The American Species of Scleria by Earl L

BRITTONIA A SERIES OF BOTANICAL PAPERS

VOL. 2 MARCH, 1936 NO. 1

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF SCLERIA BY EARL L. CORE

INTRODUCTION This paper considers the species of Scleria known to occur in North and South America, including the West Indies and the Galapagos Islands. The results presented are based primarily upon the collections in the New York Botanical Garden, the United States National Herbarium, the Gray Herbarium, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. In addition, a number of types and other specimens have been examined from other herbaria. For assistance in the preparation of this work, the author is in- debted • the late Dr. B. L. Robinson, of the Gray Herbarium ; Mr. E. P. I(illip, of the National Herbarium ; Dr. J. M. Greenman, of the Mis- souri Botanical Garden ; Dr. S. C. Simms, of the Field Museum of Nat- ural History; Dr. F. W. Pennell, of the Philadelphia Academy of Nat- ural Sciences; Mr. J. L. S. Gilmour, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, I(ew; Dr. L. Diels, of the Botanischer Garten, Berlin; Dr. B. P. G. Hochreutiner, of the Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva; and Dr. Carl Christensen, of the Botaniske Museum, Copenhagen; fortheir kindness in loaning material; and Dr. Gunnar Samuelsson, of the Riksmuseets Botaniska Avdelning, Stockholm, for the loan of material and for the examination of certain type specimens in the Bergius Herbarium. In addition, the author wishes to express his especial indebtedness to Drs. E. D. Merrill and H. A. Gleason for their constant assistance and advice throughout the course of these investigations; to Dr. J. H. Barnhart for his suggestions in relation to numerous problems of nomenclature; and to the late Dr. N. L. Britton, who suggested the problem and cooperated very kindly at all times. The name of each species accepted in this work is the earliest valid name, in accordance with the International Rules of Nomenclature. Under the accepted name, the synonyms have been placed in chrono- 1 2 Brittonia 1936 logical order; following the citation of the name and its place of publication is given the type locality or a sufficient portion of the author's statement, usually quoted verbatim, to indicate the origin of his specimen. HISTORICAL The name Seleria, derived from the Greek, cK)~p~c~, hardness, in allusion to the indurated fruits, was first used for these plants in 1765 by Peter Jonas Bergius. 1 Previous to that time, however, certain species of the genus had been described as members of other genera. The earliest mention of any plant which may with certainty be placed in this genus was in ]707, when Hans Sloane 2 described and figured a plant which he called Gramen cyperoides sylvaticum maximum geni- culatum asperius, semine milii folis. This is clearly the plant now known as Scleria secans. Sloane's description follows: "This strange Cyperus Grass, has a slender jointed Stalk, rising to about fifteen Foot high, growing amongst the Bushes, and being supported by their help, though not turning round them. The Stalk is triangular, having three sharp, very rough edges, and a round hollow between them, like a three cornered Sword-Blade, and being of a very dark green colour, having here and there, at the Joints, Branches, which have Leaves at their Joints, being about a Foot long, narrow, having an eminent 'back, and being of a dark green colour, and withal much rougher than any of the other Cyperus Grasses, by the means of several small Asperities or Teeth on its edges. Ex alis foliorum rise small triangular three Inches long Petioli, on the top of which are Spikes about three quarters of an Inch long, on which alternatively grow three or four small blackish Locustae or ehaffie Heads. In each of these, between two black glumae, comes a roundish, large, whitish coloured Seed, like that of the Gromel, a small Pearl, or that Barley, very much decortieated, call'd Pearl Barley. It grew in Moneque Savanna, among the Trees." Scleria lithosperma, the most widely distributed species of the genus, was first described by L~nnaeus 3 in 1753 as Scirpus lithospermus. In 1762 he transferred 4 the plant to the genus Schoenus, but it was not placed in Seleria until in 1788, by Swartz2 The second plant to be described and named was the one now known as Scleria secans, origi~ nally placed 'by Linnaeus 6 in Schoenus. 1 Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 26: 142. Sp. P1. ed. 2. 65. Hist. Jam. 1: 118. pl. 77, f. 1. 5 Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 18. a Sp. P1. ed. 1. 51. 6 Syst. ed. 10. 865. 1759. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 3

As mentioned above, the genus Scleria was founded by Bergius in 1765. The original description of the genus follows : "Flores masculi in eadem panicula cum foemineis mixti. "Cal. Gluma 5- vel 6-valvis, distiche imbricata, ovata, multiflora: valvulis ovatis, aeuminatis, carinatis, concavis, arcte clausis, integer- rimis, persistentibus ; inferioribus minoribus, angustioribus. "Corolla. Valvulae plurimae, oblongae, persistentes, calyce paulo longiores, stamina distinguentes. "Stam. Filamenta plerumque 3 setacea, longitudine corollae, intra unamquamque valvulam corollae, Antherae incrassatae. " Flores foeminei. "Calyx ut in masculo, sed uniflorus. "Corolla bivalvis, valvulis lanceolatis acutis, oblique flexis, calyce brevioribus. "Pistill. Germen subrotundum, basi innixum fundamento ore sub- ci]iato. Stylus fi]iformis. Stigma simplex. " Pericarp. nullum. "Semen unicum globosum, subosseum, magnum, nitidum, apiee tubcrculatum, basi cinctum calyce." The first comprehensive account of the genus was by Swartz 7 in 1788, six species being included, 3 of them new. The species known to 1791 were placed by Gmelin s in the genus Carex. Few of Gmelin's successors, however, have agreed with him in his disposition of these sedges. The genus retained its integrity until 1834, when Nees separated the species with a minute or obsolete hypogynium under the name Hypo- porum2 Eight years later Nees 1~ carried this dismemberment to a point where the genus Scleria proper was reduced to only a few species and the majority of the American species rather artificially segregated under the new genera Hymenolytrum, 11 Chondrolomia, 12 Macrolomia, 16 Omoscleria, 1~ Mastigoscleria, ~5 Ophryoscleria, ~6 Schizolepis, 17 and Trachylomia. is Hymenolytrum was characterized by Nees in his Key to the Genera (page 158) as follows: "Spiculae femineae in eodem ramulo inferae, sessiles, uniflorae, masculae peduneulatae. Cupula pateriformis, stipitata. Perigynium membranaceo-trilobum lobis parvis distantibus." 7 Prodr. Yeg. Ind. Occ. 18, 19. ~ Op. cit. 181. s Syst. Nat. 2: 137, 138. 14 Op. cit. 180. Linnaea 9: 303. 16 Op. cir. 177. lo In Mart. F1. Bras. 9.(1) : 169-190. 16 Op. cir. 182. 11 Op. cir. 174. 1~ Op. cir. 186. 12 Op. cit. 173. is Op. cir. 174. 4 Brittonia 1936

The name is retained in the present treatment as a section. The seven species known to belong to the group have tall stems and broad leaves, with the very numerous spikelets densely clustered in pyramidal panicles. The genus Chondrolomia was founded on Seleria sellowiana, a species of southern Brazil bearing six tubercles on the hypogynium. It is clearly a member of the Tuberculatae series of the Euscleria. Macrolomia, as a genus, was erected for Scleria bracteata, a tropical American species with the pistillate spikelets distinctly segregated in the lower portion of the panicle and the staminate spikelets in the upper portion. This arrangement is unknown among the other Amer- ican species, but from the fruit characters and the general appearance of the plant it belongs in the section Euscleria. Omoscleria was founded on Scleria flagellum Sw., and Mastigoscleria on S. reflexa HBK. Both of these genera were based on artificial characters which do not differ widely from the general characters of the genus. Ophryoscleria was characterized by Nees in his Key as: "Cupula cum perigynio connata, profunde excavata, truncata, crassa, a perigynio eiliata." The eleven members of this section, as recognized in this treatment, are quite distinct in their habit and in general are identified by the ciliate margin of the hypogynium. The fact that this is essentially glabrous in S. schiedeana does not militate against its in- clusion here, since the vegetative appearance of that plant clearly places it with the Ophryoscleriae. Schizolepis was briefly characterized by Nees as follows: "Disei margo fimbriatus aut alte serratus." This section, as here treated, comprises ten species, having the margin of the hypogynium deeply serrate or fimbriate. Trachylomia was founded on S. triglomerata and is not separated from Scleria proper by characters of generic rank. Besides these new genera of American Scleriae, Nees also proposed Cylindropus, 19 based on the Ceylonese C. junciformis, subsequently placed in Scleria as S. junciformis Thw. =~ Nees mentions "Cryptopodium Schrad. in Sched. ''~ as a synonym for Omoscleria, and Ophryd4um 22 as a synonym of Ophryoscleria. 19Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834; Edinb. ]New Phil. Jour. 15: 266. 1834. =OEnum. P1. Zeyl. 354. 1864. Thwaites notes: "There is only a single imperfect specimen of the present plant in this Herbarium and I can discover nothing in its structure to justify its separation from Scleria." ~1 Igees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 180. 1842. == Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2(1) : 183. 1842. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 5

Anerma hispidula, mentioned by the same author 23 as a synonym for Hypoporum hirtellum Nees, is not the same as Scleria hispidula Hochst., 24 of Abyssinia. The genus Diploscyphus was created by Liebmann 2~ in 1850 for the plant now known as Scleria mexicana Boeck. 26 The name is an allusion to the "double cup" in which the achene is supported, but this is generally characteristic of the other Euscleriae. The most recent monographie treatments of the genus have been by Otto Boeckeler in 1874, 27 based on a study of the specimens in the herbarium of the Berlin botanic garden; by Nathan[el Lord Britton in 1885, 2s a review of the North American species ; and by C. B. Clarke in 1900, 29 a study of the West Indian species. The genus Becquerelia, founded by Brongniart 8~ in 1829, as here understood, includes a number of species which have been placed under Scleria but which are quite distinct in general appearance, as well as in the arrangement of the flowers, the androgynous spikelets bearing the staminate flowers below and a single pistillate flower at the summit. These species are here excluded from the genus Scleria.

ECONOMIC These sedges are almost without economic importance. The rhizomes of Scleria hirtella are said to be used in Colombia as a remedy for fever, being sold in the market at Santa Marta, and doubtless elsewhere. A few species are sparingly eaten by cattle but in most of them the scabrous leaves render them unsuitable as forage.

GEOGRAPItIcALDISTRIBUTION The species of the genus Scleria, numbering probably about two hundred, are distributed in the tropical and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres. They are lacking in Europe and in Asia north of the Himalayas, although they occur in China and Japan. In North America the genus extends throughout the West Indies, Central Amer- ica, Mexico, the eastern United States, and into southeastern Canada. In South America the genus extends throughout the entire tropical region and south into Uruguay, northern Argentina, and northern Chile. The section Hymenolytrum is confined to tropical America and 23 Nees, in ]X~[art. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 170. 1842. 24 :Richard, Tent. F1. Abyss. 2: 511. 1851. 25 u Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 262. 2s Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 228-237. 26 Linnaea 38: 500. 1874. 29 Symb. Ant. 2: 137-153. 27 Linnaea 38 : 410-544. ao In Duperr. u Coq. Bot. 161. t. 27. 6 Brittonia 1936

is practically restricted to the Amazon Valley. Schizolepis is confined to tropical America, with the exception of five species in Madagascar and possibly one in Asia. The remarkable range of this section pre- sents an interesting problem in plant migrations, recently discussed by Chermezon21 MOlgPItOLOGY STE~S. The Scleriae are sometimes annual, but usually perennial by creeping rhizomes. The aerial stem is generally erect and often less than one meter high, but in some tropical species it is greatly elongated (10 m. long in S. secans), sprawling over shrubs and trees and forming dense tangles. In many species the stems and leaves are extremely scabrous, whence the common names "razor-grass" and "monkey's razor. ' ' The central cylinder of the mature rhizome, according to Plow- man, 3~ is of the amphivasal type, i.e., it is characterized by the presence of concentric bundles, with the xylem distributed fairly uniformly all around the phloem. LEAVES. The blades of the 3-ranked leaves are ordinarily linear and elongate, but sometimes lanceolate and shorter. The sheaths are closed, the lower ones often bladeless. Several species have the upper portion of the sheath broadly 3-winged. The ligule, sometimes obsolete, is more frequently well developed (1 cm. long in S. cubensis), triangular, glabrous to strongly pubescent. In a few species (as S. secans) it bears at its summit a remarkable scarious appendage, irregularly lacerate on the margins, and 1-2 cm. long. Chermezon 3~ has discussed at length the internal anatomy of the leaves of several Scleriae. INFLORESCENCE. The flowers are unisexual and monoecious, the staminate and pistillate being in the same or in separate spikelets. The one-flowered pistillate spikelets are often borne in the axil of the lowest, sterile scale of the staminate spikelet. In S. bracteata the pistillate and staminate spikelets are widely separated, the upper part of the panicle being staminate, the lower pistillate. The staminate spikelets are many-flowered, with the scales spirally imbricated. The spikelets are small, clustered in terminal or in both terminal and axillary fascicles. In the section Hypoporum the inflorescence is often interruptedly spicate.

31 Bull. Soe. Linn. Normandie VII. 6: 95. 1923. 32Ann. Bot. 20: 6. 1906. a3 Rev. G~n. Bot. 38: 337-353. f. 1--r 1926. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 7

FLOWERS. The flowers are without a perianth, unless the peculiar structure known as the hypogynium may possibly represent a greatly modified one, as has been suggested, a4 The hypogynium, obscure or obsolete in the section Hypoporum, is well developed in most Scleriae and ordinarily extended into three prominent lobes. It ordinarily ad- heres to the ripe aehene and is itself supported in an outer lower cupula. In the section Ophryoscleria the lobes are ciliate and in Schizolepis they are deeply and irregularly dissected. In one clear-cut group of the Euscleriae, which may be designated the Tuberculatae, the hypogynium bears 3-9 rough tubercles. These appear to be derived by fragmentation from a rough crust such as occurs in S. triglomerata and S. havanensis. A transitional form in which the crust is irregularly broken into eight or nine tubercles of varying size and disposition is afforded by S. oligantha. The true Tuberculatae have three tubercles, one at each angle of the hypogynium, or six tubercles, arranged in pairs. The stamens number 1-3, with usually mueronate or aristate anthers. The pistil is composed of two or three carpels, with a corre- spondingly cleft style which is deciduous or sometimes partly persistent, slender or sometimes somewhat swollen at the base. The stigmas are elongate and more or less plumose. FRUIT. The most distinctive feature of these sedges is the g]obose or ovoid, crustaceous or bony, smooth or wrinkled achene, with its peculiar disk at the base--a structure which possibly represents a modified perianth, as stated above. The achene is white in most species, but sometimes purplish-tinged or violet-black. The minute embryo lies at the base of the floury endosperm.

I:~ELATION TO THE ~AMILY The genus Scleria, according to the arrangement of Engler and Prantl, 3~ belongs in the Caricoideae-Sclerieae, which is separated from the other unisexual-flowered members of the Cyperaceae chiefly by its achenes, which are bony or crustaceous, not enclosed in a perigynium, but usually supported on a hardened disk (hypogynium). The genera most closely related to Scleria, some of which have been included in Scleria by various authors, are separated, in the Engler and Prantl system, from that genus as follows: I. Spikelets bisexual or unisexual; terminal flowers pistillate ...... HOPPIINAE A. Spikelets bisexual. a. Sterile scales all free. 34 A. M. Johnson, Taxon. F1. P1. 643. 1931. a~Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(2): 120. 1887. 8 Brittonia 1936

b. Fruit not triangular. c. Sterile scales below the pistillate flowers lacking or 1-2. Calyptrocarya c. Sterile scales 3 to many ...... Becquerelia b. Fruit triangular ...... Pteroscleria a. Sterile scales below the pistillate flowers grown into a tube ...... Hoppia A. Spikelets unisexual. a. Fruit triangular ...... Cryptangium a. Fruit 3- to 5-furrowed ...... Lagcnoearpus L Spikelets unisexual or bisexual, the 1-flowered pistillate spikelets arising from the axils of the lowest staminate scales or distinct ...... SCLEIr A. Perianth of numerous bristles ...... :.: ...... Eriospora A. Perianth lacking. a. Each scale subtending a single flower. b. Pistillate flowers in the upper part of the inflorescence. c. Flowers with 2 median bracts ...... Fintelmannia c. Flowers without bracts ...... Cephalocarpus b. Pistillate flowers in the lower part of the inflorescence or scattered. c. Style not greatly thickened at the base; fruit very hard ...~...... Scleria e. Style greatly thickened at the base ...... Acriulus a. Each scale subtending 2 flowers ...... Didymia

HERBARIA

The following abbreviations for herbaria are used: B. Brooklyn Botanic Garden; BD. Botaniseher Garten, Berlin- Dahlem; C. Universitetets Botaniske Museum, Copenhagen; D. Her- bier Delessert, Geneva; F. Field Museum of Natural History, Chi- cago; G. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; K. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; M. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis; NY. New York Botanical Garden; P. Museum Nationale, Prague; Ph. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; S. Riksmu- seets Botaniska Avdelning, Stockholm ; U. Botaniseh Museum, Utrecht ; US. United States National Herbarium ; V. Naturhistorisehes Museum, Vienna; W.Va. Herbarium of West Virginia University, Morgantown.

KEY TO TttE SECTIONS tIypogynium obscure or none ...... 1. Hypoporum. Hypogyn;um present. Pistillate spikelets lowest in each branch, sessile, one-flowered ; the staminate on distinct long peduncles ...... 3. Hymenolytrum. Without this combination of characters. Hypogynium margin ciliate, flmbriate or serrate. Hypogynium ciliate on the margin ...... 2. Ophryoscleria. Hypogynium margin flmbriate or serrate ...... 4. Schizolepis. Hypogynium three-lobed, the lobes entire ...... 5. Euscleria.

~][EY TO THE SPECIES Section 1. Hypoporum. 1. Inflorescence simple. 2. Achene essentially smooth. 3. Annual. 4. Glabrous .. ~ ...... ~ 1. S. distans. 4. Villous. 5. Achene faintly reticulate ...... 3. S. moteraboensis. 5. Achene smooth ...... 4. S. lindleyana. 3. Perennial. 4. Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. Scales hirsute ...... 5. S. hirtella. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria

5. Scales glabrous ...... 15. S. lcptostachya. 4. Inflorescence a single cluster a~ the summit of the cuhn. 5. Achene 2 ram. long; base 6-porose ...... 8. S. georgiana. 5. Achene 34 mm. long ; base not porose .... 9. S. baldwinii. 2. Achene reticulate or verrucose. 3. Annual. 4. Bracts glabrous. 5. Achene 1 ram. long. 6. Spikelets about 5 ram. long ...... lO. ~. cuyabensis. 6. Spikelets 2-3 ium. long ...... 11. S. verticillata. 5. Athene 1.5-2 ram. long ...... ]2. ~q. burchellii. 4. Bracts hirsute. 5. Aehene deeply nmricate-reticulate ...... 13. ~q. pinetorum. 5. Achene sparsely tuberculate ...... 2. S. intcrr~tpta. 3. Perennial.' 4. Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. Leaves very narrow, 1 ram. wide or less .... 15. S. lcptostachya. 5. Leaves broader, about 2 ram. wide ...... 16. S. doradoensis. 4. Inflorescence a single cluster at the summit of the cuhn ...... 7. S. filiculmis. 1. Inflorescence more or less branched. 2. Achene smooth. 3. Achene depressed-globose, 1 mm. long ; plant glabrous ...... 17. S. purdiei. 3. Achene obovoid, 1-2.5 ram. 10rig. 4. Inflorescence virgately branched ; achene 1-1.5 ram. long ...... 18. S. spicata. 4. Inflorescence not virgately branched. 5. Inflorescence loose, paniculate. 6. Achene 2-2.5 ram. long ; inflorescence loosely few-flowered ...... 19. ~. lithosperma. 6. Athene 1.5 mm. long; inflorescence several-flowered ...... 20. S. castanea. 5. Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spi cate, sparingly branched ...... 15. S. leptostachya. 2. Aehene verrucose-tuberculate or reticulate. 3. Leaves less tlmn 5 ram. wide. 4. Inflorescence lax, paniculate or interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. Perennial. 6. Rootstock fibrous ...... ,.. 21. S. bourgea~d. 6. Rootstock elongate, horizontal. 7. Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate spieate. 8. Achene transversely rugose ..... 15. S. leptostachya. 8. Aehene reticulate ...... 6. S. catharinensis. 7. Inflorescence virgately branched ... 22. S. aromatica. 5. Annual. 6. Inflorescence paniculate, branches several. 7. Achene strongly verrucose-reticulafe . 23. 7. Achene irregularly verrucose or transversely undulate-rugose. 8. Glabrous ...... 24. 3. pusilla. 8. Pubescent ...... 25. S. mgnin~a. 6. Inflorescence interrupted.ly glomerate- spicate; branches few. 7. Achene faintly reticulate ...... 26. S. killipiana. 7. Achene strongly transversely muri care ...... ]4. ,% valdemuricata. 4. Inflorescence spicate, dense ...... 27. S. composita. 3. Leaves 5 nlnl. wide or wider. 4. Panicle virgately branched, very large ...... 29. S. virgata. 4. Panicle dense, not virgately branched. 5. Inflorescence spicate, dense ...... 28. S. scabrosa. 5. Inflorescence more or less spreading ...... 30. S. variegata.

Section 2. Ophryoscleria. ]. Achene very large, 3.5 6 ram. long ...... 31. S. macrophylla. 1. Achene smaller, 1-3 mm. long. 2. Achene 1-2 ram. long ; leaves 7-11 ram. wide ...... 32. S. microcarpa. 2. Achene 2-3 ram. long ; leaves 1-6 cm. wide. 3. Margin of the hypogynium densely ciliate. 4. Style-base black, usually persistent ...... 33. S. mills. 4. Style-base brown, rather early deciduous. 5. Leaves oblong, about 5 em. wide ...... 34. S. sprucei. 5. Leaves linear or lanceolate, 1-3 cm. wide. 10 Brittonia 1936

6. YIypogynium cup-shaped, obscurely 3- lobed ...... 35. 8. eggersiana. 6. ttypogynium low, distinctly 3-lobed .... 36. S. sororia. 3. Margin of the hypogynium eiliolate or nearly glabrous. 4. Leaves broad, usually 1.5-3 cm. broad (rarely only 1 cm. broad). 5. Style-base persistent, hypogynium usually ciliate ; inflorescence narrow, elongate ; achene tapering ...... 37. 8. cubensis. 5. Style-base deciduous, hypogynium glabrous or sparsely eiliolate; inflorescence short, spreading ; aehene obtuse ...... 38. 8. schiedeana. 4. Leaves narrower, 1 cm. or less broad. 5. ttypogynium cup-shaped, or obscurely lobed, large ...... 39. 8. phylloptera. 5. Hypogynium flat, low, distinctly 3-lobed. 6. Terminal panicle large, 10 cm. long .... 40. 8. uleana. 6. Terminal panicle small, 5 cm. long, few- flowered ...... 41. 8. obtusa. Section 3. Hymenolytrum. 1. Ligule unappendaged ...... 42. 8. eyperina. 1. Ligule with a very large membranaceous appendage. 2. Leaves 3-4 cm. wide; inflorescence large, dense .. 43. 8. stipu~aris. 2. Leaves 5-20 mm. wide. 3. tIypogynium-margins horizontal, lobes none or very obscure ...... 44. 8. ramosa. 3. Hypogynium distinctly 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate. 4. Sheaths wingless ...... 45. 8. violaeea. 4. Sheaths winged. 5. Hypogynium-lobes entire ...... 46. 8. macrogyne. 5. Hypogynium-lobes dissected. 6. Leaves 5-12 mm. wide ...... 47. 8. eornosa. 6. Leaves 12-20 ram. wide ...... 48. 8. eyperinoides. Section 4. Schizolepis. 1. Achene very small, 1 ram. long ...... 49. 8. neogranatensis. 1. Achene larger. 2. Leaves oblong, about 5 em. broad and less than 20 em. long ...... 50. S. olyroides. 2. Leaves lanceolate, usually narrower, or if 5 cm. broad then much more than 20 cm. long. 3. Aehenes smooth. 4. Inflorescence or achenes (usually both) purplish-violet ...... 51. 8. arundinaeea. 4. Inflorescence brown ; achenes white ...... 52. 8. latifolia. 3. Aehenes rugose. 4. Achenes white. 5. Achenes strongly rugose-tuberculate. 6. Leaves 20-50 ram. wide ...... 53. 8. pan~eoides. 6. Leaves 12-20 mm. wide ...... 58. 8. acanthocarpa. 5. Aehenes sparsely tuberculate ...... 57. 8. plusiophylla. 4. Achenes violet-purple (sometimes white, variegated with purple). 5. Inflorescence pale straw-colored. 6. Leaves glabrous ...... 54. S. arguta. 6. Leaves minutely pubescent ...... 56. 8. mierostachya. 5. Inflorescence purplish ...... 55. 8. myrieocarpa.

Section 5. E~scleria. 1. Upper part of the panicle bearing only staminate spikelets, lower part bearing only pistillate spikelets .... 59. 8. bracteata. 1. Staminate and pistillate spikelets intermixed throughout the inflorescence. 2. I-Iypogynium covered with a rough white crust. 3. Achene ridged-reticulate ...... 60. 8. havanensis. 3. Aehene smooth ...... 61. 8. $riglomerata. 2. Hypogynium not covered with a rough white crust. 3. Achene verrucose, reticulate or papillate. 4. Hypogynium supporting 3-9 tubercles. 5. Plant low, 10-15 r tall ...... 62. 8. hirta. 5. Plant much taller. 6. Aehene papillate or transversely rugose. 7. Hypogynium bearing 3 tubercles. 8. Plant pubescent. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 11

9. Achene 1.5 mm. long ; Costa Rican species ...... 63. S. coriacea. 9. Achene 2-3 mm. long; plant of eastern United States ...... 64. S. ciliata. 8. l~lant glabrous ...... 65. S. brittonii. 7. Hypogynium bearing 6 tubercles. 8. Achene irregularly papillate ..... 66. S. paueiflora. 8. Athene transversely rugose ...... 67. ~. alpina. 6. Achene reticulate. 7. Bracts glabrous ...... 68. S. colorata. 7. Bracts ciliate. 8. Axillary panicles on long filiform peduncles ...... 69. S. curtissii. 8. Axillary panicles on short erect peduncles ...... 70. S. sellowiana. 4. Hypogynium not supporting tubercles. 5. Leaves 8-24 ram. wide. 6. Leaves 8-10 ram. wide, the larger ones more than 30 cm. long ...... 73. S. warmingiana. 6. Leaves 10-24 rain. wide, usually less than 30 cm. long. 7. Leaves very abruptly narrowed to a caudate tip ...... 74. S. parallela. 7. Leaves gradually narrowed to an acuminate tip ...... 75. S. huberi. 5. Leaves 1-7 ram. wide. 6. Leaves densely pilose ...... 76. S. pilosissima. 6. Leaves not densely pilose. 7. Achene verrueose or transversely rugose, not reticulate. 8. Achene 4 mm. long, terminated by a somewhat curved beak .. 77. ~q. williamsii. 8. Achene 2 ram. long, not bearing a curved beak. 9. Roots fibrous, rootstock short or none ; hypogynium-lobes ovate-lanceolate, subacute 78. S. setacea. 9. Rootstocks present, elongate ; hypogynium-lobes broadly ovate 82. S. stereorrhiza. 7. Achene reticulate. 8. Culm very strongly muricate-scabrous on the angles ...... " 83. ~. tenacissima. 8. Culm slightly roughened or smooth on the angles. 9. Panicles nearly sessile; achene glabrous ...... 79. S. reticularis. 9. Lower panicles slender-stalked. 10. Achene glabrous. 11. Achene faintly reticulated ...... 81. S. stevensiana. 11. Achene deeply reticulated ...... 80. ~. staheliana. 10. Achene pilose, reticulate. 11. Annual, with fibrous roots ...... 78. S. setacea. 11. Perennial by rootstocks. 12. Achene subglobose, nearly glabrous . 84. S. seabriuscula. 12. Achene ovoid, pubescent ...... 85. S. lagoensis. 3. Achene smooth. 4. Hypogynium supporting 6-9 tubercles. 5. Hypogynium bearing 6 tubercles ...... 71. S. balansae. 5. ttypogynium bearing 8-9 tubercles ...... 72. S. otigantha. 4. Hypogynium not tubercle-bearing. 5. Achene purple-violet or variegated with white. 6. Angles of the sheath broadly winged .. 86. S. vaginata. 6. Angles of the sheath narrowly winged or wingless. 7. Achene distinctly conical, pointed .. 87. S. maebrideana. 7. Achene eliiptic-globose. 8. Leaf-sheaths more or less woolly- pubescent. 9. Hypogynium short ...... 88. S. flagellum-nigrorum. 9. Hypogynium stipitate ...... 89. S. splitgerbcriana. 8. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 9. ttypogynium stipitate, elongate. 90. S. stipitata. 9. Hypogynium short ...... 9I. S. metaleuca. 12 Brittonia 1936

5. Athene white. 6. Athene very large, 4-6 nun. long. 7. Ligule with a very conspicuous scarp ous appendage; plant climbing ... 96. S. secans. 7. Ligule unappendaged. 8. Pistillate scales 1 cm. or more long 93. S. longigl~ma. 8. Pistillate scales much shorter, usually 5 ram. or less long. 9. Bractlets capillary-filiform, conspicuously elongate, sometimes 10 cm. long; leaves 1-3,2 cm: wide ...... 94. 8. n~extcana. 9. Bractlets mucl~, shorter. 10. Hypogynium distinctly 3- lobed. 11. I-Iypogynium lobes cren- u]ate ...... 95. S. setuloso-cil:ata. 11. ttypogynium lobes broad, rounded, not crenulate 97. h'. canescens. 10. ttypogynium annuliform, margin entire or obscurely denticulate ...... 86. 8. vaginata. 6. Achene smaller, 1.5-4 mm. long. 7. Ligule bearing a conspicuous scarious appendage. 8. Pistillate scales broadly ovate, dark purple ...... 96. S. secans. 8. Pistillate scales lanceolate, stramineous to ferruginous. 9. Sheath wingless ..,...... 98. 8. stenophylla. 9. Sheath narrowly winged ..... 99. 8. scabra. 7. Ligule unappendaged. 8. Sheath broadly winged ...... 86. 8. vagtnata. 8. Sheath wingless or nearly so. 9. Culm slender or filiform, lower peduncles capillary. 10. Hypogynium obscurely lobed, lobes broad, rounded ...... 100. 8. retroserrata. 10. Hypogynium distinctly lobed, lobes ovate, acute 101. 8. anceps. 9. Culm robust, not filiform. 10. Hypogynium 3-lobed, lobes crenulate ...... 95. 8. setuloso-c$liata. 10. ]-Iypogynium lobes not crenulate. 11. Roots fibrous, rootstock none or very short .. 102. 8. lacustris. 11. Perennial with long rootstocks. 12. Leaf-margins and sheath-angles serrate-scabrous. 13. Panicle dense, green-brown . 103. 8. #cindens. 13. Panicle brown- purple ...... 97. 8. canescens. 12. Leaf-margins and sheath-angles only slightly roughened. 13. Leaves pubescent ...... 104. S. clarkei. 13. Leaves glabrous. 14. Achene depressed, globose .. 92. 8. pterota. 14. Achene longer than broad ... 105. 8. wrightiana.

1. Scleria distans Poir. in Lain. Encyc. 7: 4. ]806. (P1. 3, f. 31.) Scleria tenella Griseb. Cat. P1. Cub. 249, in part. 1866; not Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 353. 1837. Scleria hirtella Boeck. Linnaea 38: 439, in part. 1874; not Sw. Prodr. u Ind. 0cc. 19. 1788. ~, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 13

Annual, with fibrous roots; cuhns 2-4 dm. high, slender, smooth, triangular, densely tufted, usually somewhat reddened at the base; leaves 20 em. long or less, 2 mm. wide, glabrous, linear, flat; lower sheaths somewhat hirsute, the upper glabrous; ligule minute or none, usually a tuft of hairs at the summit of the sheath ; inflorescence terminal, interruptedly glomerate-spicate, of 5-10 sessile red-brown glomerules; spikelets 34 mm. long, few-flowered; bractlets red-brown, narrowly linear, sparsely fringed with long brown hairs equaling the spikelets; staminate scales lanceolate, glabrous, red-brown; pistillate scales lanceolate, cuspidate, red-brown, the keel pilose; hypogynium none; achene 1 mm. long, globose, very smooth, shining, apiculate, 9-12-porose just above the stipe-like trigonous base. ILLVSTRATION : Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 121. 1909. TYPE LOCALITY : Porto Rico. DISTRIBUTION: In wet savannahs and white sand, Guadeloupe to Cuba. GUADELOUPE: Duss 3109 (US), 3736 (NY,,.G). PORTO RICO: Heller & Heller (NY, US), Britton, Britton & Brown 6684 (NY), Britton & Britton 8739 (NY), Stevens & Hess 4938 (NY), Stevenson 2606 (NY, US). CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Roig 3339 (NY). This plant, closely related both to Scleria hirtell~ and to S. interrupta, is, in this treatise, separated from the former by its annual habit and from the latter by its smooth achene. There is some uncertainty, however, in regard to the synonymy. Poiret does not state whether the achene is rough or smooth. Kunth (Enum. P1. 2: 353. 1837), in describing 'Scleria distans Poir., herb. Willdenow No. 7328, states: "achenio lapideo, subgloboso, umbonato-mucronato, -]aevi,', and most later authors have followed his treatment. Nees (Mart. F1. Bras 2 (1) : 171. 1842), however, in transferring the species to the genus Hypo- porum, says "earyopsi subglobosa mucronulata tuberculis raris," and adds: "vidi specimen originale Herb. Paris. in Herb. Kfinth." It is possible, then, that the plant now known as S. distans does not really represent that species at all. I have not seen the type. S. distans R. Br. (Prodr. 240. 1810) is an entirely distinct plant of Australia, renamed S. brownei by Kunth (Enum. P1. 2: 349. 1837). 2. Scleria interrupta Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 113. 1792. {P1. 3, f. 16.) J~[ypoporum interruptum Nees, Linnaeu 9: 303. 1834. Based on Scleria interrupta Rich. Hypoporum distans Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 171 (in note). 1842 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 139. 1900). Seleria hirtella var. 13 Boeek. Linnaea 38: 440. 1874. Scleria distans var. interrupta Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 214. 1926. Based on Scleria interrupta Rich. 14 Brittonia 1936

Annual, with fibrous roots; culms 15-50 em. high, triangular, sparsely hirsute with long white hairs or rarely glabrate; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1,2 ram. wide, pubescent, flat, linear; sheaths pubescent; ligule minute, with a tuft of hairs, or none; inflorescence glomerate- spicate, 5-10 era. long ; glomerules 5-13 ; rachis hirsute ; spikelets 2-4 ram. long ; braetlets linear, hirsute with long white (or sometimes dark- brown) hairs; staminate scales lanceolate; pistillate scales ovate, purplish-tinged, the keel ciliate, mucronate ; hypogynium none ;achene sparsely rugose-verrucose or tuberculate, 1-1.5 ram. long, mucronate, trigonous, 12-porose at the attenuate base. TYPE LOCALITY: French Guiana (Leblond). DISTRIBUTION: Savannahs and pinelands, West Indies to Central America and northern South America. CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17999 (NY) ; Isla de Pinos, Ekman 12049 (NY). BRITIS~ HONDURAS : Lund~ll 641 (US, G, NY). FRENCH GuiANA:Broadway 324 (US, NY). In his description of Hypoporum distans, Nees says "caryopsi subglobosa, mucronulata tuberculis raris obtusis consita," which applies to the present species, whereas Poiret's plant apparently had smooth achenes. Kiikenthal reduces Scleria interrupta to a variety of S. distans Poir. The former is, however, the older name.

3. Scleria motemboensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 48: 341. 1922. (P1. 3, f. 27.) Rhizome none, roots fibrous; culms slender, erect, villous, 2-3.5 dm. high; leaves 10-20 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, narrowly linear, villous ; sheaths densely villous ; ligule minute, villous ; inflorescence glomerate-spicate, 7-8 cm. long, of 12-15 glomerules; rachis villous; bractlets long-ciliate, 3-4 ram. long ; staminate scales lanceolate, brown, more or less pilose; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, brown, pilosc with long white hairs; hypogynium none; achene 1-1.5 ram. long, ovoid-globose, white, shining, faintly reticulate below, the base trigonous, 4-porose on each side. TYPE LOCALITY: Sabana de ]Y[otembo, Santa Clara, Cuba (Le6n & Loustalot 9405). DISTRIBUTION: Lagoons, Cuba; known only from the type locality, Le6n & Loustalot 9405 (NY). N. E. Brown (ms.), referring to Le6n & Loustalot 9405, states: "In habit, root, ascending spikelets, and nut, this agrees with both Scleria distans Poir. and with S. lindleyana Clarke. But from S. distans it differs conspicuously by its hairy leaves and rachis. The hairy leaves and rachis are like those of S. lindleyana, but that species differs from 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 15

this 9405 by the hairs of the bracts being much stouter and more bristle- like, whilst those of 9405 are slender and shorter and like those of S. distans. If S. distans and S. lindleyana grew in the same locality, I should say that your 9405 was a hybrid between them." It might also be added that this 9405 has the achene very faintly reticulate near the base, whereas in S. lindleyana it is perfectly smooth.

