REFLECTIONS ON CHINESE URBAN-RURAL INTEGARTION DEVELOPMENT OF -: THE CASE OF

1YONGHONG HU, 2GUANYUANLI, 3MINGHUAHUANG

1,2,3Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,P.O. Box No.62,13 YanTa Road, Beilin , Xi’an, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract- Nowadays, China has already entered into the stage of urban-rural integration development. Narrowing the gap between urban and rural development has become an important problem. Due to the big differences of geographical location, natural conditions, development resources, there should be a variety of ways of regional urban-rural integration development. In the practice of urban-rural integration development, many regions of China have formed a development model which concentrated population, industry and land resources in space ("three concentrations"). This "three concentrations" development may have great significance in plain areas, but it has great inadaptability to Qinling-Daba Mountains which has complicated natural conditions. Aiming at the existing problems of Chinese urban-rural integration development, this paper discusses the possible ways to promote the urban-rural integration development in mountainous areas, combines with the specific characteristics and problems of Lueyang County, Province in Qinling-Daba Mountains area.

Keywords- Qinling-Dabamountains,Urban-Rural Integration,Circular Economy,Life Circle.

I. INTRODUCTION disasters is serious. The per capita net income of farmers in the area is lower than the national average. Since the reform and opening up, China has been The farmers’ property is less, their accumulation of accelerating the process of industrialization, production is less, and their ability to resist the urbanization and modernization. However, restricted market risk is week. There are many provincial and by historical conditions, the urban-rural dualistic prefectural dead end roads in the area, the railway structure which has formed in a long time has not network coverage is not enough and the traffic eliminated utterly. The situation of inharmony restriction is serious. At the same time, the area also between the workers and peasants, imbalance undertake the task of water resource protection, between urban and rural has not been change biodiversity conservation, water conservation, water- fundamentally. The residents’ income gap and the soil conservation and other major task in mid-route of development gap between urban and rural is South-to-North Water Transfer Project. The widening. Under this background, "city leads contradiction between development and protection is countryside, industry promotes agriculture, urban- obvious. Therefore, on the basis of Chinese national rural integration" has become an important strategy urban-rural integration development experience, which breaks the urban-rural dualistic structur. The exploring the sustainable urban-rural integration explorative practice of urban-rural integration development way in Qinling-Daba Mountains area development around China has gradually formed a has important practical significance. model of "the industry is centralized to the garden area, the population is centralized to community and II. THE EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS OF town, the land is centralized to large-scale URBAN-RURAL INTEGRATION management". This urban-rural integration DEVELOPMENT development model which is given priority to with "three concentrations" may be applicable in plain 2.1. Development Background areas, but it is difficult to realize the centralized 1. The macro background of urban and rural development in mountain areas in China. development Qinling-Daba Mountains area stretches from the From the point of the world urbanization eastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west development path, general countries have undergone to southwest of the North China Plain in the east, and five stages which are the polarization, separation, stretches across the Qinling Mountains and Daba antithesis, amalgamation, integration between urban Mountain in China. Its geomorphic type is dominated and rural. In the stage of antithesis between urban and by mountains and hills, with Hanzhoung, , rural, urbanization and industrialization rate is in Shangdan and Huicheng basin in the area. In the 30%-50% commonly. In the stage of amalgamation region of complex terrain, floods, droughts, between urban and rural, urbanization rate is in 50%- landslides and other natural disasters are prone to 70%, industrialization rate is in 40%-50% commonly. occur. The mountains area is one of the debris flow According to the judgment, the future will be an high incidence area in China, and poverty caused by important period to realize the urban and rural across

