DOCSLIB.ORG

Positive Lusitropy and Inotropy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Positive Lusitropy and Inotropy Molecular Medicine of the Heart Ch. Depre Dept. Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine UMDNJ Medical School [email protected] MOLECULAR MEDICINE OF THE HEART 1. General concepts 2. Physiology of contraction and relaxation 3. Electrophysiology 4. Calcium and contraction 5. Metabolism 6. Signal transduction and gene expression 7. Partial test 8. Coronary physiology 9. Atherosclerosis 10. Cardiac hypertrophy and the athlete’s heart 11. Cardiac ischemia, cell death and survival 12. Heart failure 13. Review 14. Final test Molecular Medicine of the Heart Class 1. General concepts Overview of class 1: General concepts 1. Anatomy of the heart 2. Pump function of the heart 3. Systemic vasculature 4. Coronary arteries 5. The sarcomere 6. Conduction system 7. Questions 1. Anatomy of the heart Two sides - Three arteries - Four chambers • The heart is made of two sides, a right side and a left side • Right side and left side do not communicate directly, except abnormally in some forms of congenital heart disease • Each side is made of an atrium and a ventricle separated by atrio-ventricular valves, named “tricuspid” on the right side and “mitral” on the left side • Each atrium receives blood from veins, the venae cavae on the right side and the pulmonary veins on the left side, and ejects this blood into the corresponding ventricle • Each ventricle ejects blood in an artery, the pulmonary artery on the right side and the aorta on the left side. Reverse flow from the artery is prevented by a valve between the ventricle and the artery • The first branches of the aorta are the coronary arteries, which provide the heart with blood supply Structure of the heart • Myocardium. Cardiac muscle made of cardiac myocytes, major part of the heart • Endocardium. Endothelial layer separating the myocardium from the blood • Pericardium. Protective sheet surrounding the myocardium • Coronary arteries. Arteries from the aorta supplying blood to the myocardium • Capillaries. Microvessels between the cardiac myocytes • Subendocardium Deep myocardial layers, adjacent to the endocardium • Subepicardium Superficial myocardial layers, adjacent to the pericardium Pathophysiological importance of the structures • Myocardium. Cardiomyopathy. Describes any form of dysfunctional myocardium (ischemic, hypertensive, congenital, valvular…). Any impairment in myocardial contraction results in altered cardiac function. Insufficient cardiac function is defined as heart failure. • Pericardium. Pericarditis. Inflammation of the pericardium, usually of viral origin. Induces strong pain that mimicks heart attack. Because the pericardium is fibrous and rigid, any effusion will compress the myocardium and impair its function. Pathophysiological importance of the structures • Coronary arteries. Ischemia. Obstruction of the coronary arteries leads to an insufficient supply of blood to the myocardium. • Capillaries. Angiogenesis. Myocardium submitted to chronic ischemic conditions stimulates the growth of neovessels and collaterals to improve oxygen supply. 2. Pump function of the heart The basic function of the heart is to pump blood The heart ejects blood from the thick-walled left ventricle to be propelled through the body, ultimately to reach the peripheral circulation, where oxygen is removed to nourish the various organs and tissues. The deoxygenated venous blood flows back to the right side of the heart, to be ejected from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is oxygenated before it is directed toward the left atrium and ventricle. Function of the heart Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood Venae Cavae Pulmonary Veins Right Atrium Left Atrium Tricuspid Valves (3) Mitral Valves (2) Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Aorta Lungs Periphery Diastole = the ventricle relaxes Systole = the ventricle contracts A normal contractile function requires a tight coupling between cardiac myocytes Cardiac myocytes are physically bound by the intercalated disks Gap Junctions. Tight coupling between myocytes by the connexons for easy passage of small molecules and current Desmosomes. Protein complex that is linked to the sarcomeres by desmin, and which promotes force transfer Coordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle Coordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle 3. Systemic vasculature Conductance – Resistance – Exchange - Return • Conductance vessels. Large arteries with low resistance, used as conduits to carry oxygenated blood toward the organs. • Resistance vessels. Arterioles with thick muscular wall and high resistance, directing the blood flow to the organs that need oxygen. Constitute the Peripheral Vascular Resistance. • Capillaries. Exchange vessels made of an endothelial layer without muscular cells, where oxygen leaves the blood and enter the tissues by diffusion. • Veins. Low-pressure, large-capacitance system containing most of the blood volume, constitute the Venous Capacitance System, returning the blood flow to