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ArticleTitle Analysis of kulbari's economic position in the northwest border villages of (a study of border villages) Article Sub-Title Article CopyRight The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. (This will be the copyright line in the final PDF) Journal Name GeoJournal Corresponding Author Family Name Chatterjee Particle Given Name Uday Suffix Division Assistant Professor of Geography Organization Bhatter College, Vidyasagar University Address West Bengal, 721101, Dantan, India Phone Fax Email [email protected] URL ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-8324

Author Family Name Janparvar Particle Given Name Mohsen Suffix Division Assistant Professor of Political Geography Organization Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Address Mashhad, Iran Phone Fax Email [email protected] URL ORCID Author Family Name Heydari Particle Given Name Akbar Suffix Division Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning Organization Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Address Mashhad, Iran Phone Fax Email [email protected] URL ORCID Author Family Name Jaf Particle Given Name Sajed Bahrami Suffix Division Student of Political Geography Organization Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Address Mashhad, Iran Phone Fax Email [email protected] URL ORCID Author Family Name Singh Particle Given Name Uttara Suffix Division Assistant Professor of Geography Organization CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Address Prayagraj, India Phone Fax Email [email protected] URL ORCID

Received Schedule Revised Accepted 20 April 2021

Abstract One of the most important issues along the Iran- border () is the Kulbari phenomenon. The phenomena have forced the inhabitants of these border regions, whether old or young, men or women, to some extent be involved. Problems of life and finances of this phenomenon cannot be ignored by any viewer. The present paper is an attempt to study the economic position of Kulbari’s in the north-western border villages of Iran more specifically the border villages of Paveh. For the same purpose the library documentary and field study methods have been used. A questionnaire was prepared keeping the statistical population in mind, of which 113 questionnaires were answered. Results thus obtained shows that the most important parameter affecting the political dimension of the Kulbari phenomenon in the border villages is the communication policy between the two border states, the ideology, and strategies of the two border states, and the border policy. In the economic dimension, the most important parameter includes the supply of necessities of life, employment and unemployment in the border region, the absence of agricultural and pasture land; and in the geographical dimension the most important parameters affecting the stability of the Kulbari phenomenon is the development level of the border region relative to the center. Finally, the paper also provides some suggestions to solve the Kulbari issue in the study area. Keywords (separated by '-') Kulbari - Paveh Villages - Border Development - Economic Position Footnote Information GeoJournal

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10428-z (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

12

3 Analysis of kulbari’s economic position in the northwest 4 border villages of Iran (a study of paveh border villages)

5 Mohsen Janparvar . Akbar Heydari . Sajed Bahrami Jaf . Uday Chatterjee . 6 Uttara Singh Author Proof

7 Accepted: 20 April 2021 8 Ó The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021

9 Abstract One of the most important issues along the between the twoPROOFPROOF border states, the ideology, and 26 10 Iran-Iraq border (Kurdistan) is the Kulbari phe- strategies of the two border states, and the border 27 11 nomenon. The phenomena have forced the inhabitants policy. In the economic dimension, the most important 28 12 of these border regions, whether old or young, men or parameter includes the supply of necessities of life, 29 13 women, to some extent be involved. Problems of life employment and unemployment in the border region, 30 14 and finances of this phenomenon cannot be ignored by the absence of agricultural and pasture land; and in the 31 15 any viewer. The present paper is an attempt to study geographical dimension the most important parame- 32 16 the economic position of Kulbari’s in the north- ters affecting the stability of the Kulbari phenomenon 33 17 western border villages of Iran more specifically the is the development level of the border region relative 34 18 border villages of Paveh. For the same purpose the to the center. Finally, the paper also provides some AQ135 19 library documentary and field study methods have suggestions to solve the Kulbari issue in the study area. AQ236 20 been used. A questionnaire was prepared keeping the 21 statistical population in mind, of which 113 question- Keywords Kulbari Á Paveh Villages Á Border 37 22 naires were answered. Results thus obtained shows Development Á Economic Position 38 23 that the most important parameter affecting the 24 political dimension of the Kulbari phenomenon in 25 the border villages is the communication policy

A1 M. Janparvar A13 U. Chatterjee (&) A2 Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Ferdowsi A14 Assistant Professor of Geography, Bhatter College, A3 University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran A15 Vidyasagar University, West Bengal 721101 Dantan, A4 e-mail: [email protected] A16 India A17 e-mail: [email protected] A5 A. Heydari A6 Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, A18 U. Singh A7 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,UNCORRECTED Mashhad, Iran A19 Assistant Professor of Geography, CMP Degree College, A8 e-mail: [email protected] University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India A21 e-mail: [email protected] A9 S. B. Jaf A10 Student of Political Geography, Ferdowsi University of A11 Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran A12 e-mail: [email protected]

