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Solar Thermal Energy for Cooling and Refrigeration : Status and Perspectives

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Solar Thermal Energy for Cooling and Refrigeration : Status and Perspectives Solar Cooling International conference Solar Thermal Energy For Cooling and Refrigeration : Status and Perspectives Intersolar Fair, München, 13/06/2012 Daniel Mugnier TECSOL Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Contents conference 1. Introduction cooling Solar 2. Technical status 3. Energy performance Intersolar 4. Market status 5. Economic viability 6. Perspectives and R&D challenge 7. Conclusion Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Introduction : World air conditioning market conference cooling Source : BSRIA, 2012 Solar In 2011, the World market is Intersolar representing… Dakha, Bangladesh ; Source : Superstock Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Introduction Overall approach to energy efficient buildings in Europe conference . Assure indoor comfort with a minimum energy demand cooling Solar 1. Reduction of energy demand Building envelope; ventilation 2. Use of heat sinks (sources) in Ground; outside air (T, x) the environment directly or indirectly; storage Intersolar mass 3. Efficient conversion chains HVAC; combined heat, (cooling) (minimize exergy losses) & power (CH(C)P); networks; auxiliary energy 4. (Fractional) covering of the remaining demand using Solar thermal; PV; (biomass) renewable energies Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Introduction on Solar Cooling Evolution From World exhibition in Paris : First ice block conference through solar energy SCIENCE (1878) cooling Solar Source : Olynthus Verlag Intersolar To Banyuls sur Mer … TECHNOLOGY (1991) Europe 52 kW – 130 m² Still running nominally Source: TECSOL To UWCSEA in Singapore … MARKET (2011) 1500 kW – 4 000 m² Asia Source : SOLID Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Contents conference 1. Introduction cooling 2. Technical status Solar 3. Concepts & Energy performance 4. Market status Intersolar 5. Economic viability 6. Perspectives and R&D challenge 7. Conclusion Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Solar thermal cooling - basic principle conference cooling Solar Intersolar Basic systems categories Closed cycles (chillers): chilled water production Open sorption cycles: direct treatment of fresh air (temperature, humidity) Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Closed cycles – water chillers or ice production Liquid sorption: Ammonia-water or Water-LiBr conference (single-effect, double-effect, future triple-effect) cooling Solar Solid sorption: silica gel – water, zeolite-water Intersolar Ejector systems Thermo-mechanical systems Turbo Expander/Compressor source: website Kawasaki AC-Sun, Denmark in TASK 38 Heavy Industries Pte Ltd Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Open sorptive cycles – desiccant air handling units conference Air treatment in an open cycle cooling Solid sorption Liquid sorption Solar Desiccant wheels Packed bed Coated heat exchangers Plate heat exchanger Silica gel or LiCl-matrix, LiCl-solution: thermochemical Intersolar future zeolite storage possible ECOS (Fraunhofer ISE) in TASK 38 Mature components available available components Mature & support measures for Solar Cooling support& formeasures Task 48 : Quality assurance Technical status Technical (both solar and refrigeration, A/C) refrigeration, and solar (both Intersolar Solar cooling conference – 13/06/2012 Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 Sorption cooling – Direct air treatment (open Type of system Water chillers (closed thermodynamic cycles) thermodynamic cycles conference Physical phase of sorption Liquid Solid Liquid Solid material cooling Silica gel, zeolite, Solar Sorption Lithium- Lithium- Water Lithium-bromide Zeolite Silica gel cellulose / material chloride chloride lithium- chloride Intersolar Refrigerant Ammonia Water Water Water Water Water Water Cooled Desiccant Type of cycle 1-effect 1-effect 2-effect 3-effect 1-effect 1-effect 1-effect sorption rotor process 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.5 - COP range 0.5 - 0.75 0.65 - 0.8 1.1 - 1.4 1.6 - 1.8 0.7 - 1.1 0.6 - 0.8 0.75 0.75 0.75 Driving 70 … 100 140 … 200 … temperature 120 70 … 100 65 … 90 65 … 90 65 … 90 60 … 85 60 … 80 180 250 range, °C …180(1) Solar collector FPC, ETC FPC, FPC, FPC, FPC, ETC, FPC, ETC, FPC, ETC SAT SAT technology(2) SAT(1) ETC ETC ETC SAHC SAHC 1: high temperature lift 2: FPC = flat plate collector; ETC = evacuated tube collector; SAT = single axis tracking collector; SAHC = solar air heating collector Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Technical status conference Mature components available (both solar and refrigeration, A/C) cooling Main progress made in last decade Solar Small scale heat driven chillers Increasing number of high efficient double and – recently – triple Intersolar effect absorption chillers Development of systems using single-axis tracking solar collectors Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – High-temperature applications . Increasing number of systems using conference single-axis concentrating collectors (parabolic trough, Fresnel) in combination cooling with thermally driven chillers (150°C … Solar 200°C) • Double-effect chiller with high conversion Wine cooling in Tunisia (MEDISCO) efficiency (Coefficient of Performance Intersolar COP 1.1…1.3) • Single-effect chiller with high temperature lift for low cooling temperatures (e.g. ice production) and high heat rejection temperatures (dry cooling towers) Solar cooling for a hotel in Turkey . Application in sunny regions for (SOLITEM) buildings (e.g. hotels) or industrial application (e.g. cooling of food, ice production) Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – High-temperature applications Example : Footbal Stadium conference in Dubai cooling Solar Intersolar Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Technical status conference Mature components available (both solar and refrigeration, A/C) cooling Main progress made in last decade Solar Small scale heat driven chillers Increasing number of high efficient double and – recently – triple effect absorption chillers Intersolar Development of systems using single-axis tracking solar collectors Main technical shortcomings are still on system level Energy efficient heat rejection system Energy management Bottleneck: good trained technical staff almost not available Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Contents conference 1. Introduction cooling 2. Technical status Solar 3. Concepts & Energy performance Intersolar 4. Market status 5. Economic viability 6. Perspectives and R&D challenge 7. Conclusion Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Influence of solar fraction of driving heat Target zone for conference high system design cooling Solar Intersolar low negative energy saving compared to conventional system conventional to compared saving energy low medium high solar fraction of driving heat to operate thermally driven cooling Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Influence of electricity consumption of auxiliary components Best conference practice high Also found in practice cooling Solar Intersolar low negative energy saving compared to conventional system conventional to compared saving energy low medium high overall electricity consumption of auxiliary components (fans, pumps, …) Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Cold production and Temperature “lift”: arid regions conference Heat rejection cooling Medium temperature, TM Solar Arid Continental Regions climate TM = 40°C TM = 28°C Intersolar Heat supply High T Low T High temperature, T lift lift H Tc = +5°C Tc = -10°C Cold production Low temperature, TC Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Energy performance Many systems lead to measurable energy savings when conference compared to a best practice conventional reference solution cooling Best values of overall electric COP range up to 6-8, which Solar means that 6-8 kWh of useful cooling are produced with 1 kWh of invested electricity Intersolar Target value for electric COP > 10 However: also many systems do not achieve these values in practice due to Non-optimal design Non-optimal operation (e.g. control, part load) Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Example of performing concept in 2011 Building block in Montpellier, France conference 2 parts : building A & B (mini district) cooling Building A : 11 000 m² for offices and shops Solar Building B : 10 600 m² with 167 dwellings Intersolar Both production of Domestic Hot Water and Cooling Safe solar production : drainback strategy (freeze & overheating protections) Energy performance : Electrical COP of… 17 ! Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 DHW distribution – Solar production conference cooling Solar Intersolar Cold production Drainback system Anti legionnella adiabatique cooling tower Task 48 : Quality assurance & support measures for Solar Cooling 13/06/2012 – Contents conference 1. Introduction cooling 2. Technical status Solar 3. Concepts & Energy performance Intersolar 4. Market status 5. Economic
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