4. Scleria lindleyana Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 56. 1908. (P1. 3, f. 30.) Seleria hirtella var. r162Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 9.(1) : 170, in part. 1842 (fide Clarke, roe. cir.) Annual, with fibrous roots; culms 2-4 dm. long, trigonous, glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaves flat, pilose with long white hairs, 1-2 dm. long, 2--4 ram. wide; sheaths hairy, loose; ligule minute, with a tuft of hairs; inflorescence 6-10 cm. long, interruptedly glomerate-spicate, the glomerules 5-8, the rachis pilose; spikelets 2-4 mm. long; bractlets brown, long-attenuate, pilose with long white hairs; scales dark-brown, the staminate lanceolate, the pistillate ovate-lanceolate; hypogynium none; achene 1 mm. long, white, smooth, shining, mucronate, globose, shorter than the scales, bearing 4 pores on each side of the trigonous base. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Bahia (Salzmann 620); Rio de Janeiro (Riedel 911) ; Minas Geraes, Ilheos (Riedel 68) ; French Guiana (Sagot 1349). DISTRIBUTION : Wet soil, Brazil to Guiana. BRAZIL: Bahia, Salzmann 620 (US); Rio de Janeiro, Riedel 911 (vs). This species is too close to the preceding, but, in view of the geographical remoteness, is here retained as distinct. It has a smooth achene, while that of S. motemboensis is faintly reticulate.

5. Scleria hirtella Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 19. 1788. (P1. 3, f. 21.) Carex hirtella Gmel. Syst. :Nat. 2: 138. 1791. Based on Scleria hirtella Sw. Scleria interrupta Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2: 168. 1803; not Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 : 113. 1792. "Carolina ad Floridam." Cenchrus hirsu~us Spreng. Neue. Entdeck. 3: 15. 1822 (fide Kunth, Enum. P1. 1: 166. 1833). Type locality, Hispaniola. Hypoporum humile Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834. Hypoporum hirtellum :Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834 (fide Britton, Ann. :N. u Acad. Sci. 3: 236. ]885). Hypoporum interruptum Tort. Ann. Lyc. :N. Y. 3: 382. 1836. Based on Seleria interrupta Michx. Scleria cenehroides Kunth, ]]]num. P1. 2: 352. 1837 (fide Boeek. Linnaea 38: 440. 1874). "Cap. b. spei; ad oram orientaiem legit Dr~ge." Seleria hirta Willd.; Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 352, in .syn. ]837. "Willd. herb. n. 17329 (forma fructu laevi)." Scleria mollis Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 352. 1837. (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 440. 1874). ' ' Brasilia meridionalis." 16 Brittonia 1936

Seleria nutans Willd.; Kunth, Enmn. P1. 2: 351. 1837 (fide Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 235. 1885). "Guiana, Brasilia, Chili, ~r Seleria interrupta Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 352, in part (as to syn. S. hirta). 1837. Scleria pulchella Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 170, in syn. 1842. Anerma hispidula Schrad. in sched., fide Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(]): 170. ]842. Hypoporum nutans Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1~: :170. 1842. Based on Scleria nutans Kunth. Seleria michauxii Chapm. F1. S. U. S. 532. 1860: Based on Scleria interrupta Michx. Seleria hirtella var. pauciciliata Britton~ Ann/N. u Acad. Sci. 3: 236~1885. Scleria humilis Britton, Ann. N. u Acad. Sei. 3: 235. 1885. Here ascribed to Nees (Linnaea 9: 303. 1834.), who did not make this combination. Perennial by an elongate aromatic horizontal rhizome ; culms 15-65 cm. high, erect, slender, glabrous or pubescent near the apex, acutely triangular; leaves 4-20 cm. long, 2-5 ram. wide, linear, flat, pubescent or rarely nearly glabrous; sheaths hirsute; ligule minute or none; inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate, simple, terminal, 4-12 cm. long, of 3-9 sessile, often nodding, more or less remote glomerules; rachis pubescent; bractlets long-pilose; staminate scales obtuse, narrow, brown, hirsute on the back; pistillate scales broader, cuspidate, brown; spikelets 4-5 ram. long, castaneous, ferruginous or dark-red- brown to almost black; hypogynium none; achene 1-2 mm. long, obovoid to subglobose, white, smooth, shining, mucronulate, obscurely trigonous, the base cuneate-attenuate, not porose, or lightly 9-12-ex- cavated. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. COMMON NAMES: Resfrio, in Colombia (H. H. Smith) ; eurivano, in Venezuela (Pittier). DISTRIBUTION: Wet grassy lands, pine barrens and savannahs, southern United States to northern Argentine and Chile; also in Africa. GEORGIA: Carlton Co., Harper 1492 (NY, G, US); Colquitt Co., Feay (NY). FLORIDA: Calhoun Co., Biltmore Herb. 3289a (NY, G, US) ; Lee Co., Standley 361 (NY, G, US, M) ; Duval Co., Curtiss 3190 (NY, G, US, B), 5018 (NY, G, US) ; Lake Co., Nasa 1917 (NY, US, ~V[, G); Alachua Co., Gilliman (US); Brevard Co., Fredholm 6158 (G); Gadsden Co., Mohr (G). ALABAMA: Mobile Co., Mohr (US). MISSISSIPPI: Jackson Co., Tracy 79 (NY, US) ; Hancock Co., Langlois 190 (US), Hilgard 1867 (M). LOUISIANA: Orleans Parish, Drummond in 1832 (NY, G) ; Saint Tammany Parish, Ars~ne 12217, 12364, 11439, 11161 (US). TEXAS: Waller Co., Hall 724 (US). CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager 7025 (NY, US) ; Isla de Pinos, Britton, Britton & Wilson 15445 (NY) ; Santa Clara, Ledn & Cazanas 5872, 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria ]7

5873 (NY); Oriente, Sharer 1742 (NY, US). JAMAICA: Hart 2017 (NY), Harris & Britton 10543 (NY, US). HISPANIOLA:Haiti, Ekman H6205 (US) ; Dominican Republic, Eggers 2491 (US), Ciferri (NY), Bertero (iV[), Valeur 517 (NY). PORTO RICO: Johnston 886 (NY), Stevens & Hess 7059 (B). MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Bourgeau 2747 (NY); Oaxaca, Liebmann (NY, C); Miehoae~n, Liebmann (C); Hacienda de la Laguna, Schiede & Deppe 868 (M) ; between San Fer- nando and Santa Lucia, Rovirosa 1021 (Ph). GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz, Tuerckheim II. 1809 (NY, US, G, D, M) ; Izabal, Blake 7620 (US). CosTx R~CA: San Josh, Pittier 648 (US) ; Guanacaste, Pittier 2800 (US). PANAMA: Canal Zone, Killip 12095 (NY, US) ; Panamh, Killip 4058 (US) ; Chiriqul, Hitchcock 8325 (US). COLOMBIA: Cun- dinamarca, Pennell 2789 (NY); Tolima, Pennell 3654 (NY); M6ta, Pennel11457 (NY, US) ; E1 Valle, Pennell 5523 (NY, US) ; Magdalena, H. H. Smith 235 (NY, US, G, M). VENEZUELA: Aragua, Fendler 1582 (NY, G, M) ; Federal District, Pittier 7368 (US) ; Margarita Island, Johnston 312 (US, G). TRINIDAD: Kuntze (NY), Broadway 2383 (D). BRITISH GUIANA: Tare 233 (NY), Schomburgk 647 (NY, US, G), Jenman'248 (US). FRENC• GVlANA: Leprienr (G), Sagot 1349 (G). BRAZIL: Amazonas, Spruce (~, NY) ; Bahia, Blancher (D) ; Salzmann (G) ; Minas Geraes, Warming (NY) ; S~o Faulo, Rabello & Barbosa (M), L. B. Smith 1916 (G); Paran~t, Dusdn 2239 (US, M); Santa Catharina, Ule 1374 (BD); Par~, Kappler 1557 (M). ECUADOR: Samora, Hartweg (NY). PERu : Poeppig (5/[). BOLIVIA:Santa Cruz, Steinbach 5327, 6861 (NY), 6982 (Ph) ; La Paz, Buchtien 7165 (NY, US) ; E1 Beni, Mulford Biol. Exped. 1131 (US), R. S. Williams 995 (NY). PARAGUAY:Kuntze (NY), Hassler 1315 (NY), Morong 424 (NY, US, G, iV[), Kuntze 83b (NY), Hassler 8794 (G, K), Fiebrig 4840 (K, G), Jtrgensen 7588 (M). URUGUAY:Herter 344 (M, NY, US, G); Osten 5352 (US). BELGIAN CONGO: Scaetta 2296 (NY). UNION OF SOUT~ AFRICA: Dr~ge (M). The present species and S. lithosperma are apparently the only representatives of the genus occurring in both the Old and New Worlds. Miehaux erroneously included the Carolina plant under S. interrupta Rich., of Guiana, which is distinguished by its sparsely tuberculate aehenes. Torrey (Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 382. 1836) discusses at length the synonymy of S. hirtella, which he calls Hypoporum inter- rupture, following Michaux, although he concludes by saying "it is possible . . . that our plant is not the original S. interrupta." Chap- ] 8 Brittonia 1936 man pointed out (F1. S. U. S. 532. 1860) that the North American plant represented a species distinct from S. interrupta Rich., and proposed for it the new name S. michauxii. It is certainly not distinct, however, from S. hirtella. Kunth (Enum. P1. 2: 352. 1837) lists S. hirta Willd. as a smooth-fruited form of S. interrupta. So far as this synonym is concerned, he must have meant S. hirtella. S. melano- tricha Hochst., of Africa, placed by Boeckeler (Linnaea 38: 441. 1874) as a synonym of S. hirtella, is certainly to be regarded as distinct. It has transversely rugulose achenes. The rhizome is said to be very fragrant, "smelling like Acorus calamus when bruised" (L. B. Smith, ms.), and "is much used, in an infusion, as a remedy for fever; it is sold in the market at Santa Marta and people go to the hills especially to obtain it" (H. It. Smith, ms.).

6. Scleriu ca$harinensis Boeck. Allg. Bot. geitschr. 2: 158. 1896. (P1. 3, f. 8.) Rhizome elongate, horizontal, slender, purplish ; roots fibrous, capillary; eulm strict, erect, 30-45 cm. tall, triquetrous, glabrous, smooth; leaves about 15 cm. long, much shorter than the culm, about 2 ram. wide, rigid, erect, long-acuminate; sheaths triangular, the angles smooth, glabrous, or the lower ones densely pilose; ligule short-triangular-ovate, the margin pubescent; infloresence elongate, narrow, branched, lax, 5-10 era. tall, branches few, erect, the branchlets capillary, clusters glomerate-spicate, raehis-angles scabrous; bracts foliaceous; bractlets linear-setaceous, about as long as the spikelets; spikelets 3-4 ram. long, few in a cluster, oblong ; scales purplish-brown, ovate- lanceolate, obtuse or mucronulate; hypogynium none; achene I mm. long, much shorter than the scales, globose, mucronate, tuberculate- reticulate, white. TYPE LOCALITY: Campo de Capiuare, Santa Catharina, Brazil (Ule 1923). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Ule 1923 (BD). The single specimen which represents this species is very similar to Scleria leptostachya, differing in having reticulate achenes, whereas those of S. leptostachya are merely transversely rugose, if not quite smooth. 7. Scleria tiliculmis Boeck. Allg. Bot. Zeitsehr. 2: 158. 1896. (P1. 3, f. 28.) Rhizome thick, nodose, the roots deep-purplish-brown; eulms 6-12 cm. high, filiform-setaceous, triangular, pilose on the angles; leaves few, mostly towards the base of the culm, exceeding the stem, very narrow, pilose, 10-15 cm. long, 1 mm. wide; ligule none; sheaths 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 19

densely pilose; inflorescence a single terminal few-flowered fascicle; bracteal leaves strongly unequal, the lower appearing as a continuation of the culm, ciliate on the margins and keel; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, hairy; spikelets usually 2, few-flowered; staminate scales lanceolate, ferruginous, acute; pistillate scales ovate, ferruginous, acute; hypogynium none ; achene 1-2 mm. long, shorter than the scales, subglobose, obsoletely trigonous, short-mucronate, white, verrucose-reticulate. TYPE LOCALITY: Santa Catharina, Brazil (Ule 1939). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Ule 1939 (BD). This species, although represented by only a single collection, is certainly quite distinct. It seems to belong near Scleria baldwinii and S. georgiana, but differs strongly from both in its low habit and its tuberculate achenes. 8. Scleria georgiana Core, Brittonia 1: 243. 1934. (P1. 3, f. 3.) Scleria gra~ilis Ell. Sketch Bot. S. Carol. Georgia 2: 557. 1824, not Rich. Act. Soc. :Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 113. 1792. Hypoporum graeile Torr. Ann. :Lyc. N. Y. 3: 381. 1836. Based on Scleria gracilis :Ell. Rhizome horizontal, 3-5 mm. thick, nodulose ; eulms 30-50 em. tall, slender, wiry, triangular, glabrous; leaves 12-16 em. long or longer, 1-2 ram. wide, few, glabrous, linear or filiform, resembling the stem, involute, shorter than the stem; sheaths glabrous, the lower ones bladeless ; ligule lacking; inflorescence a single terminal fascicle of 2-5 spikelets; lower bract 1-8 era. long, 1-2 mm. wide, appearing like a continuation of the culm; spikelets 5 mm. long; braetlets glabrous, lanceolate ; scales red-brown, glabrous, the staminate lanceolate, acuminate, the pistillate ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; hypogynium none; aehene 2 ram. long, white, smooth, usually longitudinally ridged, dull, 6-porose near the base, ovoid, shorter than the scales, the base triangular. TYPE LOCALITY: "Collected by Dr. Baldwin near St. Mary's, Georgia."

DISTRIBUTION : North Carolina to Texas ; Cuba and Jamaica. NORTH CAROLINA: New Hanover Co., Coville 200 (US), Curtis (M), Pireway, SchaUert 4021 (W. Va.). SOUTH CAaOLINA: Berkeley Co., Ravenel (NY, G) ; Sumter Co., Stone 382 (NY). GEORGIA:Bald- win (NY) ; Bulloeh Co., Harper 943 (US, NY, G, M), 908 (NY, M, G, US); Tift Co., Tracy 1497 (US); Crisp Co., Tracy 1508 (US). FLORIDA: Dural Co., Curtiss 4802 (NY, G, US), 4123 (US, M), 3187 (US, M, G, B); Franklin Co., Biltmore Herb. 3295a (NY, US, G), 20 Brittonia ]936

Chapman (NY, USI G, iV[) ; St. Lueie Co., Small 8885 (NY) ; Lake Co., Nash 510 (NY, US, G, M) ; Lee Co., Standley 13016, 18899 (US) ; Dade Co., Eaton 233 (G), Fort PickeRs, Tracy 8619 (NY, US, G, M). ALABAMA: Baldwin Co., Mohr (US). MISSISSIPPI: Jackson Co., Car- penter (US), Tracy 1360, 1631 (US, NY), 4807 (NY, US, M) ; Harri- son Co., Tracy 5960 (US, NY, G), Langlois 191 (US). TEXAS: Drum- mond I. 280 (NY) ; Waller Co., Hall 727 (NY, US, G, M). CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Sharer 10908 (NY); Camaguey, Acu~a 4393 (NY); Isla de Pinos, Britton, Britton & Wilson 14545 (NY, US) ; Santa Clara, Ekman 17075 (NY). JAMAICA:Harris 12262 (NY, G, US, M). It is certainly unfortunate, but inevitable, that the name Scleria gracilis Ell., which has been widely used for this species for more than a century, should be displaced. 9. Scleria baldwinii (Torr.) Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 175. 1855. (P1. 3, f. 1.) Hypoporum baldwinii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. u 3: 382. 1836. Type locality, Georgia. Scleria baldwinii var. costata Britton, Ann. N. u Acad. Sci. 3: 229. 1885. Type locality, Georgia, Florida, Texas. Scleria dioica LeConte; Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 229. 1885, in syn. Scleria costata Small ~Ian. SE. Flora 191. 1933. Based on S. baldwinii var. costata Britton. Perennial by horizontal, thick, nodose rhizomes ; culms rather stout, sharply triangular, 30-90 cm. high, lightly channeled, smooth or slightly scabrous above on the angles, reddish-brown at base; leaves 10--45 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, glabrous or slightly scabrous on the margins, linear, rigid, earinate, few, the lower blades short or wanting ; lower bract of the inflorescence 4--15 cm. 10rig, 1-4 mm. wide;sheaths tight, glabrous; ligule minute or none; inflorescence a single capitate cluster, 1.5-2 cm. high; bractlets ovate, glabrous, often purplish- tinged; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, oblong, obtuse, many-flowered; scales sordid-straw-colored or red-brown, glabrous, the staminate membranaceous, muticous, the pistillate ridge, ovate, acuminate; hypogynium none; achene ovoid, dull white or sometimes discolored, smooth or often longitudinally ribbed (costate), conspicuously apiculate, 3-4 ram. long, obscurely trigonous, the base triangular, pointed, without pits, concave on the sides. TYPE LOCALITY: "Georgia, Dr. Baldwin!" DISTRIBUTION: ~n hammocks, wet pine barrens and borders of lagoons, Georgia to Texas, south to Cuba. GEORGIA: Baldwin (NY) ; Bulloch Co., Harper 2168 (US, G, M) ; Tatnall Co., Harper 998 (US, G, NY, M). FLORIDA: Curtiss (US) ; 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 21

Franklin Co., Chapman (US, NY, M) ; Lee Co., Standlcy 12837 (US); Dural Co., Curtiss 3186 (US, ~, B, M), 4121 (US), 6642 (US, M, G, NY, B), 4806 (US, G, NY), J. D. Smith (US, G) ; Collier Co., Simpson 556 (US, G, NY) ; Dade Co., Eaton 1271 (G). MIssissiPPI: Jackson Co., Carpenter (US), Beauvoir, Tracy 4806 (US, M, G, NY). TEXAS: Harris Co., Hall 726 (US, G, NY, M) ; Reverchon 883 (G, M) ; E. Texas, Wright (G). CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager 7178 (US, NY); Isla de Pinos, Ekman 12197 (NY); Santa Clara, Le6n 9263 (NY). Torrey (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 382. 1836) notes that this species ~'seems to have been confounded with Scleria triglomerata" by some authors. It resembles that species somewhat in superficial appearance, but is not at all related to it. Transitional achenes, more or less longitudinally ribbed, render the costate form scarcely tenable as a separate species. 10. Scleria cuyabensis Pilger Pot. Jahrb. 30: 144. 1901. (P1. 3, f. 5.) Annual with fibrous roots; culms tufted, very slender, 3075 cm. tall, erect, essentially glabrous; leaves about 15 cm. long, 1-2 ram. wide, flexuous, glabrous or scabrous on the margins and veins, involute ; sheaths sparsely hirsute; ligule none or a tuft of hairs; inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate, terminal, unbranched, 8-12 cm. long; rachis capillary, essentially glabrous; bracteal leaf minute, glabrous, linear-setaceous ; bractlets short, scarious ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; staminate scales lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, the midrib green; pistillate scales ovate-laneeolate, scarious except for the green midrib, exceeding the achene; hypogynium none; achene I mm. long, ovoid-globose, obscurely trigonous, white, the apex rounded, depressed, apiculate, ]acu- nose-caneeltate or echinate. TYPE LOCALITY: "Mattogrosso: haufig zerstreut auf trocknem, steinigen Boden bei Cuyaba" (Meyer Iter. II. bras. 366, March, 1899). DISTRIBUTION: In campos, Matto Grosso, Brazil. BRAZIL: Matto Grosso, Meyer Iter. II. bras. 366 (BD), P1. It. Regnell. II. 3191a, 3191 (S), Exp. I. Regnell. 1494b (S). This species, closely related to the following, is separated by its much longer spikelets.

11. Scleria verticillata ~uh].; Willd. Sp. P1. 4: 317, excl. syn. Michx. 1805. (P1.3, f. 15.) Hypoporum verticillatum Nees, Linnuea 9: 303. 1834. Based on Scleria verticillata lYIuhl. Hypoporum diffusum Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834, fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 446. 187~t. 22 Brittonia 1936

Seleria diffusa Michx.; Kunth, Enum. PI. 2: 359. 1837. Based on Hypo- poru~n diffusu~a Nees. Scleria tenuiflora Willd.; Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 353. 1837, in syn. "Willd. herb. n. 17331 e Sierra Leona, (an patria recte notata ?"). Scleria tenella Kunth, Enum. P1.2: 353. 1837. Type locality, Guiana. Hypoporum tenellum Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 171. 1842. Based on Scleria tenella Kunth. Scleria kunthiana Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 176. 1855. Seleria hirtella var. glabrescens Boeck. ms. in C. Wright 3417 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2" 139. 1900). Scleria verticillata f. brevis Kiikenth. l~'epert. Sp. Nov. 23: 214. 1926. Type locality, Cuba: prov. Pillar del Rio, Herradura (El~man 17730, Oct. 21, 1923). Sc~eria verticillata f. capillaris Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 214. 1926. Type locality, Cuba: prov. Pinar del Rio, Laguna Santa Maria (E~man 17275, Aug. 23, 1923). Scleria vertieillata var. tenella Kiikenth. Pot. Jahrb. 56: Beibl. 125: 20. 1921. Type locality, Brazil: Rio Branco, Serra do Mel (Ule 8063, in part). Annual, with capillary fibrous roots fragrant in drying; culms simple, triquetrous, glabrous, 1-6 dm. high, slender or filiform, erect, sometimes minutely pubescent; leaves 0.5-3 dm. long, shorter than the stem, 0.5-2 mm. wide, glabrous, linear or filiform, flat ; sheaths usually pilose; inflorescence interruptedly glomerate, simple, of 2-8 erect glomerules, 4-15 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, castaneous, few- flowered, alternate, sometimes appearing as if verticillate, sessile; bracts glabrous, 6-7 mm. long, often caudate; braetlets glabrous; scales glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, red-brown, keeled; hypogynium none; achene 1 mm. long, reticulate or verrucose, trigono-globose, white, fragile, mucronate, about 5-porose just above the attenuate trigonous base. TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia, Carolina. COMMON NAMES: Wirtelblfithiges Geiselgras (Willdenow); low nut-rush (Britton and Brown). ILLUSTRATIONS : Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2 (1) : pl. 9, f. 2. 1842, as H. tenellum; Britton & Brown, Ill. F1. ed. 2. f. 865. 1913; Stone, P1. S. N. J. (Ann. Rep. N. J. State Mus. 1910:) pl. 19. 1911; Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien 2 (1) : f. 119, A-D. 1887. DISTRIBUTIO~r: Wet sandy soil and cultivated grounds, Ontario to Brazil. ONTARIO: Bruce Co., Klugh (G), Macoun in 1871 (G); Welland Co., Coville (US) ; York Co., Macoun 34588 (G, NY) ; Waterloo Co., Herriot 42 (G) ; Harsen's Island, Dodge (G) ; Gorham, SartweU (G, NY). CONNECTICVT: Litchfield Co., Bissell (G). NEW YORK: Seneca Co., Wiegand (US), Torrey (US, G, NY), Aiken (US); Yates Co., Sartwell (G, NY) ; Suffolk Co., Ruger in 1874 (G) ; Essex Co., Torrey % 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 23

(B). PENNSYLVANIA: Erie Co., Sharer (WVa.); Lancaster Co., Heller (US, G). NEW JERSEY: Sussex Co., Mackenzie 4797 (G); Cape May Co., Van Pelt (G). OHIO: Erie Co., Moseley (US, G, M) ; Stark Co., Mrs. Chase (US); Franklin Co., Lesquereux (G, Nu Champaign Co., Werner 166 (NY); "in civitate Ohio," Frank in 1837 (NY, M). INDIANA:Lake Co., Umbach (US, G, B, M) ; Shelby Co., Chase 370 (US, C~) ; Noble Co., Deam 14683 (US, G, NY) ; War- ren Co., Hill 85/1897 (G). MICmGAN: Jackson Co., Eggert (US, M) ; McDonald Co., Bush 377 (G, M, NY). MINNESOTA: Hennepin Co., Burglehaus (US). NORTHCAROLINA : Hyde Co., Kearney 2328 (US) ; Mohr & Curtis (US). SOUTH CAROLINA: Berkeley Co., Ravenel (G). GEORGIA: Calhoun Co., Curtiss 6877 (US, NY, G); Colquitt Co., Harper 1647 (US, NY); Sumter Co., Harper 481 (US, NY). FLORIDA: Dural Co., Curtiss 3189 (US, G, NY), 4127 (US, NY); Gadsden Co., Nash 2575 (US, G, NY) ; Seminole Co., Fredholm 6099 (US, G) ; Lee Co., Simpson 179 (US), Standley 356 (US, G) ; Dade Co., Garber (US, M, G), Small & Carter 926 (NY). MississiPPI: Jackson Co., Tracy 5364 (US, NY) ; Harrison Co., Tracy 1359 (US, G, NY). LOUISIANA: Rapides Parish, Hale (US, G). ARKANSAS: Benton Co., Plank 38 (NY, M). TEXAS: Wright (US) ; Dallas Co., Reverchon 3612 (NY, M); Starr Co., Wright in 1848 (G); Potter Co., Wright (G), Drummond II. 335 (G). BAHAMAS: Britton & Brace 450 (US, NY). CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17275 (US, NY), Wright (US, G, NY); Mordazo, Santa Clara, Leon & Cazanas 5931 (NY) ; Isla de Pinos, Britton, Britton, & Wilson 15708 (US, G, NY), Curtiss (NY) ; Habana, Britton, Britton, & de la Torre 13352 (NY) ; Matanzas, Ekman 16977 (NY). MEXICO: Jalisco, Pringle 2318 (M). VENEZUELA: M6rida, Gehriger 555 (US). DUTCtt GUIANA: Hostmann (M). BRAZIL: Par~, Goeldi 1077 (US). From the description by Kunth (Enum. P1. 2: 353. 1837) and Nees (Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 171. 1842) and the excellent figure by Nees (loc. cit., pl. 9, f. 2), I see no reason for regarding Scleria tenella as distinct from S. verticillata. Steudel believed that the sedge described by Kunth as S. verticilIata was not the same as Mfihlen- berg's plant and proposed for it the new name S. kunthiana. I see no reason for holding them separate. 12. Scleria burchellii Clarke, Kew. Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 56. 1908. (P1. 3, f. 9.) Annual, with fibrous roots; culms 4-6 dm. high, glabrous, triquetrous; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, glabrous or sparsely 24 Brittonia 1936 pilose; sheaths essentially glabrous; !igule none; inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate, 10-15 cm. long ; rachis glabrous or sparsely pilose; fascicles 6-12; bracts small, glabrous, capillaceous; bractlets eapillary-setaceous, short; spikelets 5-7 ram. long, ovoid:lanceolate, greembrpwn; scales lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, brown, glabrous; hypogynium none; achene 1.5-2 mm. long, shorter than the scales, globose, white, transversely rugose-reticulate, the base obscurely porose. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil; Goyaz (Bnrchell 9060) and Diamantina, Minas,Geraes ( Schwacke 8438). DISTRIBUTION : Brazil. BRAZIL: Glaziou 20052 (BD); Goyaz, Burchell 6762 (G), 9060 (K) ; Minas Geraes, Schwacke 8438 (BD). This species, closely related to Scleria cuyabensis and to S. verti- cilata, differs from them in the size of the achene.

13. Scleria pinetorum Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 492. 1915. (P1. 3, f. 6.) Annual, with fibrous roots; culms slender, erect, 1.5-4 din. high, villous or glabrous; leaves sparsely pubescent with spreading hairs, 1-2 ram. wide; sheaths villous; ligule short, triangular, pubescent, or none; inflorescence interruptedly glomerate, 2-8 cm. high, of 2-12 glomerules; bractlets narrow, ciliate with long hairs; scales lanceolate- acuminate, loug-pilose; hypogynium none; achene 1-2 mm. long, white, reticulate, globular, the base short-attenuate, trigonous, with a row of pits on each side. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba: "Entre Candelaria y Artemisia, Pinar del Rio" (Wilson 1724). DISTRIBUTION: Pine woods and savannahs, Cuba and Haiti. CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17501 (US), Wilson 1724 (NY), Ledn 13229 (NY), Roig 339 (NY, in part). I~ISPANIOLA: Haiti, Ekman H1475 (US). Kfikenthal (Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 214. 1926) places this as a synonym of Scleria interrupta. But the sparsely tuberculate achenes of that species contrast strongly with the deeply reticulate fruits of the present species. 14. Scleria valdemuricata Kiikenth. Pot. Jahrb. 56: Belbl. 125: 20. 1921. (P1. 3~ f, 10.) Annual witk:fibrous, capillary roots; culms 35 cm. tall, triquetrous, slender, striate, sparsely pilose; ]eaves shorter than the culm, 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 25

1-2 ram. wide, somewhat rigid, glabrous; sheaths sparsely hispidulous, the lower ones purplish ; inflorescence 7-8 em. long, interruptedly glomerate, somewhat branched; spikelets small, sessile, erect; bractlets setaeeous, ciliate; scales lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, membranaceous; hypogynium none; aehene 1-2 mm. long, globose, white, strongly transversely muricate. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Hylaea, Amazonas, "in Sumpfeanlpo bei der Serra do Mel, Rio Branco, Surumu" (Ule 8063, July 1909). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Ule 8063 (BD). This species is scarcely to be separated from Scleria pinetorum Britton, but in view of their great geographical remoteness I have held them distinct until farther collections can be studied.

15. Scleria leptostachya Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 354. 1837. (P1. 3, f. 4.) Hypoporum leptostachyum Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 172. 1842. Based on Scleria lep,tostachya Kunth. Perennial; rhizome elongate, horizontal; culms filiform, 2-6 din. high, tufted; leaves glabrous, rigid, 15-30 cm. long, 1 ram. wide; sheaths pilose; ligule none; inflorescence terminal, 5-15 cm. long, interruptedly glomerate-spicate, sparingly or not at all brar~ched; branches when present on short, filiform peduncles, rachis ciliate on the angles; bract]ets capillary-setaceous, dilated at the base; spikelets linear-oblong, obtuse; scales glabrous, membranaceous, oblong, fer- rugineo-sanguineous, acuminate, the pistillate:much exceeding the achenes ; hypogynium none; achene 1 ram. long, fragile, short-stipitate, elliptic-globose, umbonate, white, transversely rugose-undulate to essentially smooth. TYPE LOCALITY: "Brasilia meridionalis, Sellow legit.' D]STRIBUTmN : Wet grassland, Brazil and Bolivia. BaAzm: "Brasilia meridionalis," Sellow (BD); Minas Geraes, Regnell III. 1321 (BD, US), Riedel 2990 (BD), L6fgren 396 (S); Rio Grande do Sul, Pl. Itin. Regn. II. 1024 (S) ; Paran~, Dusdn (US). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Steinbach 5300 (US, NY, S, M). Kunth's description of this plant reads, in part, as follows: "achenio breviter stipitato, elliptico, umbonato, transverse undulato- rugoso, eretaceo-albido." The type collection consists partly of plants with extremely verrucose achenes and partly of plants with very smooth achenes. Such a variation in the achenes is somewhat unusual for Scleria and it might be thought that the collection was mixed, were it not for the fact that both k~nds~ of achenes may in some cases be found on the same individual. 26 Brittonia 1936

16. Scleria doradoensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 55. 1923. (P1. 3, f. 20.) Perennial, with a slender hard rootstock; culms 3-3.5 dm. tall, tufted, glabrous, slender, erect; leaves 10-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, glabrous, attenuate-acuminate, the margins scabrous ; uppermost blades about equaling the culm; lower bract of the inflorescence setaceous; sheaths glabrous; ligule none or a tuft of hairs; inflorescence 5-8 cm. high, interruptedly glomerate-spicate; glomerules 6-8, few-flowered; bractlets equaling the spikelets, bearing brown hairs; spikelets 3 ram. long; scales dark-brown, the staminate lanceolate, acuminate, the pistillate ovate-lanceolate, aristate, glabrous ; hypogynium none ; achene verrucose-tuberculate, white, obtusely trigonous, 1.5 mm. long, 12-porose just above the trigonous base, shorter than the scales, subglobose-obovoid. TYPE LOCALITY: Porto Rico, vicinity of Dorado (Britton, Britton, & Brown 7064). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Porto Rico. PORTO RICO: Vicinity of Dorado, Britton, Britton & Brown 7064 (US, NY), Lares, Stevens & Hess 7034 (B). This species, ende~nic to Porto Rico, is evidently related to Scleria verticillata, from which it is separated by its perennial habit.

17. Scleria purdiei Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 57. 1908. (P1. 3, f. 17.) Scleria hitchcockii Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 88. 1916. Perennial by a slender, horizontal rhizome; culms very slender, 2-6 din. tall, glabrous, triangular; leaves 15-25 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; glabrous, not overtopping the culm; sheaths glabrous; ligu!e minute or none; inflorescence lax; branches capillary, erect, 5-15 cm. high; rachis pilose to glabrate; spikelets oblong, in sessile fascicles along the sides and at the tips of the branches; branchlets ovate, red-brown, glabrous, inconspicuous; scales dark-brown, glabrous, ovate, mucronate ; hypogynium none ; achene smooth, shining, depressed-globose, 1 mm. long, white, shorter than the scales. ILLUSTRATION': Clarke, Illus. Cyp. t. 122. 1909. TYPE LOCALITY: "Colombia, Guanaguena, Moritz, n. 643 (1258) (hb. Berol.); S. Marta, Purdie (hb. t/:ew) ; Moritz, nn. 1911, 1590 partim (hb. Mus. Brit.)." DISTRIBUTION: Savannahs and selvas, Panama to Colombia and Venezuela. PANAMA: Chiriqul, Hitchcock 8326 (US) (type of S. hitchcockii Standl.). COLOMBIA: Magdalena, H. H. Smith 2198 (G, NY); 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 27

Guanaguena, Moritz 643 (D). ~TENEZUELA: Federal District, Pittier 9767 (US, NY), Pittier 7357 (US). S. hitchcockii Standley is clearly the same as S. purdid Clarke and lapses into synonymy under the older name.

18. Scleria spicata (Spreng.) F.Macbr. Field Mus. Publ. Pot. 4: 168. 1929. (P1. 3, f. 13.) lgynchospora spicata Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 194. 1825. Scleria pleostachya Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 355. 1837. Type locality, ~in summo jugo montium Serra do S. Antonio dicto, prov. Minarum" (Sellow). Kypoporum pleostachyum Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 9.(1) : 172. 1843. Based on Scleda pleostachya Kunth. Perennial by horizontal rhizomes; culms 4-6 dm. tall, sparsely villous or glabrous, strict; leaves linear, 15-25 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, sparsely pi]ose; sheaths sparsely pilose; ligule short, ovate, obtuse, white-pilose with long hairs; inflorescence spicate-paniculate, branched, 5-8 cm. high; branches erect, elongate, filiform, remote; fascicles distant; spikelets about 3 in a fascicle, the staminate linear- lanceolate, 5-6 ram. long; hypogynium cup-like, minute; scales oblong- lanceolate, ferrugineous, acute or mucronate; aehene 1 ram. long, obovate-elliptic, white, smooth, obtuse, shorter than the scales, apiculate. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil. DISTRIBUTION: In moist soil, Brazil. BRAZIL: S~o Paulo, Riedel in 1833 (US); Minas Geraes, Riedel (M). The incomplete specimen of Rynchospora spicata Spreng., according to Macbride, is the same as the plant which has been called S. pleostachya Kunth, which name lapses, therefore, into synonymy.

