United Nations Population Fund

BREAKING THE SILENCE FOR EQUALITY

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar 2018 Published by National Statistics Office and the UN Population Fund Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 2018

NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE OF MONGOLIA Government Building III Sukhbaatar District, Baga toiruu Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Website: www.nso.mn E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: (+976) 11 326414 Fax: (+976) 11 324518

UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND IN MONGOLIA UN House, UN Street 14 Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14201 Website: www.mongolia.unfpa.org E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: (+976) 11 353505 Fax: (+976) 11 353502 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 3 NAOMI KITAHARA Resident Representative UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND POPULATION UNITED NATIONS RIUNZAYA Chairperson А.А NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE STATISTICS NATIONAL and delicate experiences. We are all together in eliminating violence in Mongolia, without which the achievement of Sustainable are all together in eliminating violence in Mongolia, without which and delicate experiences. We populations, and for a society dedicate this Survey result for the equality of Mongolia’s Development Goals will not be possible. We free of violence. households and women, and managers at the NSO central and local offices as well as aimag, soum and bagh leaders and staff and leaders soum and bagh aimag, as as well offices and local central NSO at the managers and women, and households leadership should not go unnoticed. technical and other essential support. Their commitment and strong provided policy, essential sharing their women respondents who fully collaborated by to all appreciation our special express like to would We This survey was not possible without tireless efforts of the members of the Survey Core Team, who carefully planned, organized This survey was not possible without tireless efforts of the members of the Survey Core Team, Interviewers extremely challenging job of collecting information from undertook an and carried out such a large-scale survey. We sincerely thank members of the Survey’s Advisory valuable advice, Panel, as well as the project Steering Committee, for the thank members of the Survey’s sincerely We have extended in designing the survey would also suggestions, cooperation and support they and developing its questionnaire. We rt. Cooperation and the Government of Australia for providing financial suppo like to extend our appreciation to Swiss Development base for policy and programme development and servebase for policy and programme development of information for scholars and researchers to undertake as a critical source other in-depth studies and analyses. and qualitative data for a solid substantiation of the indicators and targets of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in and qualitative data for a solid substantiation comparisons. Furthermore, the findings of the survey context, allowing for international relation to SDG Goal 5, in the Mongolia’s organizations and other users with a knowledge policy makers and decision makers as well as international will provide Mongolia’s health and life experience”. health and life experience”. surveyThe quantitative collect to and women, against violence of effects and causes prevalence, forms, the establish to seeks We have the pleasure to present the report of the very first nation-wide survey on gender-based violence, using internationally violence, using the report of the very have the pleasure to present survey first nation-wide We on gender-based technical assistance by the National Statistics Office (NSO) with The research has been carried out recognized methodologies. life the survey “Women’s has been conducted under the name nature of the subject-matter, Given the highly sensitive by UNFPA. FOREWORD 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Chapter 2.S 1.2 Mongolia:Geographyandpopulation 1.1 Background Chapter 1. Executive summary List offigures List oftables Acknowledgments 6 Foreword 3 CONTENTS 5.3 Childsexualabuse 5.2 Non-partnersexualviolence 5.1 Physicalviolencebynon-partners Chapter 5. 4.8 Violenceperpetratedbywomenagainstmen 4.7 Experiencesofanyformpartnerviolence 4.6 Economicviolence 4.5 Controllingbehaviours 4.4 Emotionalviolence 4.3 Physicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence 4.2 Sexualpartnerviolence 4.1 Physicalpartnerviolence Chapter 4. 3.5 Respondents’satisfactionwithinterview 3.4 Participationbias 3.3 Representativenessofthesample 3.2 Socio-demographicdescriptionofthesample 3.1 Responserates Chapter 3. 2.3 Qualitativesurvey 2.2 Quantitatestudy 2.1Objectives andorganizationofthestudy 4 SAMPLEDESCRIPTIONANDRESPONSERATES PARTNER VIOLENCEAGAINSTWOMEN INTRODUCTION 17 NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE TUDY OBJECTIVESANDMETHODS

57 53 64 31 38 22 19 12 73 70 67 62 60 49 48 46 41 37 36 34 32 32 29 24 23 7 7

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

5 99 74 76 80 88 89 90 91 92 93 96 79 85 196 100 102 102 106 109 111 112 114 114 116 116 126 168 117 104 173 113 105 87

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS COPING WITH VIOLENCE IMPACT OF PARTNER VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN OF PARTNER IMPACT ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENDER AND PARTNER VIOLENCE AND PARTNER GENDER TOWARDS ATTITUDES WOMEN’S HEALTH VIOLENCE ON PARTNER OF INTIMATE IMPACT TABLES LIST OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN THE SURVEY LIST OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Annex 5. CALCULATION OF SAMPLING ERRORS Annex 5. CALCULATION Annex 3. Annex 4. Annex 1. Annex 2. WOMEN’S QUESTIONNAIRE 10.3 Policy recommendations 10.4 Recommendations on further research and analysis 10.1 General conclusions 10.2 International comparison 9.5 Perceptions of services to protect women from domestic violence Chapter 10. 9.4 Fighting back 9.2 Organizations where women turn to for help 9.2 Organizations where women turn to 9.3 Leaving home to escapte the violence Chapter 9. violence? 9.1 Who do women talk to about partner 8.2 Children witnessing violence as reported by women 8.2 Children witnessing violence as reported 8.3 Intergenerational violence Chapter 8. behaviour and health 8.1 Impact of partner violence on children’s 7.6 Injuries 7.7 Reproductive health 7.4 Medication 7.5 Alcohol use and smoking 7.2 Suicidal thoughts and attempts 7.2 Suicidal thoughts 7.3 Other health concerns Chapter 7. 7.1 General health 6.1 Women’s attitudes to gender and partner violence attitudes to gender and partner 6.1 Women’s partner violence attitudes to gender and 6.2 Men’s partners and/or non-partners of violence by 5.5 Experience Chapter 6. 5.4 First experience of sexual violence of sexual 5.4 First experience 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia their time and experience throughout the survey, questionnaire, pilot testing, reviewing including the adaptation of the survey Panelcomprisingmembersfromkeystakeholderagencies.Theseindividualscontributed details coordinatedthroughanAdvisory Overall, the research was guided by the Steering Committee of the the study throughkNOwVAWdata projectfundedbytheDepartmentofForeignAffairs(DFAT) oftheAustralianGovernment. the United NationsPopulationFund(UNFPA) AsiaandthePacificRegionalOfficeprovidedvaluabletechnicalsupportthroughout conducted bytheMongolianMarketingConsultingGroup(MMCG).InternationaladvisorsonVAW researchanddataanalysisfrom component onviolence againstwomen,men,andkeyvulnerablegroups,theresultsofwhichareintegratedintothisreport,was team withintheMongoliaNationalStatisticsOffice(NSO)coordinatedbyaProjectCoordinator. Thequalitative The Women’s andtheproductionofthisreportwerecoordinatedbyasmall,dedicated HealthandLifeExperiencessurvey over7,300womenanddiligentlyrecordthedata. tointerview the country anddriverswhotravelledthelengthbreadthof andtheirsupervisors given tothededicatedteamsofall-femaleinterviewers particular, thefuturegenerationswhoshouldaspiretoliveinasocietyfreefromgender-based violence.Specialmentionmustbe and shedlightonformsofviolencethatoftenstayhiddenbehindcloseddoors.TheirinformationisagifttoallMongolians,in This study wouldnot have been possible without the brave women who gave their time to share their deeply personal experiences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS evidence neededtoadvocateforchange. forfamiliesimpactedbygender-basedlandmark studypossibleandprovidedthebasisforimprovingservices violenceand wasco-fundedby UNFPAThe survey Mongolia andtheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentCooperation,whichhasmadethis findingsandthefinalreport. preliminary 6