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39 Introduction 1. Identifying the most important factors affecting 87 Kulbari’s excellence in the Paveh County Villages. 88 40 In recent times any development planning has had 2. Identifying the presentable strategies for orga- 89 41 sustainable development as its focal theme. The nizing the Kulbari’s activities in the Paveh County 90 42 debates around the term sustainable was initiated for Villages. 91 43 the first time in 1987 by Groharlem Brountland (Our 44 Common Future) and it suggested ‘‘ proper and 45 efficient management and utilization of basic, natural, Literature review on research 92 46 financial and human resources to achieve desired 47 consumption patterns that is possible by using tech- In recent decades, different approaches and perspec- 93 48 nical facilities and appropriate organization’’ and will tives have been taken as how factors interact on both 94 49 not just fulfill the needs and aspirations of present sides of the border shows different forms of perme- 95 50 society but of future as well.(Malek-Abadi & et al., ability and boundary interactions. 96 51 2016). Sustainability analysis for the border regions Author Proof 52 studies the effect of any phenomena or activity with Martinez model 97 53 respect to components of the economic, social and 54 biophysical environment. (Amirahmadi & et al., While attempting to define a border region, the 98 55 2017). Therefore, the basic needs of individuals typology of border regions (Oscar J. Martinez, 1994) 99 56 specifically in the economic dimension are essential needs to be presentedPROOFPROOF (Wro´blewski, 2013). One 100 57 aspects of any society that can change and be an example is the border between the USA and Mexico 101 58 important element of the society culture (Rani, 2015). that distinguishes four stages of borderland interac- 102 59 Needs, based on temporal, spatial, and technological tion: (1) Alienated borderlands, (2) Coexistent bor- 103 60 and cultural factors have different origins, forms, and derlands, (3) Interdependent borderlands and (4) 104 61 content (Qaderzadeh & Qaderi, 2013). In the eco- Integrated borderlands (Fig. 2). In the ‘‘alienated 105 62 nomic structure of the rural areas of different coun- borderlands’’, the routine cross-border interactions 106 63 tries, agriculture is an essential livelihood (Momeni, are practically non-existent. The permeability i.e. the 107 64 2017; Jasuri, 2015; Jaefare javan, 2011). Such an extent of the free border is very low. The border is 108 65 economic and occupational structure in rural areas has functionally closed and the residents of the neighbor- 109 66 raised specific issues, such as less resilience to short- ing countries act as strangers to each other. In the case 110 67 term climate fluctuations, crop price fluctuations at the of the ‘‘coexistent borderlands’’, the border is slightly 111 68 time of harvest, marketing and product marketing open, so that international relations are possible but 112 69 constraints, and the dependence of offshore users and only a limited cross-border interaction develops. The 113 70 foreign markets, explicit and hidden unemployment, borderland interdependence exists if regions on both 114 71 declining returns on capital, destruction of basic sides of the border are symbiotically linked with each 115 72 natural resources, the vulnerability of rural economy other. Economic complementarities generate cross- 116 73 and income source instability, weakening of rural border interaction and collaboration, which stimulate 117 74 economy and Culture, rural migration and marginal- the development of markets, capital and labor. More- 118 75 ization (Annabestani, 2014). In the meantime, border over, the ‘‘interdependent borderlands’’ are character- 119 76 villages have a significant position. Residents of ized by social relationships across the border. On the 120 77 border villages are more vulnerable to the livelihoods other hand, some factors such as over immigration, 121 78 of border villages because of their lower-income trade competition and ethnic nationalism influence the 122 79 sources and their limitations (Bazrafshan, 2018; cross-border relations and the border regime nega- 123 80 Tayebnia & Manouchehrr,UNCORRECTED2016). This has caused a tively. In the ‘‘integrated borderlands’’, no barriers 124 81 phenomenon called kulbariUNCORRECTED during the border villages exist to trade and human movement across the 125 82 of Kurdistan province, Paveh. In the present study, it common border. The neighboring regions merge 126 83 has been analyzed the shaping and stability parameters economically, with capital, product, and labor flows. 127 84 of the kulbari along the borders of Iran and Iraq. In The major political differences between the neighbor- 128 85 order to, the main objectives of this paper are ing countries are eliminated and the locals perceive 129 86 consisting of: themselves as members of one social system 130 123

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Fig. 1 Models of borderlands interaction by O. J. Martinez Wro´blewski, (2013)

including the then Israeli-occupied ’Security Zone’, as 144 the focus of his study. He also briefly examined the 145

