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A New Fossil Episinus (Araneae,Theridiidae) from Tertiary Chiapas Amber, Mexico

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A New Fossil Episinus (Araneae,Theridiidae) from Tertiary Chiapas Amber, Mexico ARTÍCULO: A new fossil Episinus (Araneae,Theridiidae) from tertiary Chiapas amber, Mexico Miguel Á. García-Villafuerte Abstract: Fossil inclusions in Mexican amber have been poorly studied to date. The fossil spider Episinus penneyi sp. n. (Theridiidae) is described from a mature male preserved in Tertiary (Miocene: 15–20 Ma) amber from Chiapas, Mexico and is most closely related to an extant species from Panama. It represents the first record of an extant theridiid genus from Mexican amber and adds a new locality record for this genus to the tertiary fossil fauna. Given the similarity of the Hispaniolan fossil (Dominican amber: Miocene: 15–20 Ma) and extant faunas and their proximity geographically and temporally to the ARTÍCULO: Mexican fossil and extant faunas, the new species supports the idea that fossil and extant Mexican faunas may also show close similarities. A new fossil Episinus (Araneae, Theridiidae) from tertiary Chiapas Key words: Palaeontology, new species, spider amber, Mexico) Taxonomy: Episinus penneyi sp. n. Miguel Ángel García-Villafuerte Un nuevo fósil de Episinus (Araneae, Theridiidae) del ámbar del Museo de Paleontología “Eliseo Palacios Aguilera” terciario de Chiapas, México. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología (IHNE), Resumen: Calzada de los Hombres Las inclusiones fósiles del ámbar de México han sido pobremente estudiadas Ilustres s/n. Parque Madero. hasta la fecha. Se describe una especie nueva de araña fósil Episinus C.P. 29000, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, penneyi (Theridiidae) de un macho adulto incluido en el ámbar del terciario de Chiapas; México. Chiapas, México y es el pariente mas cercano a una especie aun existente [email protected] de Panamá. Esta especie representa el primer registro del género theridiido viviente para el ámbar mexicano y además representa una nueva localidad de distribución del género a la fauna fósil del terciario. Dada la similitud de registro fósil de la Hispaniola (ámbar de Dominicana) y de las faunas recientes y también a su proximidad geográfica y temporal a los fósiles Revista Ibérica de Aracnología mexicanos y de faunas aun presentes en la actualidad, esta nueva especie ISSN: 1576 - 9518. apoya la idea de que los fósiles y faunas actuales en México actuales Dep. Legal: Z-2656-2000. muestran similitudes cercanas. Vol. 13, 30-VI-2006 Palabras clave: Paleontología, nueva especie, araña Sección: Artículos y Notas. Taxonomía: Episinus penneyi sp. n. Pp: 121-124 Introduction Edita: Grupo Ibérico de Aracnología (GIA) The spider family Theridiidae is one of the most species-rich families of Grupo de trabajo en Aracnología spiders, with 2,227 described extant species belonging to 86 genera de la Sociedad Entomológica (Platnick, 2006) distributed worldwide. They are commonly known as Aragonesa (SEA) irregular-cobweb weaving spiders, and are characterized by possessing a Avda. Radio Juventud, 37 non-rebordered labium, spineless long legs, and by having few cheliceral 50012 Zaragoza (ESPAÑA) Tef. 976 324415 teeth (Agnarsson, 2003, 2004; Knoflach, 2004). Most species have eight Fax. 976 535697 eyes, but a few have six, typically in species that are found in dark caves or C-elect.: [email protected] among the foliage of dense forest. Theridiids have three tarsal claws and almost all species posses a comb of strong serrated setae on the tarsus of the Director: Carles Ribera fourth leg (Coddington, 1986; Agnarsson, 2004), a useful character for C-elect.: [email protected] identifying theridiid spiders. Información sobre suscripción, índices, resúmenes de artículos on The irregular web architecture of theridiid spiders ranges from complex line, normas de publicación, etc., en: to somewhat simple (e.g. Benjamín & Zschokke, 2003). The genera Spintharus, Episinus and some Chrosiothes build small webs and prey on http://entomologia.rediris.es/sea/ tree-dwelling arthropods (Stowe, 1986). Given that amber-forming resin publicaciones/ria/index.htm shows a preference for trapping trunk-dwelling arthropods (Penney, 2002), Página web GIA: such behavior would make these spiders prone to preservation as fossils, and http://entomologia.rediris.es/gia indeed, all these genera are recorded as fossils in Dominican Republic amber (Wunderlich, 1988). Página web SEA: http://www.sea-entomologia.org Furthermore, Theridiidae is the most species rich family in terms of fossils described from both Dominican (15–20 Ma) and Baltic (44–49 Ma) ambers (see Penney & Langan, 2006: Table 1; Penney & Perez-Gelabert, 2002; Marusik & Penney, 2004). The family also occurs as fossils in ambers from Romania (30–35 Ma) (Protescu, 1937) and Japan (27,000 years old) (Nishikawa, 1974 [specimen described but not identified]). 