Proceedings of 7th ISERD International Conference, Hong Kong, 26th July 2015, ISBN: 978-93-85465-59-8 49 Reflections On Chinese Urban-Rural Integartion Development Of Qinling-Daba Mountains: The Case Of Lueyang County amalgamation to integration development in China. achieving narrowing the gap between urban and rural From the experience of industrialization in developed development. countries, a country will enter the middle stage of industrialization since per capita income reaches $700 (2) Main contents to $1500. Chinese per capita income has been more ① Urbanization. To expand the urban scale, than $1000, it shows that China has entered the improve the urban infrastructure and public services, middle stage of industrialization. From the point of attract and transfer of the rural population, realize the financial strength, politics was fed by agriculture in spatial transference of the rural population. the past, but it has entered the stage of feeding by ② Industrialization. To construct and develop industry and commerce now. all kinds of industrial park, create more jobs, realize 2. The policy background of urban and rural the non-agricultural transformation of rural development employment. Since the reform and opening up, China has had three ③ Agricultural scale. To promote the rural land major reforms about the development of rural areas. circulation, realize the scale and industrial From the implementation of rural household contract agricultural management, improve agricultural responsibility system in 1970s, to the exemption economic benefits, increase the income of rural agricultural tax in 2003, then to the promulgation and residents. implementation of regulation to the transfer of the ④ Rural centralized residence. To merge rural rural land contractual management right in 2005, it is settlements and implement the rural population marking that the rural development has entered a new centralized residence on the basis of large-scale historical period. In the new period of development, agricultural management. overall planning of the urban and rural economy ⑤ development, building modernized agriculture, Equalization of public services between developing the rural economy and increasing farmers' urban and rural areas. To speed up the influence of income have become the important task that building infrastructure and public service facilities in rural a well-offsocietyinanall-aroundway and building a areas, narrow the gap of public services development harmonious society around China. between urban and rural. 3. The formation of social supporting agriculture consensus (3) Main features That Chinese society cares and supports "the three "Three concentrations": the population is agriculture-related issues (agriculture, rural area, centralized to community and town, the industry is farmers)" has been formed consensus now. All centralized to the garden area, the land is centralized regions spare no effort to promote rural development. to large-scale management. Many regions has done a lot of beneficial exploration and accumulated valuable experience in urban-rural 2.3. Existing Problem integration development. The development The urban-rural integration development model experience of these regions has provided many whose main content is "three concentrations" has a beneficial references for other regions in urban-rural strong guiding significance to the development of integration development. plain areas and industrial economic relatively developed areas. But it has little reality instructional 2.2. Development Experience value to the backward economic, complex In the aspect of narrowing the gap between urban and topography and scarce construction land mountain rural development and promoting the development of areas. urban-rural integration, China has formed a relatively unified development model after a lot of exploration (1) Concentrated development is unrealistic Mountain and practice. Although various regions have residential construction conditions controlled by differences in the expression about urban-rural topography and geomorphology seriously, so integration development model, in general, their core constructing large-scale concentrated settlements in ideas or core contents mainly reflect in the following plain areas is not reality. Due to the limitation of respects: topography, cultivated land and forest land are dispersive and ruralareas don’t possess the conditions (1) Main ideas to realizing the mechanize farming. So it is Across the country urban-rural overall planning and impossibility to implement large-scale agricultural urban-rural integration planning in urban and rural management in ruralareas in China. Even if realizing planning, Its main idea is transferring and reducing the centralized residence reluctantly, the problem of the rural population and implementing the rural lacking industry supporting also exists. population centralized residence through the urbanization and industrialization to realizing the (2) Industrialization driving is not strong large-scale agricultural management, finally Industrialization is the important power of urbanization, the population transferring to urban is mainly supported by industrial jobs. But in