the right side of the heart. Global scheme of blood circulation Principle of conductance vessels Systole Diastole The pressure drops The pressure remains high to receive blood to keep pushing the blood from the LA Principle of resistance vessels PVR: Peripheral Vascular Resistance Blood flow distribution through capillaries Blood pressure drops in resistance vessels 4. The coronary arteries Coronary arteries are the leading cause of heart disease The left ventricle receives blood from the left coronary artery, that divides in two main branches • the left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies most of the anterior part of the myocardium • The circumflex artery supplies the lateral and posterior part The right ventricle receives blood from the right coronary artery The posterior descending artery can originate from either the right or left coronary artery 5. The sarcomere The sarcomere is the fundamental contractile unit of the cardiac myocyte It is limited on each side by the Z line, on which actin filaments are attached. Myosin filament originate from the middle of the sarcomere, or M line, but do not attach directly to the Z line. The A band represents the zone of overlap between actin and myosin The I band represents the zone which contains only actin filaments The H band represents the zone which contains only myosin filaments Myosin filaments are indirectly connected to the Z line by the macromolecule Titin, which limits the maximal stretch of the sarcomere and, therefore, of the whole cardiac myocyte. Ultrastructure of the cardiac myocyte The sarcomere is the contractile unit of the myocyte Think “HAZIM” ! Composition of the sarcomere Titin: binds Z line to M line, prevents “overstretching” of the sarcomere Tropomodulin: caps actin filament Nebulette: attaches actin filament to Z line MyBPC: attaches myosin to titin Z line: α-actinin, desmin, CapZ protein M line: myomesin, M line protein, creatine kinase Calcium-induced… …Calcium-release A and I bands result from the interaction of actin and myosin The morphological aspect of the sarcomere depends on the contractile state Sarcomeres are connected to the plasma membrane 6. Cardiac conduction system Rule #1: atria and ventricles cannot contract simultaneously Rule #2: the different parts of a cardiac cavity must contract simultaneously The Sino-Atrial Node is the natural pace-maker of the heart From this node, the current diffuses through both atria The current cannot diffuse freely to the ventricles, because atria and ventricles are separated by fibrous tissue The only point of electrical transmission is the atrio-ventricular node, which slows down the current to avoid simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles The AV node distributes the current to the His bundle, which separates in one right and two left branches The bundles separate in multiple Purkinje fibers that distribute the current simultaneously to the different parts of the myocardium Principle of conduction system Natural pace-maker Electric slow-down Homogeneous distribution Current transmission is facilitated by gap junctions Gap junctions result from the cell-cell interaction of transmembrane proteins forming the connexon. Connexin 43 is the major protein of the connexon 7. Questions 1. Describe the coronary circulation 2. What is the sarcomere? 3. Why is the blood supply more limited in the subendocardium? 4. What is the role of titin? 5. Which structure is the natural pace-maker of the heart? 6. What is the principle of resistance vessels? 7. What is the diastolic recoil of the aorta? 8. What is a connexon? 9. Describe the cardiac conduction system Molecular Medicine of the Heart Class 2. Physiology of contraction and relaxation Overview of class 2: Physiology of contraction and relaxation 1. The cardiac cycle 2. Determinants of cardiac function 3. Modulation of cardiac pressure 4. Modulation of cardiac volume 5. Neurohumoral regulation of cardiac function 6. Questions 1. The cardiac cycle The seven phases of contraction and relaxation a. Atrial contraction b. Isovolumic contraction c. Maximal ejection d. Reduced ejection/start of relaxation e. Isovolumic relaxation f. Rapid filling g. Slow filling Description of the cardiac cycle – part 1 a. The atrium contracts to finish the left ventricular filling b. The left ventricle starts contracting, which rapidly closes the atrio- ventricular valve. The contraction is isovolumic because the aortic or pulmonary valve is still closed c. The pressure in the ventricle becomes superior to that in the aorta or the pulmonary artery, and therefore the corresponding valve opens.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling on Myocyte