Author Proof Israeli de facto borders with Jordan and Syria. Soffer 146 discussed the interaction of people, trade, the use of 147 infrastructure, and the government contacts across the 148 border. The main concept in his model is: ‘‘Where 149 there is a minorityPROOFPROOF living on both sides of the border, 150 ties should be expected even if the border is sealed and 151 hostile (Alshaikh, 2001; Soffer, 1994). By this 152 concept, he challenged Minghi (1991) who stated that 153 interaction does not exist along boundaries under 154 threat of conflict or under the stress of confrontation 155 (Soffer, 1994). Soffer also explained that the connec- 156 tion along the hostile border is mainly based on family 157 ties and local trade. Moreover, he maintained that 158 governments on both sides may establish connections 159 between them even if the situation at the border was 160 violent, and eventually this will prepare the ground for 161 peace. He concluded in his paper that there is: a 162 correlation between the strength of the trans-border 163 Fig. 2 Soffer’s model (Soffer, 1994) connections and the size of the minority population 164 which lives on both sides of the border (Safer 1994, 165 131 (Martinez, 1994). In the sense of Martinez, the widely- p.190 from Alshaikh, 2001: 57). As Fig. 2 (a, b) 166 132 used term ‘‘trans-border region’’ (or’’ cross-border illustrates, the interaction at the border with Syria 167 133 region’’) is equitable with the ‘‘integrated border- within the occupied Golan Heights as well as with 168 134 lands’’ (Kladivo & Others, 2012). Lebanon is limited because the size of the Golan Druze 169 minority group and the size of the Lebanese minority 170 135 Soffer model groups (i.e. Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze) are 171 relatively small on both sides. At the border with 172 136 In his paper, (Soffer, 1994) has examined the connec- Jordan, Soffer claimed that the connection there is 173 137 tions along the border between adjacent states with a greater because the size of minority groups, which 174 138 history of conflict betweenUNCORRECTEDUNCORRECTED them. He used House’s includes 1.5 million Palestinians on the West Bank 175 139 model as a tool for examination, but he did not follow and 1.5 million Palestinians on the East Bank, is bigger 176 140 him in including all aspects of transaction flows for (see Fig. 3c). Finally, Soffer also maintained that if a 177 141 there was insufficient data about those flows for his Palestinian state is established in future, the connec- 178 142 study area on the Israel-Lebanon border. However, he tion between the Palestinians on the Israeli side, which 179 143 selected the Israeli de facto border with Lebanon he estimated as one million, and the Palestinians in the 180

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181 future state, which he estimated as one and a half should be noted that since the border regions are away 211 182 million, would be greater than the previous three cases from the centre,PROOFPROOF they always face threats of marginal- 212 183AQ3 (Alshaikh, 2001: 58). ization and deprivation, and these areas are also 213 considered as critical and strategic points of any 214 184 Janparvar’s model country. The isolated and non-productive nature of 215 such areas, especially as they are either mountainous 216 185 Most of the previous literature on border regions or desert areas, has been confronted with lack of 217 186 remains ambiguous. The definitions and views affluence, so these population lack motivation for 218 187 expressed on the border region, it is articulated living and pose economic and security problems to the 219 188 interchangeably with the border line, or it is consid- government, their income decline, unemployment and 220 189 ered by the concept of border limit. The border region inaccessibility of basic needs increase. Another prob- 221 190 has a lot of differences with the borderline and border lem affecting the border regions is depopulation and 222 191 limit exactly. On the other hand, scientist has tried to emigration of the border residents to large cities 223 192 focus their work on defining the characteristics and because of the lack of incentives for living in these 224 193 characteristics of these areas without defining the areas. Since the landowners in these regions are 225 194 border region. One of the few definitions available in economically weak, some of them do illegal work. In 226 195 the short form for the border region is that the border general, productive occupations cannot invested in 227 196 regions are the geographic regions adjacent to the such areas. It should note that the border regions have 228 197 boundary. But in a more precise explanation of this the following general characteristics: 229 198 concept, it can be said that the border region is the • Far from the centre; 230 199 immediate geographic space of the boundary lines • Geographic, economic, development situation and 231 200 with different dimensions that are directly affected by in the country; 232 201 the boundaries. It should be noted that the width of the • Has a superior cross-country position to commu- 233 202 border region is proportional to the status and function nicate with other countries; 234 203 of the borders and is influenced by the surrounding • Being in the front line of friendly or hostile 235 204 environment. In general, it should be said that with the encounters; 236 205 increase in the effectiveness of the borders through UNCORRECTEDUNCORRECTED• Demographic density (in most cases); 237 206 developments in various fields of technology and the • having natural, human or combined links across 238 207 expansion of the commodities and human movements, borders (most of the time); 239 208 the width of the border region is increasing because 209 these direct and immediate effects extend the geo- Based upon the above discussion border regions 240 210 graphical space of the borders. In the border region, it can be classified into two parts: 241