Proceedings of 7th ISERD International Conference, Hong Kong, 26th July 2015, ISBN: 978-93-85465-59-8 50 Reflections On Chinese Urban-Rural Integartion Development Of Qinling-Daba Mountains: The Case Of Lueyang County mountains, limited by the terrain, industrial arriving Xi'an in 4 hours, and arriving county town in development conditions are generally poor. In 2 hours from remote villages and towns. addition, mountains are often the ecological regions with water conservation. Even if industrial 3.2. Main Problems development conditions are favorable, there are (1) Landform restricts the urban and rural potential risks of ecological damage. development Lueyangcounty is located in mountains area where III. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND mountains are huge and gullies are deep, the PROBLEMS IN LUEYANG COUNTY topography is complex there and the land slope is steep there. The flat grounds which are suitable for 3.1. Main Characteristics construction and the gentle slopes whose slopeis less Lueyangcounty is located in the southwest of Shaanxi than 15 degrees are extremely rare. However, the province, south slope western part of Qinling scattered and small areas flat grounds lead to Mountains in China. It has certain representativeness dispersed living of rural residents, and infrastructures in Qinling-Daba Mountains. The county are inadvisable for scale configuration, service radius characteristics as following: of public facilities increases, so social costs also increase greatly. (1) Natural eco-environment is good Lueyang is (2) Natural disasters threaten the urban and rural located in south Qinling Mountains which is called safety Chinese "national central park". Its forest coverage Because Lueyangcounty is located in Qinling-Daba rate is as high as 45.2%, and it is one of the forest Mountains, geological environment and natural eco- counties in Shaanxi province. The place is rich in environment are fragile, and geological disasters are water resource, and it has formed a picturesque serious, such as floods, landslide, collapse, debris scenery stages. There animals and plants resources flow, and so on. It is a frequent geological disasters are rare and unique, varieties are rich, natural eco- county. environment is good overall. (3) Industry and mining development influences urban and rural ecological environment (2) Economic resources are rich The mining industry is relatively developed in the ①Mineralresources.Lueyangcounty is rich in county industry, but mining industry damages the mineral resources, and their varieties are various, environment seriously. Mine construction occupies a distributions are wide, reserves are large, grade is lot of land, at the same time, it is easier to cause high, mining is easy. The mining of these mineral natural disasters. The industries of metallurgy, resources greatly promotes the development of the building materials, chemical and electrical energy county industrial and mining enterprises. damage the ecological environment because the Hydroenergy reserves are 287 thousand kilowatt and facilities are lack of upgrade, pollution abatement is exploitation amounts are 186 thousand kilowatts in not timely, and so on. Lueyangcounty, its development potential is great. (4)Imbalancebetweenurbanandruralareas ② Biological resources. Many precious In addition to the natural conditions, the distinctions medicines such as eucommiaulmoides,gastrodiaelata, of traffic conditions and mineral resources ganodermalucidum, ginkgo, grifola, radix bupleuri, distribution cause unbalanced development between fructuscorni are planted in large area. different towns in Lueyangcounty. The villages and Eucommiaulmoides,, silkworm, edible fungus are towns along traffic lines can achieve better respectively listed as national, provincial and development. Under the exploitation of mineral municipal production base. resources and enterprise leading, their economic ③landscape resources. There are many unique strength is stronger. But in some remote towns, natural landscapes and historic scenic spots in the because their traffic is blocked and mineral resources county. The ancient plank road which is known as are scarce, few industries drive economy "Shu Dao" was one of the main traffic thoroughfares development. Moreover, due to the small scale across mountains and stations from and agricultural and the scattered layout, the people's Ganlong to Bashu in ancient, its cultural living standards are low. accumulation is extremely rich. (3) Traffic conditions have improved Baocheng IV. THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF URBAN- railway from south to north make Lueyang become a RURAL INTEGRATION DEVELOPMENT window of foreign exchange and a center of commercial activities of Kang county and 4.1. To Clear General Ideas chengCoutny in province in China. As the "ten In view of the characteristics and problems of days" high-speed completed and Lueyang section of Qinling-Daba Mountains in China, we should 309 provincial road was rebuilt, Lueyang town can highlight the following ideas to promote the realize the goals of arriving in 1 hour, development of regional urban-rural integration: (1) To give priority to protecting the eco-environment

Proceedings of 7th ISERD International Conference, Hong Kong, 26th July 2015, ISBN: 978-93-85465-59-8 51 Reflections On Chinese Urban-Rural Integartion Development Of Qinling-Daba Mountains: The Case Of Lueyang County It is necessary to clear division of all kinds of central villages and towns that are suitable for living reserves and prohibited development areas, and clear and employment. development and protection strategies of different areas to ensure that the eco-environment of the 4.2. To Optimize Development Goals county is good. In order to guarantee the county Industrialization and urbanization promote Chinese social and economic sustainable development, we social and economic development, at the same time, should structure a system with waste collection, they also bring a series of questions, such as transport and handling which is covering urban and pollution, food, psychic and mental problems of rural areas, and reduce the pollution of natural eco- urbanites. In rural areas, especially in the mountains, environment because of urban and rural development. on the one hand, it has agricultural functions, on the (2) To develop the specialty industries other hand, it has ecological functions. More According to the diversity of county resources and importantly, the country is the destination where the industry development trends, the local urbanites enjoy health preservation, sightseeing and government should not only emphasize the vacation. Due to the limitation of natural conditions, processing and logistics development in urban areas, compared to the rural areas in plains, the ones in but also attach importance to the specialty planting, mountains have been the place where urbanites travel breeding and tourism development in rural areas. It and all kinds of pollution-free food and vegetable should strengthen the industry correlation between produce. The agricultural function and tourism urban and rural areas and construct he circulatory function are affected by industrialization and economy industrial chain of urban-rural integration. urbanization less there. Through the industry linking and optimization in the Therefore, considering the point of advantage, the county, construct the specialty industry system of development goals of Qinling-Daba Mountains urban-rural integration, further strengthen the support should turn to the green ecological economy which of urban-rural accumulation development, and gives priority to eco-organic agriculture and eco- enhance the regional competitiveness of the county tourism from the mining economy. economies. Mineral resources are the advantage resources of (3) To improve the urban and rural traffic conditions Lueyang county, construction powerful industrial Relying on the construction of regional road skeleton county relying on mineral resources is the main goal and county-township-village road network, improve for a long time. But with proposing low carbon the road level and traffic capacity, and construct the economy and ecological economy, ecological comprehensive transportation system of roads and environment is a more outstanding advantage in railways combination to realize arriving the township mountains than the one in cities and plains. The from villages in half an hour and arriving the county ecological industry based on ecological environment town from the furthest township in two hours. is the competitiveness of mountains under the new (4) To promote the urban and rural public service development environment. Therefore, Lueyangcounty equalization should turn to ecological forestry and animal In order to realizing public services equalization husbandry from industry and pay attention to shape between urban and rural areas, it is important to push and publicize the new image of ecological county and public resources being covered rural areas form urban health preservation county on the aspects of areas, and speed up the construction of rural manpower, financial resources, development policy infrastructure and public facilities by adopting the and regional image. method of policy resources and launch in series, to improve the rural environment and farmers' living 4.3. To Optimize IndustrialStructure conditions. Efforts to achieve equalization (1) Turn to lay equal stress on both mineral development between urban and rural areas in processing and agriculture and forestry products education, culture, health, social security, and so on. processing from mineral processing Based on the (5) To optimize the urban and rural development county mineral resource, actively develop space exploitation and processing industry of circular Considering the natural ecological protection and mineral resources by adopting advanced technologies, geological disaster prevention, alleviating poverty by and promote the county economy development by migration and other factors, integrate the county resources industry. At the same time, in allusion to spatial distribution, lead the population migration to the advantage that forestry resources and animal the areas of industry well-development, small husbandry resources are rich, the local government geological disaster threat, good residential should pay attention to the cultivation and construction conditions. So that the industry development of processing industry of farm and development of urban and rural settlements has sideline products. It is both beneficial to enhance the support, infrastructures are complete, public service added value of agricultural products, and to expand facilities are sound, living environment is safe. employment, strengthen the economic strength Finally, create a high quality life circle whose core is finally.