Combating Gender-Based Violence in Mongolia project, with all 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 7 70 78 78 90 43 21 32 33 72 84 19 20 21 24 28 29 40 41 Percentage of women who have experienced physical partner violence, by severity and reference period Percentage of women who have experienced physical partner violence, by severity and Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence, by province and the and province by violence, sexual and/or physical experienced have who women ever-partnered of Percentage by location and women who have experienced physical violence by any partner, Percentage of ever-partnered violence, by age groups and reference women who have experienced physical partner Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical partner violence, by acts of violence and reference Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced partner violence, by type of violence and reference women who have experienced partner Percentage of ever-partnered Population density (persons per square kilometre), Mongolia Population density (persons per square kilometre), study and key milestones for the Mongolia Violence against Women Timeframe teams Map of Mongolia used for planning the timing and travel direction of data collection FGD participants sample households and total Age group distribution of respondents (weighted and unweighted), eligible women in Map of Mongolia and by sex Population of Mongolia by single ages (years) 42 period reference period 41 period population of women 39 period capital city and reference period and/or sexual partner violence current or previous intimate partner in the last 12 months current or previous intimate partner in the group, Mongolia 2017 partner in the previous 12 months, by age the general population (Population and household registration database 2017) (Population and household registration database the general population severity and acts of violence Total and age -specific rate of ever-partnered women subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by and age -specific rate of ever-partnered Total can refuse sex with her husband under the following conditions Percentage of women that believe women of physical women who thought of committing suicide, by age group and their experience Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime (since age 15), by 15), age (since lifetime their in sexual violence non-partner experienced have who women all of Percentage of all locations), by severity of violence sexual violence took place (as percentage Location where non-partner indicators, Mongolia Key population response rate Individual questionnaire Surveyed status education levels, occupation and partner women by geographic location, age-groups, in years 15-49 age population female and weighted) and (unweighted sample the in respondents of Characteristics Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years Figure 4.6. Figure 4.5. Figure Figure 4.4. Figure 4.2. Figure 4.3. Figure Figure 4.1. Figure Figure 3.1. Figure Figure 2.2. Figure 2.3. Figure 1.3. Figure 2.1. Figure 1.1. Figure 1.2. LIST OF FIGURES Table 6.1. Table 7.1. Table Table 5.4 Table Table 5.3 Table Table 5.1. Table 5.2. Table Table 3.3. Table Table 3.1. Table 3.2. Table Table 1.1. Table LIST OF TABLES TABLES LIST OF 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Figure 4.15. Figure 4.14. Figure 4.13. Figure 4.12. Figure 4.11. Figure 4.10. Figure 4.9. Figure 4.8. 4.7. Figure Figure 4.28. Figure Figure 4.27. Figure 4.26. Table4.25. Figure 4.24. Figure 4.23. 4.22. Figure Figure 4.21. Figure 4.20. Figure 4.19. 4.18. Figure Figure 4.17. Figure 4.16. 8 by referenceperiod period 50 reference period reference period location, regionandreferenceperiod(p.) period 48 reference period period 47 period 45 reference period reference period period 57 reference period reference period period 55 period 54 reference period period 52 reference period period 51 Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualviolencebyanypartner, by Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedsexualpartnerviolence,byfrequencyandreference Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced sexual partner violence, by type of sexual violence and Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedsexualpartnerviolence,bylocationandreference Perceived triggersforphysicalpartnerviolence,asapercentageofwomenwhohaveexperiencedsuchviolence Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalviolence,bypartnershipstatusandreference Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical partner violence, by employment status and Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalpartnerviolence,byeducationlevel Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalviolence,byfrequencyofviolenceand Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced economic violence, by locations, regions and reference Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experiencedcontrollingbehaviours, by partnershipstatus and Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours,byemploymentstatus and Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours,byeducationlevelandreference Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours,byagegroupsandreference Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours, bylocations,regionsand Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohave experienced emotionalviolence,bypartnershipstatusandreference Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohave experienced emotionalpartnerviolence,byemploymentstatusand Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedemotionalviolence,by educationlevelandreference Frequency of emotional violence among ever-partnered women who have experienced emotional partner violence, Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohave experienced emotionalpartnerviolence,byagegroupandreference Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedemotionalpartnerviolence, bylocation,regionand Percentage ofever-partnered womanwhohave experiencedphysicaland/orsexualviolence,byagegroupsand 55 51 50 56 54 52 49 49 47 44 43 46 44 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