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242 • Joint border region In this type the geographic Material and method 285 243 landscape both sides is same and comprises a 244 single region that border line divides into two equal The present study is quantitative in nature and applied 286 245 parts. We should note here that the control and in purpose. The research method is descriptive- 287 246 management of such regions are difficult and correlation in terms of data acquisition and data 288 247 challenging. Joint border region has following processing. In this study, library and field methods 289 248 shapes: were used as a questionnaire to obtain the required 290 249 • Natural joint border regions In this type of border information and data collection. The statistical popu- 291 250 region, the geographic landscape that covers the lation of the study included all kubars who were active 292 251 borderline is naturally occurring on both sides of in the Paveh city passages, and due to the informal 293 252 the border, not only the same, but also comple- nature of the job, no exact statistics were available, 294 253 mentary, and half-interconnected. For example, after referring to the 160 passages mentioned. The 295 254 you can refer to a plain or forest that is naturally a questionnaire version was provided to the statistical 296 255 separate and interconnected ecosystem and crosses population and 113 questionnaires were answered. In 297 Author Proof 256 the boundary line. this research, there are two types of independent and 298 257 • Humanity joint border regions In this type of dependent variables. The independent variable is a 299 258 border region, the geographic landscape that property of the physical or social environment that 300 259 covers the borderline is naturally occurring on accepts the values by interfering with or manipulating 301 260 both sides of the border are different, but according the researcher soPROOFPROOF that its impact on the other variable 302 261 to humanity has vast conjunction together and form (dependent variable) can be observed. The indepen- 303 262 a single humanity geographic landscape. For dent variables in the present study are listed in Table 1 304 263 example, one ethnic group with the same language, The dependent variable is a variable whose value 305 264 religion and mores that form a specific single affected by the independent variable. The dependent 306 265 geographic landscape and divided by borderline variable in the present study is the sustainability of the 307 266 into two separate parts. The space of position of kubari phenomenon in the studied city, which has been 308 267 this ethnic group in both part of the border region subdivided and classified into three components 309 268 forms humanity joint border region. (geographical, political, and economic) from the 310 269 • Mixture joint border regions In this type of border above theories and perspectives. 311 270 region, the geographic landscape that covers the To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, 312 271 borderline naturally and humanity occurring on researchers in the field of research after reading the 313 272 both sides of the border has vast conjunction questionnaire questions and points stated their correc- 314 273 together and we cannot simply recognize two sides tive viewpoints and brief corrections were made to the 315 274 (Janparvar, 2017) (Fig. 3) questionnaires. Finally, the validity of the question- 316 naire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Cronbach’s 317 alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability of 318 275 Disjoint border regions the research. SPSS software and statistical tests (Kmo) 319 and (regression) were used to rank the influential 320 276 In this type of the border region, the geographic variables and their effect on the continuity of the 321 277 landscape that covers the borderline occurring on both kulbari phenomenon. Table 2 322 278 sides of the border are different are each side of border 279 has its natural and humanity geographic landscape. So, 280 we can say that borderline in this border region by Study area 323 281 demarcation separate different or little sameness 282 geographic landscape. InUNCORRECTED this way, control and man- UNCORRECTEDPaveh is located in western Iran and is 112 km far 324 283 agement of this border region are easier and without from . It lies in a sub-region along the 325 284 challenges sides (Janparvar, 2017). (Fig. 4). Iran-Iraq border commonly referred to as Hewraman, 326 which is situated within the larger geographical region 327 of Kurdistan. The city is considered by inhabitants of 328 the region as the capital of Hewraman (Heydari & 329 123

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Fig. 4 Disjoint border regions (Janparvar, 2017) Author Proof Table 1 Research variables Source Research Findings, 2020 Components Articles

Geographical Distance from the center of the boundary zone, the natural boundary of the boundary zone beyond the boundary, crossing position of the boundary zone, limitation of agricultural landPROOFPROOF and pasture Political The feeling of equality or political discrimination of frontier residents with the center, the presence or absence of frontier residents, the attitude of frontier residents to the frontier, the communication policy of the two frontier states, the ideology and strategies of the frontier states, the governing frontier policy (open, semi-open and closed ( Economic Employment and unemployment situation in the border region, type of border dwellers’ economy (agriculture and livestock, industry and services), public needs supply, border area development level relative to center, level of development on both sides of the border, price differences on both sides of the border, Satisfaction with income, Satisfaction with the cost of living situation

language spoken by the population in the city is mostly 343 Table 2 Cronbach’s test results Source Research Findings Kurdish, but the language which is used in schools and 344 Reliability test offices is Persian, the official language of Iran in which 345 almost everyone in the city is fluent. The city is 96 km 346 Numbers Alpha Count west of the border with Iraq. is one of the 347 18 0.825 biggest rivers in Paveh. It rises near , in the 348 of Iran. Table 3 349 It then descends through the mountains, where for 350 330 Bakhtar, 2018). Paveh is situated along a mountain- some 32 km it forms the border between the two 351 331 side like most cities and villages in the Hewraman countries. It finally feeds into the below 352 332 region. Behind the city is the Shaho mountain and . Navigation of the upper reaches of the 353 333 ahead of the city is a view of Atashgah, another Diyala is not possible because of its narrow defiles, but 354 334 mountain that was once the site of pilgrimages for the river’s valley provides an important trade route 355 335 ancient religions in the region. Among the most visited between Iran and Iraq. The city is one of the main 356 336 places is the Quri Qaleh caveman which is considered passageways of the kulbari due to its less developed 357 337 as the longest wateryUNCORRECTED caveUNCORRECTED in the Middle East. The and proximity to Iraqi Kurdistan. Figure 1 shows the 358 338 cave is located around 25 km from Paveh’s city center. city’s surroundings, including the four border villages 359 339 Paveh city is one of the five border cities of of Haniemerlum, Shushami, Dezawar where the 360 340 with an area of 1260 km and kulbars gather to move goods, though most Kulbars 361 341 according to the Census of 2016 its population was come from other areas than these villages. Table 4 362 342 60,431 people (Iran Statistics Center, 2016). The first

