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Short-Term Consequences of Lowhead Dam Removal for Fish-Community Dynamics In Short-term consequences of lowhead dam removal for fish-community dynamics in an urban river system Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School at The Ohio State University By Alayna C. Dorobek Graduate Program in The School of Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University 2016 Graduate Committee: Dr. S. Mažeika P. Sullivan, Advisor Dr. Kris L. Jaeger Dr. Suzanne M. Gray Copyrighted by Alayna C. Dorobek 2016 ! 2 Abstract Dam removal has become an increasingly popular river restoration strategy with the aim of reestablishing more natural hydrologic and sediment regimes and increasing habitat availability for aquatic organisms. However, dam-removal research is in its early stages and the ecological impacts are not fully known. For fish, the removal of lowhead dams has been shown to restore hydrologic connectivity and reestablish lotic-type species; yet the magnitudes and rates of recovery are variable across studies. Food webs represent complex trophic networks and are fundamental in understanding the organization of natural assemblages and community dynamics and in describing ecosystem processes. Therefore, incorporating a food-web approach in dam removal studies might be expected to be an important step in quantifying ecosystem responses to dam removal. Here, I investigated the consequences of two lowhead-dam removals in the 5th-order Olentangy and 6th-order Scioto Rivers (Columbus, Ohio) for (1) fish assemblage structure and (2) fish-centered food webs 2-3 years following removal. The disturbance of dam removal had consequences for both fish assemblages and food-web structure. Upstream fish assemblages experienced a significant decline in species richness in the year following dam removal, which was accompanied by a shift in assemblage composition (ANOSIM: R = 0.714, p = 0.001). In the Olentangy River, ! ii! assemblage structure shifted significantly over time (between year 1-2) and included the re-colonization of benthic insectivores (ANOSIM: R = 0.136, p = 0.019). Species richness increased over time in both the Olentangy (linear mixed model: F2,16 = 9.70, p = 0.002) and Scioto (linear mixed model: F2,12 = 26.50, p < 0.0001) Rivers. Species richness returned to pre-dam removal levels in the Scioto River, but was still 58% lower than pre-dam removal levels in the Olentangy River upstream actively restored reach (i.e., where extensive channel modifications occurred) and in other experimental reaches. Shifts in assemblage composition and species richness were not accompanied by changes in the relative abundance of top predators, intermediate, or basal species; however, these metrics might not capture important shifts in trophic guilds that could have implications for other food-web properties. Similar to species richness, network connectivity decreased significantly at the Olentangy River upstream actively restored reach following dam removal (paired t-test: connectance – t = -6.46, p = 0.023; link density – t = -13.54, p = 0.005) and did not return to pre-dam removal levels. Whereas link properties decreased on the Scioto River experimental reaches in the year following dam removal, they increased to pre-dam removal levels by second year (linear mixed models: connectance – F2,12 = 8.38, p = 0.005; link density – F2,12 = 42.26, p < 0.0001). Food-chain length (FCL) – a key measure of food-web architecture – declined from 4.37 to 2.75 in the Olentangy River actively restored reach, and declined significantly in the upstream control and passively restored reaches over time (linear mixed model: F2,14.7 = 7.43, p = 0.003). FCL also decreased in the upstream reach of the Scioto River by the second year after dam removal (linear mixed model: F1,6.4 = 28.93, p = 0.001; Tukey’s ! iii HSD: p = 0.0004). Significant reductions in channel width (i.e., ecosystem size) and alterations to hydrological connectivity are likely mechanisms driving observed shifts in food-web architecture, wherein larger and more variable habitats support more complex ecological networks. Proximate mechanisms including individual traits of fish species (e.g., body size) may also be important in mediating food-web structure. For example, body length was positively related to FCL (linear regression: R2 = 0.221, F = 4.81, p = 0.043), suggesting that larger individuals support more trophic interactions within a food web and drive network complexity. The results of this investigation have both applied and theoretical implications for understanding the role of disturbance in structuring fish assemblages and food webs in river systems. More specifically, dam-removal disturbance appeared to strongly influence network stability via a loss of diversity and trophic connections on the Olentangy River. Yet, the rebound of food-web properties in the larger Scioto River by the second year following dam removal suggests that food-web networks in larger river systems could be more resilient than in smaller systems. In the first few years following dam removal, active channel restoration did not enhance fish community diversity or FCL and exhibited a less complex fish-based food web than in a passively restored reach, although the benefits of this restoration may take additional time to be realized. The number of small dam removal projects is expected to grow considerably in the coming years, and increasing our understanding of the consequences of dam removal for the ecological integrity of river ecosystems is critical for effective river conservation and management. ! iv ! Acknowledgements I would like to thank Robert Davis, Lars Meyer, Adam Kautza, Danielle Vent, Ellen Comes, Daniel Symonds, Ben Rubinoff, Paradzayi Tagwireyi, and Kristin Driesburg for their help in the field and laboratory. I would also like to thank Brian Zimmerman for providing his expertise on Ohio fish identification and ecology as well as David Manning for his statistical assistance. I would also like to acknowledge Bryon Ringley with Stantec Consulting Services, Inc. for his support in my research efforts. Finally, I would also like to thank my committee members (Dr. Kris Jaeger and Dr. Suzanne Gray) and my advisor Dr. Mažeika Sullivan for all of their help and expertise through this process. ! v ! Vita ! June 2009 .......................................................Fremont Ross High School May 2013 .......................................................B.A. with Honors in Biology Case Western Reserve University June 2013 to present ......................................Graduate Research and Teaching Associate, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University Publications Dorobek, A., S.M.P. Sullivan, & A. Kautza. 2015. Short-term consequences of lowhead dam removal for fish assemblages in an urban river system. River Systems 21: 125.139. Fields of Study Major Field: Environment and Natural Resources Specialization Fisheries and Wildlife Science ! vi ! Table of Contents ! ! Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................v Vita ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Background and Literature Review ...................................................................1 Chapter 2: Short-term consequences of lowhead dam removal for fish assemblages in an urban river system ..............................................................................................................61 Chapter 3: Are river food webs resilient? Changes in fish food-web structure following lowhead dam removal ......................................................................................................104 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................166 Appendix A. Ohio Divisions of Wildlife collection permits ..........................................200 Appendix B. Homogenization Status and Functional Feeding Groups assigned to fish species sampled in the study system to determine other food-web properties in Chapter 3 ..........................................................................................................................................204 Appendix C Isotope data for all fish and basal resources from the Olentangy and Scioto River reaches from Chapter 3 ..........................................................................................206 Appendix D Table from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency’s Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life – Updated User’s Manual for Biological Field Assessment of Ohio’s Surface Waters (2014) for Chapter 2 (functional feeding groups) and Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................215 ! ! ! vii ! List of Tables Table 1.1. Description of food-web properties used in the current research, modified from Bersier et al. (2002) and Romanuk et al. (2006) .............................................
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