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The Royal Palace in Caserta: Non- Destructive Tests for Safety and Conservation

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The Royal Palace in Caserta: Non- Destructive Tests for Safety and Conservation International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 11, Issue 5, May 2020, pp. 537-546, Article ID: IJARET_11_05_055 Available online athttp://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=5 ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499 DOI: 10.34218/IJARET.11.5.2020.055 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed THE ROYAL PALACE IN CASERTA: NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTS FOR SAFETY AND CONSERVATION M. Guadagnuolo, I. Titomanlio, G. Faella Department of Architecture and Industrial Design University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy C. Gambardella Pegaso online University, Napoli, Italy. ABSTRACT The paper deals with the in-situ surveys performed within an integrated knowledge plan aimed at the conservation design of the façades of the Royal Palace in Caserta (“Reggia di Caserta”) in Campania, Italy. Surface penetrating radar tests, covermeter testing, infrared thermography analyses, and endoscopic inspections were performed as complementary methods of surveys. The paper describes the equipment, the testing arrangement and the main outcomes. The falling of some large portions of facing slabs is identified to be due to the oxidation of the metal cramps. The position of the anchor cramps has then systematically identified, showing that they are not arranged according to specific alignment rules. This allows assessing the structural safety of the facing stones and drawing data for the restoration activity and the conservation management plan. Keywords: Cultural heritage, Facing slab safety, Masonry, In-situ testing Cite this Article: M. Guadagnuolo, I. Titomanlio, G. Faella and C. Gambardella, The Royal Palace in Caserta: Non-Destructive Tests for Safety and Conservation, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 11(5), 2020, pp. 537-546. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=5 1. INTRODUCTION Cultural heritage and monumental architecture are of great value to society from a cultural, environmental, social and economic point of view, and their safeguarding is of paramount importance [1-2]. Frequently their preservation and safety are related to their non-structural elements [3], and then an integrated approach is necessary [4]. Adequate knowledge of building structures for assessing structural safety and defining appropriate restoration solutions is a key step in the design process. Also, because today it is possible to perform particularly detailed non-linear numerical analyses [5]. Despite the recent advances in non-destructive testing http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 537 [email protected] M. Guadagnuolo, I. Titomanlio, G. Faella and C. Gambardella technology [6-9], today no technique is suitable for all situations, and then the careful application of complementary techniques often provides the most reliable information. This paper deals with the experimental activities performed on the façades of the Royal Palace in Caserta (Campania, Italy), as step of the fundamental path of knowledge. The activity firstly involved historical researches and subsequently in-situ tests, as laser scanning surveys and non-destructive testing on masonry structures and façades. The safety of façades facing stones and overhanging masonry elements was mainly investigated. In fact, due to the oxidation of the metal cramps of the veneer facing stones, in recent years, some stone slabs of considerable size, and from a great height, fell. The fall of façade elements represents an element of great criticality for the conservation of cultural heritage and public safety, and their securing requires a thorough knowledge of the supporting structural elements and state of conservation. 2. HISTORICAL RESEARCH The Royal Palace in Caserta (Italy) is one of the great examples of late eighteenth-century architecture with its park and its sophisticated watercourses. In 1930 Gino Chierici declared: “the royal palace is one of the most harmonic, logical, most perfect architectural designs of all time” (Figure 1). The Bourbon king Charles III wanted the palace to be the seat of power and to represent the magnificence of their dynasty. He commissioned architect Luigi Vanvitelli [10- 11] to design and build the Royal Palace, competing with the Versailles Palace [12-15]. Figure 1 The Royal Palace in Caserta In the same years, Vanvitelli was involved in the restoration of the Basilica of Loreto (commissioned by the Pontifical State) but he answered positively to the call of King Charles III [16-17]. Vanvitelli was commissioned to design the complex composed by the Palace, the Park, the buildings surrounding the urban area, and the Aqueduct (later called Carolino) (Figure 