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Table 3 KMO test Source KMO value 0.851 effect, but the rest of the options had different effects 393 Research Findings, 2020 from high to low. Among that the most important 394 Chi square 0.269 items are ‘‘public needs supply status’’ with a score of 395 degrees of freedom 112 0.875, ‘‘two borders communication policy’’ with a 396 Significance level 0.000 score of 0.840, ‘‘employment and unemployment 397 status in the border area’’ with score of 0.838 and 398 ‘‘ideology and strategies of two boundary countries’’ 399 363 Result and discussion with score of 0.832 left the continuation of the kulbari 400 phenomenon in the border town of Paveh. Further, the 401 364 In this part of the research, a confirmatory factor sub-criteria that scored high on each criterion can be 402 365 analysis test was used to rank the factors affecting the used as a practical approach to control the continuity 403 366 stability of the kulbari phenomenon in the Paveh of the Coulomb phenomenon in the study area. 404 367 border region. And the significance level is equal to 368 zero indicating the suitability of the experimental Investigating the relationship between the research 405

Author Proof 369 model used. Table 5 components and the continuity of the Kulbari 406 370 In this analysis, for the extraction of components, phenomenon in the study area 407 371 principal component method is used and orthogonal 372 rotation (varimax period). In all the four components The output obtained from the linear regression anal- 408 373 accounted for 69.8% of the factors contributing to the ysis it is foundPROOF that the adjusted coefficient of 409 374 stability of the kulbari phenomenon. According to the PROOF determination for the variables entered into the 410 375 results, the first component was 26.3% of the variance, research model was (R square = 0.891), indicating 411 376 the second component with 17.7% of the variance, the that 89% of the variance and variability of the causes 412 377 third component of 13.5% of the variance, and the of the continuation of kulbari phenomenon were 413 378AQ4 fourth component with 12.3% of the variance. As can Paveh frontier is caused by variables in the equation 414 379 be seen, the first factor is more important highlighting and the rest (11%) of the dependent variables are due 415 380 the continuation of the kulbari phenomenon. Table 6 to the influence of external factors and variables, 416 381 After the rotation of the factor (matrix period), known as error square e 2. The results of multiple 417 382 variables of spectrum items related to factors affecting regression analysis of the above variables can be 418 383 the continuation of the kulbari phenomenon in the standardized mathematically as: Y = b0 ? X1b1 ? 419 384 Paveh border township are categorized in terms of X2b2 ? X3b3 ? … ? Xnbn In this equation of the 420 385 correlation into five and in each main variable is a dependent variable which is the cause of the contin- 421 386 factor that correlated with it. The results of the uation of the kulbari phenomenon, b0 (i = 0, 1, 2…,n) 422 387 categorization obtained from questions related to the constant coefficient and X1. X2, … are independent 423 388 factors affecting the stability of the kulbari phe- variables. In the study geographic variables (0.370), 424 389 nomenon upon rotation show in general two items (for political (0.583), economic (0.475) were identified as 425 390 example distance from the center boundary and influencing factors that can be used for the calculation 426 391 satisfaction with the cost of living situation) of 18 of regression. In general, based on the results of linear 427 392 items in each category were not aligned or had no

Table 4 Operating Matrix Source Research Findings, 2020 Components The special initial numbers squared of the rotating factor loads Total Variance percentage Cumulative percentage Total Variance percentage Cumulative percentage

1 6.4 35.579UNCORRECTEDUNCORRECTED 35.579 4.74 26.355 26.355 2 3.73 20.741 56.320 3.18 17.767 44.011 3 1.31 7.329 63.649 2.43 13.532 57.543 4 1.17 6.206 69.855 2.21 12.312 69.855

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Table 5 Classification of compatibility items using post-matrix factor analysis method Source Research Findings, 2020 Category Principal Sub-components Coefficient components

1 Geographical The natural continuity of the border region beyond the border 0.782 Border crossing position 0.793 Restrictions on agricultural land and pasture 0.795 2 Political The feeling of equality or political discrimination of border-dwellers with the center 0.654 Acting or not being politically motivated by border residents 0.657 Border residents’ attitude to the border 0.751 The communication policy of the two countries borders 0.840 The ideology and strategies of the two countries border 0.832 Governing Border Policy (open, semi-open and closed) 0.798 3 Economic The employment and unemployment situation in the border region 0.838 Author Proof Type of Border Residents Economy (Agriculture & Livestock, Industry & Services) 0.675 Public supply requirements 0.875 Level of development of the border area towards the center 0.823 Different levels of development on both sides of the border 0.686 Price difference on both sides of the border PROOFPROOF 0.786 Satisfaction with earning 0.656