    Effects of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling on Myocyte Contraction during β- Adrenergic Stimulation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lifei Tang Biophysics Graduate Program The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Mark T. Ziolo, PhD Advisor Dr. Brandon Biesiedecki, PhD Dr. Jonathan Davis, PhD Dr. Sandor Gyorke, PhD a Copyright by Lifei Tang 2013 i ABSTRACT Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be a key regulator of cardiac contraction. Within ventricular myocytes, NO is produced by two constitutively expressed NO synthase (NOS) isozymes, NOS1 and NOS3. It is well defined that NOS1 signaling results in positive inotropic and lusitropic effects under baseline conditions. This effect is largely due to the phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) at Ser16 by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) up-regulating sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ uptake. In addition, our lab also demonstrated that NOS1 increases ryanodine receptor (RyR) activity via S-nitrosylation up- regulating SR Ca2+ release. Physiologically, heart function is largely regulated by the β-adrenergic (β-AR) pathway leading to positive inotropy and lusitropy. Alterations in the β-AR pathway contribute to the contractile dysfunction, adverse remodeling, and arrhythmias in many cardiac diseases (i.e. heart failure (HF)). The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the role of NOS1 signaling during β-AR stimulation. Previous studies have shown that NOS1 signaling contributes to the positive inotropy, but not lusitropy, during β-AR stimulation. Interestingly, unlike under baseline conditions, PLB phosphorylation is not altered in the condition of NOS1 deficiency (acute NOS1 inhibition or NOS1 knockout) during β-AR stimulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Simdax® Gives You Time When It's Needed Most1
    EASE THE CHALLENGE OF TREATING THE FAILING HEART SIMDAX® GIVES YOU TIME WHEN IT’S NEEDED MOST1 Reference: 1. Nieminen MS et al. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2017;19(suppl_C);C15-C21. SIMDAX® GIVES WITH THREE YOU TIME WHEN PHARMACOLOGICAL IT’S NEEDED MOST1 EFFECTS… SIMDAX® is the only inodilator2,3 to provide The clinical effects of SIMDAX® are mediated through:1 The unique triple mechanism sustained hemodynamic benefits3–8 and symptom • Increased cardiac contractility by calcium sensitization of action of levosimendan1 3–5,9,10 control to patients with acute heart failure, of troponin C and in need of inotropic therapy. • Vasodilation through the opening of potassium channels in the vasculature smooth muscle • Cardioprotection, anti-ischemic antistunning effects Cardioprotection Mitochondrial through the opening of mitochondrial potassium K channel opening channels in cardiomyocytes ATP levosimendan References: 1. Nieminen MS et al. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2017;19(suppl C);C15-C21. 2. Papp Z et al. Int J Cardiol. 2012; 159:82–87. 3. Nieminen Inotropy Vasodilation MS et al. Heart Lung Vessel. 2013;5(4):227–245. 4. Follath et al. Lancet. Cardiac Smooth muscle 2002;360:196–202. 5. Slawsky et al. Circulation. 2000;102:2222–2227. 6. Troponin C KATP channel Nieminen et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1903–1912. 7. Kivikko et al. sensitization activation Circulation. 2003;107:81–86. 8. Lilleberg et al. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:75– 82. 9. Mebazaa et al. JAMA. 2007;297:1883–1891. 10. Packer et al. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1(2):103–111. Reference: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Exogenous Cardiac Bridging Integrator 1 Benefits Mouse Hearts with Pre-Existing Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 24 June 2020 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00708 Exogenous Cardiac Bridging Integrator 1 Benefits Mouse Hearts With Pre-existing Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure Jing Li1, Sosse Agvanian1, Kang Zhou1, Robin M. Shaw2 and TingTing Hong1,2,3* 1Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 2 Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, 3 Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States Background: Cardiac bridging integrator 1 (cBIN1) organizes transverse tubule (t-tubule) membrane calcium handling microdomains required for normal beat-to-beat contractility. cBIN1 is transcriptionally reduced in heart failure (HF). We recently found that cBIN1 pretreatment can limit HF development in stressed mice. Here, we aim to explore whether cBIN1 replacement therapy can improve myocardial function in continuously stressed hearts with pre-existing HF. Edited by: Ademuyiwa S. Aromolaran, Methods: Adult male mice were subjected to sham or transverse aortic constriction (TAC) Masonic Medical Research Institute surgery at the age of 8–10 weeks old. Adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) transducing cBIN1-V5 (MMRI), United States or GFP-V5 (3 × 1010 vg) was administered through retro-orbital injection at 5 weeks post- Reviewed by: Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis, TAC. Mice were followed by echocardiography to monitor cardiac function until 20 weeks Albert Einstein College of Medicine, after TAC. Overall survival, heart and lung weight (LW), and HF incidence were determined. United States Wayne Rodney Giles, In a second set of animals in which AAV9-cBIN1 pretreatment prevents HF, we recorded University of Calgary, Canada cardiac pressure-volume (PV) loops and obtained myocardial immunofluorescence imaging.