9 58 69 71 67 68 69 71 72 73 74 60 61 62 62 63 66 75 75 65 73 Percentage of all women by age range at first experience of sexual intercourse and location experience occurred Willingness to engage in first experience of sexual intercourse, by age when that first Card for respondents to confidentially indicate whether they experienced sexual violence in childhood Card for respondents to confidentially indicate whether they experienced sexual 15 years) during the surveyPercentage of women who reported experiencing child sexual abuse (before age Frequency of experiences of non-partner sexual violence during lifetime (since age 15), by severity Frequency of experiences of non-partner sexual violence during lifetime (since age 15), lifetime and who reported that Percentage of all women who experienced non-partner severe sexual violence in their Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by acts of violence Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by education level and reference Percentage of all women who have experienced status and reference Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by employment lifetime (since age 15), by Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner sexual violence in their Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by age groups Percentage of all women who have experienced Percentage of ever-partnered women who have hit or beaten their partner when not being hit or beaten at the time, women who have hit or beaten their partner when not being hit or beaten at the time, Percentage of ever-partnered and the capital city province by by a non-partner, violence physical experienced women who have of all Percentage city capital the and province by non-partner, a by violence sexual experienced have who women all of Percentage non-partner physical violence, by location Percentage of all women who have experienced Percentage of ever-partnered women who have hit or beaten their partners when he was not hitting or beating them, hitting not he was when partners their beaten hit or have who women ever-partnered of Percentage Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced any form of violence, by any partner, by locations, by locations, by any partner, who have experienced any form of violence, women Percentage of ever-partnered capital the and province by violence, partner of form any experienced have who women ever-partnered of Percentage women who have experienced at least one form of violence, by age groups and Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced economic violence, by partnership status and reference economic violence, by partnership women who have experienced Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced economic violence, by education level and reference level and reference violence, by education experienced economic women who have of ever-partnered Percentage and reference status employment by violence, experienced economic have who women ever-partnered of Percentage interview, by perpetrator interview, (before age 15) urban and rural locations Percentage of all women who have experienced child sexual abuse (before age 15 years), by severity and age group violence to the police 69 period 70 period Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by perpetrator and reference period Percentage of all women who have experienced by frequency and reference period, Mongolia 2017 and reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=7319) reference period by location and regions regions and reference period regions and reference Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) city and reference period, 59 period 60 period 59 period and reference period by age groups economic violence, women who have experienced of ever-partnered Percentage Figure 5.13. Figure 5.14. Figure 5.12. Figure Figure 5.11. Figure 5.10. Figure Figure 5.8. Figure 5.9. Figure 5.7. Figure Figure 5.6. Figure 5.4. 5.5. Figure Figure 5.2. Figure 5.3. Figure 5.1. Figure 5 a. 5 Figure b. 5 Figure Figure 4.37. Figure Figure 4.36. Figure 4.35. Figure Figure 4.34. Figure 4.33. Figure Figure 4.32. Figure 4.30. Figure Figure 4.31. Figure 4.29. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Figure 6.5.Percentageofwomenwhoagreedwiththestatementthat“Itisimportantforamantoshowhiswifeboss”, Figure 6.4. 6.3. Figure Figure 6.2. 6.1. Figure Figure 5.18. Figure 5.17. Figure 5.16. Figure 5.15. Figure 7.16. 7.15. Figure Figure 7.14. Figure 7.13. Figure 7.12. Figure 7.11. Figure 7.10. Figure 7.9. 7.8. Figure Figure 7.7. Figure 7.6. Figure 7.5. Figure 7.4. Figure 7.3. Figure 7.2. Figure 7.1. 10 physical and/orsexualpartnerviolence care afterhavingattemptedsuicide,bytheirexperienceofphysicaland/or sexualpartnerviolence experience ofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence by experienceswithpartnerviolenceandlocation experiences withpartnerviolenceandemploymentstatus experiences withpartnerviolenceandagegroup experiences withpartnerviolenceandeducationlevel with partnerviolence partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedpartnersexualviolence(N=6914), by referenceperiod partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedpartnerviolence(N=6914),by reference period health careworkertherealreason fortheirinjuries partner violenceinlifetime partner violence partner violence experience ofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence experience ofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence Percentage ofwomenwhoagreewiththestatement“Agoodwifeobeysherhusband,evenifshedoesn’tagree”,by Percentage of women who agreed with the statement that “A good wife obeys her husband even if she disagrees”, by Percentage ofwomenwhoagreewiththestatement“Agoodwifeobeysherhusbandevenifshedisagrees”,by Percentage ofwomenwhoagreedthatamanisjustifiedinhittinghiswifeundercertaincircumstances,byexperiences Percentage ofallwomenwhoexperiencedsexualviolence,byperpetratorsandagegroup Percentage ofallwomenwhohaveexperiencednon-partnersexualviolence(N=7319)andpercentageever- Percentage ofallwomenwhoexperiencedphysicalviolence,byperpetratorsandagegroup Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence (N=7319) and percentage of ever- Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohavegiven birthwithinthelastfiveyears,bywhetherornottheywanted Percentage ofwomeninjuredby partnerviolencewhoreceivedmedicalassistancefortheirinjuries andwhotoldthe Incidence ofmedicalcareever-injured womenaffectedbyintimatepartnerphysicalandsexualviolence Percentage ofever-injured sustained fromphysicaland/orsexual womenbytheseverityofmostsevereinjury Percentage ofwomenwhohavebeeninjuredbyphysicaland/or sexualviolence,bytypeofinjury Percentage shareoffrequencythatwomeninjuredbyphysicaland/or sexualpartnerviolencehavebeeninjured Percentage ofwomenwhoexperiencedphysicaland/orsexual partner violenceandwereinjuredasaresult Percentage of ever-partnered women who smoke, by frequency and their experience of physical and/or sexual Percentage of ever-partnered women who drink alcohol, by frequency and theirexperienceofphysicaland/orsexual Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohave usedmedicationinthelastmonth,bytypeofandtheir Percentage of ever-partnered or were hospitalized during the last 12 months, by their women who had surgery Distribution ofthenumbermentalhealthproblemsreportedbyever-partnered women,bytheirexperienceof Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhothought ofcommittingsuicide,attemptedsuicideandreceivedmedical Percentage ofever-partnered womenwhohave beeninsevereorextremepainthelastfourweeks,bytheir General healthofever-partnered women,bytheirexperienceofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence Percentage ofallwomenbyhowtheyratetheirgeneralhealth 95 95 91 89 89 83 83 82 81 80 77 76 96 93 92 92 91 77 76 94 94 93 88 88 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 11 97 98 98 96 97 116 102 106 108 108 109 109 110 110 111 100 101 101 102 105 Prevalence of partner emotional violence among ever-partnered women, by countries and reference period women, by countries and reference Prevalence of partner emotional violence among ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and left home due to Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical partner violence and fought back, by whether the violence changed Ever-partnered reference countries and by women, ever-partnered among violence partner sexual physical and/or of Prevalence Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and left home due to Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and sought help from and sought violence partner and/or sexual physical women who experienced of ever-partnered Percentage sexual partner violence who sought help and women who experienced physical and/or Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and did not seek help Percentage of ever-partnered to due home left who and violence sexual and/or physical experienced who women ever-partnered of Percentage Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence who sought help, by women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence who Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women reporting violence in their own or their partner’s family homes when they were women reporting violence in their own or their partner’s Percentage of ever-partnered who they told women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, by Percentage of ever-partnered someone try women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and had Percentage of ever-partnered Proportion of women reporting that their children witnessed violence (and how many times) among women who have that their children witnessed violence (and how many times) among women Proportion of women reporting Percentage of ever-partnered women whose partner has refused or stopped the use of contraceptives compared to whose partner has refused or stopped the women Percentage of ever-partnered with children (age 6-12 years) who have observed women in certain behavioral issues Percentage of ever-partnered one or more children repeat a grade with children (aged 6-12) who have had women Percentage of ever-partnered ran away from women with children (aged 6-12) who have had one or more children Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women who gave birth within the last five years whose partner cared about the sex of who gave birth within the last five years whose women Percentage of ever-partnered Percentage of ever-partnered women who have given birth during the last five years and who consumed alcohol who consumed alcohol the last five years and given birth during women who have of ever-partnered Percentage Comparison of reported reproductive issues of women, by their experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence and/or sexual their experience of physical issues of women, by of reported reproductive Comparison 115 period the violence, by the places they went after leaving home after fighting back violence, by the number of times they have left the violence, by the reasons for leaving home an authority, by reason(s) for seeking help an authority, were satisfied with the help given, by authority from services/organizations, not seeking help by reasons for to help them, by people/organization who tried to help to help them, by people/organization who tried 107 authority young, by women’s experience of physical partner violence in lifetime young, by women’s about the behaviour of their partners experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime home, by women’s experienced physical partner violence percentage who are currently using contraception, by their experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence of physical using contraception, by their experience percentage who are currently violence of physical and/or sexual partner experience these children, by women’s experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime or drop out of school, by women’s violence of physical and/or sexual partner last child, by their experience sexual partner violence physical and/or by their experience of at that time and to have children sexual partner violence of physical and/or by their experience last pregnancy, during their Figure 10.2. Figure 10.1. Figure Figure 9.10. Figure 9.9. Figure 9.8. Figure 9.7. Figure Figure 9.5. Figure 9.6. Figure 9.4. Figure 9.3. Figure 9.2. Figure 9.1. Figure Figure 8.5. Figure 8.4. Figure 8.2. Figure 8.3. Figure Figure 8.1. Figure 7.20. Figure Figure 7.19. Figure Figure 7.17. Figure Figure 7.18. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia on thistopicthathaseverbeenconductedinMongolia UNFPA, thenationwidestudygender-based violencewasconducted.Thisisthefirstlarge-scale quantitativeandqualitativestudy funding fromtheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC)toimplementproject,togetherwith gender-based violence, particularly violence against women and domestic violence. In 2016, UNFPA Mongolia was awarded inform policydirections.To addressthislackofdata,UNFPA Mongoliainitiatedaprojecttostrengthennationalcapacitycombat has beenarealneedforevidencetolearnmoreabouttheprevalence,causesandconsequencesofVAW, andinparticularto Up untilnow, littlehasbeenknownabouttheprevalenceandpatternsofVAW very anddomesticviolenceinMongolia,there and countrieshinderstheeffortstoaddressit. life. AlackofunderstandingthemagnitudeVAW, itscausesandconsequences,thetrendspatternsacrosscultures take partinsocialandeconomiclife.Itcausesamyriadofphysicalmentalhealthissuessomecasesresultsloss and isoneofthemostprevalentformshumanrightsviolations.Violenceagainstwomendeprivestheirrighttofully Violence againstwomen(VAW) isaglobalproblemthatcrossescultural,geographic,religious, socialandeconomicboundaries EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The quantitativecomponentconsisted ofapopulation-basedhouseholdsurvey, coveringall21provincesofMongolia. Amulti- for VAW policy, aswellmobilisingsupportforthedissemination ofthefindings,underprojectSteeringCommittee. and advocateforlegitimacy ownershipofthestudy. Panelmembers werealsoinvolvedintheguidanceanddirection Advisory high-ranking staffofgovernment ministriesandkeyhumanrightsnon-governmentorganizations (NGOs)wassetuptosupport Panelconsisting of training,quantitativedataanalysis,andinreportwriting.An Advisory preparation andplanning,interviewer experts fromtheUNFPA AsiaandthePacificRegionalOffice.Internationalexpertsassistedwithallstages of thesurvey, from The studywasimplementedandmanagedbytheMongolian National StatisticsOffice(NSO),withsupportfrominternational ORGANIZATION OF THESTUDY regional levels,forurbanandruralareas,aswellagegroups, educational levelsandsocioeconomicstatus. other thanpartners,includingsexualabusebeforetheageof 15. Thestudyalsoaimedtoobtaintheseresultsfornationaland explores aspectsofemotional,economicandotherabusebyintimate partnersandsexualphysicalviolencebyperpetrators Although thestudyfocusesoncollectingdataphysicalandsexualviolencebyacurrentorformerintimatepartner, italso THE STUDYSOUGHTTO: was toseekresultsthatcross-checkedandcomplementedeachother. qualitative studybasedonthemethodologiesadaptedfromothercountries.Theuseofandquantitativecomponents StudyonWomen’sthe methodologydevelopedforWHOMulti-Country HealthandDomesticViolenceagainstWomen; anda The NationalStudyonGender-based Violencein Mongoliaconsistedoftwoseparatecomponents:aquantitativestudybasedon OBJECTIVES 12 . . . .

and 5.2.2.)inawaythatiscomparablewithotherstudiesaroundtheworldusingWHOmethodology; (including theestimationofUnitedNationsVAW indicatorsandSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)5.2.1. Document and compare the strategies and services thatwomenusetodealwithpartnerviolence. Document andcomparethestrategiesservices Identify factorsthatmayeitherprotectorputwomenatriskofpartnerviolence;and Assess theextenttowhichintimatepartnerviolenceisassociatedwitharangeofhealthandotheroutcomes; Obtain informationaboutreliableestimatesoftheprevalenceandincidencedifferentformsviolenceagainstwomen

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 13 Global and Global . WHO: Geneva. . That is more than 290,000 women who have experienced this in their in this experienced have who women 290,000 than more is That . 1 Female interviewers to collect over three weeks selected and trained were carefully regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner WHO, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, South African Medical Research Council. 2013. Council. Research Medical African South Medicine, and Tropical Hygiene School of London Research, Health and of Reproductive Department WHO,