122 Miguel Á. García-Villafuerte Fossil theridiids have also been recorded, but not TAXONOMY described, from Tertiary (44–49 Ma) Bitterfeld amber (Schumann & Wendt, 1989), (53 Ma) French amber Order Araneae Clerck, 1757 from the Paris Basin (Penney, 2006a) and Cretaceous Family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 ambers from Canada (76.5–79.5 Ma) (McAlpine & Genus Episinus Walckenaer, in Latreille, 1809 Martin, 1969) and Burma (100 Ma) (Rasnitsyn & Ross, 2000; Grimaldi et al., 2002). However, until these TYPE: Episinus truncatus Latreille, 1809. specimens are described their correct placement in the Recent species, widespread distribution. Theridiidae should be considered tentative, particularly those from the Cretaceous (Marusik & Penney, 2004). Episinus penneyi sp. n. Two non-amber fossils attributed to Theridiidae are (Figs. 1–3) known from the Tertiary of Aix-en-Provence (Gourret, DIAGNOSIS: The new species can be distinguished from 1888; Berland, 1939), however their generic and even the other Episinus species by the relative proportions of family placements are dubious (Marusik & Penney, the embolus, tegular apophysis and conductor and the 2004). Given the lack of demonstrable Theridiidae in the three strong, dorsal spines at the tip of the cymbium Cretaceous, the fact that all reliably identifiable theridiids in Baltic amber belong to basal subfamilies (Fig. 3). It is most similar to the extant Panamanian (Marusik & Penney, 2004), and that numerous higher species E. bigibbosus O. P.-Cambridge, 1896, but theridiid subfamilies occur in Dominican amber, differs from it in the structure and position of the tegular Marusik & Penney (2004) proposed that the origins of apophysis and embolus. In the extant species the base of Theridiidae were probably relatively recent, with major the tegular apophysis is wider, and distally the tegular radiations during the mid-Eocene to early Miocene (20– apophysis passes beneath the embolus, whereas in the 40 Ma) fossil species the tegular apophysis is distinctly shorter and does not reach the embolus. Mexican amber is another important palaeon- tological resource, but has been poorly studied relative HOLOTYPE: IHNFG-2895, male, in Chiapas amber, to other major deposits. The amber is found deposited in Mexico: Oligocene-Miocene, the only known specimen lignite beds associated with marine sandstones and (Eliseo Palacios Aguilera Museum of Paleontology of pollen. Pollen analysis suggests that the environment in the Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología (IHNE), which the amber was deposited was a complex of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico). mangrove vegetation from a shallow sea ecosystem ETYMOLOGY: In honor of Dr. David Penney (UK) for (Langenheim 1995). Poinar & Brown (2002) described his contributions to spider palaeontology and for his the extinct amber-producing tree as Hymenaea mexicana enthusiastic and friendly assistance. (Leguminoseae). DISTRIBUTION: Only known from the type locality. Spiders in Chiapas amber from Mexico have been described by Petrunkevitch (1963, 1971), Garcia- DESCRIPTION: Total length 2.00; carapace length 0.74, Villafuerte & Vega-Vera (2002), Garcia-Villafuerte & width 0.61; carapace dark yellow with a brownish spot Penney (2003) and Penney (2006b). Petrunkevitch or figure, inverted triangular form, ranging from the (1963) described two new species of Theridiidae from base of the ocular tubercle posteriorly for one third of Mexican amber, both of which he attributed to a new the carapace length (Fig. 2). fossil genus. In this paper I describe a new species, and Eight eyes, all arranged on an ocular tubercle, the first theridiid fossil preserved in Tertiary amber from diameters: AME 0.15, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, ALE 0.09; Chiapas, Mexico, which can be placed in an extant PME separated by 0.04, AME by 0.06; AME and ALE genus. separated by 0.04, PME and PLE by 0.03. Dorsal aspect of carapace with two humps (Figs. 1–2), Methods slender setae on the base of the tubercle, clypeus height The specimen is deposited in the amber collection of the 0.18, chelicerae longer (0.21) than wide (0.03). Labium Eliseo Palacios Aguilera Museum of Paleontology of the not rebordered and slightly wider (0.11) than long Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología (IHNE), Tuxtla (0.08). Pedicel 0.25 long, 0.17 wide. Leg formula: 1432. Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. The piece of amber was Leg 1: fe 1.12; pat 0.38; ti 1.33; mt 0.75; ta 0.25, total obtained directly from the mines of the Simojovel de length 3.83. Leg 2: fe 0.60; pat 0.12; ti 0.39; mt 0.35; ta Allende Municipality. The pictures were taken using a 0.20, total length 1.66. leg 3: fe 0.28; pat 0.80; ti 0.19; Cannon digital camera attached to a stereoscopic mt 0.25; ta 0.15, total length 1.67. Leg 4: fe 1.1; pat microscope. 0.11; ti 0.96; mt 1.05; ta 0.24, total length 3.46. The measurements were taken with a ocular reticule Abdomen longer than wide, with a distinctive hump, and expressed in millimeters. The abbreviations used in almost totally separated and a tubercle at the posterior the text and figures are: fe, femur; pat, patella; ti, tibia; tip (Fig. 1); abdomen greyish, setae slender, shorter on mt, metatarsus; ta, tarsus; ci, cymbium; AME, anterior the dorsal side. Pedipalp: fe 0.80; pat 0.17; tib 0.17; ci median eyes; PME, posterior median eyes; ALE, 0.07; bulb 0.26, with a row of short spines on the dorsal anterior lateral eyes; PLE, posterior lateral eyes.
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