ARTICLES INSIDE

Forests and Water • Biodiversity in the Town of Dover •

Phantom crane fly. Photo: Kristen Bell Travis © 2010 News from Hudsonia Volume 24, Number 1 Summer 2010

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E Dear Friends of Hudsonia, T P H E E T If there was ever any doubt about the fragile and ephemeral nature of our N S E X T wild and precious environment, the unfolding tragedy in the Gulf of Mex- ico makes it terrifyingly clear. The knowledge that what we have can so easily be lost lends greater urgency to our work. CLASSESC L A S S E S & WWORKSHOPSO R KS H O PS This issue of News from Hudsonia brings to light things we still need to MovingMoving forfor HealthHealth learn about our own landscape: the special habitats of the region, and the ContinuumContinuum MovementMovement importance of forests in maintaining the quality and quantity of our water DDancingancing forforH HealthHealth resources. Both stories highlight the intricate natural systems that can be TThehe IntelligentIntelligeent BodyBodySy SeriesSeeries upset not just by one massive environmental disaster but also by the creep- ing destruction caused by land use decisions made without the benefit of CallCall 8845.758.414345.758.4143 good science. wwww.elainecolandrea.comww.elainecolandrea.com The accumulated knowledge from decades of work by Hudsonia biologists provides the scientific underpinnings for the conservation work of other organizations and agencies in the region.

As we go to press, we do not yet have all the funding we need to complete the habitat mapping of the towns of Dover and Woodstock. In these days of diminished state monies for conservation, it’s more vital than ever that individuals and private entities carry on where public funding leaves off.

If you can help, please do. Preserving the best of what we have requires all of our best efforts.

Philippa Dunne Erik Kiviat Chair, Board of Directors Executive Director

On the cover: Phantom crane fly (Bittacomorpha clavipes). This unusual insect has an aquatic larva and is associated with fens and other circumneutral wetlands in our region. The species can be locally common in suitable habitats, but little is known of its ecology. A phantom crane fly moves slowly through the air in a ver- tical position with legs outstretched like the spokes of a wheel, then seems to dis- appear as it lands on a sedge.

Our business sponsors generously support News from Hudsonia. If you would like to sponsor this publication, contact Linda Spiciarich at 845-758-0600 or [email protected]. (Publishing a sponsorship does not constitute an endorsement.) ISSN 1072-8244 News from Hudsonia A journal of natural history and environmental issues

Telephone: (845) 758-0600 Facsimile: (845) 758-0607 PO Box 66 Website: www.hudsonia.org Red Hook, NY 12571

Volume 24, Number 1 Summer 2010

COOL RAVINES AND OTHER BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN THE TOWN OF DOVER

By Gretchen Stevens*

Even in the middle of a hot summer day, the air is cool in these twilit schist, gneiss, and quartzite—underlie the Taconic range to the east depths where the rocky walls rise steeply on either side. Some parts and the lower hills to the west. The proximity of these very differ- of this netherworld never see direct sunlight, and the summer air ent bedrock types helps to explain the great diversity of habitats, temperatures always feel like early spring. There are only a few such plants, and animals, and the presence of many rarities in the HVR. cool ravines in southeastern New York, but this is just one of many Another contributor is the large deposits of glacial outwash over rare habitats in the Town of Dover (Dutchess County) where the carbonate bedrock, yielding abundant groundwater discharge Hudsonia is now identifying and mapping all the ecologically sig- at springs, seeps, streams, and calcareous (calcium-rich) wetlands. nificant places that we can find. Recognizing the concentration of important habitat complexes and Dover is one of the few towns we know of where you can find known rare species occurrences, the New York State Department of fens, calcareous wet meadows, and marble knolls all within a few Environmental Conservation has designated several Significant hundred meters of acidic bogs, acidic ledges, and oak-heath bar- Biodiversity Areas in the HVR corridor.6 Dover itself may have the rens. These environments represent regional extremes of the pH highest known concentration of rare species of any town in south- spectrum and are home to unusual concentrations of rare plant and eastern New York. animal populations. They occur in surprising proximity to each other One of Dover’s greatest natural assets is the large areas of for- in Dover and nearby towns in the physiographic region that we est in the Taconic Ridge and West Mountain. The second article in loosely refer to as the Harlem Valley and Ridges (HVR)—a system this issue of News from Hudsonia explains the importance of forests of broad fertile valleys on the southeastern edge of the state, for maintaining groundwater and surface water resources, stream flanked by hills on the east and west. Continued on page 2 Why this strange juxtaposition? The valleys in the HVR region are underlain by carbonate bedrock—marble, limestone,, and dolo- CONTENTS stone. These are the “soft,” easily-weathered carbonate rocks Cool Ravines and other Biodiversity formed from decayed marine plants and animals accumulated dur- Hotspots in the Town of Dover ...... p. 1 ing the Cambrian and Ordovician geologic periods, when the land Forests: Unsung Defenders of our Waters ...... p. 4 mass that is now North America was in the southern hemisphere and this part of it was under water.2,3 Harder rocks—especially * Director of Hudsonia’s Biodiversity Resources Center Biodiversity Hotspots continued from page 1 nest in the trees clinging to the steep walls colonizing these areas. Species of statewide and lips of cool ravines. The gorge below and regional conservation concern some- habitat quality, and wildlife habitat. the “Stone Church,” a small cavern on the times found on oak-heath barrens include Fragmentation of these forests (e.g., by eastern slope of West Mountain, is a beau- clustered sedge, bronze sedge, mountain roads, driveways, house lots, utility corri- tiful example of a cool ravine in Dover. spleenwort, northern hairstreak, Edward’s dors, etc.) threatens the native wildlife of These places, where air temperatures are hairstreak, Nashville warbler, and whip- Dover, and loss of forest cover can reduce markedly cooler than those of the sur- poor-will. Snakes such as timber rat- carbon sequestration and lead to degraded rounding landscape, provide habitat for tlesnake, northern copperhead, and black stream habitats, reduced groundwater vol- unusual biota, and may offer critical refuge racer use these areas for basking and umes, and poorer water quality for streams, for wildlife and plants stressed by the breeding, and may rest and overwinter in ponds, and drinking-water wells. advance of global warming in the coming deep bedrock crevices associated with The special habitat that we call a “cool decades. some barrens. ravine” differs from other ravines in hav- An oak-heath barren is a special kind Marble knolls, the biodiversity jewels ing especially steep, high, rocky walls nar- of open rocky habitat that occurs on hill- of the region, occur only here in the Harlem rowly flanking a rocky stream. This tops and slopes with exposed bedrock and Valley where Stockbridge Marble bedrock configuration makes for a very shady, cool, shallow, acidic soils. You can recognize the forms low hills rising from the broad valley moist microclimate, and we often find habitat by the sparse and often stunted floor. Although they may look unprepos- plants of more northern or high-elevation vegetation, and the distinctive plant com- sessing—most are now abandoned pas- affinities—such as striped maple, moun- munity of pitch pine, scrub oak, other oaks, ture or hayfield or young forest—marble tain maple, fly honeysuckle, hobblebush, chokeberries, and heath (Ericaceae) shrubs knolls support an extraordinary array of American yew, and red-berried elder. such as lowbush blueberries, huckleberries, rare and uncommon plants and animals. Northern slimy salamander and small-foot- and deerberry. Oak-heath barrens appear Side-oats grama, Bicknell’s sedge, Carolina ed bat may use talus (loose rock) areas of to benefit from occasional wildfires which whitlow-grass, Virginia false-gromwell, the rocky ravine walls, and northern dusky help the pitch pine regenerate, return nutri- mock-pennyroyal, Torrey’s mountain-mint, salamander and perhaps even spring sala- ents to the soil, and prevent the overgrowth yellow wild flax, large twayblade, green mander may use the streams and associat- of large trees and other vegetation. The milkweed, and northern blazing-star4 are ed seeps of cool ravine habitats. Rare and very shallow soils, fires, and exposure to just a few of the state-listed rare plants of uncommon birds such as Acadian flycatch- extremes of air temperatures, wind, and ice these habitats. In some places the marble er and blackburnian warbler sometimes also discourage other kinds of plants from bedrock has weathered to produce a whitish-gray calcareous sand, sometimes referred to as the “white sands of Dover”—a unique feature of the Dover landscape. Eastern hognose snake is known to use this habitat, and this is one of two locations north of Long Island where the eastern spadefoot toad has been found in the state. We expect that the sandy soils also provide nesting sites for wood turtle, spotted turtle, and snapping turtle wherev- er these knolls are close to suitable streams and wetlands. The habitats of marble knolls are mostly dryish upland forests and mead- ows, but look for small fens on hillside seeps, and larger fens at the knoll bases. Hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides), a shrub of cool ravines. Photo: Nava Tabak © 2010 With the decline of agriculture in the