1 violence compared with more educated women. Subgroups of women who reported higher prevalence rates also reported higher violence compared with more educated women. Subgroups of women who reported who experienced physical violence during pregnancy women proportions of severe acts of violence. The proportion of ever-pregnant was 7.8 per cent. many as one in five (21 per cent) have experienced such violence in the last 12 months. many as one in five (21 per cent) have experienced such violence in the with less education were slightly more likely to report physical There is variation among regions and by educational level. Women rural areas who have experienced physical violence in the year preceding the survey. Results showed that physical violence - as Results showed violence in the year preceding the survey. rural areas who have experienced physical when we look However, - starts early in a relationship and is more prevalent among younger women. measured by current violence partner violence, while as women have ever suffered physical divorced or separated at the marital status, 6 out of 10 (64 per cent) Overall, 29.7 per cent of ever-partnered women reported having experienced physical violence in their life and 11.9 per cent women reported having experienced physical violence in their life and Overall, 29.7 per cent of ever-partnered in past 12 months. .That equates to around 75,000 women in urban areas and 37,000 had experienced physical violence in the Physical partner violence In Ulaanbaatar, 31.7 per cent of ever-partnered women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime. While 31.7 per cent of ever-partnered In Ulaanbaatar, and/or sexual violence is the number of victims of physical the highest in the country, the prevalence level in Ulaanbaatar is not largest. to be used for international comparison as the definitions of these forms of violence are fairly robust and universal. The rates varyto be used for international comparison as lifetime rates of physical and/or sexual partner violence being highest in Darkhan-Uul between the provinces and the capital, with and Khovd (32.9 per cent). (39.7 per cent), and Govisumber (39.1 per cent), Bulgan (35.7 per cent) (41.0 per cent), Umnugovi are fairly robust and universal. In Mongolia, 31.2 per cent of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their 31.2 per cent of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their are fairly robust and universal. In Mongolia, cent per 30 of estimate global to the is close which lifetime, tend violence partner sexual and/or Physical months. 12 last the in it experienced have women 118,000 than more and lifetime, e often used for international comparison as the definitions of these forms of violenc Physical and/or sexual partner violence is (57.9 per cent) of Mongolian women have experienced one or more of the five types of violence measured in their lifetime. This more of the five types of violence measured women have experienced one or (57.9 per cent) of Mongolian 500,000 women aged 15-64 across the country. equates to more than VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PERPETRATED BY PARTNERS WOMEN PERPETRATED VIOLENCE AGAINST survey:household the through measured were violence partner of forms Five emotional and economic violence, sexual, physical, 2. More than half these forms of violence are provided in Chapter The operational definitions of each of and controlling behaviours. information in a safe and sensitive way. way. in a safe and sensitive information years old in Mongolia, were interviewed.years old in structured face-to- mid-June 2017, using between May and The field work took place face interviews, privacy. conducted in full stage sampling strategy was used to select 7,960 households. In each selected household, one woman was randomly selected woman was randomly household, one In each selected to select 7,960 households. strategy was used stage sampling 15-64 representing all women rate 98 per cent), 7,920 women (response years of age. In total, women 15-64 from all eligible 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Ulaanbaatar (22.9 per cent) than in other parts of the country. Twelve per cent of women have experienced economic violence in One infive(19.9percent)ofever-partnered womenhaveexperiencedeconomicviolenceintheirlifetime.Ratesarehigher experienced controllingbehaviours. average of41.6percentinlifetime,54.7teenagegirlsaged15-19yearswithacurrentorformerpartnerhave For Mongolia, there isastrikingdifference in theprevalence of controllingbehaviourbyagegroups.C of womenreportlifetimeemotionalabuseand22.4percentcurrentabuse. high:40.3percent abusive actstowardswomen.Nevertheless,theresultsshowthatprevalenceofemotionalviolenceisvery other formsofviolence.However, andthequestionscoveronlyalimitedrangeof theyaremoredifficulttomeasureinasurvey Emotional and economic violence are no less significant than physicalor sexual violence and can affect women evenmore than Emotional violence,controllingbehavioursandeconomicviolence perpetrated bytheirpartners. past 12months. cent of ever-partnered that they experiencedsexual violence in theirlifetimeand 3.0 percent in the women reportedininterviews to talk about sexual violence within marriage is generally regarded as inappropriate in Mongolia’s society. Nevertheless, 8.0 per It ismoredifficultforwomentodiscloseexperiencesofsexualviolencecomparedwithphysicalviolence.Likewise, Sexual partnerviolence “the wifemustobey herhusbandevenifshedoesn’t agree”.Thischangesonlyslightly withwomen’s educationlevelsandwomen’s In Mongolia,morethanhalfofwomen believethatthehusbandshouldhavemoredecision-making authoritythanwivesandthat ATTITUDES TOWARDS VIOLENCE to haveexperiencedviolenceby partnersratherthanbysomeoneelse in theirlifetime clearthatwomeninMongoliaaretwiceaslikely When comparingpartnerandnon-partnerviolence,itbecomes overwhelmingly COMPARING PARTNER ANDNON-PARTNER VIOLENCE perpetrators wereotherfamilymembers(29.5%),friendsoracquaintances (19%)orcompletestrangers(18.7%). One in ten (10.7 per cent) of all women reported experiencing sexual abuse before they were 15 yearsold. The most common Sexual abusebefore15yearsold who experiencedseveresexualviolencereportedittothepolice. alcohol ordrugs,forcedpersuadedtohaveintercoursewithmorethanonemanatthesametime.Only10percentofwomen Severe sexualviolence,experiencedby3.1percent,includesforcedintercourse,intercourseafterconsumption of includes attemptstoforceunwantedintercourse,sexualtouching,orbeingforcedtouchthegenitalsofabuser. Acts ofsexualviolence are categorized as moderateorsevere. Moderate sexualviolence,experiencedby12.5percentofwomen, partners duringtheirlifetimeand2.6percentexperienceditthe last 12months. One inseven(14.0percent)ofwomenhaveexperiencedsomeformsexualviolencesincetheage15atleastoncefromnon- Sexual violenceagainstwomenafter15yearsold siblings. years old There are 17.3 percent of women who have experienced physical violence by someone other thana partner since they were 15 Physical violenceagainstwomenafter15yearsold VIOLENCE AGAINSTWOMENBYNON-PARTNERS the last12monthswithratesagainbeinghighestinUlaanbaatar(13.2percent). 14 and 4.5percentexperienceditinthepast12months. Women aged30-34arethemostaffected,with27.3percentofthemhavingbeensubjectedtosexualviolence Perpetratorsweremainlyfamilymembers,suchasparentsor ompared totheoverall 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 15 Almost one . injured 2-5 times, and injured 2-5 times, and