    [Show full text]
  • Beta-Arrestins in the Treatment of Heart Failure Related to Hypertension: a Comprehensive Review
    pharmaceutics Review Beta-Arrestins in the Treatment of Heart Failure Related to Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review Ahmed Rakib 1,†,‡ , Taslima Akter Eva 1,†, Saad Ahmed Sami 1 , Saikat Mitra 2, Iqbal Hossain Nafiz 3, Ayan Das 3, Abu Montakim Tareq 4 , Firzan Nainu 5 , Kuldeep Dhama 6 , Talha Bin Emran 7,* and Jesus Simal-Gandara 8,* 1 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (T.A.E.); [email protected] (S.A.S.) 2 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; [email protected] 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; nafi[email protected] (I.H.N.); [email protected] (A.D.) 4 Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245, Indonesia; fi[email protected] 6 Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; [email protected] 7 Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh 8 Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.B.E.); [email protected] (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387-000 (J.S.G.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Rakib, A.; Eva, T.A.; Sami, ‡ Present address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee S.A.; Mitra, S.; Nafiz, I.H.; Das, A.; Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Modulation of Calcium by Sympathetic Activation
    insight review articles after activating relaxes to a lower open probability, but can still be PKA can also modulate the open probability of RyR channels. In 2+ reactivated by a higher [Ca ]i (refs 79,80). Whether only one of these isolated single-channel recordings, PKA increased initial RyR open- 2+ is functionally relevant remains controversial, and few cellular ing during an abrupt [Ca ]i rise, but decreased the steady-state open 2+ 33 studies have addressed this unequivocally. But there is clearly some probability at a given [Ca ]i (ref. 80). In contrast, Marx et al. found refractoriness in cellular and local events of SR Ca2+ release44,75. that PKA enhanced the steady-state open probability of single RyRs Recovery of RyR availability occurs with two time constants: one fast in bilayers, and attributed this to the displacement of FKBP-12.6 (100–300 ms) and one very slow (several seconds). Inactivation of from the RyR. Moreover, they found that RyRs were RyRs may be important in minimizing inappropriate SR Ca2+ release hyperphosphorylated in heart failure, which could cause a diastolic events between heartbeats. In summary, it seems that both RyR inac- leak of SR Ca2+ and contribute to the reduced SR Ca2+ content in heart tivation and partial luminal depletion of SR Ca2+ (to reduce RyR failure (see above). But in more intact cellular systems, no effect of opening) both contribute to the turn-off of release. Coupled gating of PKA-dependent RyR phosphorylation could be detected on resting RyRs (so many gate as one) may also mean that a variant of stochastic SR Ca2+ leak (as Ca2+ sparks) in the absence of phospholamban (with attrition also contributes.
    [Show full text]
  • As a Calcium- Sensitizer
    BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed Levosimendan Levosimendan is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor as well as a “calcium-sensitizer.” As a calcium- sensitizer, it improves myocardial contractility by binding to Troponin C and stabilizing its interaction with calcium. Unlike other calcium sensitizers, that may worsen diastolic function, levosimendan also has lusitropic properties because its binding to Troponin C is dependent on cytosolic calcium concentrations. Additionally, its partial phosphodiesterase inhibition results in lusitropy and vasodilation. Myocardial contractility in the newborn is more dependent on calcium compared to adults.1 Thus, levosimendan may be useful in neonates. However, the effect of levosimendan may differ following asphyxia. In an asphyxiated piglet model, levosimendan increased cardiac output without an increase in carotid and mesenteric flow but with increased estimated PVR.2 In another asphyxiated piglet model, comparing milrinone and levosimendan (both combined with dopamine), milrinone increased mesenteric perfusion and reduced myocardial oxidative stress compared to levosimendan.3 There are case reports and small case series noting successful use of levosimendan in neonates, including those with PPHN.4,5 A recent case report of two neonates, levosimendan was chosen because the babies had risks or history of arrhythmia.4 Overall levosimendan carries a lower risk of arrhythmia, except in high doses in patients with myocardial ischemia.6 Special considerations Use of inotropes in infants of diabetic mothers with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Infants born to mothers with diabetes (IDM) may have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and impaired cardiac output that must be considered when choosing vasoactive medications.