19. Scleria lithosperma (L.) ST. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 18. 1788. (P1. 3, f. 2.) Scirpus lithospermus L. Sp. P1. 51 in part. 1753. "Habitat in India." Sehoenus lithospermus L. Sp. P1. ed. 2. 65 in part. 1762. "India occiden- talis' ~; based on Scirpus lithospermus L. Seleria tenuis Retz. Obs. 4: 13. 1786 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 452. 1874). Scleria filiformis ST. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 19. 1788. Type locality, West Indies. Carex subulata Gruel. Syst. Nat. 2: 138. 1791. Based on Scleria filifor~is ST. Carex tenuis Gme]. Syst. Nat. 2: 138. 1791. Based on S. tenuis Retz. Carex lithosperma Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 137. 1791. Based on Scirpus lithospermus L. Seleria gracil~s Rich. Act. Soe. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 : 113. 1792 (fide Willdenow). Type locality, French Guiana (Leblond). Svleria purpurea Poir. in Lain. Encyc. 7: 4. 1806 (fide Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 348. 1837). "Cette plante croit en Am~rique, & L'ile Saint-Thomas." Svleria vapillaris R. Br. Prodr. 240. 1810 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 453. 1874). 28 Brittonia 1936

Sr glaucescens Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1: 202. 1828 (fide Nees, in Wight, Con- trib. Bot. 117. 1834). "Hab. in insula Luzon," (Haenke). Scleria elongata Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1 : 202. 1828. "Hab. ad portum Acapulco in regno Mexicano" (Haenke). Hypoporum pu~'purascens Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834 (fide Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 348. 1837). Hypoporum sieberi Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 453. 1874). Hypoporum capillare Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 453. 1874). Scleria subulata Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2. 1: 296. 1840. Based on Carex subu lata Gmel. Seleria wightiana Steud. Syn P1. Cyp. 176. 1855. Scleria lithosperma var. filifor~nis Britton, Ann. •. Y. Acad. Sci. 3 : 231. 1885. Based on Scleria filiformis Sw. Scleria krugiana Boeck. Cyp Nov. 1: 35. 1888. Type locality, Porto Rico, (Sintenis 4945). ]itypoporum lithosper~u~n Nees; B. D. Jackson, Ind. Kew. 1: 1198. 1895. Based on Scler~a lithosperma Sw. Perennial by rather short, nodulose rhizomes; culms often clustered, filiform, triquetrous, glabrous, at least towards the summit, 3-6 dm. high; leaves several, often more or less aggregated toward the middle of the culm, 10-20 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, involute, glabrous, the margins and keel scabrous; sheaths finely pilose or nearly glabrous, purplish (especially the lower, nearly bladeless ones); ligule short, triangular, rigid, pilose; inflorescence axillary and terminal, simple or branched, of 1-4 distant interrupted spikes, few-flowered, the spikes stalked or the uppermost sessile ; spikelets 3-4 ram. long, few-flowered ; bracts filiform, glabrous; bractlets glabrous, dark-brown, exceeding the achenes; scales dark-brown, ovate-lanceolate; hypogynium none; achene 2-2.5 ram. long, white, smooth, shining, oblong or ovate-elliptic, subacuminate-umbonate, the attenuate trigonous base non-porose. ILLUSTRATIONS: Rheede, Hort. Mal. 12: pl. 48, 1703; Lecomte F1. G~n. Indo-Chine 7: 161. f. 21. 1912; Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 123. 1909; Publ. Field Mus. Bot. 3: 84. 1903. TYPE LOCALITY: India. DISTRIBUTION: Dry thickets and open woods, especially on lime- stone, in nearly all tropical maritime regions. FLORIDA: Dade Co., Cowles N16-9 (D), Curtiss 5497 (G, US, NY, B, M) ; Monroe Co., Small & Wilson 1845 (NY), Blodgett (NY, G). BAHAMAS: Britton 3155 (US), Wight 165 (NY, G), Millspaugh & Millspaugh 2320, 2513, 9173 (NY), Wilson 7439, 8301 (NY), Brace 4697, 5253 (NY), Nash & Taylor 1246, 1447 (NY). CUBA: Cama- guey, Sharer, 2551 (US, G, NY) ; 0riente, Britton 2045 (US, NY) ; Cesaire (W. Va.) ; Havana, Curtiss 733 (US, G, NY) ; Is]a de Pinos, Curtiss 486 (US, G, NY) ; Pinar del Rio, Wright 721 (US, G, NY) ; 9., 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 29

Matanzas, Britton & Wilson 219 (Nu Rugel 198 (G, NY). JAMAICA: Maxon 2178 (US), Harris 9610 (US, NY), Britton 372, 1092 (NY), Harris 12171, 12313 (US, NY, G). HISPANIOLA:Haiti, Leonard 2842 (US, NY), 2912 (US), 5151 (US, G, NY), 7475 (US, NY), Eyerdam 112 (US, G), Leonard & Leonard 11112 (US), 13452 (US), Ekman H8132 (US) ; Dominican Republic, Paris 56, 82 (US), Abbott 288 (US), 1279 (US), Valeur 204 (US). PORTORICO : Shafer 2948 (US, NY), Sintenis 4753 (US), 4945 (US, G), Heller 6244 (NY, US, G), Britton, Britton, & Brown 6921 (NY), Holm 41 (NY). ST. THOMAS: Britton, Britton, & Sharer 163 (NY, US), Eggers 83 (US, G). ST. JAN: Britton & Sharer 239 (US, NY). VIRGINGORDA: Fishloek 111 (NY). ST. CROlX: Ricksecker 440 (US, NY, G). ~/[ONTSERRAT: Shafer 318, 434 (US, NY). GUADELOUPE:DUSS 3114 (US, NY), Madiana (NY). ~V[ARTINIQUE:Hahn 890 (US, G), 1)uss 466a (NY). ST. VINCENT: Smith & Smith 1087 (NY, G). GRENADA: Broadway 1776 (NY, G). TRINIDAD: Broadway 6742 (US, K), Britton 469 (US, NY, G), Trin. Pot. Gard. Herb. 1874 (US), Hitch- cock 10322 (US). MEXICO: Yucatan, Bequaert 91 (G), Gaumer 2377 (NY, G) ; Guerrero, Haenke (P), Palmer 76 (US, NY, G, M,) ; Cam- peche, Lundell 956 (US, M) . COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, Pittier 2716 (US). PANAMA: Chiriqui, Hitchcock 8324 (US). VENEZUELA:Mar- garita Island, Johnston 328 (G). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Steinbach 5203 (G, NY). CAROLINEISLANDS: Saipan, Kanehira 1028 (NY); Yap, Kanehira 118 (NY). SAMOA: Vaupel 404 (NY). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Luzon, Ramos 8040, 32750 (NY), Merrill 3176 (NY) ; Whit- ford 603 (NY); Culion, Merrill 548 (NY); Babuyanes, McGregor 10120 (NY); Mindanao, Elmer 11071 (M, NY); Sulu, Ramos & Edano 44282 (NY). BORNEO: Clemens 9550 (NY). SUMATRA:Bart- lett 8220 (NY). PENANG: Kuntze (NY). ANAMBASISLANDS: Hen- derson 20211 (NY). MALAY PENINSULA: Henderson 22467 (NY). SIA~I: Kerr 6891 (NY). INDIA: Travancore, Wight 1907 (NY). AUSTRALIA: B. Brown (NY). This species, the most widely distributed one of the genus, is represented in the maritime flora of practically all tropical regions of both hemispheres. Gmelin (Syst. 2: 138. 1791) made the combination Carex subulata, as if he were transferring the species from Scleria to Carex and cited Swartz (Prodr. Veg. Ind. 0cc. 19. 1788) as the author. Swartz, however, did not make the combination Scleria subulata, saying only, in describing S. filiformis, "S. culmo simplici filiformi laevi, foliis subu- 30 Brittonia 1936 latis, spica simpliciuscula, flosculis foliolo filiformi, subjectis, glabris." Gmelin could not make the combination Carex filiformis, because there was a pre-existing C. filiformis Linn. (Sp. P1. 976. 1753), and, therefore, was compelled to create the new binomial. Steude] (Nomencl. ed. 2. 1: 296. 1840) made the transfer back to Scleria (as S. subulata), apparently ignorant of the fact that Gmelin intended the name to represent the plant that had already been called S. fiN- f ormis Sw. Examination of the types of S. elongata Presl and S. krugiana Boeck. show both to be clearly referable to S. lithosperma. Scleria lithosperma var. ~ Thwaites (Enum. P1. Zeyl. 354. 1864), published also as S. lithosperma var. roxburghii Clarke (in Hook. f. F1. Brit. Ind. 6: 686. 1894) has the achene undulate-tuberculate and is to be regarded as distinct. Domin (Bibl. Bot. 20 (85) : 487. 1915) has elevated the variety to specific rank, as S. roxburghii (Clarke) Domin. It is distributed from Australia northwards throughout the East Indies . Steinbach 5203 is a most remarkable specimen, agreeing with S. lithosperma in every detail except that at the base of the achene there arise two narrow red-brown lobes, at two corners of the achene, the third corner being without lobes. The station is widely separated from the general range of S. lithosperma. The name Hypoporum lithospermum Nees is cited in Index Kew- ensis as occurring in Wight, Contrib. Bot. 117. 1834. This binomial does not there occur, the species being admitted as Scleria lithosperma Willd.

20. Scleria castanea Core, Brittonla 1: 239. 1934. (P1. 3, f. 14.) Rhizome very thick; eulms tufted, 60-80 cm. tall, purplish at the base, sharply triangular, slightly roughened on the angles; leaves 30- 45 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, hairy, especially on the midrib beneath; sheaths pubescent, more or less purplish-tinged; ligule obtusely triangular, hairy with red-brown hairs; inflorescence paniculate, terminal; branches rather few, erect; bracteal leaf foliaeeous, overtopping the cuhn; bracts setaceous; spikelets densely clustered, 7 ram. long, linear-oblong; staminate scales lanceolate, acuminate, red-brown; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, red-brown; hypogynium none; achene obtusely trigonous, oblong-ovoid, apiculate, white, shining, smooth, 1.5- 2 mm. long, shorter than the scales, the base narrowed, sharply triangular. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 31

TYPE LocALITY: Along Rio Pillahuata, Cerro de Cusilluyoc, Cuzco, Peru, Pennell 13943 (type in NY.). DISTRIBUTION: Forests, Peru and Bolivia. PERU: Cuzco, Pennell 13943 (NY, US, S). BOLIVIA: La Paz, Rusby 64 (US, NY, Ph); Bang 203 (US, NY, G, M, Ph); Cocha- bamba, Steinbach 9068 (G). Rusby 64 and Bang 203 are labeled "Scleria pleostachya Kunth, ex descriptio," but by no means represent that species, which has virgately branched inflorescences, whereas these specimens have the spikelets densely clustered.

21, Scleria bourgeaui Boeck. Flora 65: 29. 1882. (P1. 3, f. 11.) Scleria graminifolia Britton, Bull Torrey Club 15: 104. 1888. "At base of Sierra ~YIadre, Chihuahua ' ' (Pringle 1401). Perennial by fibrous rootstocks; culms 30-50 cm. high, erect, triangular, glabrous or somewhat scabrous above, slender; leaves 2-4, not overtopping the culm, 8-15 cm. long, 1-2 ram. wide, glabrous or sparingly hirsute beneath; lower bract of the inflorescence 2-5 cm. long, setaceous; sheaths hirsute, sometimes glabrous; ligule none; inflorescence paniculate, terminal, loose, 4-9 cm. long; branches few, erect, somewhat scabrous; spikelets 3-5 mm. long, oblong; staminate scales ovate-lanceolate, the pistillate dark-brown, ovate-lanceolate, the lower acuminate; hypogynium indistinct; achene globular, 1-2 ram. long, white or dark-colored, transversely undulate-tuberculate, apiculate, with 3 ridges running from the base nearly to the top. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico; Orizaba, Borrego (Bourgeau 2740). DISTRIBUTION : Rocky hills and wet pine plains, Mexico. MEXICO: Veracruz: Bourgeau 2740 (US, G), Mi~ller 3066 (NY) ; Chihauahua; Pringle 1401 (G, NY, US), 1686 (NY) ; Jalisco, Pringle 8627 (G, US, NY, Ph) ; Nayarit. Rose 2071 (US). This species, confined to north-central Mexico, is apparently related to Scleria purdiei, from which it differs in its tuberculate achenes.

22. Scleria aromatica Core, Brittonia 1: 239. 1934. (P1. 3, f. 18.) Rhizome thick, covered with overlapping purplish-brown scales, elongate, horizontal, aromatic; culms 35-45 cm. tall, slender, strict, triangular, essentially glabrous; leaves about 15 cm. long, 2-3 ram. wide, glabrous or ciliate on the margins and nerves above, erect; sheaths smooth on the angles, glabrous or sparsely hairy, especially 32 Brittonia 1936

the lower ones, which are bladeless; ligule often oblique, ovate- triangular, margin scarious; inflorescence terminal, branching, the branches few, remote, bearing spikelets in the axils and remote along the flexuous peduncles and at their tips; bracts foliaceous; bractlets minute, ovate to lanceolate-attenuate, dark-brown; hypogynium obsolete; aehenes white, 1-2 ram. long, muricate, shorter than the scales, obovoid. TYPE LOCALITY : "S. de Antonio Pereira, Minas" (Schwacke 8851). DISTRIBUTION: Campos, southern Brazil. BRAZIL:Minas Geraes: Schwacke 8851 (BD), Ule 3772 (BD). C. B. Clarke labels Schwacke 8851 as Scleria virgata, with a ques- tion-mark, adding that he had no example of S. virgata with which to compare it . He says it "is exceedingly like S. pleostachya, but the nut is muricate." The present species is quite unlike S. virgata in many features, notably the much smaller inflorescence.

23. Scleria micrococc~ (Liebm.) Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 179. 1855. (P1. 3, f. 29.) Hypoporum micrococcum Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 256. 1850. "Samlet i tSrre Savaner red Segovia i Nicaragua af Mag. Orsted i Januar. ' ' Hypoporum purpurascens Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 256. 1850; not Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834. "Voxer i t5rre Savaner red Mirador i P:otrero de Consoquitla, blomstrende i October; ligeledes i Dep. Oajaca red Talea i August" (Orsted). Scleria liebmanni Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 179. 1855. Based on Hypoporum pur- p~rascens Liebm. Hypopo~am verticiltatum Nees, Bonplandia 3: 87. 1855 ; not knees, L~nnaea 9: 303. 1834. Scleria tenella Griseb. Cat. P1. Cub. 249, in part. 1866; not Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 353. 1837. Scleria luzulaeformis Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Cienc. ~tabana 8: 156. 1871. "En sabana cerca de San Juan de Buena Vista, jurlsdiccion de Bayamo," (Wright 3418 p.p.). Scleria costaricensis Boeck. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 157. 1896. "Entre Terraba et Boruca, Costa Rica" (Tonduz 4634), Annual, with fibrous roots; culms filiform, 1-5 dm. high, glabrous or somewhat hairy, triquetrous; leaves 3-11 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, somewhat scabrous on the margins, glabrous or hairy, about equaling the culm, more or less involute in drying; sheaths loose, hairy especially towards the top; ligu]e minute, hairy; inflorescence 5-10 cm. long, virgateIy branched; glomerules interrupted; rachis pilose to glabrate; lower bract foliaceous; bractlets dark-brown; scales acumi- flate, dark-brown, often with paler midrib, the staminate lanceolate, the pistillate ovate-lanceolate; hypogynium none; achene 1 mm. long, fenestrate-verrucose, white, shining, apiculate, trigono-globose, shorter than the scales, the base trigonous, attenuate, 5-porose on each face. 6, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 33

ILLUSTRATION : Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 121, f. 6, 7, TYPE LOCALITY: Nicaragua. DISTRIBUTION: Wet fields, Mexico to northern Brazil, also in Cuba. CUBA: San Juan de Buena Vista, Wright 3418 (G, M). MEXICO: Jaliseo, Pringle 2318 (G, NY, US) ; Veracruz, Liebmann (C). NICA- RAGUA: Segovia, Liebmann (C). COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Tonduz 4484, 4634, 4792 (US). PANAMa_: Panamt~, Killip 4055 (US, in part) ; Canal Zone, Standley 25214 (US). COLOMBIA:Norte de San- tander, Ariste-Joseph A-395 (US); Cundinamarea, Pennell 1718 (G, US, NY, M), Purdie (G, NY); Magdalena, H. H. Smith 234 (G, US, NY, M) ; Santander, KiUip & Smith 15196 (US, NY) ; "El Convenio," west of San Lorenzo, Pennell 3479 (NY); Moritz 697, 641 (D, C). DUTCH GUIANA: Schweinitz (NY). BRAZIL:Amazonas, Ule 8063 in part (BD). Although Liebmann regarded Hypoporum micrococcum and H. purpuraseens as distinct species, I see no reason for separating them. The name Scleria liebmanni Steud., based on Hypoporu~n p~r- p~rascens, has been in common use for this species, but must be sup- planted by the older S. micrococca. My examination of the types of S. luzulaeformis Wright and S. costaricensis Boeek. shows them to belong here. 24. Scleria~pusilla~ Pilger, Pot. Jahrb. 30: 144. 190]. (P1. 3, f. 26.) Annual with fibrous roots ; culms very slender, tufted, erect, 12-30 cm. high, glabrous; leaves slender, erect or fiexuous, hardly exceeding 10 cm. long, I ram. wide or less, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; ]igule minute or none ; inflorescence terminal, loosely paniculate, few-headed, raehis filiform ; branches few, short, distant, very slender ; clusters few, small, subglobose, 2 mm. long; bracts minute, searious; bractlets linear-lanceolate, glabrous; spikelets few, short; scales ovate, short, acute, membranaceous, the midrib green and conspicuous; hypogynium none; aehene 0.75-1.0 ram. long, globose, shorter than the scales, white, densely echinate . TYPE LOCALITY: Matto Grosso, "am Uferabhang des Quellflusses des Ronuro" (Meyer 596). DISTRIBUTION: Floodplains, Brazil. BRAZIL: Matto Grosso, Meyer It. II. bras. 596 (BD), P1. It. Regnell. II 3170 (S). This species is very near Scleria micrococca, differing from it in having the aehenes irregularly echinate instead of reticulate. 34 Brittonia 1936

25. Scleria minima Clarke, Kew Bull Add. Ser. 8: 57. 1908. (P]. 3, f. 7.) Scleria minima f. angustifolia Kiikenth. Pot. Jahrb. 56: Beibl. 125: 20. 1921. Type locality, :Rio Branco, Surumu, Amazonas (Ule 8063, in part). Rhizome none; roots fibrous; culms 15-25 cm. tall, very slender, triquetrous, sparsely pilose or almost glabrous; leaves 10-15 cm. long, 1-2 ram. wide, sparsely pilose or glabrous ; sheaths more or less pilose ; ligule minute or none; inflorescence paniculate, very lax, branches capillary, 6 cm. or less long ; rachis pilose with long white hairs, the fascicles very small, distant; bractlets lanceolate, minute, pilose; spikelets 1.5 ram. long, 2-4 in a fascicle; scales ovate-lanceolate, pilose on the keel; hypogynium none; achene 0.75-1 ram. long, minutely apiculate, g]obose, transversely murieulate-tuberculose, white. TYPE LOCALITY: Goyaz, Brazil (Burchell 6914-2). DISTRIBUTION : Brazil. BRAZIL: Goyaz, Burchell 6914-2 (K) ; Amazonas, Ule 8063 in part. Scleria minima Clarke may be only a pubescent form of S. pusilla Pilger. 26. Scleria killipiana Britton; Core, Brittonia 1: 240. 1934. (Pl. 3, f. 22.) Perennial by a short rhizome; culm 50-70 cm. high, very slender, glabrous, the angles smooth or slightly roughened, leaves numerous, 1-2 ram. wide, essentially glabrous, involute, shorter than the cutm; sheaths glabrous ; ]igule none or a tuft of hairs ; inflorescence elongate, 5-10 cm. long, glomerate-spicate, branches few (or none), remote, erect; braeteal leaf setaceous; bractlets linear-setaceous, elongate, not conspicuous; spikelets 3-4 ram. long, few, remote; staminate scales laneeolate, acuminate, red-brown; pistillate scales ovate-laneeolate, acuminate, red-brown; hypogynium none; achene 1 mm. long, globose, white, faintly reticulate, apiculate, the base narrowed, trigonous, not porose. TYPE LOCALITY: Pavas, E1 Valle, Colombia (Killip 11667, type in N. Y.). DISTRIBUTION: Dry open hills, Colombia. COLOMBIA: E1 Valle, Killip 11667 (NY, G). Apparently belonging to the group of Scleria verticillata, this plant differs from that species in its branched inflorescence and in its achene, which is very faintly reticulate instead of deeply reticulate, as is S. verticillata.

27. Scleria composita (Nees) Boeck. Linnaea 38: 444. 1874 (P1. 3, f. 23.) Hypoporum compositu~ Nees, in ~[art. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 171. 1842. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 35

Perennial by slender, elongate rhizomes; eulms slender, strict, sharply triquetrous, glabrate, 45-60 era. tall; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-5 ram. wide, strict, rigid, more or less involute, densely pilose beneath, sparingly so above or almost completely glabrous; sheaths glabrate or densely ciliate on the angles; ligule rotund, short, ovate, margin irregular, pilose; inflorescence slender, densely branched, 6-10 em. long or shorter; raehis often densely pilose, sometimes sparingly so; bracts none, or, if present, subulate-setaceous; braetlets setaceous, hirsute, short, or some of them greatly exceeding the spikelets; spikelets brown-straw-colored, 2-3 ram. long; staminate scales lanceolate, acuminate, 34 ram. long; pistillate scales lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, keel pilose; hypogynium obsolete; aehene subtrigonous, sordid-white or milk-white, irregularly reticulate, undulate, mueronate, 1 mm. long, shorter than the scales, attenuate at the base. TYPE LOCALITY: Brasilia "ad Aldeam S. Mariae, prov. Goyazanae" (Pohl). DISTRIBUTION: Swamps, Brazil and Bolivia to northern Argentina. BRAZIb: Goyaz, Glaziou 22354 (US, BD), Pohl (BD) ; Rio Grande do Su], P1. Itin. Regnell. II. 1079 (S) ; Matto Grosso, Pl. Itin. Regnell. II. 3200 (S). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Steinbach 6981 (S, NY, Ph). ARGENTINA : Misiones, Ekman 1297 ( S ). A rather variable species, chiefly as to pubescence and width of leaves. 28. Scleria scabrosa Maury, M4m. Soc. Phys. Gen6ve 31: 148. 1889. (PL 3, f. 12.) Rhizome elongate, 4 mm. thick, covered with red-brown scales, horizontal or obliquely descending; eulms rather flaccid, glabrous, triangular, 45-60 cm. high; angles smooth, leaves long-acuminate, smooth or slightly roughened on the margins and midrib, about 20 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, glabrous; sheaths striate, the lower ones with hairy angles; ]igule ovate, rotund, margins more or less pilose; inflorescence slender, sparingly branched, the spikelets densely clustered, rachis pilose on the angles, triquetrous; bracts setaceous, hirsute; bractlets setaceous, hirsute; spikelets ]aneeolate, densely clustered; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-cuspidate, ferruginous; hypogynium narrow, ring-like, obscurely 3-lobed; aehene subtrigonous, apieulate, irregularly reticulate-undulate, white, I mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Paraguay, "Potrero de Cosme, inter Villa-Rica et Caaguazu" (Balansa 450). 36 Brittonia 1936

DISTRIBUTION: In swamps, Paraguay; known only from the type locality, Balansa 450 (D). So far as I can determine, Scleria scabrosa is separated from S. composita only in having larger leaves and much longer awns on the pistillate scales. It may be only a robust form of S. eomposita.

29. Scleria virgata (Nees) Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 176, 1855. (P1. 3, f. 24.) Hypoporum virgatum Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 172. 1842. Scleria trigonocarpa Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 1: 37. 1888. "Prope Rio de Janeiro leg. Dr. E. GSldi. ~' Scleria diffusa Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 57. 1908, not Michx.; Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 359. 1837. "Brazil. Minas Geraes; ][tacolumi, legit Langsdorff ? ' ' Probably perennial; culms about I m. tall, stout, triquetrous, glabrous; ]eaves subcoriaceous, 3-5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous, equaling the culm, nerves and margins scabrous; sheaths glabrous, somewhat retrorsely scabrous on the angles; l~gule short, rotund- triangular, hairy or glabrous ; inflorescence virgate, terminal ; branches elongate, triquetrous, scabrous, very remote, slender; spikelets solitary or few together, remote, the lower often sessile in the axi]s of branches, 3--4 mm. long; bracts short-lanceolate; pistillate scales ovate, short, acuminate, keeled; hypogynium none; achene fragile, sordid-white, tuberculate-rugose, trigonous, 2-3 mm. long, mucronate, the base short, triquetrous. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, "ad Sebastianopolin et in silvis prov. Maragnaniensis" ( Martius ) . DISTRIBUTION: Woods, Brazil. BRAZIL: Maranh~o, Martius 382 (BD) ; Rio de Janeiro, G6ldi (BD), Martius (BD), Wilkes Exped. (G), L. B. Smith 1430 (G), Minas Geraes, Riedel (K). This is a very clear-cut species, its unusually large virgate inflorescence differing markedly from that of any other species. C.B. Clarke, doubtfully labeling Schwacke 8851 ~ as Scleria virgata, states that he had no material of S. virgata with which to compare it. This possibly accounts for his describing S. di]Tusa as a new species, whereas it is clearly only S. virgata. 30. Scleria variegata (Nees) Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 176. 1855. (P1. 3, f. 19.) Hypoporum variegatum Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 173. 1842. Rhizome thick, woody; culms 30-90 cm. tall, slender, sharply triangular, slightly roughened near the apex; leaves 20-40 era. long, 4-8 ram. wide, flat, scabrous on the margins and midrib beneath; sheaths SchwacIce 8851 is the type of S. aromatica Core. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 37

nearly glabrous, the lower ones purple; ligule very short, red-brown, pubescent; inflorescence paniculate, terminal; raehis tenuous, green or purple, 8-12 cm. long; braeteal leaf foliaeeous; braetlets linear- subulate, scabrous towards the apex; staminate spikelets 3-5 ram. long; staminate scales lanceolate, with a prominent green midrib, glabrous; pistillate sea]es ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, midrib green, the margins straw-colored or purple, glabrous; hypogynium obsolete, narrow, entire; athene depressed-globose or rotund, abruptly mueronate, fragile, obtusely trigonous, muricate-tubereu]ate, white, 2 mm. long, the base short-attenuate. TYPE LOCALITY : "In silvis ad Sebastianopolin, in silvatieis submon- tanis prov. 1V[inarum, Julio et Septembri" (Martius). DISTRIBUTr0N : Wet shady places, Brazil. BaAZIL: Paran~, Dus~n 219a (S, G, 3/[); Rio de Janeiro, Brade 1119.1 (G). This species, related to S. scabrosa, differs in its spreading inflorescence. It is a very handsome plant.

31. Scleria macrophylla Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 200. 1828. (PI. 3, f. 25.) Seleria pa~udosa Poepp. & Kunth; iKunth, Enum. P1. 2: 344. 1837. "Peruvia (prope Torache, ad ft. Huallagam supcriorcm, in sylvis paludosis. Poeppig legit. ' ' Ophryoscleria paludosa Nees, in Mart. F]. Bras. 2(1) : 185. 1842. Based on Scleria paludosa Poepp. & Kunth. Scleria palmi~olia Hoffmgg.; Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. 3: 492. 1845 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 522. 1874). "Salzm. hrbr. Bahia." Scleria ~acrocarpa Salzm.; Sehlecht. Bot. Zeit. 3: 492, ~s syn. 1845. Ophryoscleria asperrima Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 261. 1851. "Et Exemplar hjembragtes af Mag. 0rsted, samlet red Bredderne af Rio de S. Juan de Nicaragua i Juni." Sderia asperrima Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 170. 1855. Based on Ophryosderia asperri~a Liebm. Perennial by stout rhizomes; culms coarse, smooth, or the angles sometimes scabrous, sharply triangular, 1-3 m. high; leaves linear- laneeolate, 5-7-nerved, rigid, attenuate-acuminate, 2-4 din. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, smooth or somewhat roughened on the margins and veins beneath; sheaths 3-winged, the wing-margins roughened; ligule short, ovate, obtuse, rigid; inflorescence paniculate, terminal and axillary; branches erect, the spikelets densely clustered; bracts foliaeeous; bractlets linear-setaceous, pubescent, especially at the base, elongate; staminate spikelets 4 mm. long, ovate to ovate-oblong ; staminate scales laneeolate, acuminate, minutely pubeseent; pistillate scales broadly ovate-orbicular, ciliate on the margins, minutely pubescent; hypogynimn large, undulately 3-lobed, the margin more or less ciliate; 38 Brittonia ]936 aehene subglobose-ellipsoid, white or discolored, smooth, shining, 3.5-6 mm. long, tipped with the somewhat persistent conic pale style-base. TYPE LOCALITY: "In insula Luzon" (Haenke), in error ; probably tropical South America. DISTRIBUTION: Marshes and swampy forests, Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia. TROPICAL AMERICA: "In insula Luzon" in error, Haenke (P). MEXICO: "Lower California?", Fitch (NY); Vera Cruz, Bourgeau 1936 (G) ; Oaxaca, Nelson 334 (US). GUATEMALA: Isabal, Deam 81 (US, G, NY), Standley 24293 (G, NY, US), Watson 22 (G), J. D. Smith 1846 (US). HONDURAS: Yoro, Standley 55490 (US). NICA- RAGUA : San Juan del Norte, C. L. Smith 9 (G, US), ~rsted (C). COSTA RICA: Rio Ceibo, Tondnz 4882 (NY, US). PANAMA: Chagres, Fendler 360 (G, M, US) ; Canal Zone, Hayes 818 (NY), Standley 30060 (US) ; Panama, Standley 30475, 31643 (US). TRINIDAD: Finlay 1871 (NY, US). BRITISH GUIANA: Jenman 6091 (NY, US, M), Jenman 5624 (NY, US), De la Cruz 1285 (NY, US). DUTCH GUIANA: Samuels (US). BR.AZ1L: Goyaz, Burchell 7752 (G) ; Bahia, Salzmann (US) ; Par{t, GLldi 1078 (G, US), Killip & Smith 30407 (US) ; Cear{t, Gard- ner 1895 (NY, US). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, K~ntze 107b (NY), Stein- bach 8021 (NY, G). The type locality of Scleria macrophylla was recorded as "in insula Luzon" and attempts have been made to reduce it to the Philippine S. bancana Miq. As Merrill points out (Enum. Philip. F1. Ph 1 : 136. 1923), it does not in the least resemble that species, since the authors state: "Folia 16 lineas ]ata .... Caryopsis pisi magnitudine." The leaves of S. bancana are rarely more than 15 ram. wide and the fruits are but 2 ram. long. Merrill (loc. cit.) suggested that the description of S. macrophylla was probably based on a plant collected in tropical America, and that the labels may have been mixed. My examination of Presl's type of S. maerophylla showed that Merrill's suggestion was correct and, further, that this plant is the same as S. paludosa Kunth. As the Preslian name is the older, the latter widely used name unfor- tunately lapses into synonymy and the accepted binomial is S. macrophylla. Ophryoscleria asperrima Liebm., from my examination of the type specimen, is clearly to be placed here. 32. Scleria microcarpa Nees, Linnaea 9: 302. 1834. (P1. 3, f. 34.) Scleria ovuligera Reichb.; Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834 (fide Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 341. 1837). Ophryoscler.ia microcarpa Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 184. 1842. Based on S. microcarpa Nees. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 39

Scleria foliosa Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 154. 1871; not A. Rich. Tent. F1. Abyss. 2: 509. 1851. Typelocality, Cuba (Wright 3SVT ). Scleria lat~folia Balb.; Boeck. Linnaea 38: 517, as syn. 1874. Scleria microcarpa var. latifolia Boeck. Linnaea 38: 517. 1874. Typelocality, Guadeloupe. ScIeria microcarpa vat. foZiosa Clarke~ Symb. Ant. 2: 149. 1900. Perennial by horizontal, elongate, rather stout rhizomes; culms sharply triangular, glabrous, 0.5-2 m. high, erect or at length nodding ; leaves 2040 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide, glabrous or slightly scabrous on the margins; sheaths 3-winged, glabrous or nearly so; ligule 1 cm. or less long, lanceolate, glabrous, rigid; inflorescence paniculate, the panicles axillary and terminal, usually several, erect, very narrow, loosely flowered; lower bract of the inflorescence foliaceous; bractlets linear-subulate, minute; staminate spikelets oblong-ovate; staminate scales ovate, obtuse, stramineous; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, stramineous; hypogynium-margin more or less densely white-ciliate or eiliolate; achene 1-2 mm. long, exceeding the scales, ellipsoid-ovoid, smooth, white, shining, tipped by the more or less persistent style-base. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil. ILLUSTRATION: Velenovsk:~, Vergl. Morphol. Pfl. 2: 443. f. 284, A. 1907. DISTRIBUTION: Swamps, roadsides, and moist thickets, Cuba and Guatemala to Paraguay. CUBA: Wright 724 (NY, G, M), 3807 (US, G, NY) ; 0riente, Hioram & Manuel 2415 (NY), Ekman 19109 (US), Sharer 1697 (Nu US, G), Wright 723 (G) ; Pinar del Rio, Lehn 4578, 4450 (NY) ; Isla de Pinos, Curtiss (NY). HISPANIOLA: Hditi, Ekman H.2615, H.4378 (US). PORTO RICO: Sintenis 78b (B, US), HeIIer & Heller 1362 (NY, US), Wilson 218 (NY, US), Britton, Britton & Brown 6696 (NY), J. R. Johnston 757, 841 (NY), Whetzel, Kern, & Toro (NY), Stevenson 3651 (US). JAMAICA:Fredholm 3298 (US, NY), Britton 1635 (NY). GUATEMALA: Izabal, Standley 23800, 24543, 23640 (NY, US, G) ;Alta Verapaz, Tuerckheim II. 977 (US, G). HONDURAS:Atlantida, Stand- ley 53778 (US). NICARAGUA:~rsted (C). COSTARICA: Guanacaste, O. Jimenez L756 (US). PANAMA:Canal Zone, Pittier 4022 (NY, US). COLOMBIA : E1 Valle, Killip & Hazer 11044 (NY, US) ; Bolivar, Pennell 3881 (NY, G, US, M) ; Magdalena, H. H. Smith 236 (G, NY, US, M) ; Santander, Killip & Smith 14743 (NY, G, US) ; Choch, Archer 1884 (US). u : Lara, Pittier 6382 (NY, US) ; Amazonas, Holt & Gehriger 264, 279 (US, NY). TRINIDAD: Trin. Pot. Gard. Herb. 1739 (US). BRITISHGUIANA: Jenman 6089 (NY, US) ; Leng 34, 249 (NY), 40 Brittonia 1936

Hitchcock J6866 (NY, US, G), Gleason 472 (NY, G, US), Jenman 7063 (NY, BD), Schomburgk 660 (US). DUTCH GUIANA : Forbe (G). FRENCH GUIANA: Sagot 897 (NY, G in part), Jelski in 1867 (US). BRAZIL : Amazonas, Baker 151 (NY), Holt & Gehriger 343 (US), TraiIl in 1875 (G) ; Matto Grosso, Moore 837 (NY) ; Bahia, Blancher 2433 (NY) ; Minas Geraes, Claussen 660 (G, in part) ; Pars Burchell 9906 (G), Killip & Smith 30268 (NY, US). ECUADOR: Guayas, Eggers 14280 (US). PERU: Loreto, Killip & Smith 29385 (NY). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Steinbach 7564 (M, Ph). PARAGUAY:Hassler 8081 (G). I an not certain as to what Boeckeler meant by Scleria microcarpa var. latifolia (Linnaea 38: 517. 1874.). His description reads: "sub- tota pianta adpresso-pubescens; culmo altiore ac validiore, inferne 3 lin. crasso; foliis subbJpedalibus latis lineari-laneeolatis plurinervis; paniculis pluribus (6) et lateralibus pluriramosis, paniculam eom- munem elongatam laxam foliosam subpedalem praebentibus." Clarke (Symb. Ant. 2: 151. 1900) places S. microcarpa ear. latifolia Boeck. under S. grisebachii, which has aehenes 2.5-3 mm. long. The variety was based by Nees on Scleric~ latifolia Balbis from Guadeloupe. It is to be noted, however, that Boeckeler's description of this variety does not mention that the fruits are larger than in typical material of S. microcarpa. I have not seen the specimen on which the description is based.