police. More than one in ten (13.2 per cent) approached a health facility for help, and 12.5 per cent approached monks or religious police. More than one in ten (13.2 per cent) approached a health facility for help, and than 1.5 per cent. The main less leaders. The proportion of women who sought help from a shelter and other care services is low, experiences before the interview. Of the women who had told someone, it was usually a friend or family member. Significantly, less Significantly, member. Of the women who had told someone, it was usually a friend or family experiences before the interview. than one in ten women (8.3 per cent) report the violence to the police. reported it to the they turned to for help, almost one quarter (23.9 per cent) said they When asked about which institutions, if any, WOMEN’S COPING STRATEGIES AND RESPONSE TO PARTNER VIOLENCE RESPONSE TO PARTNER AND WOMEN’S COPING STRATEGIES (26.5 per cent) had told no one about their Among women who have suffered physical and/or sexual partner violence, one quarter compared to only 3.4 per cent of women with no partner violence. compared to 12.6 per cent of women with no partner violence. have partners whose mother was beaten, A relatively large proportion (17.3 per cent) of women who have experienced violence Childhood experiences of violence are a likely risk factor for future violence. Almost a third (32.4 per cent) of women who experienced Childhood experiences of violence are a likely risk factor for future violence. Almost a third compared to 16.3 per cent of women with no violence. partner violence have partners who were hit or beaten regularly as a child, are more likely to experience such violence themselves (22.2 per cent), whose own mother was subject to partner violence Women VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN, INTERGENERATIONAL ASPECTS OF VIOLENCE VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN, INTERGENERATIONAL many times that occurred. According to the survey, most women (91.6 per cent) said their children never witnessed or overheard most women (91.6 per cent) said their children never survey, many times that occurred. According to the the violence. compared with women who had not experienced partner violence. compared with women who had not experienced overheard this violence and how physical partner violence were asked if their children ever witnessed or experiencing Women Associations between partner violence and children’s wellbeing children’s Associations between partner violence and were consistently more likely had children between 6 and 12 years old, and who had experienced partner violence, who Women problems (such as being timid or withdrawn, being aggressive or having nightmares) to report that these children had behavioral They also were more likely to have multiple symptoms of mental health disorders and suicidal thoughts. symptoms of mental health They also were more likely to have multiple health outcomes were compared between women who ever experienced physical or sexual partner violence and those who never women who ever experienced physical or sexual partner violence and those who never health outcomes were compared between “poor” or “very who have experienced partner violence were consistently more likely to report poor” health. experienced it. Women Associations between physical and/or sexual violence and health outcomes Associations between physical and/or sexual All women in the survey mental and reproductive health. In the analysis, these answered a number of questions on their general, Of the injured women who received medical assistance, less than half (43.2 per cent) told the health care worker the real reason half (43.2 per cent) told the health care who received medical assistance, less than Of the injured women for their injuries. had severe injuries (71.6 per cent). Two in five (21.0 per in five (21.0 per cent). Two partner violence had severe injuries (71.6 injured by physical and/or sexual Most women who were and 5.0 per cent had moderate injuries. cent) had mild injuries, once, two in five (41.6 per cent) had been been injured once, two in five (41.6 women had of ever-injured third (32.1 per cent) more than five times. (26.4 per cent) of the women had been injured more than one quarter Injuries due to violence as a result violence, 42.8 per cent were injured experienced physical and/or sexual partner Among the women who CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN OF VIOLENCE CONSEQUENCES employment status. Also, 1 in 4 women, regardless of her social and economic status, agreed that a husband may beat his wife if a husband may beat status, agreed that her social and economic women, regardless of status. Also, 1 in 4 employment she is unfaithful. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia RECOMMENDATIONS FORFURTHER RESEARCHANDANALYSIS Main findings: perpetrated bytheirparents,siblings,otherfamilymembers,orcomplete strangerssincetheageof15years. women, exposuretopartnerviolenceisnottheironlyexperience.Theymayhavealsobeensubjectphysicalorsexualviolence haveremainedhiddenbehindcloseddoors.Also,formany acts ofviolenceagainstwomenthat,inmostcases,wouldotherwise andadvocateforchange.Akey which willbeusedtoinformtheimprovementofservices This landmarkstudyprovidescomprehensivequantitativeandqualitativeinformationongender-based violenceinMongolia, CONCLUSION eventually returnback,forgivingtheirpartnersandforthesakeof family. More thanhalf(51.2percent)oftheabusedwomenlefthomeforatleastonenight.Butnearlythreequartersthese the authorities)orbeingbadlyinjured(42.7percent). reasons womengaveforseekinghelpwerenotbeingabletoenduremoreviolence(68.6percentofwhosoughtfrom analysis beundertakeninthefollowingareas: against women, women andgirls.Further in-depth researchisessential for betterunderstandingthenature,causesandconsequences The datacollectedinthestudyprovideanevidencebasefordevelopingsolutionstogender-based violenceagainstMongolian 16 • • • • • • • • Estimate thecostsandeconomicimpactofviolence,including victim healthcarecosts. Understand thenatureofmaleaggressionandpartnerdistrustthrough ananalyticalstudy; Determine riskfactorsforpartnerviolencethroughamultivariate analysisusingsocio-economicanddemographic Women experienceviolenceregardless oftheirage,education,employmentstatusorgeographiclocation. Domestic violence affects children and other family members. Women whoexperiencedpartner violence were more likely to Violence against women is impacting the health of women - 42.8 per cent of the women who experienced violence from 14.0 percentofever-partnered womenwereexposedtosexualviolencebynon-partners,whichisrelativelyhighin 29.7 per cent of women experienced physical violence perpetrated by their partners while 17.3 per cent experienced non- variables; or experiencingdomesticviolenceinchildhoodincreasesthechanceofbeingaviolentpartnerrelationshipasanadult. have childrenwithbehaviouralproblemsthanthosewhodidnotexperienceviolence.Therearealsosignsthatwitnessing of mentalhealthdisorders. sexual violence are more likely to self-assess their general health as poor and also report a greater number of symptoms their partnerswereinjured, and, ofthose,71.6percent wereseverelyinjured.Women whoexperiencedphysicaland/or comparison toothercountriesoftheAsia-Pacificregion. partner physicalviolence,revealingthatactsofviolencebypartnersaremorecommonthannon-partnerviolence. as wellforidentifyingappropriatepreventiveandcontrolmeasures.Itisrecommendedadditionalresearch feature ofthisstudyisthatitexplores of violence 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 17 participants 30 drivers 120 enumerators employed for the survey involved The training 95 7,300 women interviewed CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER raining for supervisors and T interviewers continued for 21 days. km

travelled of involving

INTRODUCTION With a total distance households 7,860 districts 21 provinces and 9 The survey covered 300,000 The journey to collect data on violence against women in Mongolia The journey to collect data on 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia thatadequatelymeettheneedsofwomensufferingfromviolence. prevention systemshavesofarfailedtoprovideservices and low birth weight babies. Unfortunately,the likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-term delivery protection and an abortionthanwomenwhohadnotexperiencedpartnerviolence.Intimateviolenceinpregnancyalsoincreases physically orsexuallyabusedwere1.5timesmorelikelytohaveatransmittedinfectionandtwiceas Violence impactsonreproductivehealthofgirlsandwomen.The2013WHOanalysisfoundthatwomenwhohadbeen the prevailingsocialandculturalnormsthattendtoblamevictimof violenceratherthantheperpetrator the lack of evidence. The fact that the majority of victims do not report abuse isattributable to limited optionsfor assistance and Limited knowledgeandawarenessofGBV, andtosomedegree,acceptanceofGBVinMongoliansocietyatlarge,canperpetuate Gender-based violenceanddomesticarethemostcommonyetgrosslyunderreportedhumanrightsviolations. their familiesandcommunities,isessentialfordeterminingitscauses and findingsolutionstoeradicateit. of thisinequality. Evidencethatshedslightonthissensitiveissue,whichnegativelyaffectsthehealthandwellbeingofwomen, based violence results from an imbalance of power between women and men and its existence contributes to the further perpetuation social problems in society today, with widespread impacts including on health, human rights and national development. Gender- Violence against women, in particular gender-based violence (GBV) and domestic violence (DV), is one of the mostsignificant 1.1 BACKGROUND 6 5 4 3 2 this study. centres willbeestablishedinthesevenprovincesandthreedistricts ofUlaanbaatar, resultsof selectedbasedonthepreliminary ofGBV.remains aninsufficientnumberoforganizationscateringtothe needs ofsurvivors Inresponse,tenmoreone-stopservice centreswere establishedinZavkhan,Gobi-Altai,andBayankhongorprovinces2013-14.Nonetheless,there one-stop services Three further centres(OSSC)inUlaanbaatar in2009,whichprovidehealth,psychosocial,protectionandlegalaidservices. service The government, apart from taking measures to establish shelter homes, has setup a victimhelphotline and three one-stop (MoLSP) ofLabourandSocialProtection ofHealth(MoH)andMinistry ofJusticeandHomeAffairs(MoJHA),Ministry by theMinistry Ruling onUniformInterpretationandImplementationofSomeClausesLCDV the ControlandPreventionofDomesticViolence address violenceagainstwomen.SincetheadoptionofLawonCombattingDomesticViolence,NationalProgramme on Witness Protection,CriminalProceedingsCode,FamilyLawandtheonChildRights,representscohesivelegislation to 2017.Thislaw,December 2016andthelawenteredintoforceon1February inconjunctionwiththeCriminalCode,Lawon In Mongolia, the LawonCombating Domestic Violence(LCDV) was firstpassedin2004,itsrevised version wasapprovedin first time,nationallyrepresentativedataandstatisticsontheprevalence andconsequencesofviolenceagainstwomen measurement standardsandprovisionoftechnicalassistance.Thisstudyisbasedoninternationalprovides,for the the world,includingMongolia.ThisissupportedbyUnitedNationsagenciesthroughresourcemobilization,development of In thiscontext,buildingupabodyofevidenceandinformationonviolenceagainstwomenhasbecomepriorityforcountriesround in life who maysuffer a range of behavioural and emotional issues and perpetrateor experience gender-based violencethemselves later inability towork.Therearealsosocialconsequences,particularlyforchildrenwhogrowupinfamilieswherethereisviolenc e, such astreatmentforresultinginjuriesandconditions,welllowerproductivityand/oropportunitycoststhroughwomen’s mental healthofwomenexposedtoviolence,andtheirchildren.Therearemajoreconomicconsequencesincludingdirectcosts Apart fromsexualandreproductivehealthproblems,GBVcausessignificantshort-long-termdamagetothephysical 18 Health services intheircurrentformandorganizationdonotsufficeforthetreatmentultimatehealingofabusedwomen. Health services Victim, JointOrderby JusticeandSocialProtectionMinisters. 2009. GuidelinesforDomesticViolenceRisk, SituationandThreatAssessment;2009.ProcedureforPoliceOfficertoFileRequestRestrainingOrderonBehalfofthe Government of Mongolia. 2009. Curriculum for Mandatory BehaviouralChangeTrainingGovernment ofMongolia.2009.Curriculum forMandatory for ViolencePerpetrators,JointResolutionofJusticeandSocialProtectionMinisters; Supreme CourtofMongolia.ResolutionNo. 47of2006. Government ofMongolia.Resolution No.255of2007. Violence againstwomen:Intimatepartnerand sexualviolenceagainstwomen.(2014).World HealthOrganization.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/ Freedom House(2014).intheWorld: Mongolia.https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/mongolia 3 . 6 . 4 wasapprovedin2007andimplemented.TherehasalsobeenaSupremeCourt 5 , aswellrelatedrulesandproceduresissued 2 .