Proceedings of 7th ISERD International Conference, Hong Kong, 26th July 2015, ISBN: 978-93-85465-59-8 52 Reflections On Chinese Urban-Rural Integartion Development Of Qinling-Daba Mountains: The Case Of Lueyang County (2) Turn to urban modern eco-agro-forestry from villages. These areas need to adjust the original traditional agriculture of self-sufficiency Mountain settlements continuously, and determine central traditional agriculture emphasizes self-sufficiency in village settlements by spatial reconstruction to form oil, grain and vegetable. The commodity rate of group settlements. For reserved and integrated agriculture and animal husbandry productions is very settlements, implement scale control and treatment in low because of the limitation of both production situ, and renew actively to form a good living concept and traffic location condition. But it is more environment and infrastructure conditions. limited by traditional consumption concept. The advantage of mountain products have not appeared yet compared with the products in other areas. Under the background of the high demand and high price of organic produce, mountain areas should take full advantage of environment and ecological planting and breeding industry. Facing the high spenders of metropolitan area, it is one of the key points of industry development in the future to Lueyangcounty to construct an ecological agricultural base with vegetables, eggs, milk and meat, form a modern agricultural mode of commercialization. Lueyang county should give full play to the advantage of forestry resources, animal husbandry and breeding industry, actively develop green pollution-free forestry products and livestock products, and make modern agriculture and forestry become an important industry(Fig.1).

4.4. To Optimize Urban and Rural System Fig.1. Urban and ruralindustrialstructure Based on the space structure of town concentrated, construct settlement concentrated. Urban space development axis are the town concentration areas, priority development areas, urbanization key areas of Lueyang county in the future. Thus these axis will become its main resident agglomeration zone in the future. Combining with the immigration policy of , and considering the geological hazards in Lueyangcounty, transfer and place the population in towns and villages in batches. Basicly follow the principle of reallocation in nearby areas and prior consider reallocation in town concentrated. At the same time, the layout structure of the settlements should fully consider the industry layout structure to provide strong support for the settlements development(Fig.2). Fig.2.Urban and ruralpopulation distribution guide

4.5. To Integrate Village Settlements (3) For removing new-type rural communities (1) For developing new-type rural communities For The villages located within the scope of ecological the existing central villages with large-scale preservation areas, water sources conservation areas population and greater development potential, they and large water conservancy inundated area, or the are suitable for centralism constructing new-type ones which need to move due to the large engineering rural central settlements to leading the villages which construction should regard government planning as are small and scattered to gather to the central the leading factor and move to surrounding towns or settlement. Configure the public service facilities center settlements. according to their own characteristics in the central (4) For resettlement new-type rural communities village settlements to meet the needs of development The villages located where geological disasters occur in agricultural processing industry, tourism and frequently should adopt the way of both government service industry. guidance and developers investment. Gradually move (2) For integrated new-type rural communities For to surrounding towns or center settlements according the rural areas of dense distribution and scale to the progress of project construction, and matching homogenization, they should be combined with the build according to the standards of urban resettlement “vaststretches of construction areas” of civilized eco- residential areas or central settlements.