News from Hudsonia 2 Volume 24, Number 1 from other wet meadow habitats to those with warming temperatures in the spring. unfamiliar with the indicator plants of the The rafts often develop unusual plant com- fen community, such as shrubby cinquefoil, munities, including species of regional and grass-of-Parnassus, porcupine sedge, and statewide rarity, and we have seen them bog goldenrod. Indeed, because fens are used as perches and basking sites by shore- difficult for non-biologists to identify, many birds, waterfowl, and turtles. Circumneutral landowners are entirely unaware that they bog lakes are hotspots for rare and uncom- have these habitats in their own meadows mon species of plants and animals, and and forest openings. Fens are the core habi- seem to be very sensitive to water pollution tat for the endangered bog turtle in this and other human disturbances. part of New York, and support other rare “Swamp” is a technical term applied to species of animals and plants. any wetland dominated by trees or shrubs, Intermittent woodland pools— and “hardwood swamps” are the most those small, isolated wetlands that dry up common and extensive kind of wetland in in the summer but are teeming with frogs the state. “Calcareous” hardwood Round-leaved harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), a wildflower of dry, calcareous woods, meadows, and salamanders in the spring—are impor- swamps—those with calcium-rich soils and ledges. Photo: Erik Kiviat © 2010 tant foraging and rehydrating sites for and circumneutral or alkaline waters—are region, upland shrubland is now a fairly mammals, birds, and reptiles in the larger much less common in general, but are well common habitat, often occupying the brief landscape. The abundant amphibians represented in the Town of Dover due to successional stage between abandoned emerging from such pools each year are a the prevalence of carbonate bedrock in the meadow and young forest. In Dover and prominent part of the forest food web, and lowland areas. Calcareous swamps have other towns of the HVR, large areas of dense play a critical role in Dover’s forest ecology. many plant species typical of other swamps shrub thickets have caught the attention of Circumneutral bog lake—the name (such as red maple, green ash, slippery elm, biologists because of their apparent suitabil- is a mouthful that lives up to the biological and silky dogwood), but also may have ity for the rare New England cottontail—a complexity of these exceptional places. A black ash, pin oak, swamp white oak, poi- native rabbit that has been largely replaced circumneutral bog lake is a spring-fed, cal- son sumac, maleberry, and Pennsylvania in our landscapes by the very common east- careous waterbody that typically has vege- saxifrage, and a variety of other calcicoles ern cottontail, introduced to the Northeast in tation of both acidic bogs and calcareous (plants with an affinity for calcium-rich the early 1900s. Shrublands also may support wetlands and ponds. The lakes often have environments). Rare plants of calcareous uncommon and rare breeding birds such as large areas of open water that in summer swamps in the region include dwarf huck- golden-winged warbler, clay-colored spar- may be partially or entirely covered with leberry, southern dodder, and spotted row, and yellow-breasted chat, and a host of pond-lilies, and large floating mats with pond-weed. The Great Swamp, associated other rare birds, reptiles, and invertebrates. abundant Sphagnum mosses and diverse with the Swamp River and the Tenmile River Shrublands on calcareous soils sometimes woody and herbaceous plants, often in in Dover and extending south into Putnam have rare plants such as shrubby St. communities resembling those of acidic County, contains fine examples of calcare- Johnswort. This serves as a reminder that even bogs. But the strangest feature of these ous swamps. But calcareous or not, forest- common habitats that the conservation com- lakes is the “peat rafts” that sometimes ed swamps of all kinds provide important munity tends to ignore may have important drift freely around the lake surface. The rafts wildlife habitats, particularly for amphib- biodiversity values deserving our attention. are masses of pond-lily rhizomes and ians, cavity-nesting and forest-interior A fen is a special kind of wet meadow decayed organic material buoyed by the songbirds, and bats. fed by calcareous groundwater seepage. gases produced by biological processes in This is just a small sample of the ecolog- Fens occur mainly in areas underlain by car- spring through early fall. As temperatures ically significant habitats in the Town of bonate bedrock, and are unusually concen- decline in the fall and biological activity Dover. In fact, we have not yet confirmed trated in Dover and nearby towns in the slows down, the rafts sink slowly to the lake circumneutral bog lakes in the town HVR. They can be difficult to distinguish bottom; then they rise again to the surface (although they occur in several nearby Continued on page 6