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

19 C). 0 to +27 0 The capital consists of nine districts baghs). C) and July the hottest (+10 0 ) and the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. The 21 provinces Ulaanbaatar. ) and the capital city, to -30 0 (aimags . khoroo) Figure 1.1. Map of Mongolia , and those into 1613 rural sub-districts ( soums) in the world for size of geographical area, Mongolia is a land-locked country raised at an average of 1,580 metres th MONGOLIA: GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION GEOGRAPHY MONGOLIA: cultural heritage. Buddhism is the nation’s prevalent religion (53 per cent). prevalent religion (53 cultural heritage. Buddhism is the nation’s (duureg), which comprise 152 urban sub-districts ( and Mongolians are a people who have preserved official language is Mongolian their traditional writing and wealth of Mongolia’s Territorially and administratively, Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces and administratively, Territorially are further divided into 330 districts ( steppe and the south is predominantly a semi-desert region. April and May are the autumn and winter. continental with four distinct seasons: spring, summer, climate is harshly Mongolia’s months of strong winds and January is the coldest time of the year (-10 above sea level. Khuiten Uul mountain peak of 4,374 metres is the highest point and the lowest is at 532 metres above sea level above sea level. Khuiten Uul mountain peak of 4,374 metres is the highest point and in the Khukh Nuur depression. The northwestern part of the country is a mountainous region of forest area, the eastern part is the Ranked 19 neighbours the Russian Federation in the north and the People’s Republic of China in the south. The total length of Mongolia’s south. The total length of Mongolia’s Republic of China in the Federation in the north and the People’s neighbours the Russian kilometres. borders are 8252.7 thousand Mongolia is located in the northeastern part of Central Asia, occupying a territory Asia, occupying part of Central is located in the northeastern Mongolia It square kilometres. of 1564.1 thousand 1.2 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia of theworkingage(15-64years)populationishigh(65.7percent)withdependencyratio52cent. 49.2 percentandwomenfor50.8ofthepopulation(Figure1.2).Mongolia’s populationisrelativelyyoungandtheshare As of2017,thepopulationMongoliastandsat3.2millionpeoplewithanannualgrowthrate1.9percent.Menaccountfor 20 Figure 1.2PopulationofMongoliabysingleages(years)andsex,2017 Source: PopulationandHouseRegistration Databasefor2017 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 21 3.9 1.9 49.2 30.4 27.2 96.7 50.8 65.7 3177.9 2017 3.8 2.1 49.2 30.1 66.1 28.1 96.7 50.8 3057.8 2015 28 3.8 1.6 48.6 68.2 94.6 51.4 30.5 2761.0 2010 1.4 3.5 49.6 60.8 27.2 50.4 35.8 98.5 2374.0 2000 4.0 2.5 49.9 41.9 99.7 50.1 54.1 23.5 2044.0 1989 2.9 5.0 49.9 44.2 21.2 50.1 50.8 100.3 1595.0 1979 Table 1.1. Key population indicators, Mongolia Table Indicators Figure 1.3. Population density (persons per square kilometre), Mongolia, 2017 kilometre), Mongolia, (persons per square Population density Figure 1.3. Female (% of total population) 0-14 years (% of total population) 15-64 years (% of total population) Male (% of total population) 65+ years (% of total population) Source: Population and housing censuses (for all but 2017); and the Population and Household Registration Database for 2017. Source: Population and housing censuses (for all but 2017); and the Population and Total population (thousands) Total Average population growth rate (% increase over previous year) population Average Women aged 15-49 years (% of total) aged Women Sex ratio (males per 100 females) As of 2017, there is an average of 2.0 persons per square kilometre, which places Mongolia among the world’s least densely least among the world’s places Mongolia square kilometre, which of 2.0 persons per there is an average As of 2017, countries. populated 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 22 STUDY OBJECTIVESAND age groups Percentage ofwomeninMongoliawhohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualviolence,by Age groups from physicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceinalifetime Ever-injured sustained womeninMongoliabytheseverityofmostsevereinjury Current (last12months) 9.0 15-19 20-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-59 8.0 21.3 Unknown 2.4% 16.4 METHODS 34.4 17.4 21.9% Lifetime CHAPTER 2. Mild 36.0 Moderate 17.7 5.0% 36.2 12.7 71.6% Severe 42.0 14.8 32.6 9.5 27.8 6.6 28.0 3.6

60-64 17.8 2.7 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 23 project, which project, which This study into violence This study into violence 7 Combating Gender-Based Violence in Mongolia Gender-Based Combating OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY OF THE AND ORGANIZATION OBJECTIVES Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) National Statistics Office (including the estimation of the United Nations VAW indicators and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators 5.2.1. indicators and Sustainable VAW (including the estimation of the United Nations other studies around the world using the WHO methodology; and 5.2.2.) in a way that is comparable with violence is associated with a range of health and other outcomes; Assess the extent to which intimate partner women at risk of partner violence; and Identify factors that may either protect or put servicesDocument and compare the strategies and violence. that women use to deal with partner Obtain information about reliable estimates of the prevalence and incidence of different forms of violence against women Obtain information about reliable estimates Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs Ministry of Labour and Social Protection United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Health Organization (WHO) World

          UNFPA. 2016. Project Proposal Combatting Gender-based Violence in Mongolia, 2016-2019. Prepared by UNFPA for SDC, 17 May 2016. Violence in Mongolia, 2016-2019. Prepared by UNFPA 2016. Project Proposal Combatting Gender-based UNFPA.

7 their mandate, roles and responsibilities. The panel comprised representatives of the following organizations: their mandate, roles and responsibilities. The panel comprised representatives project to provide strategic oversight and coordination. The work was organized through six sub-committees responsible for responsible sub-committees six through organized was work The coordination. and oversight strategic provide to project building; (3) local fieldwork coordination; (4) qualitative study and sampling design; (2) training and capacity (1) questionnaire Advisorythe for Reference of defined Panel Terms considerations. safety and ethical (6) and action; and advocacy (5) component; Planning and organization Preparations for the study began in June 2016. An Advisory Panel was established under the Steering Committee of the overall The study provided the opportunity to develop capacity to produce internationally comparable statistics on violence against women The study provided the opportunity to develop capacity to produce internationally comparable indicators and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators on the United Nations VAW in order to monitor and report (VAW) 5.2.1 and 5.2.2; Objectives nd statistics and evidence to guide the development and implementation of policies a Production of nationally representative data, programmes to combat GBV. Research Goal This research is comprised of two components: a quantitative household survey and a qualitative study. Together they are aimed at Together survey of two components: a quantitative household This research is comprised study. and a qualitative t effects and causes of violence against women, including the production of relevan generating evidence on the forms, prevalence, Goal indicators for international reporting and comparison. United Nations and Sustainable Development integral part of this project. It has contributed to building a body of nationally representative GBV data and developing the capacity of nationally representative GBV data and It has contributed to building a body integral part of this project. in the future. Office (NSO) to produce these statistics of the National Statistics particularly domestic violence, by improving GBV data collection on the extent, nature and general conditions of partner violence, on the extent, nature and general conditions violence, by improving GBV data collection particularly domestic public knowledge and awareness. victim protection environment and increasing promoting an effective Mongolia as an was conducted for the first time in (WHO) methodology, Health Organization on the World against women, based began in June 2016 and will continue until May 2020 with the support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Fund (UNFPA) support of the United Nations Population and will continue until May 2020 with the began in June 2016 jointly chaired by the overseen by a Steering Committee and Cooperation (SDC). The project, Swiss Agency for Development violence, national capacity to combat gender-based the strengthening goal of the overall has Ministry UNFPA, of Justice and This national research on violence against women is part of the against women is research on violence This national 2.1 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia separate strata(theoutskirtsdistricts ofBaganuurandBagakhangaiinUlaanbaatarweremerged tobecomeonestratum). The populationwasdividedinto atotalof29strata.Twenty one provinces andeightdistrictsofthecapitalcitywereconsidered as STRATIFICATION sample designprocesswascompleted asfollows: collected fromatotalof524PSUscovering104khesegsand420 baghs,and15householdswereselectedfromeachPSUs.The SamplingUnits(PSUs).Datawas capital city)andbaghs(thesmallestadministrativeunitinprovinces) wereselectedasPrimary The samplingframeincludesunitsfromall21provincesandnine districtsofthecapitalcity. Khesegs(partsofsub-districtsinthe urban/rural level,andlessthan20percentatprovincelevel. The samplesizewasdesignedtoproducereliableestimatesat nationallevelandwithmarginsoferrorlessthan10percentat survey, thesamplesize wasincreasedto7,860households,assuminganon-responserateof10percent. initial targetsizeofthesamplewas7,145households.Considering theprobabilityofnon-responseduesensitivenatureof The sampledesignwasdonebytheNSOSamplingandAnalysis Division.Amulti-stagesamplingstrategywasusedandthe SAMPLE DESIGN 2.2 between June2016andMay2018. Paneltookactivepartinguidingallstagesofthestudyplanningandimplementationprocesses,whichplace The Advisory 24            

