold invefiilofe atvlllll!49 Acro.h?ilut dlutace s ID. OR.W,A. benthic cool hefbn'ore g0ldlish benthic Couasius phunbet6 lakc chub lD. \!t{ \!atcr colunn cold CtcnopItdrynptlo idcIIlt grasscilrp $atcr colunn warm herbi!ore bcnthic \rarnl Ahord chub OR water column wafm Utah chub ID waler coiunn cool 1D.0R. WA $ater column cool Bor.rxLake chub OR water column rl arm bluechub OR waler column cool lerthefsidechub ID walercolumn cool Ht\ienleucus s\tanet dts Califi)rnia r0ach OR benthic MIlochtih!s cuurulus ID. OR.\\A [aler column cool Notu tni gonu! | h^ tol cutlt! goldcnshiner watcr column $arm Oftg.nid1lh): t tuuneri Ofegon chub OR hidef cool OrcIonichit\s kalL,lnts.Ii Unpqua chLrb OR hider cool Pnnqhtl?s pnnkla\ tathcadminno$ wa(ct colu n warm Pt\t ho( ht i I u\ ot"son(n\ i' northern squa$fish' tD.0R.\\ $atercolumn cool Pt\t hotlk ilut u"tpttuu( t.r'npquasquaqfishr OR $atercolumn cool rn!cfl/pisci!orc Rhiitidtth\ \ ettLru tue rongnoseorce ID. OR. \!:,\ benthic cool in!crtivorc Rhiiti(hth\\ ?| (fl]k"t i Lrmpqur dace OR benthic cool Rhittich t\s fuIcatkt ID. OR.\\A beDthic cool Rhittitltth\ \ o\t ulLtl spccklcddace 1D.OR. \\A bcnlhic cool Rit hu t tlson i us hul te u t r s fedsideshinef ID. OR,\\A $ater column cool R it ha ttl so I t i us egrcgi us Lahontm redside OR water colurnn warm

C!prir0dortidac FtotlLtlu\ dkqtkuut\ handedkilliii\h T ratcr colLrnrn !vam1 inlertivore fain\latefkillifidr T warer column \r'arm in\erlilorc

Ernbiorocidac r. rtndk )8uste I a gt t8 ukl \hinefpefch OR.\!A benrhic cold

E\ocidae Srrs\ pickefel \!lter column cool t{6 Zaroban,Mulvcy, Marct. Hughcs. and Merrilt TABLE 1. Classificatidrs of iieshwatcr fish speciesknown 1ooccuf in Idaho. Orcgon. or W"shingt(D (lumilics listed alphabeti- callyl.

Adult ,{dult Originby Ovcrall Freshwater Freshwatef FJnrily/S|recies Colnnon \a e State Tolcrancer Habitut Tcmperalure Feedirg

Gadidac ID, OR.\IA benthic cold

Gasterosteidae Gdsteron(u\ aul&ttus threespineslickleback OIt, WA hrdef lclaluridre \!hire catfi\h T bcnthic in!cri/pisci!ore black bullhead T hidcr ir!crrpiscivore ycllow hullhead T hlder inrcrt/Piscivore Aneturus n(bub\Ls brorn bullhead T warm i nvert/pisc i\ore blue catlish T wafln rnvefi/piscrlore l.lulurus pltlctalu\ channclcadish T bcn!hic invervpjsci!ore tadpole lnadt|lln T hidef warm inrerdpiscivore flathe.rdcadish T benthic warm p'\crrorc

H\panptus prctios|\ OR.WA S wirer column cold invcrlivore sti rinchus thuleir hth,\| longfin,imell OR.\!A I watcr column cool ilrvcrtilore Thal&hth\"t tutilicus OR. \\A I {'ater column cool invetilore

Percichth.,-idac whiteb ss waler colunn cool stfiped brss water colunn cool

Pcrcidae yello$ pcrch water column cool invertpiscilorc SI i..o \t ?LI b tI |i ftcu, I r\'alleye lratcr column cool pisci\'ore