Proceedings of 7th ISERD International Conference, Hong Kong, 26th July 2015, ISBN: 978-93-85465-59-8 53 Reflections On Chinese Urban-Rural Integartion Development Of Qinling-Daba Mountains: The Case Of Lueyang County 4.6. To Promote Urban and Rural Human hills and clear waters of Lueyang, to start and drive Settlement Environment transformation of the development in Lueyangcounty. According to the principle of “overall layout, manifestation of character, gradual implementation”, CONCLUSIONS Lueyangcounty should strengthen foundation, perfect function, form characteristic, and enhance the Chinese urban-rural integration is an important means capacity of radiation. Central villages ought to speed to narrow the gap between urban and rural up the supporting construction of roads, drainage, development and to realize the coordinated lighting and sanitation to reach the standards of “a development of urban and rural areas. Due to the road, a farmers market, a comprehensive unique natural geographical conditions of Qinling- supermarket, a kindergarten, a village clinics, a Daba Mountains, the problem of urban and rural farmers bookstore, a cultural square”. According to development is serious. They are the important water, electricity, road, air, house and environment, contents of urban-rural integration development to reconstruct projects and achieve the goals of “road clear its developing goals, develop ecological hardening, village brightening, courtyard purification, industry, adjust the structure of space system in urban landscaping, industry scale, culture basis and rural areas, highlight its development path with optimization, village-level leading group montanic feature and man-earth harmony. In the strengthening, farmers quality sublimation”, to process of urban-rural integration development of improving human settlement environment. Improve Qinling-Daba Mountains, to realize the conditions of agricultural production by the way of transformation from traditional mining economy to village road construction, irrigation and water modern ecological economy is the key of conservancy construction, land reclamation and development. Relying on the modern transportation, farmland improvement, small watershed to establish a life circle which is centered on center transformation, and so on. villages and center towns is an important way to solve the problems of population dispersion and 4.7. To Strengthen Human Resources Training supporting infrastructures less in mountains in China. Relying on the integrated services network of county, town and village (community), Lueyangcounty can REFERENCES realize four networks unifying which are employment, social security, labor inspection and 1. Sun Yizhi, “Qinling-Daba Mountains R&D selected papers of talents education, and provide integrated services of northwest agriculture university”, : Tianze Publishing House, 1993. both policy consultation and employment guidance 2. Yang Yuanliang, “Research on mountain forestry ecological for urban and rural workers. Build networks of economic system planning”, Beijing: China Forestry transfer employment information collection and Publishing House, 2001. publish for rural labors in county, town and village. 3. Li Bingdi, “Recognitions and reflections on urban-rural integration development”, City Planning Review, vol.28, Enhance training before output, employing and in- no.6, pp.9-19, 2004 service for rural labors, strengthen communication 4. XieHongxia, “The exploitation of Karst eco-tourism and contact with the cities and enterprises that be resources and eco-economy construction in Qin-ba transfered employments, and organize employment Mountains of Shaanxi province”, Territory and Natural Resources Study, no.1, pp.71-72, 2005. orderly for rural labors. 5. Zhao Gang, and Zhu Zhijun “Idea and practice of integrated urban and rural planning in ”, Urban Planning 4.8. To Carry OutRegional Overall Marketing Forum, no.6, pp.12-17, 2009. With the new idea of regional marketing 6. Yang Zhenzhi, “Coordination of urban-rural development and rural tourism”, Beijing: Science Press, 2010. development, establish county marketing ideas, take a 7. Luo Zhendong, and Zhang Jingxiang, “The spatial paths of variety of marketing methods, and propagandize the urban-rural integration: study on equalization development of development ideas, development goals, regional basic public service”, : Southeast University Press, images of Lueyangcounty. So that the outside world 2012. 8. Song Jingsong, “Three stages for urban-rural harmonious can cognize and approach Lueyang, and consumers development”, City Planning Review, vol.36, no.1, pp.33-37, can accept and like the organic produces, the green 2012.

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Proceedings of 7th ISERD International Conference, Hong Kong, 26th July 2015, ISBN: 978-93-85465-59-8 54