LGBT Centre Mongolian Men’s Federation Mongolian NationalFederationofOrganizationsDisabledPeople National CentreAgainstViolence “Gal Golomt“NationalMovement Family, ChildandYouth DevelopmentAgency Mongolian Women’s Fund National HumanRightsCommission National PoliceAgency ofEducation,Culture,ScienceandSport Ministry ofHealth Ministry Institute ofSocialPolicyandDevelopmentStudies QUANTITATIVE SURVEY Figure 2.1.Timeframe andkeymilestonesfortheMongoliaViolence against Women study Figure 2.1 showsthemilestonesandtimingofeachstage. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 25 The work to adapt, 8 Orkhon provinces in March 2017, involving 60 households in Orkhon provinces in March 2017, involving and . Another pilot was undertaken in Dundgovi . Another pilot was undertaken in Dundgovi duuregs Section 6. Attitudes Section 7. Respondent and her husband/partner Section 2. General health Section 3. Reproductive health Section 4. Children Section 5. Current or most recent husband/partner Section 1. Respondent and her community Household questionnaire consent form Woman’s questionnaire Woman’s General questionnaire Household selection form Questionnaire of the Woman’s health and life experiences survey (Version 12.03, 20 July 2015) health and life experiences survey (Version Questionnaire of the Woman’s 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 8 The survey of the following five parts: questionnaire (see Annex 4) consisted stakeholders, including relevant Ministries, international organizations, civil society organizations and Advisorystakeholders, including relevant Ministries, Panel members, the questionnaire. The pilot testing and stakeholder review also helped determine and their suggestions incorporated to finalize the average time needed to complete an interview and work out a practical daily workload for enumerators. Based on the results of the pilot tests, the questionnaire was updated by adding new questions, improving the wording and questionnaire was updated by adding new questions, improving the wording and Based on the results of the pilot tests, the The survey was then circulated among workplan was also modified. The questionnaire ensuring the questions flowed logically. pilot testing. Initial pilot testing took place in February 2017 involving 36 households from Ulaanbaatar’s Songinokhaikhan and in Februarypilot testing. Initial pilot testing took place households from Ulaanbaatar’s 2017 involving 36 Bayanzurkh Gurvansaikhan, Saintsagaan, Bayan-Undur and Jargalant districts. advisors and the NSO’s survey team. advisors and the NSO’s through checked were field the in used be to software the and materials of quality the questionnaire, the of finalization the to Prior The survey (e.g. team leader terms of reference and manual, questionnaire, questionnaire rules and other process guidelines interviewer and methodology. manual, and trainer manual) were developed based on the WHO standards translate and approve the survey by the members of the Advisory questionnaire and guidelines was done Panel, international QUESTIONNAIRE weeks) or lives with the family for five out of seven days of the week. In cases where there was more than one woman eligible for there was more than one woman eligible of seven days of the week. In cases where out family for five weeks) or lives with the to randomly select one of them. participation, the Kish grid method was used Third stage - Only one woman was chosen from each household as a respondent woman was chosen from each household Third stage - Only one there for more than four either a resident of the household (living those aged between 15 and 64 years and Eligible women were PSU based on a systematic random sampling method. PSU based on a systematic Second stage – Household selection Second stage – Household were selected from each PSU was prepared. Fifteen households the list of households belonging to each After selecting the PSUs, Twenty clusters (PSUs) in each of the 21 provinces (420 total) and 13 in each of the Ulaanbaatar districts were selected (104 total). (104 selected districts were Ulaanbaatar of the in each 13 and total) (420 provinces 21 the of each in (PSUs) clusters Twenty to size (PPS). a probability proportional were selected with stratum, the clusters Within each First stage – Selection of PrimaryFirst stage Units (PSUs) Sampling 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia below, itwasconsideredintheanalysisthatshehadexperiencedindicated formofviolence. When a womanconfirmedshehadexperienced at leastoneof the actsnoted The word “violence” was notusedin the interviews. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSOFDIFFERENTTYPESVIOLENCE Annex 2includesatablesummarisingthechangesmadetoversion12ofstandardWHOquestionnaire. Both timeperiodsareimportant andrevealdifferentaspectsoftheproblem.Thelifetime prevalenceofviolence(or“ever reference periodswereusedtocalculate “lifetimeprevalence”and“current prevalence” ofviolence. whether ithadhappenedinthe past12months,andwithwhatfrequency(once,2-5times,or morethanfivetimes).Thetwo For eachactofpartnerviolence, therespondentwasaskedwhetherithadeverhappenedat anytimeduringherlifetimeand Reference periods 26 about d) Perpetratorhadthreatenedtohurtherorsomeoneshecared things pose e.g.bythewayhelookedather;yellingorsmashing c) Perpetratorhaddonethingstoscareorintimidateheronpur b) Was belittledorhumiliatedinfrontofotherpeople a) Was insultedormadetofeelbadaboutherself Emotional violencebyanintimatepartner or humiliating c) Was forcedtodosomethingsexualthatshefounddegrading was afraidofwhatpartnermightdo b) Hadsexualintercoursewhenshedidnotwanttobecause not wantto a) Was physicallyforcedtohavesexualintercoursewhenshedid Sexual violencebyanintimatepartner i) Was lashedwithabelt h) Was chasedbyahorseand/orlashedwithwhip g) Was chasedbyacarormotorcycle other weaponagainsther f) Perpetratorthreatenedtouse,oractuallyused,agun,knife, e) Was chokedorburntonpurpose d) Was kicked,dragged,orbeatenup c) Was hitwithfistorsomethingelse thatcouldhurt b) Was pushedorshovedhad her hairpulled a) Was slappedorhadsomething thrownatherthatcouldhurt Physical violencebyanintimatepartner Section 12.Completionoftheinterview Section 11.Financialautonomy Section 10.Otherexperiences Section 9.Impactandcoping Section 8.Injuries - self f) Heexpectedhertoaskpermissionbeforeseekinghealthcarefor e) Hewasoftensuspiciousthatsheunfaithful ifshespokewithanotherman d) Hegotangry c) Heinsistedonknowingwhereshewasatalltimes b) Hetriedtorestrictcontactwithherfamilyofbirth a) Hetriedtokeepherfromseeingfriends Controlling behavioursbyanintimatepartner something sexualthatshedidnotwanttodo Before age15yearssomeonehadtouchedhersexuallyormadedo Childhood sexualabuse(beforeage15years) to performasexualactwhenshedidnotwant Since age15yearssomeoneotherthanpartnerforcedhertohavesex or Sexual violencesinceage15yearsbyothers(non-partners) treated her Since age15yearssomeoneotherthanpartnerbeatorphysicallymis Physical violencesinceage15yearsbyothers(non-partners) b) Was punchedorkickedintheabdomenwhilepregnant a) Was pushed,slapped,hit,kickedorbeatenwhilepregnant Physical violenceinpregnancy - - 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 27 training course was conducted for the enumerators in Ulaanbaatar from 6 April to 1 May 2017. It was facilitated by training course was conducted for the enumerators