    [Show full text]
  • Angiotensin II for the Emergency Physician Marianne C Wallis ‍ ,1 Jonathan H Chow,2 Michael E Winters,3 Michael T Mccurdy ‍ 4
    Practice review Emerg Med J: first published as 10.1136/emermed-2019-209062 on 19 February 2020. Downloaded from Angiotensin II for the emergency physician Marianne C Wallis ,1 Jonathan H Chow,2 Michael E Winters,3 Michael T McCurdy 4 1Division of Pulmonary and ABSTRact vasopressin and dopamine. Based on clinical guide- Critical Care, University of Refractory hypotension is one of the most common lines, norepinephrine is the first-line treatment for Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA and difficult clinical problems faced by acute care distributive shock and is one of the most commonly 2Department of Anesthesia, clinicians, and it poses a particularly large problem to the used vasopressors for this indication. Its mechanism University of Maryland School of emergency physician when a patient in undifferentiated of action is by agonism of α1 receptors, which results Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, shock arrives in the department. Angiotensin II (Ang- in smooth muscle contraction.1 Vasopressin is also USA 2) has been previously used as a vasopressor to 3Department of Emergency commonly used, particularly in profoundly hypoten- Medicine, University of combat shock; the feasibility of its clinical use has sive patients who require an adjunct to norepineph- Maryland School of Medicine, been reinvigorated after approval of a human synthetic rine. As the second- line vasopressor for the treatment Baltimore, Maryland, USA formulation of the medication by the US Food and Drug 4 of septic shock, it acts on vasopressin type 1 and Division of Pulmonary and Administration in 2017 and the European Medicines vasopressin type 2 receptors, leading to increased Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, University Agency in 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Mechanisms in Sympatho-Modulation of the Heart
    British Journal of Anaesthesia 93 (1): 34±52 (2004) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh159 Advance Access publication May 14, 2004 Cellular mechanisms in sympatho-modulation of the heart M. Zaugg1* and M. C. Schaub2 1Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. 2Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Switzerland *Corresponding author: Cardiovascular Anaesthesia Laboratory, Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, RaÈmistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] Cardiovascular function relies on complex servo-controlled regulation mechanisms that involve both fast-acting feedback responses and long-lasting adaptations affecting the gene expression. The adrenergic system, with its speci®c receptor subtypes and intracellular signalling cascades provides the major regulatory system, while the parasympathetic system plays a minor role. At the molecular level, Ca2+ acts as the general signal trigger for the majority of cell activities including contraction, metabolism and growth. During recent years, important new results have emerged allowing an integrated view of how the multifarious Ca2+-signalling mechanisms transmit adrenergic impulses to intracellular target sites. These insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms are pivotal in improving pharmacological control of the sympathetic responses to surgical trauma and perioperative stress. They are examined in detail in this review, with particular emphasis being given to the differences in intracellular signalling between cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 34±52 Keywords: adrenergic receptor signalling; calcium, signalling; myocardial contractility; MAPK signalling; muscle, vascular smooth muscle regulation Heart function, in terms of contractile force (inotropy), molecular characteristics pertain to the human protein beating frequency (heart rate) and blood supply (vascular species.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology
    Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology Peter Paal MD, PD, MBA, EDAIC, EDIC Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Hospitallers Brothers Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Barts Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine&Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London NO COI CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY Myocardial contraction and Frank- Starling-Relationship Actin-Myosin-Filaments Troponin complex C = Ca2+ binding Protein I = Inhibits interaction between actin and myosin T = Tropomyosin-binding Frank–Starling law of the heart (Starling's law) Stroke volume ↑ in response to end- diastolic volume↑ Volume ↑ stretches ventricular wall more forceful contraction Mechanism: Stretching increases affinity of troponin C for calcium greater number of actin-myosin cross-bridges form Relation of resting sarcomere length on contractile force Maximal force is generated with an initial sarcomere length of 2.2 µm 100 (%) 50 Tension Tension 0 Sensitivity of myofilaments for Ca2+ 15 Control 10 Desensitization 5 % Cell shortening % Cell 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Intracellular Ca2+ concentration (nM) Sensitivity of myofilaments for Ca2+ Sensitization 15 Control 10 5 % Cell shortening % Cell 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Intracellular Ca2+ concentration (nM) Change of myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+ 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 Temperature a b Protons Force Development Force 0,4 ADP Phosphate 0,2 Relative Relative 0,0 8 7 6 pCa (–log[Ca]) The cardiac