Table 6 Detailed Results of the Regression Model Source Research Findings, 2020 Variables Non-standard beta coefficient Standard error coefficient Standard beta coefficient T Significant level

Geographical 1.205 0.087 0.370 13.86 0.000 Political 1.466 0.091 0.583 16.02 0.000 Economic 1.241 0.091 0.475 13.66 0.000

428 regression and the significance level and standard beta phenomenon in the border town of Paveh, among the 444 429 coefficient, the causes of continuation of the kulbari political dimension items based on the confirmatory 445 430 phenomenon through political components and vari- factor analysis (Kmo). Communication policy of the 446 431 ables were suggested in the research, in other words, two border states, ideology and strategies of the two 447 432 considering the results can be said that the political border states and the border policy dominated, in the 448 433 component will have the most to do with the border town of Paveh, the continuation of the kulbari 449 434 continuation of the kulbari phenomenon, that is, with phenomenon depends largely on the type of foreign 450 435 the increase in the influence of political components relations of Iran with Iraqi Kurdistan. Whenever 451 436 among the kulbars in the study area, the kulbari appropriate commercial and economic communica- 452 437 tendency will also change. Economic and geographic tion and consequently openness to legal boundaries 453 438 variables are also in theUNCORRECTEDUNCORRECTED following categories of the occur the tendency for cross-border trade from official 454 439 degree of relationship with the continuity of the bases is increasing, but over the past few years, due to 455 440 Kulbari phenomenon. political differences and due to tensions between Iran 456 441 The results of regression test showed that the and the Kurdish region, the boundaries in the city of 457 442 political components mentioned in the study had the Paveh have been heavily influenced by these tensions 458 443 greatest impact on the continuation of the kulbari and for a long time had been in trouble with the formal 459

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460 business. This type of policy which closed formal in general and in Kermanshah province and Paveh in 480 461 trade routes at the borders between Iran and other particular. 481 462 neighbors due to cross-sectional political tensions with The results of the regression indicate the impor- 482 463 them, has led to a greater willingness to engage in tance of economic issues in the continuation of the 483 464 informal activities at the borders, especially in Paveh kulbari phenomenon in the border regions. Among the 484 465 and kulbari, one of these informal jobs is the result of a items presented in the economic dimension based on 485 466 lack of proper communication policy with the western the confirmatory factor analysis test results, the most 486 467 neighbor. In other words, the ideology of the country’s important factor affecting the continuation of the 487 468 foreign policy, which has linked cross-cutting issues kulbari phenomenon was the general necessity of life. 488 469 and political tensions to other issues, has led to The misery index is an economic indicator that shows 489 470 unofficial jobs over the past few years, including the economic and social status of a society. They 490 471 smuggling, which is a kulbari phenomenon. If there is combine the unemployment rate and inflation rate to 491 472 an increasing trend, the historical experience of the obtain the misery index. Kermanshah province in 1997 492 473 people has shown that the border policies in this region after Charmahal and Bakhtiari score 46.5. It is known 493 Author Proof 474 are not fully stable and that the border can be closed at as the poorest province in the country in terms of 494 475 any moment and that trade can be boomed across the misery index (Tab Nak Economik, 1398). It is not 495 476 border through official means and have made their known that if the situation in Kermanshah province, 496 477 people adapt to the conditions created so that they are such as Paveh, if it is not worse, it will not be better 497 478 less harmed by these policies, so there is more than that of thePROOFPROOF province, according to the results of 498 479 informal bases of trade in the border regions of Iran most of the surveyed people in the Paveh border area 499

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Fig. 5 A View of Study Area Region. Source Research Findings, 2020 123