Pcrcoplid4g I'. rc op si s I ran u n..,tt xnut ID. OR.\\A hider

Petfomvzontidae nlef lamprey OR,WA I hider Lampetru lethaphaga Pit Klanrath brook larnprey OR I hidel lilter feedef NIilLerLukc lampre) OR I hider Lanpetru ri(htxLt\oni \!cstcm brook lamprey I hider Klamath Ri!er lanprey OR I Lampeln ttidentatd Pacilic lamprey ID, OR.\A I hider fiher leedcr-

Pleuronectrdae Plutichth\s st,:llatu\ slarry lloundef OR,WA bcnthic

P0cciliidae $estemmosquirolish T water colunn warm inveil!0rc shortfin lnoll) T $ater column \rann onnnvofe gUPP} T \\'atef column warm omnn'ore Xiphapho t hellei gfeen s$ordtail I i.ater coiumn rarfir omnirore

Classiticationof Pacific Northr'"'cstFreshwater Fish 87 T,A.BLE1. Classiilcatbns of freshwateffish specie\ knou n to occur in ldaho, Oregon.or \lhshinglon (timilies listed alphabetj call)).

Adulr Adult Originb) Overall Frerh$atcr Fa ily/Spccics Comm0n Name StateL Tolerancer Habitat Temperature Fccding

Salm0nidae Co res on us c I trpe atb r nt i s lake \lhitefish AIwater colunrn cold On( u hrndus alrtabonita golden trout AShider cold Ontorhtnchus t htrki tD.oR.\A S water column cold Oncorh| chus sorbuschd oR, trA S water column cokl O (o h|n(hu\ ktta ORWA S watercolumn cold On. arhln&us kistu(h ID. OR,\\A S watercolumn cold Oncorh)nchusn)kbs lD,()R.\\A S hider cold On o4\nthux ne a lD, oR. \\A S watercolumn cold Oncorh)nchusIshd\r) I schd ID, OR.\\A S watcr colunn cold PtosopiLo ab\ssicold Beaf Lrke \\bitefish IDI\\'atercolumn cold Pr0sopitm rcult(ri plgmy whitel-rsh ID. WA I water colunrn cold Ptuvtiiu,t sen,nifetunj Bonnevillecisco IDSwater column cold Prosopiun spiLotlot s Bonneville whitefish IDI\'ater column cc'ld P rosopiton.|il Iiamso| i mountrir whitefLsh ID.OR,WA I benthic cold ASvratercolumn cold AIhider cold hider cold rnvervpisci!orc SaIteIinu: un14uenrus bull trout ID.OR, WA S hnier cold Salt?linus lbttinalis hider c0ld Doll] V,rrden WAS hider cold 5ult eI inu : natna,:tush benthic cold Th\nallus drcticus Arctic grayling ASwater column clrld inven/pisci\ore

Umbridae Ol' npi. n,uJ.lir I u$ \\'\ T ,rde-

: ,A.= alien 01on natile. exotic, or i roduced) to all three strtes. ID = nariveto ldaho, OR = nalirc rc' OregoD.WA = nrtive to Washington (Does not implv occurrcnccin all lhrcc \lalcs.) I I = mlermedialespecies. S = sensitile species,T = toleranrspecies 'recommended lbr name chrnge to noftherDpikeninnow (Nel$n el al. 1998) _ rcco Dendcd lbr namc changc1() L;mpqur pikeninno\r (Nelson et al. 1998) I characterizesmost offrcsh\\'atcr liti

eventhough they are native to the state.ln other only scnsitivenative species present in headwa- words,rcgional classifications may requiremodi- ter mountain streams,the overall toleranceano Ilcrtionuhen rpplied at local.cale.. originclassifications cannot be responsiye to dis- (3) A key considerationin developingmetrics turbance.so substilutemetrics will be needed. or biotic indicesis that they shoulddetect arange (,1)Although all life stagesshould be consid- ofconditionsfor thc vruiouswaterbodies assessed. eredin makingassessments about fish assemblage If mehics or indicesfail to detecta rangeof con- integritv (Angermeierand Karr 1986,Nonhcotc Jitron..it rnl5 bc r rcrultli n,rnJiscrirninrtine 1997),the numberol young-of'-yearindividuals speciesclassifications given the lish faunapresent. is largelystochastic (Yant et al. 1984)and such Beforeder eloping an inder. the fi.h .pccicsprcrent variability adds an undesirableamount of error and their classificationsmust be examinedto en- inlo metric intepretation.In addition,survival of sure that a sufficient rangeof characteristicsoc young