2). In 1751 the final project was approved and the following year the foundation stone was laid with a great ceremony. Gennaro Maldarelli painted that moment under the canopy of the Throne Room. Several artists were involved to work with Vanvitelli. Marcello Fronton collaborated on the building design and Francesco Collecini collaborated on the park and the aqueduct design. The building lasted several years and some details were left unfinished [18]. Ferdinand IV, who later became Ferdinand I (the king who came after Charles III) did not share the same enthusiasm for the Palace. In 1773 Vanvitelli died and his son Carlo continued the work. The http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 538 [email protected] The Royal Palace in Caserta: Non-Destructive Tests for Safety and Conservation father's genius was hard to interpret, so it was difficult to finish the building according to the original project [19-21]. Figure 2 The Royal Palace in Caserta: historical design The Palace currently covers an area of approximately 44000 square meters. The materials needed for building the Palace (at the time the cost was 6.133.507 ducats) mostly came from existing quarries in the area or the kingdom's territories: San Nicola la Strada, Bellona (travertine), Mondragone (gray marble), San Leucio (lime), Bacoli (pozzolan), Gaeta (arena), Capua (bricks), Sicily, Calabria and Puglia (various marbles) [18]. The choice of marble was handled by French sculptor Giuseppe Canart. He was a restorer at the king's service and a connoisseur of ancient marbles (white Carrara marble was used for some statues and decorations). The rectangular layout of the Palace, (247x190 meters) was divided into four courtyards (each of 3800 sq, m). This design concept was defined as an optimal model of architecture, meeting to space distribution requirements according to the intended use [22-23]. The total height of the Palace is 41 meters. It was composed by 1.200 rooms lit by 241 windows at the front and 241 on the back. The chimneys on the roof were 1026, indicating the presence of fireplaces in almost every room. Different types of vaults (cross vaults, barrel vaults, cloister vaults, rib vaults, etc.) were used. This made necessary outer walls 3.50 m thick at the ground floor. The roof had timber trusses made in abetone of Sila and large tiles coming from the furnaces of Portici, put in place by talented teachers Zappi and Rossi. Immediately after the central gate, the superb three naves gallery (high and wide the main, narrower, and lower the side ones) leads to the central octagon. Here bundles of Bigliemi stone columns hold four strong large arches, set up the access to the four courtyards and, on the right side, to the majestic staircase decorated with polychrome marbles (18.50 meters wide, 14.50 meters high and 117 steps long) [19]. Besides the octagon gallery, the green park provides a beautiful scenic movement. The Royal Palace was declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 1997. The thorough historical documentation, which covers many features of the Palace building, does not contain a description or a graphic representation of the technique through which the large facing slabs of the internal and external façades were anchored to the wall structure at the back. This shortcoming made necessary to carry out an in-depth experimental activity in-situ, as described below. 3. EQUIPMENT AND TESTING ARRANGEMENT 3.1. Surface penetrating radar test The Surface Penetrating Radar (SPR) applied to masonry buildings [24-25] allows detecting the presence and location of anomalies or hidden objects using the electromagnetic waves http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 539 [email protected] M. Guadagnuolo, I. Titomanlio, G. Faella and C. Gambardella reflection phenomenon [26-27]. The tests were carried out using a multi-frequency SPR equipment with several antennae (from 800 to 2000 MHz), software "K2" and "IDS_Gred" for data acquisition and processing. The purpose of the SPR tests was the inspection of the veneer facing stones, the identification of the masonry stratigraphy, and the search of anomalies and hidden metal cramps in the exterior and interior façades of the Royal Palace. The scans were executed according to a thick grid for identifying all possible anomalies, as illustrated in the following. 3.2. Infrared thermography analysis The infrared thermographic technique provides a visible representation of infrared energy radiated by an object, according to the fundamental law of Planck (all objects at temperatures above absolute zero emit infrared radiation) [28-29]. The scan cameras with infrared is a global approach, which allows a rapid assessment of large regions without requiring direct access to the wall. The high-resolution FLIR “ThermaCam SC3000 Thermal Imaging System”, was used. This camera utilizes an advanced sensor that provides extremely high sensitivity
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