News from Hudsonia 3 Volume 24, Number 1 Forests: Unsung Defenders of our Waters Condensed and adapted by Kristen Bell Travis, from Wilder and Kiviat (2008)*

A “watershed” is the entire land area that drains northeastern forests are relatively erosion-resis- into a particular stream, pond, reservoir, or other tant ecosystems due to slowed runoff and shel- waterbody. The watershed of a small woodland tered and stabilized soils. pool might be less than a hectare, but the water- shed of the Croton Reservoir system spans large Siltation and Eutrophication areas of Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess coun- An important consequence of deforestation in ties, covering nearly 1000 km2 (about 400 mi2) of urbanizing watersheds is the diminution of southeastern New York. The water quality, biodiver- water quality and habitat quality in streams sity, and ecological health of freshwater systems from increased levels of sediment and nutrients. depend in large part on the condition of the many Siltation occurs when large amounts of sedi- small streams that feed the larger streams and ment are deposited in the stream bed, disrupt- waterbodies, and all depend on the condition of the ing the stream’s ecology in many ways. The land throughout the watershed. Forests are impor- major causes of stream siltation are erosion and tant contributors to the water quality and habitat soil transport in storm runoff—processes that quality of freshwater systems, and to wildlife con- are tightly controlled in healthy forests24 but are servation and carbon sequestration, but there is lit- elevated in disturbed or developed landscapes. tle legal protection for forests in the northeastern Increased siltation in streams may result in suf- United States, and they continue to yield to urban, focation of aquatic wildlife, and smothering and suburban, and rural development. The loss of Stone Church Brook, a forested stream in the Town of abrasion of habitats.15 In ponds, lakes, and Dover, Dutchess County, NY. Photo: Nava Tabak © 2010 forests can have dramatic consequences for our reservoirs, sediment deposition reduces reser- water resources, causing streams to dry up, ground- impervious surfaces (e.g., pavement, roofs), on the voir volume and duration of use, causes deteri- water to be depleted, and water quality to be other hand, can produce unnaturally large volumes oration of water quality, reduces flood control degraded. of runoff which can radically alter stream flows. capability, and even augments breeding areas Many studies,18 including a recent one examining for mosquitoes.7 Surface Runoff and Stream Flow runoff in the Croton Watershed,2 have found that “Eutrophication” is the hyper-enrichment of First, a brief primer on the fate of rainwater and peak stream flows after storm events increase with an aquatic system by dissolved nutrients, stimu- snowmelt in the landscape. Precipitation travels to increasing urbanization. Watersheds with large lating excessive growth of aquatic plants and streams in two major forms: as surface flow (runoff) areas of impervious surfaces tend to produce high usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved and subsurface flow (groundwater). Large volumes flood flows, little groundwater recharge, and (con- oxygen. The process of eutrophication changes of runoff flowing quickly into streams leads to high- sequently) low base flows of streams during dry both the chemical and biological characteristics er flood crests, greater soil erosion, and a suite of periods.18 Hence, in many urbanizing watersheds, of surface waterbodies and constitutes one of other physical disturbances. Vegetated land cover streams that once flowed year-round now have lit- the most serious water quality problems affect- helps to slow runoff into streams by several mech- tle or no flow by mid-summer.” ing human uses and aquatic habitats in devel- anisms, and forested landscapes are perhaps the oped landscapes. Chemical nutrients, most most effective at this task. Organic matter on the Soil Erosion importantly phosphorus and nitrogen, enter soil surface and within the soil, as well as pores The accelerated rate of soil erosion has been of waterbodies in runoff from agricultural activities formed by roots and soil fauna, makes the forest such concern in the United States since the (fertilizers, animal wastes) and residential and soils highly permeable,13 allowing for high rates of 1930s that experts consider it to be an environ- urban areas (fertilizers, septic leachate, sewage, water infiltration. Groundwater is replenished by mental crisis.19 The cutting and carrying power garbage, pet feces), particularly following periods of infiltration of large volumes of rainwater and of water is disproportionately associated with its intense precipitation.e.g.,12 Eutrophication can also snowmelt in forested landscapes. Water uptake and velocity13 and, in the landscape in general, the result from deforestation in otherwise undeveloped transpiration by trees and other forest plants during rate of erosion may increase dramatically with a watersheds.14 Algae and cyanobacteria (blue-green the growing season further reduce water runoff. The small increase in runoff. The canopy and litter algae) thrive in the high-nutrient environments of main mechanism by which streamflow is sustained layer of an intact forest, however, provide sig- affected streams and ponds, forming dense blooms, through dry periods is by slow subsurface flow of nificant protection from the erosive energy of reducing oxygen availability, and releasing toxins. groundwater.4 In an intact forested watershed, a falling raindrops. Furthermore, the roots of trees These algal blooms can have harmful effects on the large portion of precipitation recharges groundwa- and associated vegetation not only increase soil entire aquatic food web including submerged vascu- ter, and thence moves slowly into streams. The permeability and thus reduce runoff, but also effect is to moderate flood crests and keep streams stabilize the soil itself. Stream banks, too, are * Kristen Bell Travis is a biologist with Hudsonia Ltd. This flowing during the drier times of year. stabilized by roots of riparian vegetation and article was adapted from “The Functions and Importance of Forests, with Applications to the Croton and Catskill/ Deforestation or replacement of forest with shielded from erosion by leaf litter.1,6 Mature Delaware Watersheds of New York” by Aryn Wilder, MS, and Erik Kiviat, PhD. Report to the Croton Watershed Clean Water Coalition, Hudsonia Ltd., October 2008.