88 Zaroban.Mulvey. Maret, Hughes,and Meritt 140 120 a .0) o 100 o tt 80 o o 60 E f 40 z 20 0 =4.=e€tg= =x=eEF,E-= =x.=e€F,g= -;'6"b6";6 gf gf gf

Total Warmwater Tolerant species species species fitJ.e i. Srtrrei,rJfe!..rirltrIifr'iIn-! r. e- te.J r-(.. rd rolerJl.cJlrflburc..

ofyoung of)'eal (KaII et al. I 986).especially in (6) Specimenvouchering is critical as a qual speciesrich waters.However, where only one to it) l\\urilncernd controlmeasure. Mu.eum speei- three.pecies,,llish e\i\1. ir: i\ (ommonin man) mensare crucial for advancingour knowledgeof PreifiiNorthuc:t mountrin:lrerms, il i: e\\en- and distribution. They also offer thc tial to collectand asscss all lit'estages, simply to most irrefutable evidenceof a collection. To be determine if the site can supporl them all. The mostusetul. specimens must be properly presen'ed emphasisin suchcases should bc on the pres- (kill in l0% formalin, slit specimensgreater than cnceoI thelife.tage. rarhcr rhcn cllen]plin:l .rc- l5 cm long, and provide ample spacein jars to curatecounts of all individuals. allow fbr thorough tissue fixing). ll specimens (5) Sampling eflbrt must be sufficient to ob are allowed to die and are preservedlater, they tain nearlyall speciespresent in a reachat their producepoor quality specimens. This is especially relativeabundancas. and tlsh collectedmust be true ifthe holding water and air temperaturesare identit'iedto the specieslevel. This is especially warm. Collection sites must also be accufately criticalfor scuJpins,a family thatis oftenidenti- located,preferably by latitude and longitude,us- tied only to .Examination ofTable I indi- ing a geographicpositioning device so the data catesmarked differences in overall toleranceand can be easily manipulatedin a geographicintbr- temperrturepref'erence among cottid species, matlonsystem. which is lost without accurateideDtitication. Fish (7) Additional researchon water temperature ecologistsshould learn to identity all the tish spe- and feedingpreferences of lish speciesand more ciesin theirstudy areas or collectspecinrens tbr thorough distributional studiesof fishes would identification by expe s. improve our attribute cliissifications.We found

Classificationof Pacific Northwest FreshwaterFish TABLE 2. Ftxampleof nerric scoresfor rhe proponion of alien species.omnivorous species. and scnsitivespecies ffon paired \',adeable(w) slrcans and largeriver (l) \itcs that repfesentdisrurbcd and lessdisturbed physical or chemicalhabitats in Id.rho.Orcgon. and \\'ashing|C'n.

7. Alicn '/. Omnivl'rous % Sensitive Siteand ()pe) Conditlon lndividuals lndividuals Species ldlha NlaladRner (\a)r disturbed 1',7 Liitle \\bod Ri\cr (n): lessdisturbcd 3 0 ao

SnakeRn'ef @ Buhl (l)' disturbed Sn.*e Ri\er @'Flagg (l)' 5 25

Orcgon Spoon Creek (\\')! disturbed 100 Sn1allmanCreek(\' )'' lessdisturbed 0 l,l

Willamette Ri\cr @lPorland (l)r disturbcd 19 21 0 Willanctte River @ McKenzic (l)l lessdinurbed 0 )3

\\ishington Bone Ri!er (t! )'! dislurbcd l-l 00 Mill Creck(\\)'11 lessdisturbed 0 066

