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Art, Metaphysics and Dialectic: R. G. Collingwood and the Crisis of Western Civilisation

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Art, Metaphysics and Dialectic: R. G. Collingwood and the Crisis of Western Civilisation _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Art, metaphysics and dialectic: R. G. Collingwood and the crisis of Western civilisation. Murphy, Richard How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Murphy, Richard (2006) Art, metaphysics and dialectic: R. G. Collingwood and the crisis of Western civilisation.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42930 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ Art, Metaphysics and Dialectic: R.G. Collingwood and the Crisis of Western Civilisation Richard Murphy Submitted to the University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Swansea University 2006 SO LiE^my ProQuest Number: 10821320 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10821320 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Summary This thesis argues that Collingwood’s philosophy is best understood as a diagnosis of and response to a crisis of Western civilisation. The various and complementary aspects of the crisis of civilisation are explored and Collingwood is demonstrated to be working in the traditions of Romanticism and ‘historicism’. In Part One, I examine Collingwood’s conception of the crisis of modernity in terms of the Romantic idea of the unity of the forms of experience and his philosophy of art. Contemporary civilisation is seen as corrupted by the suppression of emotion and is to be regenerated by art: the expression of emotion and truthful consciousness. In Part Two, the crisis of civilisation is explained as the failure of contemporary civilisation to significantly move beyond a dependency on a Platonic philosophy of being. The solution, it is proposed, is the development of a philosophy of becoming, which reconciles normative thinking with historical change. The criteria for value and truth are located, not in an ideal transcendent world, but in a ‘way of life’ in the widest sense. In this respect, Collingwood is compared with Ortega y Gasset and Nietzsche. Part Three demonstrates that Collingwood’s dialectical philosophy reveals itself in a historicist phenomenology of mind and a dialectical theory of liberalism and civilisation. This dialectical view leads to a critique of the ill effects of capitalism and of the rationalisation and bureaucratisation of contemporary life. On these subjects, the theories of Collingwood and Ortega y Gasset are contrasted with those of Nietzsche and Weber. Declarations and Statements DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ................. i'J^J ................................(candidate) Date ^2rr£>. J ...! . 9*./.. P. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ........................................ * (candidate) Date............ STATEMENT 2 I hereby give my consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed .............................................T ........................ (candidate) D ate... ........... Z G / c>& Contents Introduction 7 Part One: Art and the Crisis of Civilisation Chapter 1: Romanticism, Historicism and the Unity of the Forms of Experience 18 Chapter 2: Art and Craft 43 Chapter 3: Art, Consciousness and Truth 58 Chapter 4: Artist and Community 72 Part Two: Logic and Metaphysics Chapter 5: A Revolution in Logic 90 Chapter 6: Metaphysics and the Logic of Question and Answer 105 Chapter 7: Metaphysics, History and Progress 128 Part Three: Dialectic, Civilisation and Politics Chapter 8: The Phenomenology of Mind 175 Chapter 9: The Politics of Dialectic 206 Conclusion 260 References 269 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor David Boucher, whose assistance and encouragement throughout my work on this thesis have been invaluable. I also wish to thank Dr. Mark Evans for his helpful comments and criticism. The R.G. Collingwood Society generously provided me with financial assistance during my study and for this I am very grateful. Thanks are due also to my friends (both near and far away) and my colleagues, especially in the Department of Politics at the University of Wales Swansea, who in a variety of ways have contributed to the formulation of my thoughts and the completion of this work. I also want to thank my family: my brother, Brian, and my sister, Eimear. This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Roger and Emily Murphy, who contributed greatly with their continuous encouragement and support. Abbreviations Works by Collingwood: RP Religion and Philosophy (1916) TC Truth and Contradiction (1917) FFH ‘A Footnote to Future History’ (1919) SM Speculum Mentis (1924) PAE ‘The Place of Art in Education’ (1926) AM ‘Art and the Machine’ (1926?) EPM An Essay on Philosophical Method (1933) NMS ‘The Nature of Metaphysical Study’ (1934) MM ‘Method and Metaphysics’ (1935) MGM ‘Man Goes Mad’ (1936) RI ‘Realism and Idealism’ (1936) PA The Principles o f Art 1938){ A An Autobiography (1939) EM An Essay on Metaphysics (1940 and 1998) NL The New Leviathan (1942 and 1992) IN The Idea o f Nature (1945) IH The Idea o f History (1946 and 1993) EPA Essays in the Philosophy o f Art (1964) EPH Essays in the Philosophy o f History (1965) EPP Essays in Political Philosophy (1989) Works by Ortega y Gasset: RM The Revolt o f the Masses (1932) HS History as a System (1941 and 1962) MU Mission o f the University (1946 and 1963) MP Man and People (1957) MC Man and Crisis (1958) DA The Dehumanization o f Art (1968) Works by Nietzsche: Z Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883-85) BGE Beyond Good and Evil (1886) WP The Will to Power (1901, 1906) Introduction The importance of R.G. Collingwood ought to be understood in the context of the legacy of romanticism and the development of historical thinking in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The emergence of ‘historicism’ and the influence of Romanticism meant a change from regarding philosophy as the pursuit of abstract transcendental truths towards regarding truth and meaning as immanent, historically contextual, and contingent. This critical development, in both philosophy and Western culture more generally, occurred in response to what was perceived as a profound crisis in Western civilisation. Collingwood was one of the thinkers that provided a key positive contribution to these movements, and developed a response to the crisis. The transition towards a greater appreciation of historicity and contingency, brought about by the influence of Romanticism and historicism, meant that philosophy comes to be understood to a greater extent as philosophy of cultures and civilisations. It is in this context that the notion of ‘crisis’ ought to be understood: at any given time, a culture or civilisation will undergo conditions of relative strength or vigour and of relative crisis or decadence1. Also, although the focus of this study is primarily on Collingwood, similar philosophies were developed by Ortega y Gasset and Croce, and in the course of the thesis these affinities, especially with Ortega, will help to shed light on Collingwood’s philosophy2. The theme of the crisis of civilisation pervades Collingwood’s work, and although this theme has been mentioned by some commentators on Collingwood’s philosophy, it has not been discussed in much detail. David Boucher asserts that the later published works of Collingwood reflect his lifelong preoccupation with identifying and combating the enemies of civilisation, by coming to a better self- understanding (Boucher and Vincent, 2000: 186). Collingwood, as Boucher argues, 1 In investigating Collingwood’s treatment of the theme o f the crisis of the West, therefore, I am assuming that it is
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