News from Hudsonia 4 Volume 24, Number 1 lar plants, macroinvertebrates, and fish, and also faces or loss of forest vegetation prevent pre- of the bats are affected by the density of such trees affect drinking water and other human water uses.21 cipitation and snowmelt from infiltrating the that provide roosting habitat. Other organisms that soil, however, more pollution ends up in streams, depend on forest trees and are likely to be negative- Nutrient Cycling and Pollutant Buffering ponds, and reservoirs. ly affected by forest loss in our region include several Within the forest ecosystem, nutrients naturally In addition to their demonstrated value for other species of bats as well as flying squirrels, por- cycle between soils, water, and living and dead maintaining and improving water quality, forests cupine, fisher, bobcat, wood duck, ruffed grouse, most organisms. The disruption of the nutrient cycle by also play a critical role in the global carbon cycle. of the hawks and owls, many songbirds, mole sala- the removal of forest vegetation can lead to large Indeed, deforestation may account for nearly manders, dusky salamanders, spring salamander, fluxes of nutrients into streams, affecting down- 25% of the increase in global atmospheric car- brook trout, many other stream fishes, a large num- stream water quality and ecosystem function.8 bon dioxide.5 In northern hardwood forests, ber of invertebrate species, and many forest wild- McHale et al.16 documented the effects of large pools of carbon are stored in above- and flowers, sedges, mosses, liverworts, lichens, and fungi. logging on stream water chemistry in the below-ground living biomass, dead woody mat- Neversink Reservoir basin of the Catskill ter and forest floor detritus, and soils. Moreover, Both in remote rural areas, and in watersheds Watershed. Deforestation caused the release of forests of the northeastern United States, as a where streams and forests are severely threatened significant quantities of nitrate from decaying whole, are actively sequestering more carbon by human activities, intact forests actively work to organic matter, mobilizing inorganic aluminum than they are releasing as forests mature from moderate climate, take up pollutants, maintain from the soil, and leading to a large increase of past major disturbance.26 Deforestation results groundwater volumes and stream flows, and pre- nitrate and inorganic aluminum in stream water. not only in the release of stored carbon into the vent further degradation of water quality. Anyone The changes in water chemistry caused death in atmosphere, but also in the loss of future stored concerned about the immediate and long-term 100% of caged brook trout during the first year, carbon because those trees will no longer future of our water resources, wildlife habitats, and carbon balance should concentrate on conserving and harmed macroinvertebrate communities for sequester additional carbon each year. intact forests wherever possible, and on designing two years after the harvest. Nitrate did not region-wide, town-wide, and site-specific develop- increase in streams flowing from less-disturbed Ultraviolet Radiation and Temperature ment plans with this end in mind. ■ (selectively harvested) basins, however, suggest- Leafy forest canopies along streams and rivers ing that healthy, forested watersheds are able to help stabilize aquatic ecosystems by controlling buffer disturbances in nutrient cycling. the amount of sunlight that reaches the water. REFERENCES CITED Forest soils are also highly effective at inter- When forest canopies are altered or removed, 1. Bormann, F.H., G.E. Likens, T.G. Siccama, R.S. Pierce, and cepting pollutants and excess nutrients that streams are exposed to more sunlight and ultra- J.S. Eaton. 1974. The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard would otherwise end up in downstream waters. violet radiation, leading to increases in temper- Brook. Ecological Monographs 44:255-277. Interactions with the soil change the chemistry ature and consequent changes in the 2. Burns, D., T. Vitvar, J. McDonnell, J. Hassett, J. Duncan, of soil water.16 If water infiltrates into the soil composition of aquatic communities. Compared and C. Kendall. 2005. Effects of suburban development on runoff generation in the Croton River basin, New and root zone, certain pollutants can become to heavily shaded sites, areas of streams with York, USA. Journal of Hydrology 311:266-281. bound to soil particles and then be taken up by reduced canopy have more algae14 and reduced 3. Casey, R.E. and S.J. Klaine. 2001. Nutrient attenuation 22 by a riparian wetland during natural and artificial runoff microbes and plants. One study found a loss of macroinvertebrate biomass and diversity. events. Journal of Environmental Quality 30:1720-1731. 80% of nitrate and 74% of phosphate from Spikes in temperature caused by exposure to de la Cretaz, A.L. and P.K. Barten. 2007. Land use effects storm runoff after exposure to streamside soils.3 sunlight can affect the solubility of gases, rates 4. on streamflow and water quality in the northeastern United States. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 319 p. Bacteria associated with the roots of birch of decomposition, and rates of metabolism and Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. (Betula) are capable of degrading polycyclic aro- growth in aquatic animals, and are associated 5. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. matic hydrocarbons (toxic, mutagenic, and car- with increases in fish mortality and prevalence Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S. Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy, and X. Zhang. 2007. Couplings 9 cinogenic substances produced by combustion) of disease. between changes in the climate system and biogeo- in the soil.23 Other soil bacteria are able to com- chemistry. In Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, pletely change atrazine, a commonly used herbi- Habitat Quality and Biodiversity M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller, eds. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. 17 cide, into carbon dioxide. For effective cleansing Healthy and biologically diverse aquatic and terres- Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth to occur, runoff must have extended contact with trial habitats are intrinsic to the ability of a water- Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on soil microbial communities. When impervious sur- shed to maintain water quality. Because each Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA. habitat supports a different kind of biological com- Gaister, J.C., F.J. Pazzaglia, B.R. Hargreaves, D.P. Morris, munity, the combination of upland, riparian, and 6. S.C. Peters, and R.N. Weisman. 2006. Effects of urban- aquatic habitats within a watershed can accom- ization on watershed hydrology: The scaling of discharge with drainage area. Geology 34:713-716. modate significant species diversity.20 Macroinver- Haigh, M.J., L. Jansky, and J. Hellin. 2004. Headwater tebrates,16,22 fish assemblages,10 waterfowl and 7. deforestation: A challenge for environmental manage- 11 ment. Global Environmental Change 14:51-61. other birds, river otter, and many other rare and Hornbeck, J.W. and W.T. Swank. 1992. Watershed common species of streams and ponds rely on 8. ecosystem analysis as a basis for multiple-use manage- healthy watersheds to maintain the quality of ment of eastern forests. Ecological Applications 2:238- 247. aquatic habitats. Johnson, S.L. and J.A. Jones. 2000. Stream temperature Summer maternity colonies of the endangered 9. responses to forest harvest and debris flows in western Indiana bat are most often found on the underside of Cascades, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57(Suppl. 2):30-49. Black-throated blue warbler nests in forest-interior peeling bark of dead or living trees with certain bark Jones, E.B.D., III, G.S. Helfman, J.O. Harper, and P.V. habitats. Kathleen A. Schmidt © 2001 characteristics,25 and the abundance and distribution 10.Bolstad. 1999. Effects of riparian forest removal on fish assemblages in southern Appalachian streams.