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500 have had a problem with their basic living needs, such phenomenon is based on the results of the KMO test. 549 501 as home rentals, essential living supplies such as food The development has implications, including lower 550 502 and clothing for women and children, staggering levels of investment, lower levels of investment lead 551 503 medical costs, 300% gasoline costs and, consequently, to lower levels of employment, create employment 552 504 expensive ones. All products come together to make shortages, and create a recession with high inflation in 553 505 the decision to take on the risky kulbari. Therefore, the Iran. It affects the lives and livelihoods of the citizens 554 506 most important driver of the statistical population of of the country, especially the Paveh border regions, 555 507 the research is the tendency towards kulbari’s activity and ultimately the people are forced to move to 556 508 to provide basic living costs. Employment and informal employment and kulbari. Hence the differ- 557 509 Unemployment in the frontier area is the second most ence in the level of development of the border regions 558 510 important factor affecting the continuation of the relative to the center has a major impact on the 559 511 kulbari phenomenon based on the results of the KMO continuation of the trend towards kulbari. Citizens of 560 512 test as mentioned above. The employment situation in the border regions of Iran and especially of the study 561 513 these areas is inadequate, so creating sustainable area, because of economic and livelihood problems in 562 Author Proof 514 employment and a level of wages commensurate with their geographical environment, there is always a 563 515 the cost of living can reduce the tendency towards this feeling of discrimination and citizenship in their 564 516 phenomenon. Given the bitter experiences that border country and this has caused certain political behavior 565 517 regions have experienced during various periods due in the long run. Divergence and non-participation in 566 518 to the poor and unstable economy these areas, and political decision-makingPROOFPROOF (elections) is one of the 567 519 their consequences, are some of the top priorities for issues, and somehow the government has enough 568 520 job selection in these areas, and are less likely to be social capital in these areas to convince people to 569 521 formalized and in the absence of this formal occupa- reduce their desire for informal employment, includ- 570 522 tion, they tend to informal employment. In other ing Colbert, Not enjoyable. In other words, the citizens 571 523 words, in the border areas of Iran, especially in the living in the border regions, considering the historical 572 524 border town of Paveh, due to the lack of employment experience of injustice and discrimination that the 573 525 and on the other hand the rising momentum of central governments (over the past century) have 574 526 commodity inflation, the cost of living in these areas towards these areas, tend to view the informal 575 527 increases sharply every day and makes life easier for economy as a response to these discriminations and 576 528 ordinary people. Hard and overwhelming, the combi- its sustainability continues. AQ5577 529 nation of these factors tends to lead to the cost of living 530 in every way possible, which is the Coulomb phe- 531 nomenon in these areas due to unsatisfactory living Conclusions 578 532 costs. Bringing a diverse range of people, ranging 533 from a 12-year-old child to a 65-year-old man, given Among the geographical factors affecting the contin- 579 534 the mountainous areas of Paveh are serious hazards, uation of the kulbari phenomenon among Paveh 580 535 such as falling into the valley, getting caught in the residents based on the factor analysis test the absence 581 536 snow and cold, clashing with law enforcement and of agricultural or pasture land has had a significant 582 537 eventually death, despite all the consequences but the effect on the kulbari tendency. In fact one of the main 583 538 number of people employed in this informal sector, the reasons for turning to kulbari tradition. Kulbari’s job 584 539 economy in the border regions is not diminishing, but among the citizens of the border regions is the lack of 585 540 more and more people are turning to jobs due to the economic diversity in these areas, given the low level 586 541 deteriorating situation in the border regions. The of services and facilities in these areas and especially 587 542 kulbari phenomenon willUNCORRECTED not be resolved in the short in its rural areas and lack of adaptation strategies 588 543 term, but over time, alongUNCORRECTED with increasing levels of agriculture and livestock have lost their former boom 589 544 development and prosperity in the border regions and, another reason for the bandonment of power. Agri- 590 545 in turn, increasing long-term employment. To reduce culture is process of urbanization and the increasing 591 546 the tendency of the phenomenon occurs. Level of urbanization of rural areas, the migration to the cities 592 547 development of border area to center: the third factor taking away the possibility of agriculture or animal 593 548 affecting the causes of the continuation of the kulbari husbandry which is part of the economy of such border 594 123

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595 regions. Industry in the border regions of Iran, Semirom County. Iranian Journal of Geographical Asso- 646 596 especially in Paveh, has a very low level of investment ciation 9(1) 647 Johnparvar M (2017) A new approach to frontier studies. Iranian 648 597 and therefore does not have a good economic return Geopolitical Society Publications. 649 598 for investors, hence the poor environmental situation Kladivo P, PTA´ Cˇ EK P, Roubinek P, Ziener K (2012) Czech- 650 599 for agriculture and the lack of sufficient investment to Polish and Austrian-Slovenian Borderlands – Similarities 651 600 solve environmental problems. The situation in this and Differences in the Development and Typology of 652 Regions. Moravian Geographical Reports 20(3). 653 601 part of the economy in Paveh has worsened. So, the Malek-Abadi, R. M., Aliakbari, E., & Khosravi, B. (2016). 654 602 only way left for people to turn to false and illegal jobs Evaluating and assessing sustainability of border cities 655 603 (based on the country’s official discourse) is that (Case study: border city: Baneh). International Journal of 656 604 kulbari is one of these jobs, given that in the memory Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS), 1(1), 624–644 657 Martinez O (1994) Dynamics of border interaction: new 658 605 and history of frontier citizens, the economy is approaches to border analysis in C. Schofield (ed.), Global 659 606 stable and robust. There have been no jobs and the Boundaries: World Boundaries pp. (1–15), Routledge 660 607 transition to formal employment over many genera- Publications. 661 608 tions has been institutionalized in a way that even if Momeni, F., Dashtbani, S., & Banoui, A. A. (2017). The 662