33. Scleria mitis Berg. Vet. Akad. Handl. Sfockh. 26: 145. pl. 5. 1765. (P]. 1, f. 22.) Schoenv~. lithospermus L. Sp. P1. ed. 2. 65, pro parte. 1762 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 150. 1900). Carex lithosper~na L. Syst. Veg. ed 13. 706. 1774 (fide Clarke, loc. cir. 150). Carex ~itis Gruel. Syst. Nat. 2: 138. 1791. Based on S. mitis Berg. Scleria riparia Poepp. & Kunth; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 341. 1837. '~Peruvia (prope Tocache, mission del Huallaga alto, in fluviorum ripis palud3sis) Poepp4g legit. ' ' Scleria latifolia Reichb.; Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras 2(1): 183, as syn. 1842. "Specimen mains ante anthesin decreptum." Ophryoscleria lucida Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 183. 1842. ,,in silvis prov. S. Pauli et Rio de Janeiro; in campis altis do Paranan et in silvis Minarum Novarum (Martins); in Guiana (Weigelt)." Ophryoscleria qnitis Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 183. 1842. Based on Scleria mitis Berg. Ophryoscleria ripar~a Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 184. 1842. Based on Scleria riparia Poepp. & Kunth. Scleria praealta Salzm.; Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. 3: 461, as syn. 1845. "In paludosis Bahia." Scleria lucida Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 168. 1855. Based on Ophryoscleria lucida Nees. Scleria trialata Bertero; Bceck. LJnnaea 38: 521, as syn. 1874. Seleria trinitatis Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 2: 31. 1890 (fide Clarke~ Symb. Ant. 2: 150. 1900). "Insula Trinitatis." 9., 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 41

Perennial by thick woody rhizomes; eulms growing in clumps, stout, smooth or slightly roughened on the angles, triquetrous, 1-3 m. tall, strict; leaves 60 em. or less long, 1-2.8 em. wide, fiat or somewhat plieate, rigid, glabrous, scabrous on the nerves above and on the margins; sheaths 3-winged; ligule 3 era. long or less, laneeolate, glabrous; panicles 3 or 4, narrow, loosely many-flowered, about 30 dm. long, elongate, the branches erect ; lower bract of the infloreseenee foliaceous ; braetlets very short, setaeeous; spikelets short, ovoid; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate; hypogynium truncate, densely fringed with brown or red-brown hairs; aehenes ellipsoid, 2-3 ram. long, smooth, white, sometimes black or discolored, lustrous, tipped with the small conic black persistent style-base. ILLUSTRATIONS: Berg. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 26: pl. 5. 1765; Dict. Sci. Nat. Monoeot. pl. 16. 1826; Nees, in 5{art. Fh Bras. 2(1) : pl. 25. 1842; Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 131. 1909. COMMON NAMES : Cutting-grass, eortadera (Venezuela). TYPE LOCALITY : "Habitat in Surinamo." DISTRIBUTION: Clearings and wet banks, Guatemala and Cuba to Paraguay and Bolivia. CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Leg~, Charles & Bernhard 4884 (NY) ; Isla de Pinos, Britton, Wilson, & Selby 14335 (US, NY, G). PORTORICO : Sin- tenis 1215 (US). GUADELOUPE:Duss 3112, 3443 (NY). MARTINIQUE: Duss 443, 705 (NY). ST. VINCENT : H. H. & G. ~V. Smith 1674 (NY). GUATEMALA: Rio Dulee, J. D. Smith 1845 (NY, G, US). PANA3~A: Colon, Dahlim in 1826 (S); Fendler 359 (G, US, ~); Canal Zone, Maxon & Harvey 6515 (US), Hayes (G, Nu US), Piper 5497 (US), Pittier 2616a (US); Pacoria, Tataria River, Killip 4322 (US, NY). COLOMBIA: Choco, Archer 1722 (US). VENEZUELA:Bolivar, Bailey & Bailey 1684 (NY, G), Haman 8 (NY, G) ; Delta Amaeuro, Rusby & Squires 333 (NY). TRINIDAD:Broadway 2217 (US, D, B, M, F), 7731 (M, NY), Broadway (NY), Britton & Britton 2510 (NY, US, G), Kuntze 778 (NY, US). BRITISH GUIANA: Jenman 5624 (F), 6090 (NY), Hitchcock 17263 (NY, G, US), De la Cruz 30~5, 3192 (US, NY, G, M). DUTCH GUIANA: Schwei~itz (NY), Weigelt 445 (BD). FRENCH GUIANA: Sagot 629 (G). BRAZIL: Btanchet (S) ; Par/b GLldi 1081 (G, US, M, NY), Killip & Smith 30213 (NY, US), Spruce (BD, NY) ; Minas Geraes, Warming (NY) ; Bahia, Blanchet (D), Salzmann (US) ; Rio de Janeiro, Harshberger 856 (US) ; Matto Grosso, Malme (S). PERU: San Martin, Poeppig 442 (BD). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Steinbach 5512 (NY) ; La Paz, R. S. Williams 938 (NY). PARAGUAY: Hassler 10041 (BD, K). 42 Brittonia 1936

This species is of historical interest in that it was one of the two described by Berg]us in his original treatment of the genus. The type specimen of Scleria riparia Poepp. & Kunth, from my examination of it, appears to differ from typical specimens of S. mitis only in the smaller size of the achenes (only 1.5 mm. long) ; but the plant is immature. The fruits are of striking beauty, the lustrous white aehenes contrasting strongly with the persistent jet-black bases of the styles. The ]eaves and stems are said to be "eaten by cattle and horses" (Miles Haman, ms).

34. Scleria spruce] Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 61. 1908. (P1. 1, f. 19.) Rhizome not seen; cu]ms 3 m. high, glabrous, triquetrous, smooth on the angles, simple, solitary; leaves oblong, 2-3 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, glabrous, rather abruptly narrowed towards the tip, the apex triangular; sheaths 3-winged, ample, glabrous; ligule ovate, obtuse, minutely pubescent, margin cartilaginous; panicles terminal and axillary, the lateral on long erect peduncles, rather loose; rachis minutely pubescent; bracts foliaeeous; bractlets setaceous, 1-2 cm. long, inconspicuous; spikelets solitary, brown, ovoid-ellipsoid, 4 ram. long; scales ovate, stramineous-ferruginous, streaked with purple; hypogynium dark-purple, margin obscurely undulately 3-lobed, entire, densely white-ciliate; aehene 2-3 mm. long, equaling the scales, white or stramineous, globose, obtuse, smooth. TYPE LOCALITY: "Bahia, at the mouth of the river Solimoes" (Spruce 1565). DISTRIBUTION: Forests, Brazil; known only from the type locality, Spruce 1565 (K, BD, NY). Because of its short broad leaves, this is a most distinctive species.

35. Scleria eggersiana Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 2: 41. 1890. (P1. 3, f. 32.) Scleria grisebachii Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 150. 1900. "IIab. in Jamaica: W. Wright; Porto Rico: Eggers n. 4.32b, 671, prope Adjuntas ad margines sylvae montis Cedro: Sintenis n. 14g.3 part]m, 4279; Antigua: Nicholson; Guadeloupe: Husnot n. 43; Dominica: Imray n..352; Martinique: Duss n. d45'." Scleria microcarpa Griseb. Cat. P1. Cub. 248, in part. 1866. "Cuba, Wright 723b, 724a.' ' Rhizome horizontal, thick, woody; cuhns coarse, 1-2 m. tall, triangular, erect, nearly smooth; leaves 30 cm. long or longer, 1-2.5 cm. wide, scabrous, especially on the veins and margins, coriaceous, rigid, flat or somewhat plieate; sheaths 3-winged, scabrous on the angles, otherwise glabrous; ligule slightly pubescent, lanceolate- triangular, rigid, 2.5 em. long or less; inflorescence paniculate, narrow, 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 43

about 3 din. long, elongate; branches erect; panicles 4 or 5, terminal and in the upper axils, dense; bracts leaf-like; bractlets setaceous; pistillate scales suborbieular, concave, mucronate, ferruginous; pistillate spikelets sessile; hypogynium-margin densely brown-ferruginous-ciliate, cup-shaped, 3-lobed; athene 2.5-3 ram. long (with the high hypogynium, 4 mm. long), white, globose or subglobose, shining, smooth, terminated by the conic, pale, more or less deciduous style- base. COMMON NAME: Cortadera( Porto Rico). TYPE LOCALIT:r "In insula Cuba invenit Eggers." DISTRIBUTION: West Indies, Central America, and Guiana. CUBA: Eggers (BD) ; Santa Clara, Britton, Cowell & Earle 10274 (NY), Fernando 371 (NY); Havana, Van Hermann 3940 (NY); Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17697 (NY, BD) ; Oriente, Eggers 5181 (BD). JAMAICA: Britton 861 (NY). HISPANIOLA: Haiti, Ekman H. 2552 (US), H. 5173 (US), H. 6562 (BD), Eyerdam 539 (G, US), Nasa 324 (NY); Dominican Republic, Abbott 1441 (US), Ekman H. 11575 (BD), H. 12118 (BD). PoaTo Rico: Sintenis 1714 (US), 1443 (US, G, S), 1215 (US, G), Hioram (G.) MARTINIQUE:Duss 445 (NY). GRENADA: Eggers 6029 (US). TOBAGO:Broadway 4011 (F). GUATE- MALA: Izaba], Standley 24058 (G, US, NY), 25047 (US). PANAMA: Colon, Standley 30281 (US) ; Canal Zone, Kenoyer 144 (US), Stand- ley 28730 (US). DUTCH GUIANA: No collector named (Ph). The type of Scleria eggersiana, although immature, is unques- tionably identical with S. grisebachii. It is also the same as a specimen in the Berlin botanical garden (Sintenis 1443) which was labeled by Boeckeler S. microcarpa "car. latif olia macrocarpa. 36. Scleria sororia (Nees) Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 343. 1837. (P1. 3, f. 38.) Ophryoscleria sororic~ Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 184. 1842. Rhizome not seen; culms 1-1.4 m. tall, strict, erect, sharply triquetrous, the angles roughened; leaves few, very rigid, shorter than the culm, 15-30 em. long, 1-2 era. wide, glabrous, the margins scabrous; sheaths winged, glabrous, the wing-margins rigid and .cery scabrous; ligule rigid, elongate, narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly dentate; panicles terminal and axillary, much branched, rather dense, the lateral on exserted slender peduncles, the branches somewhat flexuous ; bracts foliaceous; bractlets setaeeous, about 5 mm. long, the base dilated; spikelets mostly solitary, the staminate oblong-ovate to elliptic, 3-4 ram. long; scales broadly ovate, brown, acute or mucronulate; 44 Brittonia 1936

hypogynium coriaceous, rugose, 3-lobed, dark-brown; margin paler, narrow, densely ciliate; aehene somewhat exceeding the scales, ovoid to subglobose, obsoletely umbonate, smooth, white, shining, 2-3 ram. long. TYPE LOCALITY: "In Brasilia meridionalis eampis, ad Vittoriam prov. S. Spiritus: Sellow in H. B. Berol." DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Sellow (BD). This species, although represented by a single specimen, is easily separated from S. eggersiana by its distinctly 3-lobed hypogynium.

37. Scleria cubensis Boeek. Cyp. Nov. 2: 42. 1890. (P1. 3, f. 3%) Scleria mierocarpa var. subeciliata Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 149. 1900. Scleria ~nicrocarpa Griseb. Cat. P1. Cub. 248, in part. 1866 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 149. 1900). Scleria cata~inae Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 489. 1915. '~Santa Catalina, Pinar del Rio, Van Hermann 3272." Perennial by hard, thick, nodose rhizomes; culms loosely tufted, smooth, coarse, sharply triangular, 1-3 m. high, strict, erect, channelled; leaves 2.5-5 rim. long, ]0-27 ram. wide, subeoriaceous, margins and nerves scabrous, lanceolate, glabrous, thick, attenuate-acuminate ; sheaths narrowly to broadly winged, smooth or slightly roughened at the angles; ligule often very conspicuous, triangular, 1-7 cm. long, glabrous, scarious-margined; inflorescence paniculate, greenish-brown, 3-5 din. long; panicles 3 or 4, narrow, the branches erect; lower bract of the inflorescence 34 era. long, lanceolate; spikelets sessile, the staminate oblong-ovoid, 3-4 ram. long; bracts and bractlets short, brown; staminate scales brown, imbricate, broadly ovate, acute; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, brown, mucronulate ; hypogynium puberulent or ciliolate, obconic, the margin entire or obscurely 3-1obed; achene ovoid to ellipsoid, apex conic, pointed, 2-3 ram. long, white or sordid-gray, shining, style-base persistent; often fruiting very profusely. TYPE LOCALITY: "Cuba : Monteverde.~Leg. Eggers." DISTRIBUTION: Moist savannahs and thickets, throughout the West Indies. CUBA: Wright 72~a (NY, US, G); Oriente, Eggers 5113 (US), Hioram & Mauret 2412 (NY), Sharer 4356, 8722 (NY). Le6n, Clement & Rose 10084 (NY), N. Taylor 523 (NY); Santa Clara, Ledn & Clgment 5338, 6599, 6635 (NY) ; Pinar del Rio, Ekman 13773, 17996 (NY), Van Hermann 3272 (NY). JAMAICA: Britton & Hollick 2155 (NY), 2203a (US, NY), Britton 536, 2588, 3159, 4199 (NY), 2, I Core: The American Species of Scleria 45

Hart 674 (US, NY), Harris 12616 (NY, G), Alexander (G), Maxon & Kitlip 1539 (G, US). HISPANIOLA: Haiti, Ekman H.2950, H.3853 (US), Leonard 8101 (US, NY); Dominican Republic, Faris 528 (US), Abbott 447, 745 (US). PORTO RICO: Sintenis 6639 (G), Shafer 3384 (NY, US), Britton, Cowell & Brown 2189 (NY), 5536 (US, NY), Britton, Britton & Brown 7025 (N-Y), Blaumer 253 (NY). Ekman 17996, a sterile specimen in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, labeled Scleria schizophylla Ekman, is clearly S. cubensis. S. catalinae Britton, based on Van Hermann 3272, is also to be placed here. 38. Sr schiedeana Schleeht. Bot. Zeit. 3: 489. 1845. (P1. 3, f. 35.) Ophryocleria schiedeam~ Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 261. 1850. Based on Scleria schiedea~a Seh]echt. Schizolepis paranensis Palla, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 79: 196. 1908. "Bei Antonina, (Parana)~ 1904~ Wacl~et." Rhizome not seen; eulm glabrous, triquetrous, scabrous on the angles, I m. or more tall, strict ; leaves 30-40 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, rigid, long-acuminate, the veins and margins scabrous ; ligule lanceolate, obtuse, margin cartilaginous, about 4 ram. long; sheaths distinctly winged, wing's scabrous on the margins, glabrous; panicles terminal and axillary, ample, ovate, much branched, 10-15 era. high, the lateral on rather short peduncles ; bracts foliaeeous ; bractlets setaeeous, short ; spikelets solitary, oblong-elliptic; scales ferruginous, mucronulate, the staminate ovate-laneeolate, the pistillate ovate-orbicular; hypogynium rigid, somewhat cup-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes short, rotund, dark- brown, the margin pale, entire, glabrous or rarely sparsely eiliolate; aehene equaling or exceeding the scales, globose-ovoid, white, smooth, shining, 2-3 ram. long. TYPE LOCALITY: "In Barranca de Tioselo, l~Iexieo" (Schiede). DISTRIBUTION : Mexico and Brazil. MExico: Trapiche de la Concepcion, Liebmann (NY, BD); Bar- ranea de Tioselo, Schiede (BD). BRAZm: Paran~, Wacket (V). This unusual species, having the hypogynium-margin essentially glabrous, might be thought not a member of this section. In its general appearance, however, it clearly belongs here. Schizolepis paranensis is clearly a member of the section Ophryoscleria and not of Schizolepis. It seems to be conspecific with Scleria schiedeana. 39. ficleria phylloptera Wright; Griseb. Cat. Fl. Cub. 248. 1866. (PI. 3, f. 39.) Scleria microcarpa var. angustifolia Boeck. Flora 64: 79. 1881 (fide Clarke, Syrnb. Ant. 2: 150. 1900). 46 Brittonia 1936

Scleria microcarpa var. phylloptera Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 218. 1926. Based on Scleria phylloptera Wright. Rhizome creeping in mud, horizontal ; eulms densely tufted, sharply 3-angled, 60-90 cm. tall, scabrous on the angles; leaves 34 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, glabrous, scabrous on the nerves beneath; sheaths narrowly 3-winged, or nearly wingless; ligule lanceolate, rigid, obtuse; inflorescence narrow, few-flowered, terminal, 8-10 cm. high; bracts elongate, foliaceous; bractlets short, linear; spikelets oblong, stramineous; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, shorter than the achene; hypogynium-margin ciliolate, cup-shaped, truncate or obscurely 3-lobed, about 1 mm. high; achene 2-3 ram. long, ovoid- globose, white or discolored, smooth, shining. TYPE LOCALITY : "Cuba occ., in humidis pr. Hanabana Wr. a. 1865 ; 724b." DISTRmUTION: Muddy banks, Cuba and Mexico to Brazil; Hawaii. CUBA: Wright 724, in part (G, US), 724b (G, NY, US) ; Pinar del Rio, Ekman 16659 (NY), Britton, Britton, & Gager 6953 (US, NY), Sharer 10740 (US, NY), 10806 (NY) ; Santa Clara, Britton & Wilson 318 (NY), Ledn & Roca 8198 (NY), Le6n & Loustalot 11379 (NY), Combs 489 (US, NY, G). MEXICO: Chiapas, Nelson 3030 (US). BRAZIL: Goyaz, Burchell 8558 (G); Ss Paulo, Brade 6158 (S). HAWAII: Degener H36 (NY), Diell (NY), Mann & Brigham 329 (IV[). I am unable to separate the Mexican and Brazilian specimens from the type of this species, hitherto regarded as endemic to Cuba, nor can I separate it from specimens labeled Scleria testacea Nees (Linnaea 9 : 303. 1834), from Hawaii. I have not seen the type of the latter but it seems quite possible that these specimens all represent the same species, which should therefore be called S. testacea Nees. Kfikenthal reduces S. phylloptera to a variety of S. mierocarpa Nees, but the latter seems clearly distinct by size of the achene, width of the leaves, height of the culm, etc. 40. Scleria uleana Boeck. Allg. Pot. Zeitschr. 2: 159. 1896; Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 60. 1908. (P1. 3, f. 33.) Rhizome not seen; culms about 2 m. tall, essentially glabrous, triquetrous, angles somewhat roughened; leaves 15-40 cm. long, 7-10 ram. wide, attenuate-acuminate, glabrous, margins scabrous; sheaths tight, glabrous, narrowly winged, wings scabrous; ligule about 5 mm. long, lanceolate, rigid, obtuse; panicles terminal and axillary, the lateral smaller, on exsertcd peduncles, the branches divaricate, flexuous, 4 cm. or less long, loosely flowered; bracts foliaceous; bractlets setace- 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 47 ous, short, inconspicuous; spikelets 3-4 ram. long, ovoid-lanceolate, subsolitary; staminate scales ovate, acute or mueronate, brown; pistillate scales orbicular, acute or mueronate, brown; hypogynium dark- purple-brown, 3-lobed; lobes broad, short-rotund, the margin sparsely pilose, paler ; aehene 2-4 mm. long', ovoid, obtuse, smooth, white, exceeding the scales, tipped with the more or less persistent pale style-base. TYPE LOCALITY: "Brazil. S. Catharina; Tubarao, Ule, n. 1373; S. Francisco, Ule, n. 230." DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collections. Closely related to Scleria phylloptera, but with the hypogynium flat and low, whereas that of S. phylloptera is high and cup-shaped. 41. Scleria obtusa Core, Brittonia 1: 240. 1934. (P1. 1, f. 25.) Rhizome not seen ; culms triangular, slightly roughened, 75 cm. tall or taller; leaves 15-20 cm. long, 5-10 ram. wide, scabrous; sheaths winged, the wing-margins scabrous; ligule short, triangular, margin cartilaginous; inflorescence paniculate; panicles terminal or also on slender peduncles in the axils of the uppermost leaf, narrow; branches few, erect; bracteal leaf elongate, setaeeous; spikelets short, elliptic, 2 mm. long; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, abruptly short-acuminate, brown ; hypogynium low, purplish-brown, the margin undulate, ciliate ; achene globose-oblong, tapering to an obtuse apex, smooth, shining, white, 2-3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Lake Rogagua, Bolivia, Mnlford Biol. Exped. 1224 (type in N.Y.). DISTRIBUTION: Pampas and eampos, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. BRAZIL: Pernambuco, Ridley, Lea, & Ramage (S) ; Rio de Janeiro, Ule 4794 (BD). BOLIVIA: E1 Beni: Mulford Biol. Exped. 1224 (NY, US) ; no data, prob. Bolivia, Mulford Biol. Exped. 2153 (NY, US). PARAaUAY : Fiebrig 4728 (D, K, G). The specimens here referred to Scleria obtusa resemble S. phylloptera, but have the hypogynium much lower. In this they are like S. uleana, but all these specimens have the terminal panicle small, 5 cm. long or less, and distinctly few-flowered, while in S. uleana the terminal panicle is 10 cm. long or more, and more profusely flowering. 42. Scleria cyperina Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 345. 1837. (P1. 1, f. 13.) Hymenolytrum cyperinum Nees, in Mart F1. Bras. 2(1): 175. 1842. Based on Scgeria cyperina Kunth. Rhizome not seen; cu]ms 6 din. tall or taller, robust, sharply triangular, the angles scabrous; leaves 2-5 dm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, 48 Brittonia 1936

scabrous on the margins and midribs beneath ; sheaths narrowly winged or some of them essentially wingless, the wing-margins scabrous ; ligule ovate, obtuse, rigid, 5-10 ram. long, without appendages; inflorescence solitary, terminal, ovate-conic, dense, red-brown, 3-6 cm. long; bracts foliaceous, mostly 3, 4-8 cm. long, 5-10 ram. wide; bractlets filiform, minute; staminate spikelets long-pedicelled, linear, very numerous; pistillate spikelets subsessile, few; staminate scales narrow, purplish to straw-colored, the upper long-mueronate, the lower acute; pistillate scales ovate-laneeolate, glabrous, purplish or stramineous ; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes narrow, appressed to the angles of the achene; achene 2-3 ram. long, shorter than the scales, transversely tuberculate-rugulose, subrotund-ovoid, obtusely triangular, white or sometimes discolored, the tubercles hairy or glabrous. CO~,IMON NAME : Sara (Patamone name). TYpE LOCALITY: Venezuela, "Cumana. Humb [o]dt]. legit." DISTRIBUTION: Savannahs, Colombia to Guiana. COLOMBIA: Santander, Kill@ & Smith 15224 (NY). VENEZUELA: Amazonas, Holt & Gehriger 215 (US), Holt & Blake 478 (NY, US). BRITISH GUIANA: Altson 510 (NY), Tate 152 (NY), Schomburgk 631 (G). This species is very easily separated from the other members of the section Hymenolytrum in its unappendaged ]igu]e.

43. 8cleria stipularis Nees, Jour. Boi. Hook. 9.: 394. 1840. (P1. 1, f. 7.) Hymenolytrum sil~estre Sehrad.; Nees, in !Viart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 176. 1842 (fide Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 171. 1855). Scleria pyramidalis Hoehst. ' ~Hrbr. Hohenaek. nr. 1171" ; Steud., loc. cit. 171, as synonym. Rhizome not seen; culms sharply triquetrous, 2 m. tall or taller; leaves 30-90 era. long, 30-50 ram. wide, linear-laneeolate, scabrous on the margins; sheaths with scabrous angles; ligule very large and conspicuous, membranaceous, scarious, purplish-tinged; inflorescence subpyramidal; panicles 2 or 3, terminal and axillary, dense; bracts foliaceous, elongate; braetlets elongate, linear-subulate, often purplish- tinged; spikelets stramineous, oblong-lanceolate; pistillate scales ovate-laneeolate, purplish-tinged; hypogynium membranaceous-rigid, wrinkled, white, 3-lobed; aehene 2 mm. long, subglobose, obtusely trigonous, transversely undulate-tuberculate, the tubercles hairy, white to very dark-purple. ILLUSTRATION: Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 130. ]909. TYPE LOCAHTY : British Guiana (Schomburgk). 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 49

DISTRIBUTION : Forests, Guiana to Peru. BRITISH GUIANA: Jenman 4143 (US). DUTCH GUIANA: Schweinitz (NY). FRENCH GUIANA: Moricand (D). PERU: Loreto, Llewelyn Williams 1224 (NY). A tall, very conspicuous plant, with large and dense inflorescence. 44. Scleria ramosa Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 59. 1908. (P1. 1, f. 20.) Rhizome not seen; culms 1 m. tall or taller, robust, glabrous, much branched, sharply triquetrous; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 7-14 ram. wide, very scabrous on the margins, glabrous, rigid; sheaths glabrous, somewhat winged, the wing-margins scabrous; ligule terminated by a large rotund scarious appendage 1.5 cm. long; panicles terminal on each branch, dense, rigid, 5-10 cm. high, 4-7 em. wide; rachis minutely pubescent; bracts foliaeeous, greatly exceeding the inflorescence; bractlets tinear-setaceous, stramineous ; staminate spikelets very numerous ; pistillate spikelets few, usually solitary at the bases of the panicle- branches; scales ovate-lanceolate, stramineous, acute to slightly mucro- hate; hypogynium-margin horizontal, not lobed; aehene 2-3 ram. long, trigonous, ovoid, smooth, minutely pubescent, discolored, shorter than the scales, apiculate. TYPE LOCALITY: Goyaz: Brazil (Burchcll 8413). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection, Burchell 8413 (K). Although represented by a single specimen, this species seems clearly distinct, being easily separated from the related S. violacea by its unlobed hypogynium. 45. Scleria violacea pilger, Pot. Jahrb. 30: 145. 1901. (P1. 2, f. 22.) Rhizome thick, hard, nodose, covered with red-brown scales; culms 2 m. tall or taller, coarse, shining, sharply trigonous, angles somewhat roughened or smooth; leaves rigid, to 60 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, margins and main veins very scabrous, glabrous ; sheaths triangular, angles scabrous, the lower red-brown, wingless; ligule rotund-triangular, bearing a greatly elongated (1-2 cm.) scarious appendage; panicles terminal, single, or a smaller one in the upper axii, ovate to ovate- rotund, dense, much branched, 8 cm. long, 8 cm. ,broad; raehis hirsute; branches short, divergent; bracts about 3, foliaceous, exceeding the inflorescence; bractlets narrow, linear-setaceous, stramineous; staminate spike]ets numerous, linear, 5-6 ram. long, on pedicels 5-10 ram. long; pistillate spikelets few, solitary at the base of the branches, 50 Brittonia 1936

1-flowered; staminate scales linear-lanceolate, acute, purplish; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, membranaeeous, stramineous, purplish-tinged; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes short, ]anceolate, acute, white, shining; achene 3-4 mm. long, pyramidal, the apex acute, white tinged with violet, short-hispid. TYPE LOCALITY : "Mattogrosso : auf Sumpfboden an einem Buritu- Bach am oberen Kulisehu" (Meyer 715). DISTRIBUTION: Moist soil, Matto Grosso, Brazil. :BRAZIL: Matto Grosso, P1. Itin. Regnell. II. 1967, 1967a, 1967b (S), Meyer 715 (BD). It is possible that this plant should be called Scleria martii Steud. (Syn. P1. Cyp. 171. 1855). I have not seen the type of that species, but in ]V[artius, Flora Brasiliensis (2 : pl. 22) there is a very good sketch of it (as Hymenolytrum). Nees says of it that the fruit was not mature, but the sketch shows the ovary as being obscurely trigonous. S. violacea Pilger coincides with the sketch of S. martii, except for the fact that the achene is very sharply 3-angled. Whether the mature achene of the Neesian species would be sharply trigonous I am not able to say. Probably, however, S. violacea Pilger is the same as S. martii Nees, and should be so called. Specimens in the Gray Herbarium and the Her- barium of the New York Botanical Garden, doubtfully labeled S. martii, have no resemblance to Nees' plant, lacking the very conspicuous scarious appendage to the ligule. They represent S. cyperina Kunth. Both S. martii (as figured by Nees) and S. violacea possess the appendage to the ligule, and further resemble each other in the wingless sheaths, in striking contrast to the broadly winged sheaths of S. cyperinoides and S. macrogyne. 46. Scleria macrogyne Clarke, Kew. Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 59. 1908. (P1. 1, f. 18.) Rhizome not seen ; culms robust, sharply triangular, scabrous on the angles, 2 m. long, scrambling over bushes; leaves close together, 3-5 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, retrorsely scabrous on the margins and veins, very cutting; sheaths winged; ligule very large, 1 cm. broad, obtuse, membranaceous-appendaged, 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence terminal, conic, dense ; rachis white-pilose ; lower bract of the inflorescence foliaceous, elongate; bractlets narrowly ]inear, pilose; staminate spikelets very numerous, long-pedicelled ; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, light- straw-colored to castaneous, with purple blotches ; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes at the angles of the achene, ovate and erect; achene 3 mm. long, white, shining, ovoid, trigonous, minutely white-pilose, the apex acutely pyramidal. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 51

TYPE LocALITY:"British Guiana:Parker, Appun, n. 448; Massa- runi River, Jenman, nn. 2463, 6088. Brazil: Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2985; Rio Negro ; San Joaquin, Ule, n. 6065." DISTRIBUTION : In woods and thickets, British Guiana and Brazil. BRITISH GUIANA: Gleason 7I (NY, US), Hitchcock 16877 (NY, US, G), De la Cruz 2690, 3035 (NY, G, US), Jenman 6088 (NY). DUTCH GUIANA : Hering (Ph). Similar to S. violacea, but distinct by its broadly winged sheath. 47. Scleria comosa (Nees) Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 171. 1855. ttymenolytrum conwsum Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 175. 1842. Rhizome not seen; cu]m 1 In. tall or taller, acutely triquetrous, the angles roughened; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 5-12 ram. wide, linear, rigid, very scabrous on the margin and principal veins; sheaths narrowly 3-winged, the wing-margins very scabrous; ligule ovate, the margin conspicuously appendaged, membranaceous; inflorescence paniculate, terminal, ovate, dense, the branches very scabrous on the angles ; bracts foliaeeous; bractlets linear'-setaceous, stramineous; staminate spikelets solitary along the peduncles; pistillate spikelets sessile in the axils of the branches; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, light-straw-colored or purplish; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes oblong, laciniate at the apex; achene globose-trigonous, undulate-tuberculate, the tubercles with short scattered hairs, purplish-black. TYPE LOCALITY : "In silvis ad Canuma prov. Rio Negro" (Marti,ls). DISTRIBUTION: In woods, Brazil. BRAZIL: S~o Paulo, LSfgren 464 (S). I have not seen the type of this species, and the single specimen I have examined, doubtfully marked by Ekman as Scleria comosa, in Mus. Bot. Stockholm, is immature. It is distinct from any other species of the section Hymenolytrum that I have seen and may well represent S. comosa. 48. Scleria cyperinoides Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 61. 1908. (P1. 1, f. 2.) Rhizome thick, woody; culms robust, 1 m. tall or nearly so, sharply triangular, angles scabrous or sometimes nearly smooth; leaves 2-6 dm. long, 10-20 ram. wide, the margins retrorsely scabrous; sheaths broadly winged, the wing-margins scabrous; ligule terminated by a broad scarious appendage 12--25 ram. long; inflorescence terminal or sometimes a second panicle near the top, broadly conic, 5-12 em. long, 4-12 cm. wide near the base; rachis purple, sparsely pilose; bracts foliaceous, elongate; bractlets setaceous, 1-4 ram. long; stami- 52 Brittonia 1936 nate spikelets numerous, nearly sessile; staminate scales lanceolate, purplish, acuminate; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, purplish; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes deeply dissected into 3 or 4 ]inear-lanceolate teeth; achene 2-3 mm. long, shorter than the scales, ovoid, obscurely trigonous, sparsely short-pilose, purplish or discolored (or sometimes white), minutely verrucose. TYPE LOCALITY: "North Brazil, Vaughan n. 28; Rio Negro, Barra, Spruce n. 1252; South Brazil, Burchell n. 9789." DISTRIBUTION: In dense forests, Venezuela to Brazil and Bolivia. VENEZUELA: Summit of Mt. Duida, Tare 738 (NY), juvenile, possibly not this species . BRAZIL: Amazonas, Holt & Blake 560 (US, NY), Spruce 1252 (G, K, BD, NY); Para, GLldi 1079 (G, NY, US, !~/[). BOLIVIA: La Paz, Rushy 80 (NY), Buchtien 1226 (US); Santa Cruz, Steinbach 7575 (NY, Ph). 49. Scleria neogranatensis Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 62. 1908. (P1. 2, f. 31.) Rhizome not seen; culms robust, short-pilose, scabrous on the angles, 1-2 m. high; leaves 2-4 din. long, 12-22 mm. wide, attenuate- acuminate, short-pilose, scabrous on the margins; sheaths broadly winged; ligule short-rotund, margin cartilaginous, pilose; inflorescence paniculate, oblong-pyramidal, yellow-brown, 10-20 era. high, the rachis and branches short-pilose; bracts foliaceous; bractlets rather short, setaceous; staminate spikelets 3 mm. long, stramineous; pistillate scales ovate, ferruginous, glabrous or nearly so; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes white, deeply and irregularly laciniate ; achene 1 ram. long, globose, smooth, white, shining. TYPE LOCALITY: "La Paila, Holton n. 108 (hb. Kew) ; alt. 1000 m., Triana, n. 435." DISTRIBUTmN: Wet thickets and boggy places, Colombia . COLOMBIA: Magdalena, H. H. Smith 2199 (NY, US, G); Antio- quia: Toro 589, 595 (NY) ; E1 Valle: Holton 108 (NY, G). 50. Scleria olyroides Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 348. 1837. (P1. 1, f. 8.) Schizolepis olyroides Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2(1) : 187. 1842. "In campis ad Vittoriam prov. S. Spiritus. Sellow." Schizolepis rufescens Schrad.; Nees, in IV[art. F1. Bras. 2(1): 187, as syn. 1842. Scleria flagellum Spreng.; Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 187, as syn. 1842. Rhizome thick, nodose, hard; culms 4-6 din. high, triquetrous, channeled, somewhat scabrous; leaves 15-20 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, scabrous, especially beneath, very short and wide, elongate-oblong, very abruptly narrowed near the tip, forming an obtuse lobe on each side 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 53 of the acuminate apex, acute, serrate on the margin near the tip ; sheaths loose, winged, glabrous, the lower aphyllous ; ligule nearly 1 era. long, rigid, lanceolate-triangular, woolly; inflorescence paniculate, panicles usually 2, terminal and in the axil of the uppermost leaf, conic, dense, 5-10 cm. high, the lateral short-peduncled, smaller; rachis minutely pubescent; bracts foliaceous; bractlets capillary-setaceous, puberulent, elongate; staminate spikelets 4 ram. long, oblong, short-peduncled; scales membranaceous, rigid, ovate, ferruginous, puberulent, acute or submucronate; hypogynium deeply 3-lobed, the lobes incised-dentate; achene much exceeding the scales, subglobose, umbonate, smooth, shining, white, 2-3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: "Brasil~a meridionalis. Sellow legit." DIST~mUTmN : Campos, Brazil, known only from the type locality, [between Vittoria and Bahia, prov. S. Spiritus] Sellow in 1836 (BD). Remarkable for its very short and broad leaves, abruptly narrowed near the apex.