News from Hudsonia 5 Volume 24, Number 1 Forests continued from page 5 Biodiversity Hotspots continued from page 3

Conservation Biology 13:1454-1465. towns), and our field work may yet uncov- ✤ Maintain and restore links between 11. Keller, C.M.E., C.S. Robbins, and J.S. Hatfield. 1993. Avian communities in riparian forests of different er much that is unexpected. With initial habitat patches. widths in Maryland and Delaware. Wetlands 13:137- ✤ Establish and protect broad buffer zones 144. funding from the Millbrook Tribute Garden around sensitive areas. 12. King, K.W., J.C. Balogh, and R.D. Harmel. 2007. Nutrient (through the Dutchess Land Conservancy) flux in storm water runoff and baseflow from managed ✤ Maintain natural disturbance processes turf. Environmental Pollution 150:321-328. Hudsonia biologists Kristen Bell Travis and 13. Kittredge, J. 1948. Forest influences: The effects of (e.g., flooding, wildfires, seasonal woody vegetation on climate, water, and soil. Dover Nava Tabak have completed a preliminary Publications, New York. 394 p. drawdowns). 14. Likens, G.E., F.H. Bormann, N.M. Johnson, D.W. Fisher, habitat map for the entire town, and Nava ✤ Minimize impervious surfaces, and pre- and R.S. Pierce. 1970. Effects of forest cutting and her- bicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard is in the midst of the extensive field work vent additional stormwater runoff during Brook watershed-ecosystem. Ecological Monographs necessary to verify, correct, and refine the and after land development activities. ■ 40:23-47. 15. Lorang, M.S. and G. Aggett. 2005. Potential sedimen- map. We will need additional funding to tation impacts related to dam removal: Icicle Creek, [Many other habitats of the HVR region are described Washington, U.S.A. Geomorphology 71:182-201. complete the project, however, and are in the Biodiversity Assessment Manual for the Hudson 16. McHale, M.R., D.A. Burns, G.B. Lawrence, and P.S. 5 Murdoch. 2007. Factors controlling soil water and working hard to raise those funds. River Estuary Corridor, and in the Harlem Valley and stream water aluminum concentrations after a clearcut The information contained in our final Ridges Supplement (to the Biodiversity Assessment in a forested watershed with calcium-poor soils. Manual).1] Biogeochemistry 84:311-331. habitat map and report will help Dover 17. Monard, C., F. Martin-Laurent, C. Vecchiato, A.J. Francez, P. Vandenkoornhuyse, and F. Binet. 2008. Combined landowners, developers, town agencies, REFERENCES CITED effect of bioaugmentation and bioturbination on atrazine degradation in soil. Soil Biology and and regional planners understand some of 1. Barbour, J. and E. Kiviat. 2009. Harlem Valley and Ridges Biochemistry 40:2253-2259. supplement to the Biodiversity Assessment Manual for the 18. Paul, M.J. and J.L. Meyer. 2001. Streams in the urban the extraordinary biodiversity of the Dover Hudson River Estuary Corridor. (Hudsonia.org/current landscape. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics landscape, and effective ways to protect projects/harlem-valley-ridges-supplement, accessed June 32:333-365. 2010.) Hudsonia Ltd., Annandale, NY. 19. Pimentel, D., C. Harvey, P. Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D. the habitats and species of greatest con- 2. Fisher, D.W. 2006. The rise and fall of the Taconic Kurz, M. McNair, S. Crist, L. Shpritz, L. Fitton, R. Saffouri, and R. Blair. 1995. Environmental and economic costs servation concern. Other towns have used Mountains: A geological history of eastern New York. of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science Black Dome Press, Hensonville, NY. 184 p. 267:1117-1123. our habitat maps to revise their municipal 3. Fisher, D.W., Y.W. Isachsen, and L.V. Rickard. 1970. Geologic 20. Sabo, J.L., R. Sponseller, M. Dixon, K. Gade, T. Harms, J. comprehensive plans, open space plans, map of New York. New York State Museum and Science Heffernan, A. Jani, G. Katz, C. Soykan, J. Watts, and J. Service, Map and Chart Series 15, Hudson-Mohawk and Welter. 2005. Riparian zones increase regional species and zoning ordinances, and to review new Lower Hudson sheets, 1:250,000, 100 ft contour. richness by harboring different, not more, species. Ecology 86:56-62. development proposals with an eye to min- 4. Kiviat, E. 1988. Significant habitats of the Town of Dover, 21. Smith, V.H., G.D. Tilman, and J.C. Nekola. 1999. Dutchess County, New York. Report to the Town of Dover Eutrophication: Impacts of excess nutrient inputs on imizing harm to sensitive resources. Planning Board, Hudsonia Ltd., Annandale, NY. 46 p. freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Native biological diversity is fundamental 5. Kiviat, E. and G. Stevens. 2001. Biodiversity assessment man- Environmental Pollution 100:179-196. ual for the Hudson River estuary corridor. New York State 22. Sweeney, B.W., T.L. Bott, J.K. Jackson, L.A. Kaplan, J.D. to the ecosystems that support the natural Newbold, L.J. Standley, W.C. Hession, R.J. Horwitz, and Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany. 508 p. M.G. Wolman. 2004. Riparian deforestation, stream world and the human community, but is 6. Penhollow, M.E., P.G. Jensen, and L.A. Zucker. 2006. narrowing, and loss of stream ecosystem services. Wildlife and habitat conservation framework: An approach Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the often unwittingly harmed by us in our uses of for conserving biodiversity in the Hudson River estuary cor- United States of America 101:14132-14137. ridor. New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 23. Tervahauta, A.I., C. Fortelius, M. Tuomainen, M.L. the land. Although Dover may be uncom- Unit, Cornell University and New York State Department Akerman, K. Rantalainen, T. Sipila, S.J. Lehesranta, K.M. monly blessed with biodiversity, in fact all of Koistinen, S. Karenlampi, and K. Yrjala. 2009. Effect of of Environmental Conservation, Hudson River Estuary birch (Betula spp.) and associated rhizoidal bacteria on southeastern New York is unusually rich com- Program, Ithaca, NY. 139 p. the degradation of soil polyaromatic hydrocarbons, PAH-induced changes in birch proteome and bacterial pared with most other parts of the Northeast. community. Environmental Pollution 157:341-346. 24. Trimble, S.W. 1997. Contribution of stream channel ero- To help protect these places and systems, we sion to sediment yield from an urbanizing watershed. hope that landowners and everyone else Science 278:1442-1444. 25. Watrous, K.S., T.M. Donovan, R.M. Mickey, S.R. Darling, involved in planning for development and A.C. Hicks, and S.L. Von Oettingen. 2006. Predicting minimum habitat characteristics for the Indiana bat in conservation in the region will, wherever the Champlain Valley. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:1228-1237. possible, follow some basic rules of land 26. Woodbury, P.B., J.E. Smith, and L.S. Heath 2007. Carbon stewardship for biodiversity conservation: sequestration in the U.S. forest sector from 1990 to 2010. Forest Ecology and Management 241:14-27. ✤ Consider the larger landscape around any particular habitat unit of concern. ✤ Avoid or minimize habitat fragmentation. Timber rattlesnake and other snakes of conservation concern use oak-heath barrens and other open ledge habitats for bask- ing and breeding. Kathleen A. Schmidt © 2001