Author Proof importance of agriculture in maintaining the socio-eco- 663 609 the conditions for employment in other economic nomic balance of urban and rural structure of Iran. Quar- 664 610 sectors, including agriculture and industry are avail- terly Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 665 611 able people are less inclined to work in this field. 6(4), 17–46 666 612 Unless they have over many years invested heavily in Qaderzadeh, O., & Qaderi, O. (2013). Qualitative study of the 667 cultural consequencesPROOF of border trade in marivan. Iranian 668 613 these areas, from the perspective of the people’s Journal of SocialPROOF Studies, 7(2), 135–154 669 614 experience, their historical and biological status in the Rani H, (2015) Culture of poverty is an obstacle to sustainable 670 615 border regions has changed. development, International Conference on Social Sciences 671 616 and Psychology. 672 Soffer A (1994) Forms of coexistence and transborder cooper- 673 ation in a hostile area: the Israeli case’’ in W. Galluser and 674 et al (eds.), Political Boundaries and Coexistence pp. 675 617 References (182–19). Peter Lang Publications. 676 Tayebnia, H., & Manouchehrr, S. (2016). Role of border mar- 677 618 Alshaikh, A. A. (2001). Saudi Arabia and its gulf co-operation kets in the social and economic development of rural areas 678 619 council neighbours: A study in international boundary case: Villages of khao and mirabad wards in Marivan 679 620 management. thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of county. Quarterly Journal of Space Economics and Rural 680 621 philosophy. Department of Geography. Development, 5(1), 147–172 681 622 Amir-Ahmadi, P., Matthes, C., & Wang, M. C. (2017). Mea- Tibenias S, Manouchehri S (2015) An analysis on the stability of 682 623 surement errors and monetary policy: Then and now. villages in Khavomirabad District of Marivan City against 683 624 Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 79, 66–78 natural and human crises (1–37) 684 625 Anabestani, A. (2014). Analysis of barriers to diversification of World Bank Group (2013) World development indicators 2013. 685 626 economic activities in border villages of Marivan. Journal World Bank Publications. 686 627 of Space Economics and Rural Development., 3(4), 87–111 Wro´blewski, Ł (2013) New approach towards research in cross- 687 628 Bahramzadeh, Y. (2003). Vehicle stability improvement using border region. Available from: https://www.researchgate. 688 629 fuzzy controller and neural-network slip angle observer net/publication/273694245_New_approach_towards_ 689 630 (No. 2003–01–2883). SAE Technical Paper. research_in_cross-border_region [Oct 26 2018]. 690 631 Bazrafshan, J., Mehrshad, T., & Najmeh, H. (2018). Investi- Yasouri, M., & Javan, F. (2015). Analysis of the diversity 691 632 gating the factors and stimuli for changing the livelihood constraints of the rural economy case: Upper Eshkor vil- 692 633 pattern of the villages in the studied border areas: Minan lage. Quarterly Journal of Space Economics and Rural 693 634 village, Sarbaz city,. Journal of Applied Research in Development, 4(3), 19–37 694 635 Geographical Sciences, 18(49), 127–150 Yeh, A. G. O., & Xia, L. (2001). Measurement and monitoring 695 636 Goodman, D., & Redclift, M. R. (Eds.) (1991). Environment of urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy. 696 637 and development in Latin America: the politics of sus- Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 67(1), 697 638 tainability. Manchester University Press. 83–90 698 639 Heydari, A., & Bakhtar,UNCORRECTED S.UNCORRECTED (2018). Analyzing the regional 640 development of kurdish border cities of iran using sus- Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with 641 tainable urban development indices (study area: kurdistan regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and 642 Province). GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 23(3), institutional affiliations. 643 797–807 644 Javan J, Seyed A (2011) Role of diversification of economic 645 activities in sustainable rural development Case Study:

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Query Details Required Author’s Response AQ1 Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence. Author 3 Given name: [Sajed Bahrami] Last name [Jaf]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct. AQ2 Journal instruction requires a city for affiliations; however, these are missing in affiliation [5]. Please verify if the provided city are correct and amend if necessary. AQ3 Ghadrzadeh and Ghaderi, (2013) has been changed to Qaderzadeh and Qaderi, (2013), Tayyab Nia, (2016) has been changed to Tayebnia and Manouchehrr, (2016) so that this citation matches the Reference List. Please confirm that this is correct. AQ4 Table: Table [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] was received; however, no citation was provided in the manuscript. Please provide the location of where to insert the citation in the main body of the text. Otherwise, kindly advise us on how to proceed. Please note that tables should be cited in ascending numerical order in the main body of the text. AQ5 References ’Bahramzadeh (2003), Goodman et al. (1991), Tibenias and Manouchehri (2015), World Bank Group (2013), Yasouri and Javan (2015), Yeh and Xia (2001).’ are given in list but not cited in text. Please cite in text or delete them from list.