51. Scle~ia arundinacea Kunth, Enum. PI. 2: 347. 1837. (P1. 1, f. ]1.) Scleria latifolia Nees, Flora 11: 303. 1828; Boeek. Linnaea 38: 530. 1874; not Sw. Scle~ia syIvestr~s Poepp. & Kunth; Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 346. 1837. "Prov- incia Peruviana Huanuco (in sylvis ad Cuchero). Poeppig legit." Seleria cyanocarpa Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 347. 1837. "Brasilia meridionalis. Sellow legit. ~' Schizolepis latifolia Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 186. 1842. Based on Scleria latifolia Sw. Schizolepis trigonocarpa Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 186. pl. 26. 1842. "In silvis prov. 1V[aragnaniensis et Para~nsis" (Martius). Scleria silvestris Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 188. 1842; variant spelling. Schizolepis silvestris Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 223-224 (index). 1842. Scleria grandifolia Miq. Linnaea 19: 230. 1847 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 532. 1874. "Crescit ad Osembo in Para" Focke). Scleria kappleriana Hochst.; Steud. Syn P1. Cyp. 172, as syn. 1855. Scleria trigonocarpa Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 171. 1855. Based on Schizolepis trigonocarpa Nees. Sch4zolepis arund~nacea Palla, Denks. Acad. Wien. 79: 196. 1908. Based on Scleria arundinacea Kunth. Rhizome short, massive; culms sharply triangular, tufted, 0.4-2 m. tall, angles roughened, otherwise glabrous, robust; leaves about 4 in number, lanceolate, 40-50 cm. long, 2.5-5.3 cm. wide, glabrous, flat or more or less p]icate, rather abruptly narrowed near the tip, scabrous on the margin; lower bract of the inflorescence 10-25 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, retrorsely scabrous on the margins; sheaths inflated, loose, broadly 3-winged, the wings scabrous, often purplish-tinged, glabrous or sparsely pilose; ligule 4-13 mm. long, triangular-ovate, obtuse, rigid, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; inflorescence panicu- 54 Brittonia 1936

late, axillary and terminal, conic or pyramidal, much branched, 20 cm. high, purple; rachis scabrous; bractlets filiform, 1-3 mm. long; pistillate scales ovate, purplish, midrib green, excurrent margin ciliolate; staminate spikelets lanceolate, 3 ram. long; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes fimbriate, the fimbriations 1 mm. long, rigid, purple; achene 2-3 ram. long, white, tinged with dark purple to black, smooth, shining, depressed-globose or sometimes trigonous towards the apex. ILLUSTRATION: Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : pl. 26. 1842. COMMON NAMES: Cortadera (Venezuela), navajuela (Costa Rica). TYPE LOCALITY: "Nova Hollandia" in error ; probably Martinique. DISTRIBUTION: In forests and clearings, Central America and the Lesser Antilles south to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. GUADELOUPE: DuB8 4089 (NY). DOMINICA: without data (G). MARTINIQUE: Duss ~43a (NY), Hahn 1281 (US, G, BD), ForsstrLm (S), Sieb. Agros. 99 (BD). ST. VINCENT: H. H. & G. W. Smith 74Ia (NY), Eggers 6759 (US). GRENADA: Broadway in 1905 (G). TOBAG0: Broadway 4057 (NY, D, F), 4755 (US, NY, M, F, D). GUATEMALA: Izabal, Deam 73 (NY, G), Tuerckheim II. 1149 (US). NICARAGUA: Cabo Gracias s Dios, Schramm 42 (US). COSTARICA: Cartago, Standley & Valerio 46934, 47181 (US) ; Lim6n, Standley & Valerio 48607, 48806, (US) ; Alajuela, Biolley 7456 (US) ; San Jos6, Tonduz 12776 (NY, US); 12853d (BD), Jimenez L. 872 (US), Worthen in 1910 (M). PANAMA:Panama, Williams 839 (NY, US) ; Bocas del Toro, Cooper 227 (NY). VENEZUELA:E1 Limon, Jahn 451 (US), Moritz 1800 (US). TRINIDAD:Trin. Pot. Gard. Herb. 1875 (US, NY), 3340 (US), 5253 (NY), Britton & Hazcn 381 (US, NY, G), Britton, Britton, & Hazen 105 (US, NY, G), Lockhart (NY), Hitch- cock 10300 (US), Herb. Krug & Urban 5371 (S). BRITISH GUIANA: Hitchcock 17552 (NY, G, US), De la Cruz 2791, 2904, 2650 (NY, F), 3584 (NY, G), Alston 448 (NY). DUTC~IGUIANA: Kappler in 1844 (BD), Kappler 1470 (S). FRENCH GUIANA: Sagot 629 (G, S, BD), Jelski (BD), Rothery (BD). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Burchell 980 (G, NY, US), Glaziou 15690 (BD), Rudio (BD); Beyrich (BD), Lhotzky (BD), Riedel (US, BD) 912 (US), E. W. D. & Mary Holway 1129 (US), Forssell 305 (S), Widgren 814 (S) ; Bahia, Luschnath 115 (BD) ; )/[aranh~o, Martius (BD) ; Santa Catharina, Ule 966 (BD, US), Gaudichaud (BD), Sco~den 189 (BD), Sellow (BD), Brenneng HI. 15 (BD) ; Rio Grande da Sul, Czermak & Reinccke 444 (D) ; Sumare, Holway 1071 (NY, US). PERU: Loreto, Weberbauer 4760 (BD), Huanuco, Pocppig (BD). BOLIVlA: La Paz, Buchtien 338 (NY). 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 55

PARAGUAY: Hassler 8685 (G, BD), 10439, 11302 (BD), 10800 (US), Fiebrig 418 (G), 5258 (BD). ARGENTINA: Misiones, Niederlein 2116 (BD). The chief point of difference between S. arundinacea and S. latifolia appears to lie in the color of the inflorescence, typical material of S. arundinacea being deep-purple, while in S. latifolia the inflorescence is brown-straw-colored. S. arundinacea may, therefore, be only a color variant of S. latifolia. Nees' description of Schizolepis latifolia (Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 186. 1842) is based on material that is typical of Scleria arundinacea ("tota infloreseentia purpurascens"). I have examined the types of S. sylvestris Poepp. & Kunth, S. cyanocarpa Kunth, and S. trigonocarpa Nees, and find no essential points of difference between them and S. arundinacea. Nees apparently intended (loc. cir. 188) to transfer Scleria silvestris to the genus Schizolepis, since under the heading Schizolepis, No. 3 is Schizolepis olyroides, No. 4 is Scleria silvestris and No. 5 is Schizolepis foliosa. Evidently through an error the name Scleria was printed for No. 4, instead of Schizolepis. The combination Schizolepis silvestris occurs, in this work, only in the index. 52. Scleria latifolia Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 18. 1788. (P1. 1, f. 26.) Carex latifolia Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 138. 1791. Based on S. latifolia Sw. Scleria nervosa Wikstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1827: 75. 1827 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 152. 1900). Type locality, Guadeloupe. Scleria loefgreniana Boeck. u Meddel. 1894: 240. 1895. Type locality, Fazenda Campo Grande, S~o Paulo, Brazil (Edwall ff977). Scleria locunosa Boeck. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 160. 1896. Type locality, "India occident. ~ Rhizome thick; cuhns triquetrous, sparingly pilose, strict, 1 m. tall or taller; leaves 45-60 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, abruptly narrowed towards the apex, lanceolate, glabrous, margins and nerves scabrous; sheaths narrowly 3-winged, the wings scabrous, sparingly pilose, or broadly winged, the wings short, tapering downwards; ligule 5-8 ram. long, triangular-ovate, strongly nerved, rigid, pilose or glabrous, margin cartilaginous; inflorescence subpyramidal, terminal and axillary, dense, the branches rigid, the peduncles compressed, scabrous, pubescent; lower bract of the inflorescence foliaceous, 15 cm. long or longer, 1 cm. wide; bractlets setaceous-capillary; pistillate scales membranaceous, exceeding the achene, ovate, mucronate, brown, minutely pubescent, the midrib green; staminate spikelets 3--4 ram. long, lanceolate, short-pediceled; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes deeply and irregularly fimbriate, the flmbriations brown or purplish; achene depressed-globose, white or purplish, smooth, 3 mm. long. 56 Brittonia 1936

ILLUS~ATIO~r: Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 132. 1909. TYPE LOCALITY : Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION : Moist shady places, Central America and the Lesser Antilles south to Bolivia. "IND. OCC.": Herb. Krug & Urban (BD). ST. KITTS: Britton & Cowell 389 (Nu I~/[ONTSERRAT: Sharer 251 (NY, US). GUADELOUPE: DUSS 3113 (G, NY, US). DO~INICA: Eggers 636 (US), Lloyd 319 (Nu MARTINIQUE:Hahn 1281 (US), Duss 4144 (Nu US). ST. VINCENT: Smith & Smith 694 (G). GRENADA: G. S. Miller 139 (US), Broadway (US, NY), Eggers 6233 (BD). GUATEMALA:Alta Verapaz, Tuerckheim 1259 (US, G, Nu VENEZUELA: Araqua, Fendler 1609 (NY, G, M). TRINIDAD: Lockhart (G), Trin. Pot. Gard. Herb. 1738 (US). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Wilkes Exped. (G, US), Ball (G), S~o Paulo, Atamp (US), Edwall 1977 (BD), LSfgren 61~ (C); Para, G61di (NY). BOLIVIA:La Paz, Buchtien 1227 (US), 7161 (US). The type specimen of Scleria loefgreniana Boeck. (Edwall 1977) is immature ; there are no fruits. Its general aspect is that of S. latifolia, despite the fact that the leaves are narrower than is usual for that species. My study of the type of S. lac~enosc~ Boeck. shows it to be conspecific with S. latifolia Sw.

53. Scleria panicoides Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 348. 1837. (P1. 1, f. 1.) Schizolepis panicoides Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 188. 1842. Based on Scleria panicoides Kunth. Rhizome thick, horizontal , nodulose; culms sharply triangular, somewhat pilose, strict, angles retrorse]y scabrous, 0.3-2 m. tall ; leaves lanceolate, flat, somewhat pilose, margins and nerves beneath scabrous, about 30 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; sheaths broadly 3-winged, pubescent, wing-margins scabrous ; ligule short, ovate, obtuse, rigid, pilose, margin cartilaginous; panicles terminal and axillary, purplish; raehis and branches often densely pilose; bracts foliaceous; bractlets conspicuous, setaceous-subulate; staminate spikelets ellipsoid-oblong, 4 ram. long; scales purplish, the pistillate ovate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, pubescent; hypogynium 3-lobed, irregularly laeiniate, dark-purplish- tinged; achene 4 ram. long, white subdepressed-globose, strongly rugose-tuberculate, tubercles hairy or sometimes glabrate. TYPE LOCALITY: "Brasilia meridionalis. Sellow legit." DISTRIBUTION : Damp shady places, Brazil to Bolivia. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Ball in 1882 (NY), Rose & Russell 20787 (US), Mendon~a 840 (BD), L. B. Smith 1261 (G) ; Paran~, Dus6n 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 57

217a (G); S~o Faulo, Campos Novaes (US), Freyreis (S); Minas Geraes, Mexia 4686 (US). BOLIVIA: Bang 2350 (US, NY, G) ; La Paz, Buchtien 5101 (NY, US), Rusby 63 (NY). PARAGUAY: JCrgensen 4490 (M). Standley (Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 283. 1931) believes that this is the same as Scleria foveolata Cav. (Ic. 5 : 35. 1799), and should be so called. I have not seen the type of S. foveolata.

54. Scleria arguta (Nees) Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 172. 1855. (P1. 1, f. 10.) Sch~zolepis arguta Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 189. 1842. Scleria myricocarpa f. pallida Kunth; Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 189. 1842. Rhizome hard, thick, nodose, covered with red-brown scales; cuJms 2 m. tall or less, strict, sharply triangular, angles scabrous; leaves 12- 25 ram. wide, acuminate-attenuate, scabrous on the margins, otherwise glabrous, rigid; sheaths broadly winged, the wing-margins scabrous; ligule rigid, ciliate, ovate-triangular; panicles several, terminal and lateral, ovate-pyramidal, much branched, the lower on very long erect peduncles; bracteal leaf fo]iaceous; bractlets very short, setaceous- acuminate, the base broadly suborbicular, ciliate ; spikelets prevailingly staminate, these 3 ram. long, ovoid; pistillate spikelets few, subsolitary in the axils of the branches; staminate scales pale-ferruginous, ovate, acute or minutely mucronate; pistillate scales orbicular-ovate, ferruginous; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes peetinate-lacerate, the teeth subulate, narrow; achene 2-3 ram. long, equaling or exceeding the scales, globose-ovoid, mucronulate, cancellate-rugose, hairy, dark- purplish-brown or black. TYPE LOCALITY: "In Brasilia: Sellow in Sched. et Herb. Schrad." DISTRIBUTIO~r : In woods, Brazil. BRAZIL: "Brasilia" Sellow (BD); Rio de Janeiro, Ball in 1882 (NY), Minas Geraes, Kuntze in 1892 (NY), Mexia 5145 (NY). Nees (Mart. F1. Bras. 2 (1) : 189. 1842) ascribes the combination Scleria myricocarpa f. pallida to Kunth. Enum. P1. 2: 347. 1842. Kunth indeed wrote this name on the herbarium sheet on which the form was founded, but did not publish it, saying only: "suppetit forma spicis stramineo-pallidis." Evidently the combination was first made by Nees himself (loc. cit.). This species is apparently separated from S. myricocarpa only by the color of the inflorescence and may be only a color variant of that species. 58 Brittonia 1936

55. Scleria myricocarDa Kunth, Enum. PL 2: 347. 1837. (P1. 1, f. 17.) Schizolepis myricocarpa Nees, in Mart. FI. Bras. 2(1): 189. 1842. Based on Scleria myricocarpa Kunth. Scleria atropurpurea Boeck. Vidensk. ~eddel. 1879-80: 29. 1879. 'qn v'cinia urbis Rio de Janeiro a el. Dr. A. Glaziou collectae." Rhizome not seen; culms triquetrous, somewhat scabrous on the angles; leaves 40 cm. long, 15-18 ram. wide, serrulate-scabrous on tile margins, rigid; sheaths 3-winged, the margins serrulate-scabrous ; ligule short, ovate, rigid, margin cartilaginous ; panicles axillary and terminal, much branched, pyramidal, conspicuously purplish; lower bract of the inflorescence foliaeeous; braetlets capillary-setaceous; staminate spikelets ovoid, purplish, numerous; pistillate spikelets few; pistillate scales broadly ovate, dark-purplish; hypogynium 3-Iobed, irregularly laciniate; achene 1-2 mm. long, dark-purple oi" violet, depressed-globose, retieulate-rugose, the reticulations hairy. ILLUSTRATION: Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 132. 1909. TYPE LOCALITY: "Brasilia meridionalis. Luschnath legit." DISTIr Southern Brazil. BaAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou 7989 (BD, C), L. B. Smith 2153 (G). My sketches (plate 1, f. 10 & 17) of the aehenes of Scleria arguta and S. myricoearpa represent extreme forms and there are transitional forms which are not readily placed in one or the other merely by the shape of the achene. I have used the color of the inflorescence as the sole mark of identification. Evidently Kunth believed S. arguta to be only a color form of S. myricocarpa (see Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 347. 1842).

56. Scleria microstachya Boeck. Flora 63: 454. 1880. Rhizome not seen; eulms about 1-2 m. tall, robust, triquetrous, channeled; leaves very rigid, plicate-nerved, 20-40 cm. long, 15-20 mm. wide, exceeding the culm, densely short-pubescent; sheaths minutely short-pubescent, winged, the wing-margins scabrous ; ligule rigid, ovate-lanceolate, densely white-pilose ; panicle terminal, dense, oblong-lanceolate, 20 cm. high, much branched, the rachis essentially glabrous except for the ciliate angles; bracts foliaeeous; bractlets very minute, margin ciliate, ovate; spikelets solitary, ovate-laneeolate, apex recurved; scales stramineous, ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliolate; hypogynium not seen; achene not seen; the deep-black ovary of the type is oblong-cylindric, 1 ram. long. TYPE LOCALITY: "Brasilia" (Sellow). 2, I Core: The American Species of Scleria 59

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection, Sellow (BD). This species is possibly only a pubescent form of Scleria arguta, which it resembles in its minute ciliate bractlets and in the solitary, recurved spikelets. 57. Scleria plusiophylla Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 172. 1855. (P1. 1, f. 12.) Schizolepis foliosa Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 188. 1842. Rhizome thick, hard, nodose; culms 1-2 m. tall, coarse, strict, sharply triquetrous, channeled, angles scabrous, minutely pubescent; leaves 30 cm. long and longer, 8-20 cm. wide, very scabrous on the upper side all over and on the margins and veins beneath, minutely pubescent, attenuate-acuminate; sheaths winged, wings scabrous on the margins, minutely pubescent; ligule ovate, obtuse, densely white- pubescent; panicles 2-5, terminal and axillary, purplish, the terminal ones 5-15 cm. long, the rachis densely white-pubescent; braeteal leaf foliaceous; bractlets elongate, capillary-setaceous, to 4 cm. long, scabrous; spikelets oblong, 3 mm. long, staminate scales ]anceolate-ovate, purple, mucronate, minutely white-pubescent; pistillate scales ovate- orbicular, abruptly acuminate, minutely white-pubescent; hypogynium low, pale, 3-lobed, the lobes deeply and conspicuously fimbriate; aehene 3-4 ram. long, ovoid, shining, equaling or exceeding the scales, white, minutely and sparsely tuberculate, the tubercles each bearing a tuft of white hairs. TYPE ]~OCALITY: "In Brasilia meridionali: Sellow in Herb. R. Berol. ' ' DISTRIBUTIng: Brazil and Paraguay. BRAZIL: Minas Geraes, Regnell II. 300 (US, BD), 301 (US), Glaziou 18593 (BD). PARAGUAY: Hassler 8685 (K) [the plant under this number at BD and G is S. arundinacea]. In transferring Schizolepis foliosa Nees to the genus Scleria, Steudel was prevented from forming the combination S. foliosa by the preexistence of that binomial. 58. Scleria acanthocarpa Boeck. u Meddel. 1869: 154. 1870. (P1. 1, f. 5.) Scleria glazioviana Boeck. Flora 65: 352. 1882. "In vicinia urbis Rio de Janeiro leg. Glaziou; mis. sub. no. 13306." Rhizome not seen; culms about 1-2 m. tall, triangular, clothed with the overlapping sheaths; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 12-20 ram. wide, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate-attenuate, obscurely plicate, about 3-nerved, the nerves and margins very scabrous, densely pilose; ligule short, depressed-triangular, densely pilose; panicles several, lateral 60 Brittonia 1936 and terminal, usually rather densely flowered, especially when young; bracteal leaf foliaceous; spikelets ovoid, 3 ram. long; bractlets linear- setaceous, ciliate, dilated towards the base, elongate; scales green or purple-variegated, ciliate on the margins, the staminate lanceolate, the pistillate ovate-lanceolate; hypogynium obscurely 3-parted, narrow, pale, dark-purple, shallowly dentate; achene 3-4 mm. long, shorter than the scales, globose, white, very rough, the tubercles hairy on the tips. TYPE LOCALITY: "In silvis ad Lagoa Santa m. Sept., Nov. lecta" (Warming). DISTRIBUTION: In woods, Brazil. BRAZIL: "Brasilia meridionalis," Sellow in 1836 (BD); Minas Geraes, Engler in 1865 (C), Warming (BD) ; Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou 13306 (BD, C). ~/[y examination of the types of Scleria acanthocarpa and of S. glazioviana failed to reveal any characters whereby they may be separated. The type collection of S. glazioviana has only imperfect fruits, all the sheets I have seen being of immature plants. The vegetative characters are extremely similar and if they do represent distinct species, they must be closely related. I find that C. B. Clarke agrees with this determination, although he labeled one sheet of Glaziou 13306 (in C) as S. acanthocarpa, and another (in BD) as S. plusiophylla. By its fruits it is apparently closely related to S. bracteata, although the segregation of staminate and pistillate spikelets does not occur.

59. Scleria bracteata Cav. Ic. 5: 34. pl. 457. 1799. (P1. 1, f. 24.) Scleria floribunda HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 233. 1816 (fide Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 345. 1837.) "Creseit locis temperatis, scopulosis regni. Novo- granatensis inter Pandi et Fusagasuga, alt. 450-900 hex." Scleria papillata Willd.; Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 345, as syn. 1837. Type locality, Brazil. Macrolomia bracteata Schrad.; Nees, in l~[art. F1. Bras. 2(1): 182. t. 2d. 1842. Based on Scleria braeteata Cav. Scleria rigens Salzm.; Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 17!, as syn. 1855. Scleria bracteata f. simplivior Kiikenth. l~epert. Sp. NOV. 26: 253. 1929. Type locality, Tipuani, Bolivia (Buchteiu 5107). Perennial by thick horizontal nodose rhizomes ; culms 0.6-3 m. high, coarse, smooth, triangular, ascending, at length diffuse, sub-seandent, sprawling on bushes, very leafy ; leaves 15-45 cm. long, 6-18 ram. wide, flat, 3-nerved, the margins serrulate-scabrous, rough on both surfaces, especially beneath, tapering gradually from the base into a eaudate tip, short-pubescent on both sides; sheaths purplish,~.villous-hirsute; ligule about 4 ram. long, ovate, obtuse, rigid, hirsute; inflorescence 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 61

paniculate, the peduncles lateral and terminal, the upper staminate, the lower pistillate (rarely with an occasional pistillate flower in the staminate portion), brown, the rachis scabrous-hirsute; bracts of the pistillate inflorescence conspicuous, 0.4-7 cm. long, very scabrous, linear to filiform; bracts of the staminate inflorescence shorter, linear, scabrous; staminate spikelcts several-flowered; pistil]ate spikelets few- Several-flowered; scales purple, acuminate, the staminate ovate-acute, the pistillate ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, the keel ciliate; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes rotund, with a dark-purple margin, entire or sometimes dentate; achene discolored or usually white, 2-3 mm. long, subglobose, apiculate-verrucose or sub-tuberculate, pubescent, at least on the tubercles. Consists of many races, varying in denseness of inflorescence and size of spikelets. COMMON NAMES: Razor-grass, vicious saw-grass, cuchillito (Pan- ama), cortadera (Panama, Venezuela), navajuela (Mexico). ILLUSTRATIONS: Car. Ie. pl. 457. 1799; Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : pl. 24. 1842. TYPE LOCALITY: "Habitat inter Panamaidis mare et collem ~,u]go Lanc6n, in bumidis saepiusque inundatis." DISTRIBUTION: Moist thickets and borders of forests, Mexico and West Indies to Paraguay and Bolivia . JAMAICA: no data (G). MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Liebmann (C, NY), Bourgeau 1936b (US, G), 1796 (NY), Conzatti 816 (G), Purpus 2890 (US, NY, G, BD, F) ; Oaxaea, Galeotti 5867 (US, NY, G, F), Reko 4086 (US) ; Chiapas, Selcr & Seler 2280 (G, NY), Mi~ller 1779 (NY), Nelson 3422 (G, US); Consoquitla, Liebmann (C). BRITISH HON- DURAS: Lundell 122 (US), 612 (NY, G, US), Schipp 683 (NY). GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz, Pittier 204 (US), Cook & Doyle 62 (US) ; Izaba], Standley 23888 (NY, G, US). COSTARICA: Puntarenas, Pit- tier 416, 3693 (US). PANAMA: Canal Zone, Piper 5544 (NY, US) ; Standley 25523 (NY, US) 26957, 29047 (US) ; Bar Islands, MacBride 2829 (NY, G, US); Halstecl (NY); Panamtl, Standley 28173 (US). COLOMBIA: Magdalena, H. H. Smith 2179 (US, NY, G, S); Tolima, PennelI 3228 (NY, US, G), 3512 (US, NY, G) ; E1 Valle, Holton 109 (NY, G, Ph); Pennell & Killip 5979 (NY); E1 Cauca, Pennell & Killip 8321 (NY, G, US) ; Antioquia, Pittier 1649 (US). VENEZUELA: Miranda, Pittier 6031 (NY, US), 11234, 13372 (NY, US); Federal District, Pittier 9450, 11064 (NY, G, US), 11503 (NY, US, D); Bolivar, Bailey & Bailey 1925 (NY) ; Aragua, Fendler 1608 (G, NY) ; Margarita Islands, Johnston 203 (US, NY, G) ; Carayaca, Jahn 317 62 Brittonia 1936

(US). TRINIDAD: Trin. Bot. Gard. Herb. 1741, 1872, 3338 (US); Britton, Britton, & Hazen 88 (US, NY, G), Kuntze 784 (US), 1013 (NY), Broadway (NY), 6994 (US, M, Ph), Mitten 795 (US). BRITISH GUIAN-~: Jenman 209 (US), 1891 (NY), Schomburgk (US, G), Martyn 104 (NY). DUTCtt GUIANA: Samuels 226 (NY, G). FRENCH GUIANA: Broadway 707 (NY, US), Sagot 626 (G). BRAZIL: Para, Spruce 89 (NY), G6ldi 1084 (US, G) ; Bahia, Salzmann (US, G); Matto Grosso, Pl. It. Regnell. II 1681, 2262 (S); S~o Paulo, Burchell 5558 (G), LSfgren 360 (S); Minas Geraes, Warming (NY), Herb. Bras. RegneU. II. 300 (S). ECUADOR:Loja, Rose, Pachano & Rose 23366 (US, NY, G), Hitchcock 21283 (NY, G, US). PERU: San Martin, Llewelyn WiUiams 6679 (NY, US), 7115 (US). BOLIVIA: La Paz, Buchtien 5102, 5103, 5104, 5105, 5106, 5107, 7163 (US), Buchtien 3652 (NY, US, G), Mulford Biol. Exped. 1950 (NY), Rushy 62 (US, NY, Ph) ; Santa Cruz, Steinbach 7038 (NY) ; E1 Benii, R. S. Williams 1652 (NY), Mulford Biol. Exped. 1710 (NY). PARAGUAY: Hassler 11294 (BD). "The stems often form impenetrable tangles, and the exceedingly sharp-edged leaves cut one's flesh mercilessly" (Standley, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 285. 1931); hence the common name, razor-grass. This very common and widely distributed neotropical species is most remarkable, having its staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in separate portions of the large inflorescence. This habit of the plant, unknown elsewhere in the genus, led Nees to set up for it the mono- typic genus Macrolomia.

60. Scleria havanensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 492. 1915. (Pl. 2, f. 4.) Rhizome stout, horizontal, nodose, 6 ram. or less thick; roots coarse, fibrous; culms 4-10 dm. high, triangular, slender, glabrous, scabrous above; leaves essentially glabrous, 15-30 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; sheath glabrous; ligule short, rotund-ovate, scarious; inflorescence a single small terminal cluster or with an additional one from the axil of the uppermost leaf ; lower bract foliaceous ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5 mm. long; pistillate scales purplish-tinged, 3 mm. long, acute or acuminate; hypogynium obscurely 3-lobed, covered with a rough white crust ; achene 2 mm. long, globose-oblong, verrucose-reticulate, somewhat ridged, white, shorter than the scales. TYPE LOCALITY : Campo Florido, Havana, Cuba (Ledn 4731). DISTRIBUTION: Banks of streams in thickets, Cuba. CUBA: Havana, Le6n 4731 (NY), 8748 (NY, G), Ekman 16421 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 63

(NY, US, G) ; Oriente, Ekman 3523 (NY) ; San Migucl de los Banos, Killip 13924 (NY). 61. Scleria triglomerata Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2: 168. 1803. (P1. 1, f. 21.) Seleria nitida Willd.; Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 350. 1837 (fide Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 174. 1842). Trachytomia triglomerata Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 174. 1842. Based on Scleria triglomerata Michx. Scleria flaccida Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 174. 1855. "M. Curtis legit in Carolina austr. ' ' Scleria triglomerata var. gracilis Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 230. 1885. Scleria triglomvrata var. minor Britton; Britton & Brown, Ill. F1. 1: 282. 1896. Scleria minor Stone, Rep. N. J. State Mus. 1910: 283. 1911. Rhizomes clustered, hard, stout, nodulose; culms 0.4-1 m. tall, sharply triangular, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat roughened upwards; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 3-9 ram. wide, rigid, scabrous on the margins, hardly exceeding the culms, sometimes slightly pubescent; sheaths scarcely winged, scabrous on the angles, pilose or glabrous, the lower ones often purplish-tinged; ligule short, truncate-ovate, rigid, hairy or glabrous; inflorescence few-flowered, terminal or axilIary, in about 3 fascicles, the lateral on erect peduncles; bracts foliaceous; bractlets lanceolate, long-acuminate-attenuate, ciliate or glabrous; staminate spikelets 5-6 mm. long; staminate scales ]aneeolate, acuminate-attenuate; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, purplish-tinged or castaneous, the midrib excurrent; hypogynium low, obscurely trigonous, covered with a white papillose crust ;achene 1.5-3 mm. long, ovoid- subglobose, smooth, shining, bright-white, obtuse. COMMON NAMES : Tall nut-rush, whip-grass. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britton & Brown, Ill. F1. ed. 2. f. 860. 1913 ; Rob. & A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. f. 330. 1908; Stone, Rep. N. J. State Mus. 1910: f. i9. 1911. TYPE LOCALITY : Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: Sandy soil and moist thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario and Iowa, south to Florida and Texas. ONTARIO: South Leeds Distr., Bicknell 1073 (NY); Essex Distr., Macoun 34590 (G, NY). MASSACHUSETTS: Nantucket Co., Bicknell 1072 (NY); Middlesex Co., Rich (G); Hampshire Co., Hitchcock (NY), Jesup (B). RHODE ISLAND: Warinde, Congdon (US). CoN- NECTICUT : Fairfield Co., Eames (US, G, B) ; Hartford Co., Bissell (G), Bissell 723 (G). NEW YORK: Thurber (G); Suffolk Co., Ferguson (NY) ; Yates Co., Sartwell (G). PENNSYLVANIA: Chester Co., Pennell 1416 (US) ; Delaware Co., M. H. Williams (G) ; Indiana Co., Moser in 1832 (NY). NEW J~RSEY: Morris Co., Pond (US); Cape May Co., 64 Brittonia 1936

Pennell 2'254 (US); Burlington Co., MacElwee 974, 975 (NY, G); Hunterdon Co., Leggett (Nu Cumberland Co., Gross 3182 (NY), Knieskern (G); Monmouth Co., E. F. Williams (G); Ocean Co., Dautun (G), Torrey Club (B); Camden Co., Edmondson 1028 (G), ~anchester, Chickering (US), Tracy's Station, Pearce (US) "The Plains," Pine barrens, KiUip 13398 (US), Hayville, Fogg 623 (G). MARYLAND: Suitland, Killip 7250 (US). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Steele (US, G), Ward 109 (US), Kearney (NY). WEST VIROINIA: Mingo Co., Berkley 949 (W. Va.) ; Greenbrier Co., Core 820 (W. Va.) VIRGINIA : Princess Anne Co., Kearney 1848 (US) ; Bedford Co., Curtiss (G, NY); Prince Edward Co., J. D. Smith (US); James City Co., Grimes 3843 (G) ; Elizabeth City Co., Robinson 336 (G). OHIO: Ful- ton Co., Moseley (US); Fairfield Co., no collector (G); Erie Co., Moseley (G). KENTUCKY: Harlan Co., Kearney 108 (G), 173 (US, NY) ; Barrens, Short in 1842 (G, NY). INDIANA: Lake Co., Umbach (US) ; Steuben Co., Deam (US) ; Allen Co., Deam 1140 (NY) ; Shelby Co., Chase 300 (B); White Co., Deam 5411 (W. Va.); Dune Park, Umbach (US, G). ILLINOIS: Wolf (US); Darlington (Ph); Peoria Co., McDonald (G) ; Hancock Co., Mead (G). MICHIGAN: Genesee Co., Clarke (US); Saint Clair Co., Dodge (G); Warne Co., Herb. Boott (G). WISCONSIN: Iowa Co., Davis (G) ; Columbia Co., Hale in 1861 (G) ; Racine Co., Davis (W. Va.) ; Mirror Lake, Eggert (M). MIS- SOURI: Jackson Co., Bush 105 (US, G, NY), 10262 (NY) ; Mackenzie (NY, US) ; Wright Co., Lansing 2987 (G) ; Lafayette Co., Demetrio 55 (G, NY); Shannon Co., Bush 586 (G); St. Louis, Eggert (US), Riehl 360 (NY). IOWA: Johnson Co., Somes (US), Jones in 1876 (G); Clinton Co., Butler 17 (G); Decatur Co., Fitzpatrick & Fitz- patrick (G); Fayette Co., Gardner 231 (NY); Oakton, Ross (G). KANSAS: Anderson Co., Hitchcock 995 (G, NY) ; Linn Co., Rydberg & Imler 113 (NY.) NORTIICAROLINA : Polk Co., Townsend (US) ; Wake Co., Ashe (US) ; New Hanover Co., Biltmore Herb. 3288b (US, G, NY) ; Burke Co., Small & Heller 191 (US, NY) ; Cumberland Co., Biltmore Herb. 3288i, 3288j (US) ; Buncombe Co., Biltmore Herb. 3288 (US), 3288c (US, NY) ; Johnston Co., Biltmore Herb. 14700b (US) ; Wilson Co., Randolph & Randolph 738 (G) ; Caldwell Co., Randolph & Ran- dolph 1063 (G) ; Moore Co., Blankinship (G) ; Carteret Co., Lewis 79 (NY) ; Tower Hill, Cain 55 (W. Va.). SOUTH CAROLINA: Aiken Co., Ravenel (US) ; Oconee Co., House 2390 (US) ; Charleston Co., House 3255 (NY) ; Darlington Co., Coker (NY, W. Va.). GEORGIA:DeKalb Co., Small (US, G, NY) ; Irwin Co., Tracy 1512, 1517 (US) ; Clayton 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 65

Co., Harper 233 (US, NY) ; Chatham Co., Biltmore Herb. 3288h (US) ; Floyd Co., Biltmore Herb. 3288f (US) ; Telfair Co., Biltmore Herb. 3288g (US); Lee Co., Harper 1148 (US, G, NY); Richmond Co., Harper 1316 (NY, US, G) ; Johnson Co., Harper 1333 (US, G, NY) ; Sumter Co., Harper (G, NY, B) ; Wright ~(G), LeConte (NY), Baldwin (NY). FLORIDA:Lake Co., Nash 639 (US) ; Duval Co., Curtiss 4803 (US, NY), Torrey in 1872 (NY); Pinellas Co., Tracy 6965 (US, G, NY) ; Lee Co., Hitchcock 431 (US, G, NY) ; Rugel 285, 285a (US) ; Dade Co., Tracy 9288 (US, G, NY) ; Franklin Co., McAtee 1734b (US), Biltmore Herb. 3288a (US, NY, G), Moldenke 1135 (W. Va., NY) ; 1Karion Co., Miller 519 (US), Chapman (US, NY, M), Curtiss 3179 (US, G, NY, B) ; Seminole Co., Pieters (US) ; Alachua Co., Pattig 92c (US); Volusia Co., Small & DeWinkeler 9858 (NY); Brevard Co., Small 10373 (NY), Small & DeWinkeler 9442 (NY) ; St. Johns Co., Hall (B). ALABAMA: Mobile Co., Mohr (US), Mackenzie 4015 (NY) ; Baldwin Co., Tracy 8622 (US, G, NY); Wilcox Co., Buckley (G); Blount Co., Eggert (NY) ; Lee Co., Earle & Baker 1122 (NY) ; Cull- man Co., Eggert (M). ~[ississiPPi: Bolivar Co., Tracy 4805 (US, G, NY) ; Jackson Co., Tracy 63 (US, NY) ; Harrison Co., Tracy 1651 (US, G), Tracy & Loyd 362 (US, NY), Joor (M). TENNESSEE: Coekc Co., Kearney 935 (US, Nu ; Hamilton Co., Harper 268 (US, G, NY), Ruth 121 (US). LOClS~ANA: Rapides Parish, Hale (US, G); Saint Tam- many Parish Ars~ne 11411 (US), Pennell 4134 (NY). ARKANSAS: Hempstead Co., Bush 225 (US) ; Pulaski Co., Hasse (US, NY) ; Benton Co., Plank 28 (NY, M) ; Grand Prairie, Harvey 129 (US, G), Pitcher in 1832 (NY). T~.xAs: Waller Co., Hall 722 (US, G, NY) ; Urshur Co., Reverchon 246~1 (NY), Lindheimer (!~) ; Navarro Co., Reverchon (M). "N. ab Esenbeck (in Linnaea 9. 301.) refers S. triglomerata Michx. to Cladium; but he surely must have mistaken some other plant for ours. I suspect he meant Schoenus mariscoides of Muhlenberg" (Tor- rey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 380, 381. 1836). Cladium triglomeratum Nees is apparently identical with the plant now known as Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 372: 1836). Scleria minor Stone does not seem to me to be separate by constant, clear-cut characters. The achenes arc said to be not more than one- half the size of those of S. triglomerata, but there is a complete series of intergrading sizes. 62. Scleria hirta Boeck. Flor~t 65: 29. 1882. (P1. 2, f. 30.) Rhizome horizontal, thick, hard, nodose, clothed with chestnut- 66 Brittonia 1936 brown scales; culms 10--15 era. tall, capillary, strict, triangular, the angles pilose; leaves few, mostly near the base, very narrow, 1 mm. wide, longer than the culm, erect, rigid, pilose; sheaths densely pilose; ligule none or very short; inflorescence a single terminal few-flowered fascicle; bracts 2, unequal, the lower elongate, strict, erect, appearing as a continuation of the culm, pilose; bractlets lanceolate; pistillate scales ovate, membranaceous, acute; hypogynium ferruginous, thick, supporting three 2dobed light-brown tubercles ;achene shorter than the scales, mucronate, 1.5-2 ram. long, strongly undulate-verrucose, white or discolored, ovoid. TYPE LOCALITY: Cordova, Veracruz, Mexico (Schaffner 507). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Scha]ner 507 (BD). 63. Scleria coriacea Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 259. 1850. (P1. 2, f. 3.) Rhizome not seen ; cuhns 15-20 cm. tall, triquetrous, strict, scabrous ; leaves greatly overtopping the eulm, 25-30 cm. long, 2-4 ram. wide, rigid, erect, scabrous; sheaths pubescent, retrorscly hispid on the angles; ligule ovate, rigid, hirsute, scabrous on the margin; inflorescence of one or two few-flowered glomerules, the lateral remote, on short erect peduncles ; bracteal leaf foliaceous, erect, appearing as a continuation of the culm ; bractlets pubescent, linear-lanceolate, scabrous ; spikelets 5 ram. long, few-flowered ; scales ovate, ferruginous-stramineous, ciliate, mucronate, keel scabrous; hypogynium triangular, bearing three 2-lobed whitish tubercles; aehene transversely rugose-tuberculate, globose, white, shorter than the scales, 1-2 ram. long. ILLUSTRATION : Bertoloni l~{em. Acead. Ist. Bologna 5 : pl. 27. 1854. TYPE LOCALITY: "Et Par Exemplarer ere samlede i Guanacaste," Costa Riea (~)rsted, March, 1847). DISTRIBUTIOn: Known only from the type locality, ~rsted in 1847 (c). Standley (Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 284. 1931) reduces this to Scleria setacea Poir. My examination of the type, however; shows that it does not at all resemble S. setacea; it is much nearer to S. ciliat~ and can scarcely be separated from that species. Nevertheless, in view of its remote geographical position, as well as the faet that the type is an incomplete specimen, I believe it should be maintained until further collections are available.