News from Hudsonia 6 Volume 24, Number 1 DONORS OF PROFESSIONAL NATURE AND ART GOODS AND SERVICES WORKSHOPS Stream Fish Identification and A nature-themed art show to benefit DONORS OF FIELD AND LABORATORY Natural History Hudsonia and Winnakee Land Trust will ASSISTANCE open at Gazen Gallery in Rhinebeck 6 August 2010 Maribel Pregnall & students Laboratory and field instruction in identifi- July 17 with a 4-9pm reception and at Arlington High School cation and natural history of fishes of silent auction. The show will feature Hudson Valley streams, and assessment of the work of approximately thirty DONORS OF TAXONOMIC SERVICES stream habitats. The workshop emphasizes Hudson Valley painters and photogra- Kerry Barringer hands-on observation and practice with fishes in the field, specimens, and keys, and phers and will be open until September James Cokendolpher 6. The Gazen Gallery is at 6423 is designed for biologists, environmental Lloyd Davis professionals, and students. Course instruc- Montgomery Street (in Montgomery Richard Harris tor is Robert E. Schmidt. Course fee of Row); gallery hours are Sun, Mon, Wed, Richard Hoebeke $275 includes lunch and snacks. Visit Thu 11am-5pm, Fri, Sat 10am-9pm hudsonia.org for more information. Call or (telephone 845-876-4278). Please join DONORS OF BOOKS AND JOURNALS email Linda Spiciarich to register (845-758- 0600; [email protected]). us at the opening or visit the gallery Lin Fagan another day! David Furth Biodiversity Assessment IAMSLIC member libraries 22-27 August 2010 A five-day intensive course to introduce DONORS OF OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES principles of biodiversity conservation, Naomi Bardoff and techniques for recognizing biodiversi- SPECIAL THANKS TO ty resources. The course will include Steve Bischoff and Jane Zennario hands-on exercises in remote sensing and ■ Five Rivers Environmental Center, Gabriella DiGiovanni field identification of habitats; discussions Norrie Point Environmental John D. Henson of ecology and conservation of rare Center, Teatown Lake Reservation Genevieve Howell species, and exercises in open space and the Environmental Leaders Rachel Hyman planning, and designing land develop- ment projects in ways that minimize Learning Alliance for hosting Kathy Knight Hudsonia’s educational programs. harm to biologically sensitive areas. John Mickelson Course instructors are Erik Kiviat, Andrew ■ Bard College for supporting Tyler Saxon Meyer, and Gretchen Stevens. Visit Hudsonia at the Field Station. Anne P Strain eomega.org for more information or to Meredith Taylor register. ■ Carolyn Summers, David Sean Thompson Winter Identification of Brittenham, and Katy Brittenham Jed Wolf for hosting a Hudsonia event in Woody Plants Julianna Zdunich 5 November 2010 Hastings-on-Hudson. Hands-on laboratory and field instruc- Hudsonia is especially grateful to tion in identification and natural history Katie Palmer House, Stancy of trees, shrubs, and woody vines in WISH LIST winter condition. The workshop is Duhamel, Karen Finnerty, and Jill designed for biologists, environmental Way for organizing an event to File cabinets Digital camera professionals, horticulturists, and stu- benefit the Dover Habitat Folding chairs dents with some field experience with Mapping Project, and to Jim Easels woody plants. Course instructors are Muncey for hosting the event at Natural history and field science books Erik Kiviat and Gretchen Stevens. Course fee of $275 includes lunch and snacks. the Inn at Dover Furnace. and journals (but inquire first, please) Visit hudsonia.org for more information. Photocopier Call or email Linda Spiciarich to register Conference table (845-758-0600; [email protected]). Large folding table

News from Hudsonia 7 Volume 24, Number 1 HUDSONIA MEMBERS, SEPTEMBER 2009–2010

Many thanks to everyone who has supported Hudsonia’s work through their generous contributions.