Yakima Ri\'er @ Kiona (l) ' disturbed 11 ,16 0 Yakima Riler @lUmranum (l)'' lessdisturbed 0 12 r1 r black bullhead.comnon cary, largescalesucker. redside shiner. smallmouth bass (Marel 1997). : brook trout. mountain whilciish. rainbolv trout. spcckleddace, wood Rivcr sculpjn (Mafet 1997) ichiselmouth. conmc'n carp. hrgescale suckcr. nrottled sculpin, northern squar.fish,peamoulh. rainbo$ tfout. redsidc shincr. spcckleddace. Ut.rh chub (Maret 1997). rbrook trour. brLrwntrou!, cufthrort trc'ut.longnose dace. moulcd sculpin, mountain suckcr.mouniain whitefish, Paiulc sculpin, rainbo\\ trcut. redsidc shiner,speckled dacc. Utah sucker(Marel 1997). : largemoulhbass. wamrouth, \rcs(crn mosquitofish.whitc crappie,)ellow bullhcad (Hugheset aI 1998). .brown bullhead.cut$roat rrout. redsideshincr. reticulate sculpin. spcckleddace. tlxeespine slickleback. western brook lanprc]_ lHugheset rl. 1998). ._cornmoncarp. la|genoulh bass.largescale suckcr. northern squarvfish, prickly sculpin. feticulatesculpin. -lellow pefch (Hughes andGammon 1987). t chinook salnlon. chiselmouth, largescrle sucker, nnuniain suckcr. mountain whirelish. northern squawfish. Paiule sculPin. peamouth.fainbow lrour. rcdside shiner.reticulalc sculpin. speckleddacc, torrent sculpin (Hughcs and Gamlnon 1987). 'reticulatesculpin (Merritt et al. 1999). t'coho salmon.curthfoat trout. riftle sculpin. specklcddace. ionent sculpin. wcstcm brook lampre) (Merillct a]. I999). bridgelip suckcr.largescrle sucker. mounlain lvhitefish.nonhcm squalvfish(Cuftiey c! al. 1997) r: bridgclip suckef.chiselnoullr, largescale sucker. mountain sucker nounuin whitefish,nofihem squawfish.rainbo\\ trout (CulTne) el al. l99l). fcu, comprehensivcregional studiesdocument- ln summary,we producedattribute classit'ica- ing the diets ol fishes of the Pacific Northwest tionsfbr the freshwaterfishes ofthe PacificNorth and the temperaturesat which they are nlost suc- westanddemonstrated their applicabilityin evalu- cessful.When and where sutficiently large data- ating l2 sites.Additionally, attribute classifications basesallow them. dataanalyses are needed along uere usedto complr(' rpeciesrichnesr. ,rrigin. gradientsof habitat and human disturbance.Fi- overall pollution tolerance,and water tempem- nally.better intbrmation conceming reproduction tureprclercnce in Idaho,Oregon, andWashington. and longevity might lead to additional attdbute We recognizethat our classificationswill change classitlcations. with turther researchand local applications.We

90 Zaroban.Mulvey, Maret, Hughes.and Merritt encourageadditional study oflile histories.aute- providedcomments regarding species distribu- cology,and distributional patterns olnon salmo- tions in Washington.Helpful commentson manu- nid PacificNorthwest freshwater fishes. We hopc script drafts were provided by C. Bond, S. this attributeclassification will stimulatemore flsh Brenkr.nan,W. Clark, G. Larson.H. Li, D. Markle. ecologiststo assessentire fish assemblages.ei- P Mongillo,B. Rieman,E. Schreiner,T. Short. ther by direct applicationof thesemetrics ot by andR. Wallace.We alsothank the manyAmeri- incoryomting them in fish assemblageindices. can FisheriesSociety professionals that supplied We alsowant this paperto stimulatecriticism and commentsand intbrmation on spcciesattributes. improvementof theseclassifi cations and encouragc Thc supportof the Orma J. Smith Muscum of communicationsby readersto furtherthrt end. Natural History and Albertson Collcgc of ldaho is greatly appreciated.This paperwas suppofied Acknowledgements by the EnvironmentalMonitoring andAssessment Program(EMAP), partially fundedthrough con- Motivationalsuppoft *'as providedby the Pacitic tract 6lJ-C6-0005to Dynamac, aod subiectedto Northwest BioassessmentWork Group and EnvironmentalProtection Agency peer and ad- GretchenHayslip. USEPA Region 10.M. Hallock ministrativercview and approvcdforpublication.

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Clr.'i fierti,'n r,l'Priiljc N,'nhweslFre:,h\\ ater Fi\h 93