64. Scleria ciliata ]VI-tehx~FI. Bor. Am. 2: 167.: :1803. (P1. 1, f. 9.) Scl~ia hirtella ~ichx. :F1. Bor. Am. 2: 168. 1803;hot Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 19. 1788. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 67

Scleria macrantha Boeck. Flora 41: 647. 1858; not Boeck. Flora 62: 572. 1879 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 143. 1900). "Circa New Orleans legit Drummond. ' ' Seleria elliottii Chapm. F1. S. U. S. 531. 1860. ~'Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina." Seleria pauciflora Muhl. var. elliottii Britton, Ann. N. u Acad. Sci. 3: 234. 1885. Type locality, "North Carolina to Florida and . . . Texas." Rhizome knotted, rather stout; culms 20-60 cm. high, strict, erect, tufted, from rather stout to slender or almost filiform, sharply triangular, hairy, especially on the angles above, or almost glabrous; leaves 20-45 cm. long, 2-6 ram. wide, keeled, linear, obtuse, ciliate on the margins and midrib beneath, often greatly overtopping the culm; sheaths pubescent, especially on the angles; ligule 2 mm. long or less, subrotund; inflorescence terminal and axillary, few-flowered, the clusters sometimes arising from the lower axils near the base on short erect peduncles; bracts elongate, often conspicuously ciliate; braetlets from very long-ciliate to almost glabrous, laneeo]ate; staminate spikelets many-flowered; scales purple-tinged, laneeolate, pubesee~t, ciliate on the margins and keel; hypogynium a narrow obtuseJy 3-angled border supporting three globose, brownish, entire or 2-Iobed ~ubereles ; athene 2--3 ram. long, tuberculate or verrucose-scabrate, white, globose, fragile, usually mucronate-apiculate. Consists of several races differing in pubescence and in the form of the tubercles. ILLUSTRATIONS: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. f. 334, 335. ]908; Britton & Brown, Ill. F1. ed. 2. f. 864. 1913. TYPE LOCALITY : Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: Sandy soil in thickets and pine barrens, Virginia and Missouri to Texas and Florida; also in the West Indies. VmGINIA: Nansemond Co., Heller 969 (US, G, NY), Rugel (G), Steele (US); Alleghany Co., Tidestrom (US). MISSOURI: Shannon Co., Bush 6110 (G) ; Jasper Co., Palmer 2472 (G, NY, US) ; Macdon: ald Co., Bush 375 (G) ; Carter Co., Eggert (NY, US) ; Barry Co., Bush 176 (Nu NORT/~I CAROLINA: LeConte (NY) ; Cumberland Co., Bilt- more Herb. 3296c (NY, W.Va) ; New Hanover Co., Randolph & Ran- dolph 1014 (G) ; Wake Co., Ashe (B) ; Moore Co., Blankinship (G) ; Forsyth Co., Schweinitz (Ph). SOUTH CAROLINA: Aiken Co., Ravenel (NY, G, US, B) ; Berkeley Co., Ravenel (NY) ; Charleston Co., Robin- son 204 (G); Anderson Co., Davis 1216 (US). GEORGIA: Baldwin (NY), LeConte (NY), Wright (G) ; DeKalb Co,, Harper 2310 (NY) ; Oconee Co., Small (NY, G, US) ; Sumter Co., Harper 1036 (NY, G) ; Macon Co., Earle (NY); Lee Co., Earle (NY); EmanueI Co., Gray- mort, Harper 807 (US, NY); Coffee Co., Har~r146~O-(Nu G, US, 68 Brittonia 1936

BD, M). FLORIDA: Chapman (NY, G, US, M); Rugel 285b (US); Duval Co., Curtiss 3183 (G, US, B), Fredholm 5069 (G) ; Lake Co., Nash 373 (G, NY, US) ; Volusia Co., Hulst (NY) ; Manatee Co., Mol- denke 1050a (NY, W.Va) ; Dade Co., Small & Mosier 6863 (NY); Franklin Co., Chapman 3296a (NY, G, US) ; Clay Co., Canby 4 (B). ALABAMA : Baldwin Co., Tracy 8620 (G, NY, US) ; Mobile Co., Macken- zie 4001 (NY), Mohr (US); Lee Co., Earle & Underwood (NY). MISSISS~PeI: Harrison Co., Tracy 4804 (NY, US); Jackson Co., Car- penter (US), Tracy 6502 (US, NY); Choctaw Co., I. M. Clute 73 (NY); Pike Co., Holzer (B). LOUISIANA: Hale (G, NY); Orleans Parish, Drummond 167 (G). ARKANSAS: Benton Co., Plank 40, 42 (NY). OKLAIIOMA: Lincoln Co., Blankinship (G); Choctaw Co., Bigelow (NY, US), Butler 29 (G, M) ; Cadde Co., Palmer 355 (NY, US) ; Bryan Co., Sheldon 16 (US) ; Creek Co., Bush 662 (NY, US). TEXAS: Nealley (US) ; Waller Co., Hall 724 (G, NY); Bastrop Co., Tharp 985 (US) ; Dallas Co., Reverchon 1021 (US) ; Bowie Co., Eggert (NY) ; Austin Co., Wurzlow 45 (US) ; Harris Co., Joor (M) ; Smith Co., Reverchon 2907 (M); Wood Co., Reverchon (M); E. Texas, Wright (G) ; Pine Island, Reverchon (M). CUBA: Wright 3798 (NY, US, G) ; Pinar del Rio, Le6n 4923 (NY) ; Havana : Britton, Britton, & Sehafer 686 (NY); Isla de Pinos, Curtiss (NY); Oriente, Ekman 14672 (NY) ; Santa Clara, Ledn & Loustalot 9406 (NY). Hispaniola : Haiti, Ekman 4922 (US) ; Dominican Republic: Tuerekheim 3077 (G, NY, US). The synonymy of the North American Tuberculatae is somewhat confused. The species are ordinarily separated on the basis of the tubercles, but the disposition of these shows practically all stages from plants bearing achenes with three entire tubercles to those which have the tubercles more or less deeply 2-lobed and, finally, with six distinct tubercles. Recent students of the genus have regarded the forms with three tubercles as S. ciliata and related species and the six-tubercled forms as S. pauciflora. This concept has not always been held, however, and at ]east one form herein regarded as belonging to S. cilic~ta was originally described as a variety of S. pauciflora (S. pauciflora vat. elliottii). This form, in its extreme development more robust and more conspicuously ciliate than the type of S. ciliata, has been separated as a distinct species, but many transitional forms occur which make such a segregation very difficult. 65. Scleria brittonii Core, in Small, Man. S. E. F1. 190. 1933; Brittonia 1: 243. 1934. (P1. 2, f. 32.) s, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 69

Svleria pauciflora MuM. var. glabra Chapm. F1. S. U. S. 532. 1860. "Florida and northward.' ' Scleria pauciflora MuM. var. elongata Britton, Ann. N. Y. Aead. Sci. 3: 235. 1885. "Habitat, Georgia, Florida." Scleria glabra Britton, in Small, F1. S. E. U. S. 200. 1903; not Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 1: 35. 1888. ~North Carolina to Florida and Alabama." Rhizome horizontal, elongate, rather stout; culms 20-60 cm. tall or sometimes taller, triangular, slender, glabrous, rigid, sometimes scabrous above; leaves 2 din. long or less, 2 ram. wide, few, glabrous, often scabrous towards the apex; sheaths glabrous, the lower ones purplish; ligule minute, slightly hairy or glabrous; lower bract of the inflorescence foliaeeous, erect, often appearing like a continuation of the eulm; inflorescence terminal or often with a remote axillary cluster on a long slender, aneipital peduncle, the clusters small; bractlets glabrous or the margins minutely ciliolate, purplish, linear- laneeolate, attenuate; spike]ets few-flowered, 5 ram. long; staminate scales Ianceolate, purplish; pistillate scales long-awned, glabrous, purplish-tinged; hypogynium bearing' three entire or 2-lobed tubercles; aehene 2-3 ram. long, papillose-verrue.ose, globular or globose-ovoid, apiculate, white. TYPE LOCALITY: "Florida and northwards." DISTRIBUTION: Low pine lands and moist thickets, North Carolina to Florida and Texas; also in Cuba. NORTH CAROLINA: Curtiss (NY); New Hanover Co., Coville 59 (NY). SOUTH CAROLINA: Allendale Co., Biltmore Herb. 8116a (US) ; Berkeley Co., Ravenel (US). GEORGIA:Baldwin (NY); Stewart Co., Harper 2224 (NY, US, G, BD, IV[) ; Dekalb Co., Harper 2311 (NY, US, Ph); Brantley Co., Biltmore Herb. 455Ic (US); CandIer Co., Harper 940 (US) ; Dodge Co., Biltmore Herb. 4551d (US). FLORIDA: Chapman (US, G, NY, M) ; Rngel 286 (S, US, in part) ; Dural Co., Curtiss 3185 (US, G, B) ; Santa Rosa Co., Tracy 8621 (US, G, NY) ; Brevard Co., Curtiss 5716 (US, G, NY, B) ; Lake Co., Nash 508 (US, G, NY); Manatee Co., Tracy 6964 (US, NY), 6966 (US, G, NY); Franklin Co., Chapman (US, NY); Dade Co., SmaU & Small 6624 (NY) ; Lee Co., Francis 52 (US). ALABAMA:Mobile Co., Mohr (US) ; Lee Co., Baker & Earle (US) ; Baldwin Co., Mohr (US, NY) ; Fort Morgan, Tracy 767~ (US, G, NY). MISSISSIPPI: Harrison Co., Tracy 6962 (G, US); Jackson Co., Earle 87 (NY). OKLAHOMA: Lincoln Co., Blankinship (G). TEXAS: Jefferson Co., Reverchon 3601 (US, G). CUBA: Wright 3799 (US, G); Pinar del Rio, P1. Itin. Regnell. III. 11029 (NY). 70 Brittonia 1936

This plant was originally described as S. pauciflora var. glabra, and when it was raised to specific rank it was not realized that Boeckeler had already used the same name for a different species. 66. Scleria paudiilora Muhl.; Willd. Sp. P1. 4: 318. 1806. (P]. 1, f. 16.) Scleria caroli~iana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 318. 1805. "Habitat in sylvis Carolinae." Scleria pauciflora var. caroliniana Wood, Bot. & Flora 368. 1871. Based on Scleria caroliniana Willd. Scleria oakeslan~ Rcbbins; Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 234, as syn. 1885. Scleria pauciflora var. ell'usa Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 143. 1900. Type locality, Cuba. Scleria pauciflora var. Kansana Fernald, Rhodora 8: 165. 1906. Cherokee Co., Kansas, HitchcocIc 86~. Scleria eiliata var. pauciflora Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 215. 1926. Based on Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Rhizomes 5 mm. or less thick, elongate, hard, nodulose, clustered; culms erect, simple, somewhat scabrous on the angles, triquetrous, 20-50 cm. high, glabrate or hairy (villous in some forms), stiff, usually tufted; leaves 15-20 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, rigid, few, glabrate or short-pubescent (villous in some forms), scabrous on the margins, somewhat channeled; sheaths short-pubescent or sometimes villous; ligute short, obtuse, rotund; inflorescence consisting of a few spikelets in a terminal cluster or sometimes 1 or 2 axillary clusters, the lateral remote, on long filiform peduncles ; bracts overtopping the culm, erect, ciliate or glabrate (conspicuously fringed in some forms), bractlets ciliate or glabrate; spikelets few-flowered; pistillate scales ovate-laneeolate, acuminate, purplish-tinged, midrib ciliate; hypogynium a narrow triangular border bearing 6 usually finely pulveruleut globose tubercles disposed in pairs (in var. kansana each set of tubercles consists of 2 large and 1 small); achene 1-2 mm. ]ong, apieulate, white, globose, transversely verrucose-papillate, the lower papillae pointed downwards, elongate. Consists of several races, varying mainly in pubescence and number of tubercles. ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 5 : 49-51 : pl. 1-~. 1898 ; Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 125. 1909; Britton & Brown, Illus. F1. ed. 2. f. 863. 1913; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. f. 332, 333. 1908. COMMON NAMES: Few-flowered whip-grass, papillose nut-rush, Carolina whip-grass. TrPE LOCALITY: "Habitat in pratensibus sylvatieis Carolinae." DISTRIBUTION: Barrens and meadows, New Hampshire to Ohio, Missouri, Kansas, Florida, and Texas; also in Cuba. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Cheshire Co., Carey in 1833 (NY). MASSA- CHUSETTS: Worcester Co., Robbins in 1847 (G). CONNECTICUT: Tol- ~, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 71 land Co., Weatherby & Phelps 2252 (G), Phelps (G, US) ; Hartford Co., Koehler (G); New London Co., Jonsson (G). NEW YORK: Queens Co., Leggett (NY) ; Nassau Co., Harper (G). PENNSYLVANIA: Delaware Co., Brinton (NY); Chester Co., Darlington (NY, G), Stone (G) ; Lancaster Co., Carter (NY) ; Montgomery Co., MacElwee 838 (G) ; Northampton Co., Wolle (Ph.) ; Schuylkill Co., Pennell 2103 (US). NEW JERSEY: Monmouth Co., Knieskern (NY, G. B.) ; Warren Co., Britton (NY, US). DELAWARE:Newcastle Co., Commons in 1868 (G, US, B) ; Sussex Co., Commons in 1875 (US) ; Greenbank, Canby 681 (US). MARYLAND: Prince Georges Co., Wheeler in 1908 (G); Worcester Co., Canby 683 (US, G), Woodyard, McAtee 2894 (US). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Holm in 1888 (NY), Holm (G), Steele (US), Chickering, 143 (US), Chase 2~13 (G). VIRGINIA: James City Co., Grimes 370.l (G, NY); Nansemond Co., Blankinship (G); Fairfax Co., Killip 6269 (US) ; Bedford Co., Curtiss (B, US, NY, G). On~o: Franklin Co., Th,trber (G) ; Erie Co., Moseley (G, US) ; Fulton Co., Moseley (G, US). KENTUCKY: Short in 1840 (US); Harlan Co., Kearney 108 (US, G, NY); Edmondon Co., Svenson 174 (G). INDIANA: Dune Park, Chase 914a (G) ; Lake Co., Umbczch (US, G) ; Porter Co., Hill 1011, 1903 (US). MICIIIGAN: Oakland Co., T'arwell 5579 (G). MISSOURI: Shannon Co., Bush (NY); Barry Co., Bnsh 176 (G, US) ; Christian Co., Bush 3 (US) Ozark Co., Pal~ter 34742 (US); Jasper Co., Palmer 18756 (NY). KANSAS: Cherokee Co., Hitchcock 864 (G, NY). NORTrI CAROLINA: Lincoln Co., Hunter in 1843 (NY); Rowan Co., Heller 190 (NY); Pasquo Tank Co., Kearney 2001 (US) ; Chowan Co., Kearney 1887 (US) ; Cumberland Co., Biltmore Herb. 2004b (US, W. Va.); Chatham Co., BiItmore Herb. 4551f (US) ; Durham Co., Biltmore Herb. 4551g (US) ; Orange Co., Ashe (US, NY, G), Muhlenberg 317 (NY); Forsyth Co., Schwei.nitz (Ph.). SOUTH CAROLINA: Berkeley Co., Ravenel (NY, US) ; Darlington Co., Curtis (G) ; Dillon Co., Biltmore Herb. 4551b (US). GEORGIA: Wright (G); Macon Co., Traey (US); Irwin Co., Tracy (US); Candler Co., Harper 940 (G, NY); Chattooga Co., Harper 269 (G, US, NY); Dekalb Co., Small (NY, US). FLORIDA: Chapman (US, G, NY), Curtiss (US); Manatee Co., Tracy 6966 (US); East Florida, Buckley (G); Clay Co., Cabby (NY, B); Alaehua Co., Gill~zan (M). _ALABAMA:Mobile Co., Mohr (US); Bush 267 (US); Deka]b Co., Lesquereux 221 (NY); Lee Co., Earle & Baker (NY). MississiPPi: Jackson Co., Carpenter (US) ; Tracy 132 (NY) ; Harrison Co., Tracy 4810 (US, NY) ; Hancock Co., Langlois 72 Brittonia 1936

188 (US). TENNESSEE: Chester Co., Bain 255 (NY, G) ; Knox Co., Ruth 477 (G). LOUISIANA: Hale (G); Saint 'Tammany Parish, Ars~ne 12323 (US), Langlois 187 (US), Pennell 4168 (NY). ARKANSAS: Benton Co., Plank 30 (NY). OXLAHOMA"Seminole Co., Carleton 109 (NY). TEXAS: Wright (G); Waller Co., Hall 725 (G, US, NY) ; Smith Co., Reverchon 2904 (NY) ; Jefferson Co., Rever- chon (M). CUBA: Pinar del Rio: Britton, Britton, Earle, & Gager 6472 (NY). Kiikenthal has reduced S. pauciflora to a variety of S. ciliata. It is true that there are a few transitional forms, possibly hybrids, not readily referable to one or the other species, but in general the characters seem constant enough to retain distinct specific ranking for both. 67. Scleria alpina Core, Brittonia 1: 241. 1934. (P1. 1, f. 15.) Rhizome fibrous; culms 20-50 era. ta]l, slender; leaves 1-2 ram. wide, glabrous; sheaths glabrous, the lower ones purplish; ligule minute, sparsely pilose; inflorescence a single terminal fascicle or with an additional one on a long slender peduncle from the axil of the uppermost leaf; bractlets linear-lanceolate, longer than the spikelets; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, a few densely clustered in the fascicle ; staminate scales broadly lanceolate, acuminate, dark-purple, midrib green; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dark-purple, midrib green ; hypogynium triangular, sordid-white, the margin light-purple, supporting 6 tubercles; aehene 2 ram. long, oblong, pointed, longitudinally ribbed, transversely rugose, especially towards the apex, white, apiculate. TYPE LOCALITY: Wet open campo above timberline, alt. 2650 m., Serra da Capar~o, Espirito Santo, Ynes Mexia 4033, November 27, 1929 (Type in US). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. It is interesting to note that practically all known species of the tubercle-bearing Scleriae occur mainly in somewhat cool climates of both the northern and southern hemispheres. The present species is no exception since, while collected in tropical Brazil, it was from a sub- alpine region at an elevation of 2650 m.

68. Sclerla colorata Core, Brittonia 1: 242. 1934. (P]. 1, f. 3.) Rhizome thick, elongate, horizontal, clothed with red-brown scales; culms 30-50 cm. tall, erect, slender, sharply triangular ; leaves very few, 10-20 cm. long, 1-3 ram. wide, rigid, erect, glabrous; sheaths minutely pilose, the lower purplish; ligule minute, rotund-ovate; inflorescence % I Core: The American Species of Scleria 73

glomerate in a single terminal dense few-flowered fascicle; braeteal leaf appearing as a continuation of the eulm ; bractlets elongate, linear- lanceolate, glabrous; bractlets large, 5-10 ram. long; staminate scales lanceolate, dark-purple, the midrib green, excurrent; pistillate scales broadly ovate, glabrous, dark-purple, the midrib green, excurrent; hypogynium-margin reflexed, light-brick-red, obscurely 3-lobed, each lobe supporting a pair of white hemispheric roughened tubercles; achene 2-3 ram. long, rather faintly reticulate, globose, white, shorter than the scales, minutely apieulate. TYPE LOCALITY: In campos, Paran~, Brazil, P. Dusgn 3739, Decem- ber 14, 1903 (type in S). DIStrIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

69. Scleria curtissii Britton, in Small F1. S. E. U. S. 200. 1903. (PI. 1, f. 14.) Scleria pawciflora Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 156. 1871; not Muh].; Willd. Sp. P1. 4: 318. Based on Wright .3799. Rhizome slender, 3-4 ram. thick; euhns tufted, 2-4 din. high, slender, essentially glabrous; leaves 1-2 ram. wide, sparsely pilose on the margins and midrib beneath; sheaths pilose or nearly smooth; ligule minute, searious-margined; inflorescence a single terminal fascicle or with additional axillary ones on slender peduncles, few-flowered ; bracteal leaf short, erect, appearing as a continuation of the culm, ciliate on the margins and principal nerves ; bractlets ciliate ; staminate scales lanceolate, scarious-margined, acuminate ; pistillate scales broadly ovate-lanceolate, searious-margined, the green midrib excurrent; hypogynium with 6 tubercles arranged in pairs, these sometimes somewhat confluent; achene 2 ram. long, globose, irregularly ridged-reticulate, abruptly apicu]ate. TYPE LOCALITY : "In pine lands near Jacksonville, Florida" (Cur- tiss 4793). DISTR~BUTmN : Pine barrens, Florida and Cuba. FLORIDA: Duval Co., Curtiss 4793 (NY) ; Dade Co., Eaton 267 (G), Small 3706 (NY). CUBA: Wright 3799 (NY) ; Isla de Pinos, Curtiss (NY). This species is clearly separated from S. pauciflora by its reticulate achenes. Those of S. pauciflora are irregularly papillate.

70. Scleria sellowiana Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 350. 1837. (PI. 1, f. 6.) Chondrolomia selloviana Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 174. 1842. Based on Seleria sellowiana Kunth. Rhizome thick, horizontal, elongate; culms glauceseent, pilose- pubescent or in some forms essentially glabrous, triquetrous, 30-50 cm. 74 Brittonia 1936 high, slender, strict, erect; leaves linear, narrow, rigid, obtuse, pilose- pubescent, 10-20 cm. long, 2-4 ram. wide; sheaths pilose-pubescent (or in some forms nearly glabrous), the lower ones purplish-tinged; ligule short, rotund-ovate, cartilaginous, glabrous or pilose; inflorescence terminal or often with one additional remote axillary cluster on a short erect peduncle, few-flowered; bracts elongate, foliaceous, pubescent; bractlets foliaceous, pubescent; staminate spikelets 5-10 mm. long, several-flowered ; staminate scales lanceo]ate-ovate, pubescent ; pistillate scales broadly ovate, lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent; hypogynium obscurely trigonous, supporting six tubercles grouped in pairs ;achene 3 ram. long, trigonous, subglobose-ovoid, white, apiculate, reticulate. TYPE LOCALITY: "Brasilia meridionalis. Sellow legit." DISTRIBUTION: Moist grasslands, southern Brazil and Uruguay. URUGUAY: Montevideo, Herter 611 (NY), Osten 6512 (US) ; San Jos6, Osten 21820 (G). A nearly glabrous form is represented by Osten 21820. 71. Scleria balansae Maury, M~m. Soc. Phys. Gen~ve 31(1): 148. I889. (PI. 1, f. ~3.) Scleria seIlowiana var. balansae Clarke, Bull. Herb. Boiss. IL 3: 1028. 1905. Based on Seleria balansae :lV[aury. Rhizome elongate, scaly; culms 25-65 cm. tall, strict, slender, sharply 3-angled, striate; leaves 10-15 cm. long, about 2 ram. wide, distant, rigid, erect, glabrous, shorter than the culm; sheaths glabrous, minutely pilose, the lower bladeless; ]igule small, membranaceous- margined, deltoid-obtuse; inflorescence a solitary terminal fascicle, few-flowered; bracteal leaf erect, foliaceous, appearing as a continuation of the culm, 3-5 cm. long; bractlets linear-lanceolate, somewhat ciliate on the margins ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long ; scales dark-purple-margined, ovate, acute, acuminate or short-mucronate, the back and keel green; hypogynium bearing 6 sordid-white rugulose tubercles; achene 2-3 mm. long, shorter than the scales, ovoid, apiculate, white, smooth, shining. ILLUSTRATION: Maury, M6m. Soc. Phys. Gen~ve 31(1): p/. 44B. 1889. TyPE LOCALITY: Uruguay, "in planitie ad Dona-Juana, prope Villa-Riea, in pratis, Septembr., (Balansa 459) ; Caaguazu, in campos, Novembr., ( Balansa 459a)." DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality, Balansa 459 (D). Clarke reduces this to a variety of Scleria sellowiana, but in the 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 75

material that has come to my notice the two are quite distinct in characters of the achene, width and pubescence of the leaves, etc.

72. Scleria oligantha l~ichx. F1. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803. (P1. 1, f. 4.) Scleria no. 4. MuM. Gram. 268. 1817. Scleria purpureo-zonata Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 258. 1850. Mexico, "Voxer pan fugtige Steder red. S. Antonio Huatusco," 4500 (Schaffner 506a). ~ Seleria leptoculmis Wood, Class Book ed. 1861. 746. 1861. Type locality, Florida. Rhizome elongate, 5 mm. or less thick, nodulose; culms slender, erect, 30-60 cm. high, sharply triangular, glabrous or nearly so, often glaucous; ]eaves 12-25 cm. long, 2-6 ram. wide, often glaucous, scabrous on the nerves and margins, glabrous, linear, the lower short, the upper elongate, somewhat revolute in drying; sheaths narrowly winged, pubescent or glabrous, the lower ones purplish-tinged; ]igule short, ovate, scarious-margined, pubescent; inflorescence of 2-5 dense clusters, terminal and axillary, the lateral on long filiform peduncles, few-flowered, the peduncles scabrous on the angles, dilated towards the apex; bracts fotiaceous, about 5 cm. long, ciliate; braetlets eiTiate, pubescent on the back, linear-lanceolate; scales lanceolate-ovate, purplish-tinged, mucronate ; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles, which are hemispheric and white-pulverulent ; achene 3-4 ram. long, ovoid, white, shining, shorter than the scales, obtusely pointed. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britton & Brown, Illus. F1. ed. 2. f. 859. 1913; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. f. 331. 1908. TYPE LOCALITY: "In pratensibus sylvaticis Carolinae." DISTmRCWlON : Wet meadows and woods, Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida and Mexico. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Vasey (US). VIRGINIA: James City Co., Weatherby 3662 (NY, G) ; Bedford Co., Curtiss (NY, G) ; Hanover Co., De Chalmot (US). INDIANA: Crawford Co., Deam 27815 (US, G, NY) ; Harrison Co., Deam 27866 (G, US) ; Perry Co., Deam 25069 (G). Mlss0cRi: Barry Co., Bush 179 (US) ; Ozark Co., Palmer 34817 (US). NORTH CAROLINA: Lincoln Co., Hunter (NY); Forsyth Co., Schweinitz (Ph.). SO~TH CAROLINA: Pickens Co., House 2151 (US); Berkeley Co., Ravenel (G). GEORGIA: Cooley (G); Washington Co., Harper 1327 (NY, G, US); DeKalb Co., Davis 1946 (US), Small (US). FLORIDA: Chapman (NY, G, US, M), Warder (G), Rugel 167 (US, M) ; Manatee Co., Tracy 6961 (NY, G, US) ; Duval Co., Curtiss 5665 (NY, G, US), Fredholm 5111 (G); Lee Co., Francis 49 (US); 76 Brittonia 1936

Pinellae Co., Beckwith 555 (US). ALABAMA:Etowah Co., Eggert (NY, M) ; Lee Co., Earle (NY) ; Tuscaloosa Co., E. A. Smith (US) ; Cullman Co., Eggert (M). MississiPPI: Oktibbeha Co., Tracy 23 (NY) ; Harrison Co., Tracy 5334 (NY) ; Pike Co., Holzer (B). TEN- NESSEE: Madison Co., Bain 257 (NY, G). LOUISIANA: Hale (G); Rapides Parish, Ball 468 (NY, G, US) ; Saint Tammany Parish, Lang- lois 186 (US). ARKANSAS:Miller Co., Eggert (NY). TEXAS: Gray (NY) ; Harris Co., Nealley (NY, G, US), Hall 723 (NY, G, US), Joor (M), Tweedy 155 (US) ; Brazoria Co., Drummond 132 (BD) ; Modery, Reverchon (M). MEXICO: Nuevo Leon, Pringle 2057 (NY) ; Veracruz, Pringle 8139 (S, BD, G, US), Schaffner 506a (BD), Liebmann (C). There is a little doubt as to the synonymy of this species. Torrey says (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 377. 1836) that "the specimens in Michaux's herbarium are without fruits, and Elliott, who quotes Michaux with a mark of doubt, describes the leaves as narrow; whereas in our plant, they are broader than in many other species." Wood regarded Tor- rey's plant as distinct from Michaux's and gave to it the new name Scleria leptoculmis. It seems likely that both represent the same species. Willdenow (and Pursh copying him) referred S. oligantha to S. pauciflora, which is, however, a totally different plant. My examination of the type of S. purpureo-zonata Liebm. shows that it is properly placed here. 73. Scleria warmingiana Boeck. Vidensk. Meddel. 1869: 152. 1870. (PI. 2, f. 12.) Rhizome horizontal, elongate, nodose, hard; culms 50-80 cm. tall, sharply triquetrous, somewhat channeled, scabrous on the angles ; ]eaves linear, acuminate, 30-45 cm. long, 8-10 ram. wide, scabrous on the margins and nerves; sheaths not winged, many-nerved, glabrous, very scabrous on the angles, the lower without blades, purplish; ligule rigid, short, rotund-obtuse, glabrous, the margin cartilaginous; inflorescence paniculate, the panicles terminal and 1 or 2 axillary, pyramidal, the terminal branched, the lateral nearly simple, branches several, upright, rachis triangular, scabrous on the angles; bracteal leaf foliaceous ; bractlets linear-setaceous, elongate; spikelets loose, 4-5 mm. long; staminate scales lanceolate; pistillate scales broadly ovate-lanceolate, the exterior abruptly long-acuminate, brown, the interior acute or obtuse, brown; hypogynium narrow, obscurely 3-lobed, the lobes rotund-obtuse; achene 3 mm. long, subglobose, white, shining, short- hairy, equalling the scales. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 77

TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, "ad Lagoa Santa in silvis et virgultis vix frequens" (Warming 740). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Warming 740 (BD, C). 74. Scleria parallela Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 59. 1908. Rhizome not seen; culms 1 m. or more tall; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 10-18 ram. wide, minutely pilose above, glabrous beneath, about the same width from base to near the apex ("marginibus conspicue paral- lelis"), then abruptly narrowed and terminated by a caudate tip 4 mm. long; sheaths ample, minutely pilose upwards; ]igule 7-10 ram. long, "broadly ovate, obtuse, pilose, the margin scarious; panicles terminal and axillary, 4 era. high, conic, 3-4 cm. broad, rather open, the lateral ones remote, on long slender peduncles ; bracts foliaceous ; bractlets numerous, conspicuous, linear-setaceous, up to 5 cm. long ; spikelets 4 ram. long, ellipsoid-oblong, solitary, sparse; scales ovate-lanceo]ate, red-brown; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes short, ovate, truncate, spreading; achene ovoid-triangular, white, minutely transversely verrucose, 2-3 ram. long. TYPE LOCALITY: "Venezuela, Upper Orinoco near Esmeralda" (Spruce 3050). DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality, Spruce 3050 (K). 75. Scleria huberi Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 60. 1908. (P1. 2, f. 2.) Scleria peruviana Kiikenth. Bot. ffahrb. 56: Beibl. 125: 22. 1921. "Peru-- :Rio Acre: Seringal Auristella" (Ule 9150). Rhizome 5 mm. or less thick, nodulose, hard; culms 50-75 cm. tall, densely pubescent, sharply triangular; leaves numerous, about 15-25 cm. long, 10-24 mm. wide, flat, acuminate, 3-nerved, puberulent to glabrate, margins scabrous; sheaths hirsute, short, overlapping; ]igule short, rotund, long-hirsute; inflorescence of 2 or 3 rather distant, pyramidal panicles, the lateral ones on long-exserted peduncles, the branches strongly divergent, the rachis pubescent; lower bracts foliaceous, shorter than the culm; upper bracts setaceous; bractlets setaceous; staminate spikelets 5 mm. long, stalked, oblong-lanceolate; pistillate spikelets subsessile; staminate scales hispidulous, lanceolate, acuminate; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, hispidulous, acuminate, brownish-green, purplish-tinged; hypogynium deeply 3-lobed, the lobes orbicular-rotund, dark-brown, with a broad straw-colored margin; achene 3-5 ram. long, shorter than the scales, white or discolored, elliptic-globose, undulate-verrucose, sparingly hispid, tipped with a black point. 78 Brittonia 1936

TYPE LOCALITY: "Brazil, Rio Purus" (Huber 4591). DISTRIBUTION: Dense forests in the Amazon Valley of Brazil and Peru. BRAZIL: Amazonas, Huber 4591 (D, type); Acre Territory, Ule 9150 (BD). PERU:Junin, Killip & Smith 26749 (NY, US). I have examined the type of S. peruviana Kiikenth. It is plainly conspecific with S. huberi Clarke

76. Scleria pilosissima Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 491. 1915. (PI. 2, f. 28.) Rhizome short, thick, branched ; eulms loosely pilose, slender, strict, erect, 3-4 dm. high; leaves 15-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, densely pilose, scabrous on the margin, channeled, the midrib prominent beneath and rough; sheaths densely pilose; ligule oblong, obtuse, densely pilose; inflorescence of 1 or 2 rather dense clusters, 24 em long, the lateral with a slender long peduncle which is loosely hirsute; bracts foliaceous, overtopping the culm, sparsely pilose; bractlets rigid, hirsute; staminate spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 5 cm. long; staminate scales lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent; pistillate scales ovate-laneeolate, acute; hypogynium with 3 rounded appressed lobes; achene 2-3 mm. long, pubescent, transversely verrucose, abruptly apiculate, subglobose, white or sordid. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba, Sierra Nipe, "between Piedra Gorda and Woodfred, Oriente," Sharer 3099, December 8, 1909. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Sharer 3099, 3101 (NY). 77. scleria wiluamsii Gross, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 11: 39. 1931. (P1. 2, f. 21.) Rhizome not seen; culms triquetrous, sparsely pilose, the angles smooth, 1 m. high or taller; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 6 ram. wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, scabrous on the margins, especially so near the tip; sheaths narrow, triangular, striate, minutely hirsute, angles smooth; ligule truncate, short, densely pubescent; inflorescence loose, terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves, the terminal 10-15 cm. long, the axillary shorter, branches few, divaricate, rachis minutely pubescent; bracts foliaceous, nearly as long as the panicle; bractlets ]inear-setaceous, elongate; spikelets solitary, compressed, the staminate on elongate (1-1.5 cm. long) peduncles, the pistillate on shorter peduncles; scales green, with the margins purple-blotched, the staminate apparently distichous, lanceolatc-acuminatel the pistillate 4-6, distichous, ovate-acuminate; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 79

rotund-obtuse, margin involute ; athene shorter than the scales, globose- elliptic, 4 mm. long, white, minutely verrucose, sparsely pilose, the beak often curved. TYPE LOCALITY : Peru, "Alto Rio Huallaga, Dept. San Martin, alt. 360-900 m." (Llewellyn Williams 5823). DIST~mUTION: Known only from the type locality, L. Williams 5823 (F).

78. Scleria setacea Poir. inLam. Encyc. 7: 4. 1806. (PI. 2, f. 26.) Scleria reticularia Muhl. Descr. Gram. 266. 1817; not Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803. ' ' Habitat in Carolina Septentrionali. ' ' Scleria micrantha Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 5: 108. 1817. "Cette plante a 6t~ recueillie par M. Ledru a Porto-Rico." Scleria retivularis Spreng. Syst. 3: 831, in part. 1826 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 469. 1874). Seleria retivularis J. & C. Presl; Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 202. 1828. Scleria laxa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. u 3: 376. 1836; not R. Br. Prodr. 240. 1810. Seleria nvithlenbergii Steud. Nora. ed. 2. 2: 543. 1841. "Am. sptr." Based on Scleria reticularis lYltihl. Scleria ol~gantha A. Rich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 295. 1850. Scleria ~n.iih:enbergiana Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 258. 1850. Variant spelling for Sc~eria m~i~h~enbergi.~ Steud. Scleria torreyana Walp. Ann. 3: 696. 1852. "Habitat in An~erica boreati (New Jersey, Long Island)." Scleria hemitaphra Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 169. 1855. Type locality, Louisiana (Drummond). Scleria dictyocarpa Wright; Griseb. Cat. P1. Cub. 249. 1866. ~'Cuba or. et occ.,' ' Wright .3416a. Seleria bracteata var. angusta Griseb. Cat. P1. Cub. 249, in part. 1866. Type locality, Cuba. Scleria debilis Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 154. 1871. "En sabanas hdmedas de Pinar del Rio, Chirigota, Retiro, embarcadero de Bacanagua, &c. ' ' Seleria retivularis var. patbeseens Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Scl. 3: 232. 1885. Scleria trivhopoda Wright; Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 232, as syn. 1886. Seleria setacea vat. hemitaphra Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 215. 1926. Based on Scleria hemitaphra Steud. Scleria latilacunosa Kiikenth. Pot. Jahrb. 56: Beibl. 125: 21. 1921. "Campo der Serra do Mel, Rio Branco, Surumu," Ule 8065, July, 1909. Annual with fibrous roots, or perennial with a very short rhizome; culms very slender, triangular or somewhat compressed, glabrous, tufted, 15-80 cm. tall, weak, diffuse, spreading; leaves 1-4 (rarely -8) ram. wide, flat, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, often with cartilaginous marginal ribs, sometimes scabrous on the margins and nerves beneath; sheaths glabrous or essentially so, sometimes somewhat winged; ligule short, rotund-obtuse, pilose, panicles terminal and axillary, the lateral very remote, on long setaceous-filiform compressed often recurred or drooping peduncles, loosely flowered, clusters 1-3 cm. long; spikelets 2-4 ram. long; bracts glabrous, linear-lanceolate, 80 Brittonia 1936

often exceeding the culm; bractlets glabrous, linear-lanceolate or setaeeous; pistillate scales ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, stramineous or purplish-tinged with a prominent, green midrib; hypogynium deeply 3-lobed, the lobes ovate-laneeolate, subacute, appressed; aehene 2 ram. long, more or less reticulate, the transverse ridges pilose, sordid white, globose-eltiptic, umbonate, the ridges somewhat spirally arranged. COM:~ION NA~E: Navajuela (El Salvador). ILLUSTRATmNS: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. f. 337. 1908; Britton & Brown, Illus. F1. ed. 2. f. 862. 1913; Stone, Rep. N. J. State Mus. 1910: pl. 19. 1911. TYPE LOCALITY: "Cette plant croit dans ]'AmSrique; elle a ~t6 recueillie par M. Ledru ~ Porto-Rico." DISTRIBUTION: Pine barrens and low meadows, New York and Indiana to Florida and Texas; also in the West Indies, Central Amer- ica and northern South America. PENNSYLVANIA: Montgomery Co., MacElwee 1357 (G) ; Lancaster Co., Carter (NY). NEW JERSEY: Knieskern (US) ; Torrey (G, NY, US); Atsion, Canby (G). DELAWARE: Kent Co., Commons (B). ~ARVLAND: Prince Georges Co., C. P. Smith (G); Miller (US); Worcester Co., Commons (G, US). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Steele (US); Coville (US); Kearney (US, NY). INDIANA: Porter Co., Chase 1964 (US). MISSOURI:Greene Co., Bush 376 (NY, G). NoacR CAROLINA: Transylvania Co., House 3642 (G); Orange Co., Coker (W. Va., NY). SOUT~ CAROLINA: Aiken Co., Ravenel (G, US, NY) ; 0rangeburg Co., Hitchcock (G); Greenville Co., Canby (US). GEORGIA: Pike Co., Harper 1272 (G, US, NY) ; Colquitt Co., Harper 1643 (G, NY, US) ; Sumter Co., Harper 452 (G, US, NY) ; Charlton Co., Harper 1480 (US, G, NY); Clinch Co., Harper 1583 (G, US, NY); Irwin Co., Tracy 1522 (US). FLORIDA: Lake Co., Nasa 1284 (US, NY, G) ; Lee Co., Hitchcock 432 (NY, US, G) ; Okeechobee Co., Small, Britton, Britton, & DeWinkeler 9282 (NY) ; Jackson Co., Tracy 4808 (NY); Manatee Co., Tracy 7127 (NY, G, US); Dural Co., Curtiss 5757 (NY, G, US, B); Franklin Co., McAtee 1809B (US); Alaehua Co., Fattig 52 (US). ALABAMA: Mobile Co., Bush 265 (NY); Pennell 4433 (NY); Mohr (US). MississiPpi: Harrison Co., J. D. Smith (US); Jackson Co., Tracy 102, 114, 122, 1358 (NY); Wayne Co., Kearney (US) ; Hancock Co., Langlois 184 (US) ; Manuel, Tracy 4709 (NY, US). LOUISIANA:Hale (NY, G) ; Saint Tammany Parish, Ars~ne 11062, 11245, 12519 (US). TEXAS: Rush Co., Vinzent 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 81

(NY). CUBA: Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 250 (G, NY, US); Pinar del Rio, Wright 3416a (G, NY), 3800 (G, NY, US) ; Matanzas, Legn & Roca 8831 (NY) ; Santa Clara, Le6n 892 (US), 6411 (NY), Le6n & Cazanas 5878 (NY); San Juan de Buena Vista, Wright 3416 (G, US). HISPANIOLA:Haiti, Ekman H. 4845 (US). PoRwoRico: Sintenis 2718 (G, US, NY); Stevens & Hess 4944 (NY); Britton, Britton, & Brown 6654 (NY, US). MExico: Jalisco, Palmer 434 (US, NY), Pringle 2295 (G, US, NY); Veracruz, Liebmann (G); Michoac~n, Ars~ne 6686 (US), 7686 (G); Guerrero, Ars~ne "2686 (NY, US). GUATEMALA: Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux (US, G, NY). SALVADOR: San Salvador, Lab. Quimico 30 (G), Caldergn 30 (NY, US) ; Finca San Nicholas, Calderdn [F. Choussy 36] (US). PANAMA: Panama, Standley 26709 (NY, US), 32023 (US). COLOMBIA: Huila, Rusby & Pennetl 1063 (NY) ; Tolima, PenneI1 3633 (NY, US, G). TRINIDAD: Britton & Britton 2480 (G, NY, US). BRAZIL: Parh, G61di 1085 (G, US); Amazonas, Ule 8065 (BD). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Steinbach 5425 (US, NY, M, F). This species grades into S. reticularis, but in general is separated from that species by its pilose achenes and the remote, long, filiform peduncles of the lateral panicles. The type specimens of S. laxa Torr., S. dictyocarpa Wright, S. reticularis var. pubescens Britton, S. debilis Wright, S. setacea var. hemitaphra Kiikenth., S. bracteata var. angusta Griseb., and S. trichocarpa Wright, all of which I have seen, have pilose achenes and are properly classed here.