DONORS TO DOVER HABITAT MAPPING PROJECT (see article inside)

Renny & Annemarie Abrams Roxie & Don Geramita Caroline Reichenberg Amy & Steve Bartolomeo Sibyll Gilbert Donna & Rich Reimer Berger Engineering & Surveying Joy Godin Melanie & Gary Ryder Linda & Brud Brady Eric & Ruth Hebden Tessa & Mike Setaro Julia Brine Katie Palmer House & Larry House Kaye & Alan Surman Mark & Elaine Bruno Tom Jacobellis Casey Swift Bruno Technology Services James & Marianne Johnson John & Carrie Tecl Joe & Evelyn Chiarito Kim & Chris Knittel Graham Trelstad Ryan Courtien Ann Larson & Warren Kingsley Dana & Charlie Van De Bogart Stancy Duhamel & Carolyn Handler Pam Marshall Ernie & Jill Way Norah Edwards Jim & Jeanne Muncey George Wittman Karen & Bill Finnerty Lorraine Perri-O’Neill Lee Wood Ed & Lisa Ferraro Janet Pickering Rich & Dina Yeno Maureen & Bob Forbes Maryanne Pitts Patricia Zangle Chris & Nicole Galayda Elsie Puglisi Rosa M. Zappia-Liebzeit Marlaine & Justin Gault Cheryl & Phil Race

BENEFACTORS ($5000+) Helen K Mott Mr & Mrs William B Brannan Joan K Davidson / The J M Kaplan Fund Will Nixon Joe Bridges Samantha Kappagoda & David K A Mordecai Jim & Mary Ottaway Ida Sperr Brier Frederick H Osborn III / The Easter Foundation Dr Kathryn E Palmer House Mary G Burns in memory of Esther Kiviat Plymouth Hill Foundation Ellen & Sam Phelan Joel & Beverly Canter Julie & Allan Shope Barbara H Pierce Evie Chanler Donald Stanton Gail & Thomas Rockwell Karl Drake & Carol Christensen Paul Tudor Jones Mitch Ruchin / Groundwater Sciences Corp Ursula Cliff Anthony & Susan Stevens Norene & Dick Coller * STEWARDS ($2500-$4999) Anne Strain Art Collings Melanie S Bialis Carolyn Summers & David Brittenham Ms Courtney Collins in memory The Shawangunk Charitable Fund Paula & Michael Trimble * of Keith H Swartley Barry S Wittlin / WCG Management Illiana van Meeteren Emily Collins Doris & Jeff Walker John Connor Jr PATRONS ($500–$2499) Roberta M Coughlin in memory Roger & Helen Alcaly SUSTAINERS ($100–$499) of Glenn C Miller Jr Jesse Bontecou Candy Anderson Catherine Croner & Brandt Bolding Jennifer Cairo Helena Andreyko Crossley-Redmond Realty Charlie & Judy Canham Anonymous Salome (Sally) Daly William R & Marjorie T Coleman Lisa & Amir Arbisser Jane & Walt Daniels * Kathleen de las Heras Dr Rudolf G Arndt in memory Gerald A Davison * Constance Duhamel of Ms Claire Gerber Wm J Dederick Amy Durland Kathleen & Roland Augustine Joan & Wolcott Dunham Elizabeth Ely & Jonathan Greenburg Skip Backus Joan & David Ehrenfeld Massimo Ferragamo Michael Barnhart / Somers Land Trust Dianne Engleke Drayton Grant & Wayne Baden in memory Jennifer Barrows Michael Ettinger / Ettinger Law Firm of Esther Kiviat Elizabeth C Barton William M Evarts Jr David & Nancy Hathaway Barbara Bash & Steve Gorn Luisa Field Michele Hertz & Lawrence Friedman Alison Beall Pam Fields Michael I Katz / Gloria F Ross Foundation Inc Len & Claire Behr Gloria & Bob Fox Amy L Kirk & Enrique Diaz-Alvarez James Blakney & Kelly Anne Preyer Douglas Fraser Mark Lindeman Ray & Elizabeth Boedecker * Larry Freedman * Mary & Bill Lunt Tim Bontecou / Tamarack Preserve Ltd Wendy Fried Bill & Barb Maple Mr & Mrs Samuel A Bowman Lenore Gale & Jerry Waisman