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Effects of viscogenic plasma expander on cardiac and vascular function Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hh6r2dp Author Chatpun, Surapong Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Effects of Viscogenic Plasma Expander on Cardiac and Vascular Function A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Bioengineering by Surapong Chatpun Committee in charge: Professor Pedro Cabrales, Chair Professor Marcos Intaglietta Professor Paul Johnson Professor Kirk Peterson Professor Geert Schmid-SchÖenbein Professor Daniel Tartakovsky 2010 Copyright Surapong Chatpun, 2010 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Surapong Chatpun is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION To my Parents and Family iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………………………. iii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………… iv
    [Show full text]
  • Neonatal Blood Pressure Support: the Use of Inotropes, Lusitropes, and Other Vasopressor Agents
    Neonatal Blood Pressure Support: The Use of Inotropes, Lusitropes, and Other Vasopressor Agents Shahab Noori, MD, Istvan Seri, MD, PhD* KEYWORDS Inotropes Lusitropes Vasopressors Hemodynamic Hypotension Shock The use of inotropes, lusitropes, and vasopressors is common in neonates with cardiovascular compromise.1,2 Although the understanding of cellular mechanisms of action of these medications is well founded,3,4 there is little information on their clin- ically relevant long-term benefits in the neonatal patient population.5–7 In addition, if not appropriately titrated, these medications may induce abrupt, excessive, and potentially harmful increases in blood pressure and systemic and organ blood flow.8–11 Thus, in addition to the cardiovascular compromise,10,11 treatment by sub- optimal administration of inotropes, lusitropes, and vasopressors may contribute to short- and long-term morbidities in critically ill preterm and term neonates.6 Prompt diagnosis of neonatal cardiovascular compromise by state-of-the-art hemodynamic monitoring of blood pressure and systemic and organ blood flow12 and careful titration of the vasoactive agents to the optimal hemodynamic response8,13 are thought to be of importance in decreasing mortality and morbidity associated with shock and its treatment in preterm and term neonates.14,15 Unfortunately, there is little evidence on what vasoactive medications to use in what patient and when, at what dose to start, how to titrate the drug, and what parameters to monitor.2,6,16 Because addressing these issues is only possible by opinion- and experience-based reasoning without much evidence at present, this article focuses on describing the documented, developmentally regulated hemodynamic actions of inotropes, lusitropes, and vasopressors, and their short-term hemodynamic bene- fits and risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Beat-To-Beat Period, Relaxation Time, and Partial Summation in A
    A CRITICAL CONTRACTION FREQUENCY IN LYMPHATIC VESSELS: TRANSITION TO A STATE OF PARTIAL SUMMATION A Thesis by JOSHUA KEITH MEISNER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2006 Major Subject: Biomedical Engineering A CRITICAL CONTRACTION FREQUENCY IN LYMPHATIC VESSELS: TRANSITION TO A STATE OF PARTIAL SUMMATION A Thesis by JOSHUA KEITH MEISNER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Christopher M. Quick Committee Members, Randolph H. Stewart John C. Criscione Head of Department, Gerard L. Coté August 2006 Major Subject: Biomedical Engineering iii ABSTRACT A Critical Contraction Frequency in Lymphatic Vessels: Transition to a State of Partial Summation. (August 2006) Joshua Keith Meisner, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Christopher M. Quick Although lymphatic vessel behavior is analogous to hearts (e.g. systole and diastole) and blood vessels (e.g. basal tone), hearts and blood vessels have fundamentally different contractile properties. While summation during contraction is minimized in the heart, summation is necessary for tonic contraction in blood vessels. Because lymphatic vessel behavior mimics cardiac and vascular behavior, we hypothesized that above a critical contraction frequency there is significant summation, evidenced by significantly increased diastolic active tension (i.e. basal tone). We used an isovolumic, controlled-flow preparation to examine the interaction of contraction cycle- time with contraction frequency. Using segments of isolated lymphatic vessels (~1 cm in length and 3-4 mm in diameter) from bovine mesentery, we measured transmural pressure and diameter for end-diastole and end-systole during spontaneous contractions for 10 volume steps.
    [Show full text]