79. Scleria reticularis Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803. (P1. 2, f. 29.) Carex lithosperma Walt. F1. Carol. 227. 1788 (fide Kunth Enum. P1. 2: 349. 1837); not Scleria lithosper~m Sw. Sclerfa pauciflora Torr.; Kunth Enum. P1. 2: 349, as syn. 1837. Seleria reticularis var. obscurct Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 232. 1885. Scleria reticularis var. pumila Britton, Ann. N. u Acad. Sci. 3: 232. 1885. Rhizome very short, roots fibrous, capillary; culms triangular or somewhat compressed, glabrous, 20-50 cm. tall, slender, erect, somewhat scabrous below on the angles ; leaves few, ~0-20 cm. long, 1-3 ram. wide, flat, thin, not overtopping the culm; sheaths narrowly 3-winged, the wings smooth or somewhat scabrous, the sheaths otherwise glabrous ; ligule short-rotund; panicles terminal and axillary, the lateral remote, sessile or on short erect peduncles each 1-3 cm. high, few-flowered; bracteal leaf exceeding the culm; bracts linear-setaceous, glabrous, elongate; staminate spikelets lanceolate, stramineous; pistillate scales ovate-]anceolate, acuminate, straw-colored; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, obtuse, appressed ~o the base of the achene; aehene 82 Brittonia 1936

1-2 ram. long, conspicuously reticulate, globose, dull-white, mucronulate. COMMON NAMES: Sessile-spiked nut-rush, reticulated whip-grass. ILLUSTRATIONS: Ell. Bot. S. Car. & Ga. 2: pl. 12. 1824; Am. Jour. Sci. V. 4: 52. f. 5. 1898; Britton & Brown, Illus. F1. ed. 2. f. 861. 1913; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. f. 336. 1908; Johnson, Taxon. F1. P1. f. 449. 1931. TYPE LOCALITY : "Hab. in Carolina." DISTRIBUTION: Moist meadows and pine barrens, Massachusetts and Indiana to Florida and Mexico: local. MASSACHUSETTS: Plymouth Co., Oakes (G, NY, US); Middlesex Co., Fernald & Weatherby 147 (G, NY, US) ; Barnstable Co., Fernald & Long 16438 (US, NY) ; Hampden Co., Seymour 451 (NY) ; Winter Pond, Boott (G). RHODEISLAND: Thurber (NY, B) ; Providence Co., Olney (G, US, NY) ; Washington Co., Collins & Fernald 11321 (G, US, NY). NEW YORK: Suffolk Co., Ferguson 6187 (G); Leggett (NY). NEW JERSEY: Camden Co., Meredith (G); Cape May Co., Killip 2323 (US); Cumberland, Gross (B). DELAWARE: Kent Co., Commons (G, NY) ; Sussex Co., Churchill (G) ; Newcastle Co., Tatnall (G). INDIANA: Porter Co., Deam 21187 (NY), Hill 159/1898 (G); Greene Co., Nieuwland 10262 (US) ; Newton Co., Deam 18164 (NY). SOUTH CAROLINA: Berkeley Co., Ravenel (G). GEORGIA: Sumter Co., Harper 612 (G, B, NY, US). FLORIDA:Chapman (G, NY). MEXICO: Veracruz, Botteri774 (G), Liebmann (NY), Miiller 1965 (NY) ; Nuevo Leon, Mi~ller 1961 (NY) ; Consoquitla, Liebmann (C). This species is somewhat too close to the preceding, into which it sometimes grades. In general, this is separated from S. setacea by its glabrous achenes.

80. Scleria staheliana Uittien, Rec. Tray. Bot. N6er]. 30: 189. 1933. Rhizome not seen; culms slender, triquetrous, more than 40 cm. high, retrorsely scabrous; leaves 4-7 mm. wide, attenuate, the principal nerves sparsely pilose; sheaths winged, 2-5 cm. long; ]igule broadly rounded, 2 ram. long, the margin densely ciliate with brown hairs; panicles 3-5, axillary and terminal, remote, few-flowered, the peduncles pilose, winged; bracts and bractlets linear-]anceolate, the keel !0ng-pilose ; scales thin, lanceolate, greatly exceeding the aehenes ; hypogynium red-brown, obscurely 3-lobed, the margin pale; achene 1-2 mm. in diameter, globose, umbonate, white, reticulate, the vertical ridges sinuate-dentate, conspicuous, the horizontal fainter and often imperfect. ~, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 83

TYPE LOCALITY: Dutch Guiana, "Surinamo. In montibus Wil- helminae legit Stahel (n. 571--B.W. n. 7100 Typus!) meuse Junio 1926." DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Stahel 571 (U). A member of the difficult group with reticulate achenes, this species is near S. setacea, from which it is separated by its non-pilose aehenes.

81. Scleria~ stevensiana Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 55. 1923. Rhizome short or none; eulms 4-5 din. tall, very slender, tufted, slightly scabrous above, weak ; ]eaves 4 ram. wide or less, soft, scabrous- margined; inflorescence paniculate, the panicles 2 or 3, axillary, the lower peduncled, the upper one nearly sessile, about 3 cm. long ; bracts linear-subulate, 9_:-5 era. long or less; spikelets several; hypogynium- lobes laneeolate, acuminate, glabrous; achene 1.5 ram. long, depressed- globose, apieulate, glabrous, shining, faintly reticulate, nearly white, with 3 vertical brown bands. TYPE LOCAIJITY: Lares, Porto Rico (Stevens & Hess 4944). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from tI~e type locality, Stevens & Hess 4944 (NY). This species, doubtfully distinct from S. setacea, is represented by only one specimen, which differs from that species chiefly in its glabrous achenes.

82. Scleria stereorrhiza Wright; Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 147. 1900. (P1. 2, f. s0.) Seleria stereorrhiza var. major Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 147. 1.900. Seleria braeteata vat. augusta Griseb. F1. Cub. 249, in part. 1866. Rhizome very hard, woody, elongate, nodose, horizontal, 5 ram. thick; culms 20-70 em. tall, almost glabrous, triquetrous, strict, erect, dark-green; leaves 10-20 era. long', 2-5 ram. wide, rigid, glabrous; sheaths smooth, scarcely winged; ligule truncate; panicles 1 or 2, oblong, about 4.5 era. long; bracts foliaceous ; bractlets filiform-setaeeous, 3 era. long or less; staminate spikelets laneeolate, 4 ram. long; staminate scales laneeolatc-aeuminate, often purplish-tinged ; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, often purplish-tinged on the margin; hypogynium dark-purple, 3-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate, the margin pale; aehene 2 ram. long, white, ellipsoid, transversely verrueose, the projections pubescent. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION : ]n savannahs and along streams, Cuba. CuBA : Wright 3416, in part (Nu ; Havana, LeSn 2653, 5211 (NY), LeSn & de ta Torre 6327 (NY) ; Santa Clara, Britton, Britton, & Wilson 84 Brittonia 1936

6163 (NY), Ledn & Roca 8207 (NY) ; 0riente, Sharer 8357 (NY), Ekman 19108a (US), Wright 3802 (G, NY, US) ; Pinar del Rio, Le6n, Charles, & Bernard 4919 (NY), Le6n & Roca 7023 (NY) ; Matanzas, Le6n & Roca 8862 (NY). Wright 3416, on which S. bracteata var. ang~tsta Griseb. is based, is a mixture, part of it belonging here and part under S. setacea Poir.

83. Scleria tenacissima Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 175. 1855. Omoscleria tenacissima Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 181. 1842. Rhizome not seen; cults 20 cm. tall or much taller, scandent, branched, triquetrous, very scabrous on the angles; leaves 10-30 cm. long, 24 ram. wide, scabrous on the margins, pilose beneath and towards the base above; sheaths close, glabrous or pubescent, scabrous on the angles ; ligule short, rotund-obtuse, brown, pilose, rigid ; panicles 1-3 at the tips of the branches, few-flowered, the branches reflexed, the terminal panicle 3-5 cm. long, the lateral ones smaller, the rachis densely pilose; bracts foliaceous; braetlets setaceous, inconspicuous, scabrous; spikelets several in a fascicle, linear-oblong, 4 mm. long; scales lanceolate, acute or mucronate, pubescent; hypogynium obscurely 3-lobed, the margin somewhat reflexed; achene 2-3 ram. long, about equaling the scales, globose, reticulate-tuberculate, white. TYPE LOCALITY: "In silvis ad oppidum Barra do Rio Negro prov. ejusdem nominis et in graminosis udis silvaticis prov. Para~nsis" (Martius, type in BD). DISTRIBUTION: In woods, Brazil and Bolivia. BRAZIL: Par~%, Martius (BD); Spruce (BD, NY). BOLIVIA: La Paz, Buchtien 1234 (US).

84. Scleria scabriuscula Schlecht. Linnaea 20: 544. 1847. (P1. 2, f. 19.) Sc~eria schiedeana Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. 3: 494. 1845; not Sch]ect. Bot. Zeit. 3: 489. 1845. Scleria homonyma Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 179. 1855. Rhizome nodose, hard; culms 45-75 cm. tall, strict, rather slender, triquetrous, the angles scabrous, channeled; leaves few, remote, rigid, linear, 15-30 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the margins scabrous; sheaths loose, elongate, minutely puberulent, the angles scabrous; ligule ovate- triangular, obtuse, ferruginous-hairy on the margins; panicles terminal and axillary, few-flowered, the lateral on long slender peduncles, the entire inflorescence 5-6 cm. tall ; rachis compressed, angles scabrous ; bracts foliaceous; bractlets linear-setaeeous, scabrous, elongate, conspicuous; spikelets few, remote, lanceolate-oblong; scales purplish- 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 85 tinged, stramineous, the midrib green, scabrous, the staminate lanceolate, the pistillate orbicular, mucronate ; hypogynium narrow, obscurely 3-lobed, the lobes short, spreading, acute, appressed to the achene; achene exceeding the scales, 2-3 mm. long, subglobose, white, shining, umbonate, obscurely rugulose-reticulate, almost glabrous or somewhat hairy near the truncate base. TYPE LOCALITY : "In Mexico bei der Hacienda de la Laguna im Juli mit jungen Fruchten von Schiede gesammelt," Type in BD. DISTRmVTmN : Southern Mexico. MExico: Veracruz, Mi~ller 1906 (NY), Botteri 639 (US, G), Lieb- mann (C), Bourgeau 3198 (O) ; Chiapas, Nelson 3065c (US) ; 3050a (F) ; Hacienda de la Laguna, Schiede (BD). Through an error Schlechtendahl, in describing some new Mexican species of Scleria collected by Sehiede, gave the same name to two different plants (Bot. Zeit. 3 : 489. 494). For the second species he later published the name Scleria scabriuscula (Linnaea 20: 544. 1847). Overlooking the existence of the latter name, Steudel (Syn. P1. Cyp. 179. 1855) published the binomial Seleria, homonyma for the same species. 85. gcleria lagoensis Boeck. Vidensk. Meddel. 1869: 151. 1870. (P1. 2, f. 7.) Scleria moritziana Boeek. Linnaea 38: 460. 1874. "Caripe Venezuelae, Moritz hb. n. 645b." Rhizome thick, hard, nodose; culms 30-70 cm. tall, triangular, glabrous, channeled, the angles scabrous; leaves 10-30 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide. the margins and principal nerves very scabrous; sheaths finely pubescent; ligule short, ovate, dimidiate, obtuse, margin hairy; inflorescence terminal, branched, lax, also axillary and remote, on very long, slender peduncles, the fascicles few-flowered; bracts foliaceous; bractlets elongate, linear-lanceolate, attenuate; staminate spikelets linear-oblong, somewhat compressed ; staminate scales lanceo]ate, acute ; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, stramineo- ferruginous, sometimes purplish-tinged; hypogynium ring-like, 3- lobed, thelobes light-yellow, lanceolate, cuspidate or acute, appressed to the achene; achene 2-3 ram. long, ovoid, white, faintly reticulate, sparsely pubescent, shorter than the scales. TYPE LOCALITY: "In paludibus et pratis humidis, nunc etiam in marginibus silvarum juxta campos circa Lagoa Santa frequens," (Warming, type in BD). DISTRIBUTION : Wet soil in campos and borders of forests, Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. 86 Brittonia 1936

COLOMBIA : Magdalena, H. H. Smith 237 (NY, US, G, D, M, K, F). VENEZUELA: Sucre, Moritz 645b (BD, D). BRAZIL: Minas Geraes, Warming (C, NY, BD). BOLIVIA:La Paz, Buchtien 4283 (US).

86. 8cleria vaginata Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 179. 1855. (PI. 2, f. 5.) Scleria tonduzii Boeck.; Tonduz, Bull. Herb. Bolss. 3: 464, nomen. 1895; Allg. Bot. Zeitehr. 2: 160. 1896. Type locality, Costa Rica. (Tonduz slsl). Rhizome not seen; culms rigid, glabrous, about 1 m. high, sharply triangular, retrorsely scabrous on the angles, channeled; leaves 30-60 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, erect, overtopping the inflorescence, glabrous, scabrous on the nerves beneath and on the margins; sheaths glabrous, 3-winged, the wings scabrous; ligule rigid, 5-10 mm. long, rotund- obtuse, glabrous; inflorescence paniculate, purplish, elongate, oblong- laneeolate, much-branched, 10-20 cm. high, the panicles terminal and usually one axillary; rachis flexuous, angles scabrous or pubescent; bracts elongate, foliaceous; braetlets linear-subulate; staminate spikelets linear-oblong, 5 mm. long, few-flowered; staminate scales oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, purplish; pistillate spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the achene, purplish; hypogynium small, ring- like, hard, rough, yellow, purplish-tinged, obscurely 3-lobed; achene 3-4 ram. long, shorter than the scales, ovoid, smooth, shining, white tinged with purple. TYPE LOCALITY" Not known ("Am. septr, an ? austr."). DISTRIBUTION : Costa Rica to Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. COSTA RICA: Rio Tuis, Tonduz 8181, 11389 (US). BRAZIL: "Bra- silia? Pohl?" (BD). PERU" Junin, Schunke A74 (US). BOLIVIA: La Paz, Buchtien 1234 (US, G).

87. Scleria macbrideana Gross, Field Mus. PubL Bot. 11: 40. 1931. (P1. 2, f. 14.) Rhizome not seen ; eulms triquetrous, slightly scabrous on the angles, the portion seen 45 cm. long; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 3-5 ram. wide, almost glabrous except near the base, attenuate-acuminate; sheaths scabrous on the angles, very finely pubescent, the basal portion purplish; ligule short, rotund, the margin hairy; panicles several, terminal and on long slender rigid erect peduncles in the axils of the leaves, few-flowered ; the rachis scabrous on the angles ; bractlets linear- lanceolate, or subulate-setaceous; staminate spikelets few; scales ovate, mucronate, glabrous, purplish, margins ciliate; hypogynium obpyra- midal, 3-lobed, thick-eoriaceous, irregularly undulate, yellowish-red; achene conspicuously exserted, conic, 3 ram. long, minutely transversely white-pilose, deep-violet or the base often white. ~, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 87

COMMON NA~E : Cortadera. TYPE LOCALITY: "La Victoria on the Amazon River, dept. Loreto, Peru," (Llewellyn Williams 2571, type in F). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, L. Williams 2571 (F).

88. Sr flagellum-nigrorura Berg. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 26: 144. pl. 4. 1765. (P1. 2, f. 16.) Scleria flagellum ST. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce. 18. 1788; F1. Ind. Occ. 1: 88. pl. 3. 1797. Type locality, Jamaica. Scleria ~mrgaritifera Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 13. pl. 2. 1788 (fide ST. F1. Ind. Occ. 88. 1797). Carex flagellum Gruel. Syst. Nat. 2: 138. 1791. Based in Scleria flagellum ST. Scleria glabellum Poir. in Lain. Encyc. 7: 1, sphalm. 1806. Scleria nigricans J. & C. Presl; Presl, Rel. l~aenk. 1: 201. 1828. "Hub. ad Guayaquil," Ecuador (Haenke). Omoscleria flagellum Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 180. 1842. Based on Scleria flagellum ST. Scleria flagellum var. angu~tifolium Nees; Boeck. Linnaea 38: 504. 1874. Perennial ; culms robust, triangular, 1 m. or more tall ; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 5-10 ram. wide, very strongly retrorsely scabrous on the margins and midrib beneath, rigid; sheaths retrorsely scabrous on the angles, the faces woolly-pubescent, especially near the apex, purplish- tinged; ligule woolly, short, ovate, obtuse; inflorescence elongate, terminal and in the axils of 5 or more of the upper leaves, the rachis pubescent; bracts setaceous, hairy at base, scabrous, short; staminate spikelets 5 mm. long, more or less curved, solitary; staminate scales ovate-laneeolate, acuminate, purplish-brown; pistillate spikelets broadly ovate-ianceoIate, acuminate, purplish-brown, more or less finely pubescent, especially on the midrib; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes broad, rounded; achene 2-3 ram. high, smooth, shining, elliptic-globose, obtuse, dark purple-tinged or nearly white, especially where shielded from light, sometimes pubescent at base, exceeding the scales. ILLUSTRATIONS: Gaertn. Fruct. 1 : 13. pl. 2. 1788 ; Berg. Vet. Akad. ttandl. Stoekh. 26 : pl. 4. 1765 ; ST. F1. Ind. Occ. 1 : pl. 3. 1797. TYPE LOCALITY: "Habitat in Surinamo & Jamaica, in sylvis, inter vepres & arbores quibus fulcitur," type in S. DISTRIBUTION: In woods and thickets, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guiana and Brazil. VENEZUELA: Lower Orinoco, Rushy & Squires 91 (NY, US, G, BD, !V[, F). BRITISH GUIANA: Leng 324 (NY). BRAZIL: Matto Grosso, Moore 485 (NY) ; Rio de Janeiro, Wilkes Exped. (US, G) ; Freyreis (S). ECUADOR:Guayaquil, Haenke (P). The name Scleria flagellum-nigrorum Berg. has been applied first to one plant, then to another, since its first publication and its synon- 88 Brittonia 1936 ymy has presented one of the most puzzling problems to be confronted in the genus. This is all the more unfortunate, in view of the fact that Bergius intended it as the type species of the genus. Especially has it been confused by authors with Scleria secans (L.) Urban (see Symb. Ant. 9.. 169. 1900). Britton (Bull. Torrey Club 42. 489. 1915) states that his "examination of the type specimen of Schoenus secans L. in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, some years ago, showed that it was the same as Scleria reflexa HBK., and not the same as Scleria flagellum-nigrorum Berg." Through the kindness of Dr. Gunnar Samuelsson, of the Rikmuseum, Stockholm, I have been able to verify Dr. Britton's obser- vation and at the same time to determine the identity of Scleria flagellum-nigrorum. A number of specimens that have been accumu- lating in herbaria under various names for a century can now be labeled with certainty. The two species are quite distinct and it is difficult to see how the confusion arose. Scleria secans has white fruits, and a long membranaceous appendage to the ligule, while in Scleria flagellum- nigrorum the fruits are variegated with purple and the ligule is short and unappendaged. The latter species is also much more scabrous than the former. My examination of the type of Scleria nigricans Presl, which has remained practically unknown to students of the genus since the date of its publication (1828), shows it to be the same same as Scleria flagellum-nigrorum. Rusby & Squires 91, collected in 1896 along the lower Orinoco, has been widely distributed in herbaria and has remained a universal puzzle, since none of the specimens are fruiting. By its pubescent sheaths, woolly ovate obtuse ligule, extremely retrorsely-scabrous tapering attenuate-acuminate leaves and recurved staminate spikelets, it agrees with Scleria flagellum-nigrorum and, almost beyond a doubt, represents that species. 89. Scleria splitgerberiana ttenrard; Uittien, Rec. Trav. Bot. N~erl. 30: 190, 191. 1933. Rhizome not seen; culms more than 50 cm. tall, slender, sharply triquetrous, retrorsely-scabrous, the apex above the leaves purplish; leaves numerous and close together, 4-5 mm. wide, rigid, sub-erect, glabrous, the midrib beneath and the margins retrorsely-scabrous; sheaths wingless, the lower green and somewhat pilose, the upper purplish and essentially glabrous; ligule short, the margin purplish, ciliate; panicle loose, pyramidal or subcymose, purplish, the lower peduncles long and slender, suberect; spike]ets purplish, 1-3 in a group; scales purple, essentially glabrous; hypogynium stipe-like, 2 % 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 89 ram. long, much narrower than the achene, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes rounded; achene purplish-black, trigono-globose, 3 mm. high, subundulate, the ridges minutely pilose, the apex truncate, umbonate. TYPE LOCALITY : "Surinamo. In umbrosis prope Paramaribo, legit Splitgerber hr. 1070, Typus ! mense Maio 1838." Type in Herb. Lugd. Bat. 902, 94-338. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality, Splitgerber 1070 (NY, fragment from type). 90. Scleria stipitata Uittien, Ree. Tray. tlot. N~erl. 30" 190. 1933. Rhizome not seen; eulms slender, more than 50 era. tall, acutely triquetrous, the angles strongly retrorsely-scabrous; leaves scattered, about 5 ram. wide, rigid, strongly retrorsely-scabrous on the margins and on the midrib beneath, the uppermost exceeding the culm ; sheaths wingless, the angles strongly scabrous; ]igule short, the margin purplish-tinged, ciliate; inflorescence terminal and in the axils of 3 or 4 of the uppermost leaves, the lowest branches of each cluster spreading or reflexed; spikelets 5-12 in a cluster, about 5 ram. long; scales stramineous, the staminate lanceolate, acute, the pistillate broadly ovate, acute, membranous except for the strong midrib; hypogynimn stipe-like, 2 ram. long, narrower than the achene, yellowish-brown, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded, thick; aebene trigono globose, truncate, umbonate, white or gray variegated with purple, 3 ram. long, depressed- undulate-pustulate, the ridges sparsely pilose. TYPE LOCALITY : "Surinamo, in ripa Nickerie fluvii superioris legit J. W. Gonggrijp et G. Stahel, 21 II 1915 (n. 99~)." Type in U. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Gonggrijp & Stahel 994 (U). 91. Scleria melalettca/teichb.; Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 29. 1831. (P1. 2, f. 25.) Scleria eomm~ni.~ Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 71, in part. 1850 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 146. 1900). Scler~a pratensis var. melanocarpa Boeek. Vidensk. 3]IeddeI. 1869: 153. 1870. "Ad Lagoa Santa cure forlna typiea." Scleria pr~tensis var. mucronata Boeek. ms. (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 146. 1900). Rhizome horizontal, nodose, 4-8 ram. thick; culms 30-90 cm. tall, sharply triquetrous, essentially glabrous, the angles scabrous; leaves 20-30 cm. long, 3-10 ram. wide, scabrous, flat, 3-nerved, obtuse, glabrous; sheaths narrowly 3-winged, glabrous, wings scabrous; ligule up to 1 cm. long, pilose or glabrous, ovate-lanceolate; inflorescence terminal and axillary, of 1~t panicles, the lower pedunculate, simple or 90 Brittonia 1936

nearly so, the branches few-flowered, the rachis very scabrous on the angles, usually conspicuously deep-purple when mature; lower bract of the inflorescence leaf-like; bractlets lanceolate-subulate, scabrous, ciliate, green-purple; staminate scales lanceolate, red-brown; pistillate scales broadly ovate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, deep-purple; hypogynium depressed, 3-lobed, the lobes broad, rotund, dark-brown, the margin paler; achene 2 mm. long, smooth, shining, sometimes hairy near the base, mucronate, elliptic-globose, purplish-tinged to black (or white at the base).--A handsome species, the purple inflorescence forming a pretty contrast to the deep-green foliage. COMMON NAMES: Navajuela (Honduras), cut-grass (Tobago). TYPE LOCALITY: Hacienda de la Laguna, Surinam (Weigelt). DISTRIBUTION: Wet grassy plains and on banks along shaded streams, West Indies and continental tropical America. CUBA: Camaguey, Sharer 286 (US, NY); Pinar del Rio, Sharer 11917 (NY). JA~AicA: Harris 12623 (G, NY, US) ; Britton 882, 1439, 1598, 3361 (NY). PORTORICO: Fisher 36, 53 (US). GUADELOUPE: Duss 3824 (US). GRENADA:Broadway (G, NY, US, B). TOBAGO: Broadway 4016 (G, NY, D, F), Eggers 5498 (NY). MEXICO:Vera- cruz, Liebmann (NY), Purpus 5977 (G, US, NY), 7677 (US, G, NY, BD) ; Campeche, Lundell 1100 (NY) ; Hacienda de Jove, Liebmann (NY, G). BRITISgHONDURAS: Lundell 542 (US), Schipp 891 (NY). GUATEMALA: Izabal, J. D. Smith 1844 (US, NY), Standley 23699 (NY, US, G), Deam 76 (G, NY) ; Zaeapa, Deam 432 (G, NY) ; Alta Verapaz, Pittier 205 (US), Tuerckheim (G, US, Nu HONDURAS: Cort@s, Carleton 566 (US) ; Atlantida, Standley 54790 (US) ; Santa Barbara, Thieme ~26 (US); Highland Creek, Puerto Sierra, Wilson 29 (NY). COSTARICA: LimSn, Pittier 4207, 9747 (US), Tonduz 8230 (US) ; Guanacaste, Standley & Valerio 45766 (US) ; Puntarenas, Pittier 4482, 10635 (US), Tonduz 3589 (US) ; San Jos6, Pittier 3326 (US); Rio Zhorquin, Tonduz 8529 (US); Tuerrique, Tonduz 12903 (US) ; Hacienda de Zent, United Fruit Co. 296 (US) ; Mano de Tigre, Pittier 4640 (US); Chirripo Farm, Pittier 16076 (G, US), Kuntze 2098 (Nu PANAMA: Canal Zone, Hayes 137 (G, Nu Kuntze 1935 (NY), Dodge 3488 (G), Pittier 2122 (US) ; Colon, Fendler 358 (G, US) ; Panama, Standley 26700 (US), Stork 43 (US) ;Bocas del Toro, Dunlap 204 (US), Cooper 125 (NY) ; Chiriqui, Hiteheoek 8371 (US). COLOMBIA:Caquetfi, E. Perez A. 674 (US); M6ta, Pennell 1519 (G, US, NY) ; Choc6, Archer 1991 (US) ; E1 Cauca, Pittier 562 (US); Antioquia, Toro 395 (NY). VENEZUELA:Delta Amacuro, 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 91

Rusby & Squires 335 (G, US, NY, BD), Bond, GiUin & Brown 200 (US) ; Sucre, Broadway 390 (NY, US, G), Bond, Gillin & Brown 4 (NY). TRINIDAD:Hitchcock 10305 (US), Britton & Hazen 245 (G, US, NY), Kuntze 852, 629 (NY), Broadway 2399 (F). ]~RITIStI GUIANA : Hitchcock 16674 (G, US, NY), De la Cruz 1636 (G, US, NY), Jenman 404 (US), 4366 (US, NY), Schomburgk (US), Graham J58 (US, NY), Linder 70 (G). DVTCg GUIANA: Kuyper (US), Schweinitz (NY), Kappler 321a (S), Hering (Ph). FICENCtIGUIANA: Leprieur 6 (NY), Broadway 427 (US, NY), Moricand (D). BRAZIL: Para, Dahlgt'en & Sella 72 (NY), GSldi (G, US, NY), 1082 (US); Rio de Janeiro, Forssell 287 (S), D~ts6n 133 (G, US), S~o Paulo, Holway & Holway 2011 (US), Minas Geraes, Warming (C, BD). :ECUADOR: Esmeraldas, Thomas L23 (K). PERU: Huanuco, Macbride 4547 (US); Junin, Killip & Smith 26530 (US, NY); Loreto, Killip & Smith 27219 (US, NY), 29100 (NY), Llewellyn Williams 363 (US). BoLIvIA: La Paz, Buchtien 333 (NY, US); Santa Cruz, Steinbach 5319 (US, M), 6860 (S). It is possible that this may be only a color variant of the next species.

92. Scleria pterota Presl, Isis 21: 268. 1826. (P1. 2, f. 18.) Schoeuuv latifolius Vahl, Enum. 2: 226. 1806 (fide Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 338. 1837). Scleria lat~folia Sieber; Presl, Isis 21: 268. 1828 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 482. 1874). Scleria asperata Presl, Isis 21: 268. 1828. Scleria ~t~argaritifera Presl, Isis 21: 268. 1828 (fide Boeck. Linnaea 33: 482. 1874). Dichromena vahlii Dietr. Sp. P1. 2: 169. 1833 (fide Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 147. 1900). Scleria affinis Pres]; Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2. 2: 542. 1841. Seleria communis Kunth, Enum. P]. 2: 340, pro parva parte. 1837 (fide Clarkc, Symb. Ant. 2: 146. 1900). "Brasilia, Bahia, Martinica, Jamaica, et ?Nova Kollandia (an patria a Sieb. recte notata ?)." Scleria seIloana Schrad.; Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 179, as syn. 1842. Seleri~ conspersa Sellow; Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 179. 1842. Scleria pratensis Lindl.; Nees, Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. 19: Suppl. l: 121. 1843. Scleria simplicior Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 169. 1855. "Rengger legit in Para- guay. ' ' Scleria ottonis Boeck. Linnaea 38: 490. 1874. Type locality, Cuba (Otto Z~9 ). Scleria flagellata Sw.; Boeck. Linnaea 38: 506, as syn. 1874. Seleria pittieri Boeck.; Tonduz, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 7, nomen. 1895. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 159. 1896. "In Costarica leg. H. Pittier." Scleria bolivia~a Palla; Buchtein, Contrib. F1. Boliv. 1: 90, name only. 1910. Rhizome thick, nodose, elongate, usually purplish-brown; culms 0.5-3 m. high, rather slender, erect, glabrous, sharply triangular, 92 Brittonia 1936

slightly rough on the angles; leaves 1t 15 cm. long, 5-15 ram. wide, obtuse, glabrous, margin scabrous; sheaths narrowly 3-winged; ligu]e 4-10 mm. long, ovate-triangular, margin cartilaginous, pilose; inflorescence green or yellow-brown, sometimes purplish-tinged, the panicles 3 or 4, axillary and terminal, the rachis minutely pubescent or glabrate, triquetrous ; panicles pyramidal, 5-15 cm. high ; braeteal leaf foliaceous, equaling the stem; bractlets filiform, setaceous-capiliary; spikelets greenish-brown or purplish-tinged; staminate scales laneeolate, aeumi- hate; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, the tip frequently recurved, usually straw-colored, sometimes purplish-tinged; hypogynium depressed, 3-lobed, the lobes broad, rounded, ciliate or glabrous; athene 1.5-2.5 ram. long, smooth, white or yellow-brown, depressed-globose or sometimes pointed, apex subumbonate. ILLUSTRATIONS: Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2 (1) : pl. 23. 1842 ; Schniz- lein, Iconogr. 1 : pl. 43, 43a. 1845 ; Publ. Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 124. 1900. COMMON NAMES: Razor-grass, cortadera. TYPE LOCALITY: Porto Rico. DISTRIBUTION : :In boggy meadows and wet clearings throughout the West Indies and continental tropical America; common. CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Sharer 358 (NY), Ekman 17475 (US), Le6n 4531 (NY), Earle 745 (US, NY), O'Donovan 523.1 (US, NY) ; Santa Clara, Ledn & Clgment 6602 (NY), Britton & Wilson 272 (NY), Ledn 891 (US), Jack 8105 (US) ; Isla de Pinos, Palmer & Riley 899 (NY, US) ; Havana, Van Hermann 367 (NY) ; Oriente, Clement 543 (NY) ; Calajabas, Otto 299 (BD) ; Retiro, Wright 723 in part (G, US, NY, S, BD). JAMAICA: Rothrock 415 (NY), Harris 12217, 12430, 12449 (NY, US, G), Britton 453, 4001 (NY), Alexander in 1850 (G), Bertero in 1831 (BD). HISPANIOLA:HaYti, Leonard 7553 (US), 7954 (US), 9652 (US, G), Ekman H. 2283, H. 4327 (US), Leonard & Leon- ard 12315 (US) ; Dominican Republic, Paris 143, 167, 564 (US), May- erhoff in 1859 (BD), Eggers 1758 (BD). PORTORICO: Sintenis 4954 (BD), 6639 (S), Hioram (G), Underwood & Griggs 249 (US, NY), Heller & Heller 15 (US, NY), Britton & Cowell 888 (US, NY), Sharer 3154 (US, NY). ST. THOMAS : Millspaugh 506 (US), Britton & Marble 1342 (US, NY), Eggers 181 (G, US), 190 (BD). ST. JAY: Britton & Sharer 275 (US, NY), Bertero (iV[). TORTOLA:Britton & Sharer 832 (US, NY), Fishlock 344 (NY, G). ST. CnoIx : Ricksecker 416 (G, US, NY). SARA." Boldingh 1750b (NY). ST. KITTS: Britton & Cowell 115, 176 (NY), Herb. Swartz (S). ANTIGUA: Rose, Fitch, & Russell 3285 (US, NY). MONTSERRAT: Sharer 199 (US, NY). GUADELOUPE: 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 93