News from Hudsonia 8 Volume 24, Number 1 Jane Geisler in memory of Esther Kiviat Peter Swiderski Alan S Hans / Woodstock Animal Hospital Carl J George in memory of Gail Wood Jean Tate Margot Harley Sibyl R Golden / Golden Family Foundation Doug Taylor in memory of Carl Leopold Shosh Harris Jan & Lester Greenberg Jason Tesauro Wayne Haskell Fayal Greene Rebecca E C Thornton/ Juliet Heyer James J Grefig Dutchess Land Conservancy David E Hill Peter Groffman Herman Tietjen Joan & Donald Hobson Judy & Mike Hardy Alison Van Keuren Maung S Htoo PhD FAIC Mary Ellen Harris Mario & Donna Verna * Kenneth & Mei Be Hunkins John Heist Alvin D Wanzer Barbara & David Ives Margaret C Howe Bethia Waterman Stan Jacobs Dee Ann Ipp Jack Wertheim Mida Kaelin Barry Kaufman Wheelock Whitney III Paul Kellar Felicia Keesing & Richard S Ostfeld Anita Wiener in memory of Esther Kiviat Dr & Mrs Cavin Leeman in memory of Susan Brody Dr Daniel C Wilhoft DeDe Leiber in memory of Esther Kiviat Rosalyn Kemp Ross & Karen Williams * Mr & Mrs Edwin Deane Leonard Dick & Hopeton Kimball William H Zovickian DDS / Michael Levandowsky Jeannine Kirk Sharon Dental Associates Doris Licht Jean L Klaiss Barbara Lindsey in memory of Esther Kiviat James M Klosty FRIENDS (up to $100) Kathleen Lomatoski William Koff Adams Fairacre Farms Inc David & Linda Lund Diana Krautter & John Gebhards Lois Alimonti Alice S Maram Andrew Labruzzo & Laura Haight Leo Alves & Pat Grove Harvey Marek Edith Loening John Anderson / Aton Forest Inc in memory of Marilyn Marinaccio Robert & Sharon Mahar Dr Frank E Egler Marilyn F Mason Robert Martin & Katherine Gould-Martin Anonymous Maeve Maurer in memory of Esther Kiviat Kenneth & Marcella Appell John McCormack in memory of Sally & Michael Mazzarella Richard Avery & Kristin Wiles Mrs Genevieve Jean McCormack Jonathan & Jane Meigs Denise Bank Robert Meeker Joanna A Meyer & Richard Kopyscianski Pete Bary David F Mitchell George & Cathy Michael Barry Benepe Maggie Pickard & Elwood Smith Jim Morrill / The Hotchkiss School Liza Berdnik in memory of Esther Kiviat Elizabeth Pitts Dr & Mrs Michael Murphy / Peter & Diana Bethke Steven Plotnick in memory of Esther Kiviat Valley Veterinary Hospital Matthew Bialecki AIA / Bialecki Architects Pragman Associates LLC Carol & Bert Nelson in memory of Esther Kiviat, Louise M Bozorth Jamie Purinton and Bernice & Aaron Rosenthal Kristin C Brown in honor of Nava Tabak Michael Rohatyn North Country Ecological Services Inc Barbara Butler * Barry & Edith Rosen * Beverly Nostro John Cannon & Alta Turner Carolee Schneemann Robert & Rachele Ottens George N Caratzas Anne & John Schock John & Miranda Parry Patricia H Carroll & James Ralf Mathes Norman Shapiro Ken Pearsall in memory of Esther Kiviat George A Smith Frederic & Penny Putnam Drew & Linda Casertano Robert Lee Smith Lee Ann Quenault Evelyn & Joseph Chiarito in honor of Selden Spencer Mike & Carol Quinlan in memory Edie Keasbey & Liz Cowan Liso & Andre Starrett of Larry Quinlan David Clouser & Associates Billy Steinberg Robert C Quinlan Betsy Corrigan Gregg Swanzey Martin & Genie Revson Mary B Davis Erin Talmage in memory of Esther Kiviat George N Richard & Monique Gershon Roy Deitchman Laura Tessier & Tracy Kay Wilfred & Carol Rohde James & Mildred DeNitto Joyce & Tim Tomaselli * Steve Rosenberg Miriam & Nathaniel Donson Michael F Tronolone Howard & Betsy Rothstein Mark & Vicki Doyle Donald & Ursula Vernon Carolyn Scott Ruth Tuoti Dufault / Bittersweet Garden Kay T Verrilli Margaret & John Shuhala Francis X Dwyer in memory of Esther Kiviat Robert Vuillet Anne & Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff Richard S Feldman John Vyhnanek & Bess E manuel Clarence L Smith Jane Ferguson Wise Family Mr & Mrs Raymond D Smith Jr Mary G & Angelo Ferraro Jane Sokolow Peggy Fox & Ian MacNiven HABITAT GUARDIANS Joseph Squillante & Carol Capobianco in Mr & Mrs Jeffry A Giardina Dianne Engleke memory of Esther Kiviat, and Bob Gabrielson Arthur Glowka Beverly Nostro Brenda Sramek * Diane M & James W Goetz Margaret S Stevens Uta Gore * Matching Donations: IBM Mark Stevens Bill & Donna Griffith Neil C Stevens Louise Gross FOUNDATIONS David Strayer & Judith Bondus Margery & Arthur Groten Educational Foundation of America Karen Strong Dan & Ann Guenther Golden Family Foundation Chris Swarth David Hall & Gayle Jamison Hudson River Foundation Peter & Sarah Sweeny / Sandy Hallahan The New York Community Trust Peter Sweeny Architects Steven Handel Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program

News from Hudsonia 9 Volume 24, Number 1 NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION US POSTAGE PAID PERMIT #36 PITTSFIELD MA 01201 Hudsonia PO Box 66 Red Hook, NY 12571

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Hudsonia Ltd. Hudsonia invites you to Board of Directors Staff BECOME Philippa Dunne, Chair EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Erik Kiviat A MEMBER William T. Maple, Assistant Treasurer ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Robert E. Schmidt Mark Lindeman, Secretary DIRECTOR, BIODIVERSITY TODAY Enrique Diaz-Alvarez RESOURCES CENTER Gretchen Stevens Gina Walker Fox ADMINISTRATOR Linda Spiciarich Ann Gourlay Gabler RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Kristi MacDonald Amy Kirk BIODIVERSITY MAPPING Your annual membership gift helps Hudsonia COORDINATOR Nava Tabak Jane Sokolow conduct scientific research, provide educational BIOLOGISTS Spider Barbour Kristen Bell Travis programs, and develop practical applications Advisory Board BIODIVERSITY EDUCATOR Andrew Meyer to conserve our natural heritage. Robert Boyle Jonathan Meigs ILLUSTRATOR Kathleen A. Schmidt James Challey The Hon. Marcus J. ASSISTANTS Elizabeth Castle FRIEND: up to $100 Molinaro Joan Ehrenfeld Charlotte Myers SUSTAINER: $100–$499 Elizabeth Farnsworth David Mordecai Natalie Narotzky Richard Feldman Frederick Osborn III Loralee Ryan PATRON: $500–$2499 The Hon. Maurice Hinchey C. Lavett Smith Regina Vaicekonyte Samantha Kappagoda Laura Tessier Larissa Wohl STEWARD: $2500–$4999 Felicia Keesing René VanSchaack BENEFACTOR: $5000+ Jane Meigs News from Hudsonia Credits PRODUCTION Linda Spiciarich Hudsonia is an institute for research, education, and technical assistance in the environmental sciences. We EDITING Gretchen Stevens conduct pure and applied research in the natural sci- DESIGN & LAYOUT Christina Clugston Hudsonia Ltd. is a nonprofit organization, incorporated in 1981 ences, offer technical assistance to public and private ILLUSTRATIONS Kathleen A. Schmidt and tax exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue agencies and individuals, and produce educational pub- Code. Contributions are tax-deductible, as allowed by law. A copy lications on natural history and conservation topics. PHOTOGRAPHS Erik Kiviat Hudsonia is a 501(c)(3) tax exempt, non-advocacy, not- Nava Tabak of the last annual report filed with the New York State Office of the Attorney General may be obtained upon request by writing to for-profit, public interest organization. Contributions to Kristen Bell Travis Hudsonia are fully tax deductible, and are used solely in the New York State Office of the Attorney General, Charities support of our nonprofit work. Bureau, 120 Broadway, New York, NY 10271.

This issue of News from Hudsonia is printed with soy ink on 100% post-consumer recycled paper.