Duss 3112, 3824 (US, NY), Madiana (NY), Forsstr6m (S), Duchas- saing (BD), Husnot 41 (BD). MARTINIQUE:Duss 4518 (NY, G), Forsstr6m (S), "ex Museo Paris" in 1822 (BD), Husnot 41 (BD), Hahn 1539 (BD), Braun 269 (BD), Sieber 269 (BD). ST. LUCIA: Glasgow 12 (US), Kemp 21 (US, NY). ST. VINCENT : Smith & Smith 88 (NY), 707 (G). BARBADOs:Dash 459 (NY, US). MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Purples 5977 in part (NY), Pital, Liebmann (C, BD). GUATE- MALA: Escuintla, J. D. Smith 2226 (US, NY, G); Alta Verapaz, Popenoe 886 (US). SALVADOR: San Salvador, Calderon 795 (US, NY), Standley 19528 (US, NY, G); Sonsonate, Standley 22347 (US, NY, G) ; Finca San Nicolas, Calder6u (US). COSTARIeA: Guanacaste, Pittier 2715 (BD, US) ; Lim6n, Standley 36652 (US) ; San Jos~, O. Jimenez L. 626 (US) ; Buenos Aires, Tonduz 4886 (US). PANAMA: Hayes B22 (S); Panama, Killip 4047, 4061 (US), Standley 26570 (US) ; Bay Islands, Standley 28029 (US) ; Canal Zone, Standley 28432 (US) ; Marraganti, R. S. Williams 1035 (US, NY). COLOMBIA:Antio- quia, Toro 322 (US) ; E1Valle, Holton 107 (NY, G) ; Magdalena, H. H. Smith 2195 (NY, G, US); San Andres Is., Toro 40 (NY). VENE- ZUELA: Bolivar, Curran & Haman 709 (C). TRINIDAD:Hart (NY), Trin. Bot. Gard. Herb. 1873 (US). FRENCH GUIANA: Sagot 897 in part (G), Broadway 212, 390 (US, NY), 633 (NY), Jelski (BD). BRAZIL: Blanchet 162 (S) ; Minas Geraes, Claussen 660 (G, NY) ; Rio de Janeiro, Wilkes Exped. (G), Riedel 909 (US), Holway 1849 (NY, US), Widgren in 1842 (S), Glaziou (BD), De Moura 951 (BD), Bur- chell 1598 (G) ; Bahia, Salzman~ (US, G) ; !V[atto Grosso, Maline (S), "Br~sil meridional", Dupre in 1842 (NY). GALAPAGOSISLANDS: Stewart 1089 (US, NY, G), Baur 320 (G). BOL~WA:La Paz, Rushy 79 (NY), R. S. Williams 963 (NY), B~tchtien 1236 (US) ; Santa Cruz, Kuntze 106b (US, NY) ; Rosario Hacienda, Royaz, Mulford Biol. Ex- ped. 1224 (US). PARAGUAY:K~entze in 1892 (NY), Morong 246 (NY, US, G), Hassler 491 (NY, K), 8667 (K, G), JOrgensen (G), Endlish (BD), 107 (BD), Fiebrig (G). ARGENTINA: Formosa, Jorgensen 3312 (G). Examination of the types of S. ottonis Boeck., S. Pittieri Boeck., and S. communis Kunth, and a eotype of S. boliviana Palla, shows that these names are to be regarded as synonyms of S. pterota. 93. Scleria longigluma Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 56: Beibl. 125: 22. 1921. (P1. 2, f. 1.) Rhizome eoarse, nodulose; eulms 1 m. tall and taller, coarse, channeled, triquetrous, sparsely pi]ose or glabrous; leaves shorter 94 Brittonia 1936 than the culm, flat, 30-50 cm. long, 8-20 ram. wide, glabrous or sometimes ciliate on the margins and principal nerves, slightly scabrous or often quite smooth; sheaths loose, often dark-purple, glabrate or pilose; ligule broadly ovate-obtuse, the margin cartilaginous or membranaceous; panicles narrow, branches few, erect, densely flowered, terminal and axillary in the upper sheaths, the terminal panicle 5-7 cm. long; peduncles ancipital; bracteal leaf foliaceous; bractlets elongate, 2-5 cm. long, long-pilose, scabrous; staminate spikelets densely clustered, linear-oblong, 1 cm. long; pistillate spikelets densely clustered, obovoid; staminate scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, hispid; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, often dark-purplish on the margin, strongly keeled, the keel hispid-pilose, long-awned, stramineous; hypogynium scutellate, polished, conspicuous, obscurely 3- lobed or almost entire, dark-sanguineous or black; achene 4-6 ram. long, oblong-ovate, shorter than the scales, white or discolored, smooth, obscurely trigonous. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, "Amazonas: 1~io Branco, Parime: Auf Sumpfcampo bei der Serra de Paracaima," (Ule 8066, type in BD). DISTRIBUTION: Swamps in campos, Brazil to northern Argentina. BRAZIL: Amazonas, Ule 8066 (BD); Matto Grosso, Pl. Itin. Reg- nell. II. 3458 (S). PARAGUAY: Hassler 8889 (K), 10144 (BD, K), Fiebrig 6298 (BD, G). ARGENTINA: Missiones, Ekman 1303, 1318 (S). 94. Scleria mexican~ (Liebm.) Boeck. Linnaea 38: 500. 1874. (P1. 2, f. 11.) Diploseyphus mexicanus Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 262. ]850. Scleria chimborazensis Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 60. 1908. "Mexico. Cordova, F. Miiller n. 2207; Eucador. Chimborazo, in pede montis, alt. 900 in., Spruce; Colombia. Santa Maria, tl. tt. Smith nn. 2196, 2521.'" Rhizome not seen; eulms erect or ascending, 2-3 m. high, sharply triquetrous, serrate-scabrous on the angles, not pubescent; ]eaves about 25 cm. long, 1-3.2 cm. wide, distant, flat, 3-5-nerved, very scabrous on the margins, glabrous, the apex attenuate-acuminate; sheaths glabrous below, densely appressed-pilose near the top, very scabrous on the angles; ligule short, depressed-ovate, cartilaginous-margined, pubescent; panicles terminal and in the axils of the uppermost ]eaves, open, oblong, 10-20 cm. long, raehis scabrous; bracteal leaf foliaceous; bractlets conspicuous, setaceous, 10 era. long or less, very scabrous; staminate spikelets 3-4 ram. long, unisexual, subsolitary, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat compressed; pistillate scales keeled, red- brown, glabrous, broadly ovate, the midrib excurrent, o'reen; staminate scales ovate-lanceoiate, brown; hypogynium obpyramldal, white, 3-lobed, the lobes very short, Undulate, thick, reflexed, yellow-straw- 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 95 colored, the margin glabrous, entire; achene 4-5 ram. long, white, shining, ovoid , apiculate, exceeding the scales. TYPE LOCALITY: "Voxer i Skove og Krat i Mexicos ostlige warm- tempercrte Region imellem 2-3000'; jeg fandt den red Huitamaleo i Mai, Mirador i November" (Liebmann). Type in C. DISTRIBUTION: Thickets and borders of forests, Mexico to Colombia and Ecuador. MEXICO: Chiapas, Nelson 3380 (US); Vera Cruz, P~trpus 6223 (US, G. NY), Mi~ller 2207 (NY), Scha]]'ner 255 (BD), Liebmann (D, BD); tIuitamalco, Liebmann (C). NICARAGUA:Segovia, Liebmann (C). COLOMBIA: Magdalena, H. H. Smith 2196 (NY), 2591 (NY, US, G); E1 Valle, Killip 11196 (G, NY, US). ECUADOR: Sodiro 199/53 (BD). 95. Scleria setuloso-ciliata Boeck. Flora 65: 30. :1882. (P1. 2, f. 23.) Rhizome none or very short, roots fibrous; culms 0.4-1.5 m. tall, stout, compressed-triquetrous, channelled, retrorsely scabrous on r angles; leaves 15-30 cm. tong, 10-20 ram. wide, scabrous on the margins and veins beneath; sheaths winged, the wings very scabrous, nerved; ligule short-rotund-obtuse, margin membranaceous; panicles about 3, usually 5-10 cm. high, terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves, rachis ciliate; bracts foliaceous, 10 era. or more long; bractlets linear, very scabrous-ciliate on the margin, elongate; pistillate spikelets stramineous, acuminate-lanceolate, acute, scabrous-ciliate on the margin and keel; staminate spikelets stramineous, ]anceolate, acuminate, scabrous-ciliate; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes appressed, rotund, the margins crenulate, white, the base dark-lined; aehene 3-4 ram. long, ovoid, white, smooth, shining, mucronate. TYPE LOCALITY: Mazatenango, Guatemala (Bernoulli 567). Type in BD. DISTRIBUTION: Moist places and cultivated fields, Cuba and Mexico to Brazil. CUBA : Havana, Van Hermann 70 (NY), Baker 2016 (G, NY, US), Curtiss 532, as Scleria madrugana Britton (G, NY, US), Le6n 1741, 7544 (NY), Wilson 1073 (US, G, NY); Santa Clara, Le6n 14905 (NY); Oriente, Ekman 6637 (NY); Matanzas, Earle & Baker 2426 (NY); Pinar del Rio: Ekman 17305a (US). MEXICO: Veracruz, Purpus 8256 (G, NY). GUATEMALA:Suchitep6quez, Bernoulli 567 (NY), Bernoulli & Curio 1010 (S, BD) ; Alta Verapaz, Tuerckheim in 1901 (NY, US, G). PANA~IA: Canal Zone, Standley 26926 (NY, US), Bethel (NY). BRAZIL:Par~, GSldi 1087 (US, NY). 96 Brittonia 1936

96. Scleria secans (L.) Urban Symb. Ant. 2: 169. 1900. (P1. 2, f. 10.) Schoenus secans L. Syst. ed. 2: 865, excl. syn. Rumpf. 1759. Carex lithospermeb L. Syst. cd. 12. 618, in part. 1767 (fide Sw. F1. Ind. Oec. 1: 88. 1797). 2choenus lithospermus L. Sp. P1. ed. 2. 1: 65, in part. 1762 (fide Sw. Ind. F1. Occ. 1: 88. 1797). Arundo farcta Aubl. P1. Guian. 1: 52. 1775 (fide Polr. in Lain. Encyc. 7: 1. 1806). Scleria reflexa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 232. 1816. "Crescit louis planis humidis Novae Andalusiae prope Cumana et Bordones." Scleria caricifolia Schrad.; Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1) : 177, as syn. 1842. Mastigoscleria reflexa Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 177. 1842. Based on Scleria reflexa HBK. Scleria renggeriana Steud. Syn. P]. Cyp. 173. 1855. Type locality, Paraguay. Scleria weigeltiana Schrad.; Boeck. Linnaea 38: 504, as syn. 1874. Rhizome perennial; culms 3-10 m. long or longer, spreading or high-climbing, sharply triquetrous, angles roughened or very scabrous; leaves 2-5 ram. wide, linear, elongate, acuminate, the midrib and margins scabrous, glabrous or usually pubescent above near the base, sometimes pilose beneath; sheaths retrorsely scabrous, pubescent towards the apex; ligule usually conspicuously scarious-appendaged, rotund-ovate, glabrous, dark-brown, the margin irregular, lacerate; inflorescence terminal and axillary in the upper leaves, the peduncles villous on the angles, loosely branched; bracts foliaceous; bractlets capillary-setaceous, villous; spikelets reflexed; pistillate scales ovate, acute, glabrous, very dark-purple to black; hypogynium flat, suborbicular, subentire, the margin reflexed, undulate; achene 2-4 ram. long, globose-ovoid, white, smooth, shining, usually minutely white- pubescent, as long as the scales or nearly so. COMMON NAMES: Baboen-nefi (Dutch Guiana), razor-grass, cortadera (Cuba), monkey's razor (Jamaica). ILLUSTRATION: Sloane, Hist. Jam. P1. 77, f. 1. TYrE LOCALITY: Jamaica. Type in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION : Wet thickets and savannahs, West Indies and Mexico to Bolivia. CUBA: Santa Clara, LeLn & Roca 8044 (NY), Luna 605 (NY); Oriente, Underwood & Earle 1404 (NY). JAMAICA: Fredholm 3338 (US, NY), Hart 1511 (NY), Underwood 3378 (NY), Harris 7084 (NY), 12264 (NY, US, G), 12591 (US, NY, G), Britton 2258 (NY). I-IIsPANIOLA: Haiti, Leonard 9314 (US, NY, G), Nash & Taylor 1137 (NY), Ekman H. 2801 (US) ; Dominican Republic, Abbott 531, 776, 2538 (US), Wright, Parry & Brummel 594 (US), Eggers 1681 (US). PORTO RIco: Britton & Cowell 1402 (NY, US), Kuntze 316 (NY). MONTSERRAT: Sharer 346 (US, NY). GUADELOUPE: Duss 3825 (NY, 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 97

US). DOMINICA: Lloyd 624 (NY). MARTINIQUE: Hahn 691 (US, G), Duss 444 (NY). GRENADA: Broadway (NY, G). MEXICO: La Isleta Maloapan, Liebmann (NY, G). BalTIS~ HONDURAS: Lundell 569 (US, G).-:-GUATEMALA: Izabal, Kellerman 6241 (US), Standley 24682 (US, NY), 24949 (US), Deam 71 (G, US, NY) ; Alta Verapaz, Tuerckheim II. 923 (G, US, NY); Suchitep6quez, Bernoulli 570 (NY). COSTARICA: Lim6n, Tonduz 9008 (US) ; Puntarenas, Tonduz 10079 (US); Cartago, Orsted (C). PANAMA: Canal Zone, Hayes 126 (G), 544 (NY) ; Bay Islands, Pittier 3616 (US) ; Chiriqui, Pittier 5245 (US). COLOMBIA: Choc6, Archer 1935 (US). VENEZUELA: Delta Amaeuro, Rushy & Squires 329 (G, US, NY, BD). TRINIDAD: Britton, Britton & Hazen 421 (US, NY, G) ; Trin. Bot. Gard. Herb. 1277, 3339 (US), Broadway (NY). BRITISH GUIANA: Hitchcock 17256 (US, G, NY), Graham 280 (US, NY). DUTCH GUIANA: Host- mann 837 (G, D), Schweinitz (NY), Kappler 837 (S), Gleason 120 (US, NY). FRENCH GUIANA: Broadway 352 (US, NY), Sagot 1396 (G). BRAZIL: Pohl (D), Burchell 9273 (G), GSldi 1086 (US); Bahia, Salzmann in 1840 (G, US); Rio de Janeiro, Burchell 1844 (G), L. B. Smith 1356 (G), Weddell in 1843 (NY); Minas Geraes, Warming (NY, C), Santa Catharina, Ule 967 (US). ECUADOR: Highlands of Cali and Quilichao, Lehmann 5743 (US, NY) ; "prope Chipiaque," Andrg 993 (NY). PERU: Loreto, Killip & Smith 27552 (NY), 26947 (NY) ; Junin, Killip & Smith 24881 (NY) ; San Martin, Llewellyn WiUiams 6381 (NY). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Steinbach 5308 (US, NY, M) ; La Paz, Buchtein ~29 (US) ; Guanai, Rusby 152 (US, NY), 177 (US, NY); R. S. Williams 921 (NY). PARAGUAY: JCrgensen 3585 (C). The synonymy of this common tropical species, long confused with S. flagellum-nigrorum, is discussed under that species. I see no reason for separating S. reflexa from the present species, and that widely- used name hence lapses into synonymy. "Climbing over shrubs and trees, very sticky and cutting; festoons over vegetation along edge of forest, road, or clearing, forming a complete covering" (Hitchcock ms.). "Growing in clumps of 10-25 culms which climb amongst and over trees to a height of 40 feet or over. A very formidable plant ; the culms and leaves cutting the flesh like a knife" (Harris ms.). 97. Scleria canescens Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 1: 37. 1888. (Pl. 2, f. 9.) Perennial by rhizomes; culms sharply triangular, 6-10 dm. long, robust, many-leaved, strict, rigid, erect or ascending; leaves 15-45 cm. 98 Brittonia 1936

lonk, 6-10 mm. wide, rigid, linear, scabrous beneath and on the margins; sheaths wingless, scabrous on the angles, often purplish; ligule short, hairy, rotund; inflorescence dense, brown, 20 era. or less high, of 2-4 panicles; bracts setaceous; spikelets 3-4 ram. long; bractlets setaeeous; scales finely eaneseent, purplish, broadly ovate; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes short, broad, reflexed, pale-yellow; athene 3-4 ram. long', smooth, shining, ellipsoid to subglobose, white apieulate. TYPE LOCALITY: "Portorico, prope Guayama... invenit O. Kuntze. ' ' DISTRIBUTION: Mountain forests and wooded arroyos, Porto Rico; endemic. PORTO RICO: Sintenis 1383 (NY, US), Heller & Heller 1090 (US, NY), Britton, Stevens, & Hess 2432 (NY, US), Sharer 3317 (US, NY), Kuntze 504 (NY), Britton & Brunet 7654 (NY), Wolcott (NY), Britton & Britton 9537 (NY), Whetzel & Olive (NY), Britton, Cowell, & Brown 5544 (NY). 98. Scleria stenophylla Core, Brittonia 1: 242. 1934. (P1. 2, f. 24.) Rhizome not seen; culms 50 cm. tall or taller, scandent, triangular, branching, slightly roughened, very slender ; leaves 15-20 cm. long, 2-3 ram. wide, retrorsely scabrous on the margins; sheaths pubescent or glabrate; ligule triangular-lanceolate, membranaeeous, irregularly lacerate; inflorescence paniculate, terminal or also in the axils of one or two of the uppermost leaves, the rachis sub-compressed, somewhat pilose, the terminal panicle 4-8 cm. high, the branches strongly divergent; bracts elongate, setaceous; staminate spikelets 3-4 ram. long; staminate scales lanceolate ; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, stramineous to ferruginous, the margin purplish-tinged, the midrib green; hypogynium a narrow ring-likeborder, the margin undulate, reflexed, brown; achene 3 ram. long, elliptic-oblong, finely ~vhite- pubescent, white, smooth. TYPE LOCALITY: Edge of forests, "Buena Vista" to "Piperal," southeast of Quetame, dept. of Cundinamarca, Colombia (Pennell 1682, type in NY). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality, Pennell 1682 (NY, US, G, M, K).

99. Scleria scabra Willd. Sp. P1. 4: 315. 1805. (F1. 2, f. 8.) Scleria porphyrorhiza Wright; Sauv. Anal. Aead. Cienc. Habana 8: 155. 1871. "En los pinares de la Vuelta de Abajo, cerca de Pinar del Rio," Wright. Scleria lobula~a Palla, Denks. Akad. Wien 79: 197. 1908. Type locality, Campinas, Brazil, Campos Noqzaes 1.32~. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 99

Rhizome very thick, hard; culms 30-50 cm. tall, triangular, rough on the angles; leaves ]5-30 cm. long, 3-4 ram. wide, scabrous on the margins, erect, rigid, equaling or exceeding the culms; sheaths glabrous, narrowly winged, the wings scabrous; ligule bearing a large, lanceolate, membranaeeous, obtuse appendage nearly I cm. long, the base bi-auriculate ; inflorescence a single terminal panicle 3-5 cm. high, the branches short, ascending, the rachis pubescent; bracts 10-15 cm. long, 4-5 ram. wide at the base, much overtopping the culm, scabrous on the margins; bractlets linear-setaeeous, elongate; staminate spikelets solitary, long-peduncled, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4 rum. long; scales stramineous, acuminate or mueronate, the staminate lanceolate, the pistillate ovate-lanceolate; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, acute, rigid, upright, thick, wrinkled; aehene rotund-ovoid, apieulate, obscurely trigonous, minutely puberulent, white-yellow, smooth or very faintly rugulose, equaling or exceeding the scales, 3 ram. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cumana, Venezuela (Humboldt). Type in BD. DISTRIBUTION : Woods, Cuba to Venezuela and Brazil. CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17858 (G, US), 18063 (NY), Wright (G, NY). VENEZUELA:Sucre, Humboldt (BD). BRITISH GUIANA: Sehomburgk (G). BRAZIL:S~o Paulo, Campos Novaes 1324 (US, V), Amazonas, Spruce (NY). The type of Willdenow's species is now sterile, the inflorescence having been broken off. C.B. Clarke, who saw it in December, 1890, notes that it is the same as Spruce 1254. From the vegetative habit, I am inclined to agree with him, but it is then apparently inseparable from the Cuban plant called Scleria porphyrorrhiza Wright, which must now be placed under the older name. S. lobulata Palla, the type of which I have seen, also belongs here. 100. Scleria retroserrata Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 56: Beibl. 125: 21. 1921. (P1. 2, f. 13.) Annual with fibrous roots; culms 30-40 cm. high, extremely slender towards the apex, triangular below, compressed above, usually purplish near the apex, the angles retrorsely scabrous; leaves ]0-20 cm. long, 2 ram. wide, rigid, erect, long-attenuate, the margin scabrous; sheaths glabrous; ]igule short, ovate, obtuse, hairy; inflorescence paniculate, tax, few-flowered, the rachis slender, purplish ; bracts linear- setaeeous, elongate, the base purplish; bractlets linear-setaceous, elongate, the base purplish; spikelets few, remote; scales lanceolate-ovate, aristate, pale, purplish-tinged; hypogynium dark-purple, obscurely 100 Brittonia 1936

lobed, the lobes broad, the margin pale, reflexed; achene 3 ram. wide, white, shorter than the scales, ovoid, smooth, shining, obtuse at the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, "Amazonas: Rio Branco, Surumu, auf nassem Campo dcr Serra do Mel" (Ule 8064, type in BD). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Ule 8064 (BD).

101. Scleria anceps Liebm. u Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 257. 1850. (P1. 2, f. 27.) Perennial by rhizomes; cu]ms 3-5 dm. tall, triquetrous, slender, flexuous, the angles scabrous; leaves remote, about 2 ram. wide, scabrous on the margins and on the midrib beneath; sheaths essentially glabrous, triquetrous, very narrowly winged; ligule short-ovate, rigid, brown, hairy; peduncles 1-3, terminal and remote in the axils of the leaves, aneipital, few-flowered, the lateral peduncles capillary, long-exserted; bracts foliaceous, overtopping the culm; bractlets linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, ciliate on the margins and on the midrib beneath; spikelets 3-5 mm. long; staminate scales lancco- late, red-brown, mucronate; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, mueronate, purplish-tinged; hypogynium white, tinged with purple, distinctly 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, the margin undulate; aehene 2-3 ram. long, white, apiculate, ovoid, smooth. TYPE LOCALITY: "Denne nye Art fandt jeg ikkun et Par Gange i Savaner i Potrero de Consoquitla i Selskab med efterfS]gende Art, og blomstrende i October." Type in C. DISTalBUTION : Known only from the type locality, Mirador, Mexico, Liebmann in 184143 (C).

102. Scleria lacustris Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 152. 1871. (P1. 2, f. 6.) Roots fibrous; culms retrorsely scabrous, triquetrous, 3-8 dm. high, robust; leaves 45-60 cm. long, 1-6 ram. wide, retrorsely scabrous, obtuse; sheaths narrowly 3-winged, purplish, retrorse]y strigose; ligule rotund, the margin membranaeeous; inflorescence paniculate, the branches ascending, rigid, axillary or terminal; lower bract of the inflorescence 4 era. long or less ; braetlets antrorse]y scabrous, setaeeous- subulate; staminate scales broadly lanceolatc, mucronate, purplish- tinged; pistillate scales broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, ciliolate on the margin, red-brown; hypogynium depressed, 3-lobed, pale, the margin narrow, purplish; achene 3 mm. long, ovoid, white, smooth, shining, equaling or exceeding the scales. 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 101

TYPE LOCALITY: "En lagunas eerca Finar del Rio," Cuba (Wright). DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, in lagoons. CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17741 (NY) ; Wright (G, NY, US) ; Santa Clara, Le6n, Fortun, d; Edmond 8610 (NY). Clarke (Urb. Symb. Ant. 9. : 144. 1900) lists Scleria junghuhniana Boeck. (Linnaea 38: 499. 1874) as a synonym of S. lacustris. I can discover no points of difference from Boeekeler's deseription, but not having seen the type of S. junghuhniana (Java, "in humidis planities prope Awu Awu, Junghuhn) I am unable to place it definitely. In view of its remoteness, geographically, from S. lacustris, which is apparently endemic to Cuba, I would suspect them to be distinct. lo3. ~eleria scindens Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834. (P1. 2, f. 15.) Scleria seaberri~na Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 2: 41. 1890. "In insula St. Vincent invenit Eggers. ' ' Scleria chlorantha Boeck. Linnaea 38: 506. 1874. Type locality, St. Domingo, Mayerhoff. Rhizome thick, nodose ; culms 0.5-3.5 m. tall, in large colonies, erect or elongate and vine-like, rigid, essentially glabrous, triquetrous, robust, the angles roughened; leaves 60-80 cm. long, 5-10 ram. wide, rigid, very scabrous on the margins and on the nerves beneath, sub- eoriaeeous, acuminate, fiat, overtopping the culm; sheaths very sea- brous on the angles, narrowly winged, minutely pilose ; ligule depressed- ovate, glabrous, the margin cartilaginous; inflorescence paniculate, dense, pyramidal, rigid, minutely pilose throughout, 2-12 era. high, the branches short, occasionally with 1 or 2 smaller panicles in the upper axils; braets at base of the terminal panicle usually 3, large, foliaeeous, overtopping the culm; braetlets setaeeous, scabrous; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, abruptly mueronate, the margins eiliate; spikelets short-stalked or sessile ; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes broad, rounded, reflexed, light-yellow; athene 2-3 ram. long, globose, white, smooth, minutely apieulate. COMMON NAME : Razor-grass. TYPE LOCALITY: "Antilles." DISTRIBUTION: Moist thickets, West Indies. CUBA: Oriente, Hioram & Maurel 2414 (NY), Shafer 1743 (NY, US), 8014, 8164 (NY), Ekman 14747 (NY), LeSn, Cldment & Roca 10009 (NY), Wright 726 (G, NY) ; Santa Clara, Le6n & Clgment 6603 (NY). HISPA~'IOLA: Haiti, Ekman H. 9932 (US) ; Dominican Repub- lie, Mayerhoff in 1859 (BD). TORTULA: Britton & Sha[er 822 (US, NY), Fishlock 91, 379 (NY). VIRCdN GOROA: Fishlock 326 (NY). 102 Brittonia 1936

ST. KITTS: Britton & Cowell 178, 370 (NY), Walwyn in 1852 (US), ForsstrLm (S). GUADELOUPE: Duss 3110, 3111 (Nu DOMrNICA: Lloyd 206a (NY). MARTINIQUE:Duss 446 (NY), 5417 (NY, US). ST. VINCENT: Smith & Smith (NY), Eggers 6877a (US). My examination of the types of S. scaberrima Boeck. and S. chlorantha Boeck. shows them to be conspecifie with S. scindens Nees. 104. Scleria clarkei Lindm. Bih. Sv. Yet. Akad. Handl. 26(9) : 32. 1900. (P]. 3, f. 36.) Rhizome short; culms somewhat robust, 6-9 dm. tall, hairy; lower leaves reduced to mere sheaths, the upper numerous, 30-45 cm. long, 5- 10 ram. wide, sparsely short-white-hirsute ; sheaths hirsute ; ]igu]e short, ovate, obtuse, hirsute; inflorescence paniculate, narrow, the branches few, erect; rachis hirsute; panicles terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves, the axillary on elongate, slender, erect peduncles; bracteal leaf foliaceous; bractlets elongate, linear-subulate, attenuate, hirsute; spikelets 5 ram. long, lanceolate; staminate scales purplish- brown, Ianceolate, mucronate, hirsute especially on the keel; pistillate scales purplish-brown, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, hirsute on the keel; hypogynium olivaceous-stramineous, 3-lobed, the lobes narrow, acute; achene 3 mm. long, ovoid, smooth, shining, white, apiculate. ILLUSTRATION: Lindman, Bih. Sv. Vet. Akad. Itandl. 26(9) : pl. 8. 1900. TYPE LOCALITY : "Exp. I. Regn. A, 3289, Matto Grosso, Buritizinho sub montibus Sierra do Itapirapuan, in campo glareoso, April, 1894 ( Lindman ) . DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, Matto Grosso, Brazil. Exp. I. Regnell. A. 3289 (S). Scleria clarkei De Wild. (Bull. Soe. Pot. Belg. 9: 130. 1927), an African species, is an entirely different plant and needs a new name. 105. Scleria wrightiana Boeck. Flora 64: 79. 1881. (P1. 2, f. 17.) Scleria elata Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 153. 1871; not Thwaites Enum. P1. Zeyl. 353. 1864. Rhizome horizontal; cu]ms slender, 0.5-2 m. tall, sharply triquetrous, glabrous; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, linear, 3-nerved, glabrous ; sheaths glabrous, often purplish ; ligule rotund-ovate, pilose, 3 ram. long; inflorescence paniculate, few-branched, terminal and 1 or 2 axillary, the terminal one 5-10 cm. high, the others smaller; bracts linear; bractlets setaceous-subulate; spikelets oblong; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, short-mucronate, purplish; hypogynium 3-lobed, the 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 103 lobes thick, wrinkled; achene 2 ram. long, elliptic-globose, white, shining, minutely apieulate. TYP~ LOCALITY: "En sabanas humedas; Retiro, el Salado, juris- diccion de San Crist6bal; Guan~mar, Colon," Cuba, Wright. DISTRIBUTION : Cuba. CUBA: Wright 3805 (G, NY, US) ; Havana, Ledn 3344 (NY), Le6n & Cesaire 8.947 (NY) ; Matanzas, Ledn & Roca 8833 (NY) ; Pinar del Rio, Earle 7 ~0 (NY, US), Ekman 16679 (NY), Le(Sn 4577, 5147 (NY), Sharer 10416 (NY, US); Santa Clara, Fernando 479 (NY), Le6n Cazanas 5905, 5925 (NY), Le6n & Lo~tstalot 9341 (US); Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 235 (G, US), Taylor 63 (G, NY, US) ; "Antilles," ex herb. D. C. 180 (Nu

:ExcLUDED AND DOUBTFUL SPECIES S. adar Stead. Syn. F1. Cyp. 177. 1855. -- Lagenocarpns axTamantinns Nees. S. albo-nigra A. St. Hil. Voy. Distr. Diam. 1: 371. 1833.=Lc~genocarpus albo- niger Clarke. •. aurico~Ta Otto; Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2. 549. 1830. C'N. America. '~ Nomen nudum. S. brel~iana Sehlecht. sphalm. = S. buvkiana Schlecht. S. b~ekiana Sehleeht. Bot. Zeit. 3: 491. 1845. Brazil. t have not been able to locate the type of this species, which seems to be related to S. nzyricocarpa. S. ca~npestris Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 178. 1855.= Cryptangiur campestre Boeck. S. capitata Willd. Sp. P1. 4: 319. 1805.=Diplacrum capitatun~ Boeck. Linnaea 38: 435. 1874. S. cinvta Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 177. 1855.=Rynchospora tenuis Link. S. clandestina t~eiehb, in herb. C. Spreng. =Calyptrocarya fragifera Nees (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 431. 1874). S. cy~nosa Boeck. Vidensk. Meddel. 1869: 155, 158. 1870.=Becquerelia cymosa Brongn. Ann. Set. Nat. 28: 421. 1833. S. de*~ifolia Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 178. 1855.= Cryptangium densifolium Boeek. S. discolor Boeck. Linnaea 38: 541. 1874.= Becquerelia discolor Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 362. 1837. S. di, aricata Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834.=Beeq~erelia divarieata Palla, Denks. Akad. Wien. Math. Nat. 79: 198. 1908. S. fasciculata Willd.; Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 301. 1837.=t~ynehospora eephalotes Vahl. S. foveolata Cav. Ic. 5: 35. 1799. I have not seen the type. Standley (Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 283. 1931) believes it is the same as S. panicoides Kunth. S. guianensis Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 177. 1855.=Lagenocarp~us gvianensis. S. hostmanniana Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 178. 1855. = Cryptangium leptocladwm Boeck. S. humilis Steud. Syn. F1. Cyp. 178. 1855.= Cryptangi~m humile Boeck. S. jenman~ Clarke. This name, on a sheet in the National Herbarium, Jen~an 6~18, was intended for Hypolytru~ jenmani Clarke. S. junciformis Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 365. :1837.= Cryptangium junciforme ]3oeck. ( Lagenoearpus strictu, var. juncif or~nis H. Pfeiff.). S. kunthii Mic1. Serf. Exot. 4. pl. 2. 1842.= Cryptangiu~ leptocladu~n Boeck. S. lasiocarpa Hoehst.; Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 319. 1855.=Calyptrocarya angustifolia Nees, Linnaea 9: 304. 1834. S. leptocladia Poepp. & Kunth Enum. F1. 2: 355. 1837.= Cr!Iptangium leptocladu~n Boeck. (Lagenocarpus strictus var. leptocladus H. Pfeiff.). S. ~nelicoides Sehlecht. Linnaea 26: 127. 1853. "Perennis 2-4' in savannas ]ateris meridionalis Sillae de Caracas, alt. 4-5000'." I have not seen the type. 104 Brittonia 1936

8. merkeliana Clarke, Illus. Cyp. pl. 133. 1909. = Beequerelia merkeliana Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 191. pl. 27. 1842. S. mierodiscus Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 175. 1855.=Rynchospora berteroana Boeck. S. minarum Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 178. 1855. = Cryptangium minarum Boeck. S. minutiflora Rich.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 831. 1826.=1~hynchospora micrantha Vahl. S. muricata Boeck. Linnaea 38: 540. 1874. = Becquerelia muricata Nees, in Mart. F1. Bras. 2(1): 192. 1842. S. nana Boeek. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 158. 1896.=Diehromena nana (Boeck.) Core, Brittonia 1: 243. 1934. (Dichromena minarum Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 32. 1908. Based on Glaziou 20043. collected in Brazil). S. notoptera Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834.=15teroseleria guianensi~ Nees (Dip- lacrum notopterum Clarke). S. palmetto Rchb. in herb. C. Spreng.= Calyptrocarya fragifera Nees (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 431. 1874). S. phyllomacra Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 173. 1855.= S. ~nacrophylla Presl? I have not seen the type. "Achenio (pisi magnitudine) albo lapideo globoso reticu- lato-rugoso vix mueronato glabro .... Ex Herbo Urvillei sine loco natali." S. poeppigii Steud. Syn. Cyp. PI. 171. 1855. (Hy~enolytrum Nees). Brazil. I have not seen the type. S. polyphylla Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 178. 1855.= Cryptangi~lm polyphyllum Boeek. S. pygmaea Nees; Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 313. 1827.=Rynchospora micrantha Vahl. S. rigida Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 355. 1837. =Lagenocarpus rigidus 1Vees. S. schenckiana Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 2: 31. 1890. "Perigynio nullo. Species peculi- aris. In Brasiliae prov. Minas Geraes invenit H. Schenck." If this belongs in this genus, it must be a representative of the section ltypoporum; it is perhaps not a species of Seleria. I have not seen the type. S. stricta Kunth, Enum. P1. 2: 355. 1837.=Cryptangium uligi/nosum Schrad. (fide Boeck. Linnaea 38: 420. 1874). S. topazina Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 177. 1855. = Lagenoearpus topazinus Nees. S. tremula Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 177. 1855.=Lagenocarpus tremulus Nees. S. tristis A. St. Hil. Voy. Distr. Diam. 1: 370. 1833. "S. eulmo triquetro, glabro, levissimo ; foliis acutissimis, rigidissimis, asperis; pedunculis ci]iatus; capitu]is masculis ovatis. '~ Brazil. I have not seen the type. S. tuberc~ulata Boeek. Linnaea 38: 540. 1874. = Becquerelia tubereutata H. Pfeiff. Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 379. 1922. S. velutina Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 177. 1855. = Lagenocarpus velutinus Nees. S. viridifolia Steud. Syn. P1. Cyp. 177. 1855.=Lagenocarpus martii Nees.

EXPLANATION 01~ PLATE I Achenes of Scleria: 1. panicoides 14. curtissii 2. cypvrinoides 15. alpina 3. eolorata 16. pauciflora 4. oligantha 17. n~yricocarpa 5. acanthocarpa 18. macrogyne 6. sellowiana 19. sprucei 7. stipulari~ 20. ramosa 8. olyroides 21. triglomerata 9. eiliata 22. mitis 10. arguta 23. balansae 11. arundinacea 24. bracteata 12. plusiophylla 25. obtusa 13. cyperina 26. latifolia 2, 1 Core: The American Species of Scleria 105

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2 Achenes of Scleria: 1. longigluma 17. wrightiana 2. huberi 18. pterota 3. coriacea 19. scabriuscula 4. havanensis 20. stereorrh~za 5. vaginata 21. williamsii 6. lacu~tris 22. violaeea 7. lagoensis 23. setuloso-ciliata 8. scabra 24. stenophylla 9. caneseens 25. melaleuca 10. secans 26. setacea ll. mexivana 27. anceps 12. warmingiana 28. pilosissima 13. retroserrata 29. reticularis 14. maebrideana 30. hirta 15. scindens 31. neogranatensis 16. flagellum-nigrorum 32. brittonii

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 Achenes of Scleria: 1. baldwinii 21. hirtella 2. lithosperma 22. killipiana 3. georgiana 23. composita 4. leptostaehya 24. virgata 5. cuyabensis 25. macrophylla 6. trinetorum 26. pusilla 7. minima 27. motemboensis 8. catharinensis 28. filiculmis 9. burchellii 29. micrococca 10. valdemuricata 30. lindleyana 11. bourgeaui 31. di~tans 12. scabrosa 32. eggersiana 13. spicata 33. uleana 14. castanea 34. microcarpa 15. qJertieillata 35. sehiedeana 16. interrupta 36. clarkei 17. purdiei 37. cubensis 18. aromatica 38. sororia 19. variegata 39. phylloptera 20. doradoensis CORE: AMERICAN SPECIES OF SCLERIA BRITTONIA 2, NO. 1

Q~ Q

PLATE I CORE: A!~ERICAN SPECIES OF SCLERIA BRITTONIA 2, NO. 1

l",;,' ,',,~,/,~;,/

"~--J12

~l~ I( I ~t I I ,~"/!,/'i '~',~''

f',i,', i., ,,.!:,;>i} ~,~, ~,,,;,,, ,,,,,;',,),

PLAT]~ 2 CORE: AMERICANSPECIES OF SCLERIA BRITTON[A2, NO. 1

PLATE 3