chiefs, local government leaders, workers of district governor offices, as well as local guides, provided essential assistance chiefs, local government leaders, workers of district governor offices, as well as local xeseg) ( 2.2. shows a map of where the survey Figure teams were deployed. to locate households and conduct the fieldwork smoothly. Fieldwork was carried out continuously over the course of 60 days by 15 teams, each comprising five enumerators, one supervisorFieldwork was carried out continuously over the course of 60 days by 15 teams, each governors, village sub-district capital city, and two drivers. Employees of statistical divisions in provinces and districts of the FIELDWORK survey. Individuals who displayed high levels of motivation and leadership during the training and obtained excellent examination Individuals who displayed high levels of motivation and leadership survey. supervisors.as selected were marks the on manuals specific as well as orientation and training additional given were They organization and management of survey activities. fieldwork processes. the 93 women with the best results were selected and employed as enumerators for The training concluded with an exam and The training also involved a pilot test of the survey in the field covering 200 households in Ulaanbaatar. This had the dual purpose This surveyThe training also involved a pilot test of the households in Ulaanbaatar. in the field covering 200 the questionnaire, as well as a final test of the surveyof giving the trainees practical skills in administering instrument and the NSO survey accepted standards, the training included topics on team and two international advisors. In line with internationally violence, sections of the survey questionnaire, tablet operation, and gender-based the concepts and definitions related to gender software use, interviewing both interviewers techniques, and ethical and safety considerations concerning and respondents. 120 were selected to participate in the training. A three-week in the field. Eligible applicants needed to be 28 years old or older, in good health, have strong communication skills, empathy with in good 28 years old or older, in the field. Eligible applicants needed to be health and human rights issues, previous experience with survey fieldwork, a tertiary level of education, computer skills, women’s field. Around 150 applications were received and following testing of computer skills, and be available to spend three months in the FIELDWORKER SELECTION AND TRAINING female enumerators were selected to conduct the interviewsIn accordance with international recommendations, and collect data er, male intimate partner, the report, the term “partner” is used for divorced, and widowed. Throughout such as cohabiting, separated, 3 lists the concepts and definitions used in the study. including for husband and ex-husband. Annex Partnership definition or out of marriage, relationship with a man, whether it is in marriage refers to women who have had a “ever-partnered” In this study, monitoring change to determine the impact of these programmes. monitoring change to than lifetime prevalence because it measures recent experiences of violence. The proportion experiencing violence in the past 12 violence The proportion experiencing experiences of violence. it measures recent prevalence because than lifetime drafting for significant is This situation. present the time: in point one at situation the understand to efforts in important is months intervention need services). (e.g. how many women would currently programmes period is also significant for The 12-month at some time in their lives. This is especially important for advocacy and awareness raising efforts. Prevalence in the 12 months Prevalence in the awareness raising efforts. for advocacy and is especially important in their lives. This at some time the surveypreceding lower This is by definition in the last 12 months. occurring of violence types reflects (“current violence”) experienced violence”) measures whether a certain type of violence has occurred in a woman’s life, even if it was only once. In once. was only it if even life, woman’s in a occurred has of violence type a certain whether measures violence”) experienced violence women experienced age. It reveals how many would increase with as per definition, it it is cumulative and, this sense, 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 9 consolidated databasewasthen exportedtoSPSSandSTATA formats fordataanalysis. systemforuseontablets.Thefinal errors,andcalculationofweights.CSProsoftwarehadbeen usedtodesignthedataentry entry Data validationbeganinJuly2017, includingmanualchecking ofunitrecords,datacompilation, checkingforanylogicaland DATA PROCESSINGANDANALYSIS respondentsattheendofinterview.etc.) wasgiventoallsurvey (police,hospital,supportservices, andfollowingupas needed.Acardwiththecontactnumbersofavailableservices to services Support forrespondents recognition ofthetraumaticnaturesubjectmatter, hearingdisclosuresofviolenceeachday. withinterviewers in weretrained tomonitorandprovideemotionalsupportinterviewers violence oraggressionwhenatahousehold.Supervisors Support for interviewers Confidentiality agreement opportunity whetherornottoproceedandaskedsignedaconsentform. Informed consent beinginterruptedbythehusbandor anyotherperson. difficult situationssuchastheinterview a private one-on-one setting with heightened confidentiality. were taught the skills to deal with During the training, interviewers withtheselectedrespondentwereconductedin making thetopicpublicorknowntootherhouseholdmembers.Allinterviews Safe nameforthehouseholdsurvey Somespecificmeasuresincluded: compliance withtheWHOethicalandsafetyrecommendationsforresearchonviolenceagainstwomen Safety of ETHICS ANDSAFETYCONSIDERATIONS control. Italsosavedtimeintheprocessingphasebyavoidingmanual dataentry. data entry. Also, thecontinuous transmission of data during the course of the fieldwork allowed for regularmonitoring and quality Tablet Thisimproveddataquality throughvalidationatthepointof computerswereusedtorecordresponsesduringtheinterviews. 28 2001. WHO. Puttingwomenfirst:Ethicalandsafety recommendationsforresearchondomesticviolenceagainstwomen.Geneva,World HealthOrganization(WHO/FCH/GWH/01.1), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_FCH_GWH_01.1.pdf

both Figure 2.2.

: once the eligible woman was selected and the true nature of the survey explained,thewomanwasgiven : oncetheeligiblewomanwasselectedandtruenatureofsurvey respondents and interviewers was a central issue and survey activities were carried in was a central issue and survey respondents and interviewers : the localadministrators were available to assistifany dangerous situationarose, such as being met with : Protocols were in place to help women who requested assistance during the interview byreferringthem : Protocolswereinplacetohelpwomenwhorequestedassistance duringtheinterview Map ofMongoliausedforplanningthetimingandtraveldirection : Duringthetraining,allenumeratorssignedaconfidentialityagreementaspartoftheirworkcontract. : “Women’s toavoid HealthandLifeExperiences”wasusedasa“safename”forthesurvey of datacollectionteams 9 .

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 29

. 10 Normal FGD (8 participants) Women aged 15-64 Women Men aged 15-64 • • • LGBT Figure 2.3. FGD participants People with disabilities - sight - mobility - hearing - other (internal organ pathologies, tumors) Kazakh (ethnic group) Mini-4 FGD (4 participants) with women exposed to partner violence, who were selected using filter questions. This work with women exposed to partner violence, who • •

were held to learn about the perceptions and attitudes of people of different ages and social groups. Each were held to learn about the perceptions and

and sample selection

QUALITATIVE STUDY QUALITATIVE Kherlen and Bor-Undur districts of Khentii province, Darkhan district of Darkhan-Uul province, Alag-Erdene district of Khuvsgul province, Uliastai and Toson-Tsengel districts of Khentii province, Darkhan district of Darkhan-Uul province, Alag-Erdene district of Khuvsgul province, Uliastai and Toson-Tsengel Kherlen and Bor-Undur districts of Zavkhan province as well as Ulaanbaatar’s 6 districts of Bayangol, Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, Chingeltei, Khan-Uul and Songinokhairkhan were selected. Chingeltei, 6 districts of Bayangol, Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, districts of Zavkhan province as well as Ulaanbaatar’s

10 participants (Mini-4FGD) and eight participants (Normal FGD) – for the purpose of ensuring representation. Figure 2.3 illustrates 2.3 Figure representation. ensuring of purpose the – for FGD) (Normal eight participants and (Mini-4FGD) participants by target participants. the breakdown of each type of focus group Focus group discussions sex who joined the study on a voluntarygroup comprised 4-10 people of the same basis. The open discussion was led by two observers.researchers who acted as moderators and through two types of focus groups – with four Discussions were conducted Ethical and safety considerations were paramount during in-depth interviewsEthical and safety considerations were paramount referral to post-interview including psychological expressing appreciation of the respondent’s concluding the interview in a positive manner, counselling, ensuring confidentiality, patience and courage, and destroying interview records after report writing. Special in-depth interviewsSpecial well as experienced violence, seven LGBT persons as women who have with disabled held also were male victims of violence. six male perpetrators of violence and three women. Besides complementing the findings of the quantitative surveywomen. Besides complementing the findings to the fuller assessment and presentation and contributing of future studies. stories are important to improve the methodology and questionnaires of the problem, these women’s were used to guide the selection of provinces and districts where the study was carried out were used to guide the selection of provinces In-depth interviews were conducted of province statistical divisions and organizations providing serviceswas done with the cooperation of employees to abused The qualitative study involved men, older persons, people with disabilities, and LGBT, as well as women who have experienced who women as well as LGBT, and disabilities, with people persons, older men, involved study qualitative The provide servicesviolence and employees of organizations that violence. Preliminary to victims of of the quantitative survey results Organization The qualitative component was undertaken to obtain supporting information and to explore issues that could not be covered in the information and to explore issues that could was undertaken to obtain supporting The qualitative component 87 in-depth interviews,group discussions (FDG) with 392 participants, The study involved 64 focus and 59 quantitative survey. key informant discussions. 2.3 Standard variables and tables were derived, and the main outputs reviewed by UNFPA international advisors. Preliminary international estimates by UNFPA outputs reviewed derived, and the main and tables were Standard variables October 2017. between August and and validation for discussion and shared with stakeholders level were produced at national 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia reflected throughoutthisreport. andare themes and/orcharacteristics.Theresultingfindingswereusedtotriangulatetheresultsofquantitativesurvey typesandparticipantsidentifying team ofeightoperators.Analysisinvolvedallocatingcodestoidentifyinterview/discussion were transcribed by a data entry and key informant interviews Audio recordings of focus group discussions, in-depth interviews females andtwomales. 2017. Researcherswereorganizedintofourteams,eachofwhichhadonepsychologistandsocialworkerconsistedtwo ability todeliver. andfocusgroupsstartedfrom4October Apilotwasheldintheperiodupto20August2017andtheninterviews to 14August2017.Attheendofthisprocess16researcherswereselectedfromoriginal28traineesbasedontheirskillsand enumerators inthequantitativesurvey. Afour-day skillsfrom7 trainingsessionwasheldtodevelopandtest theirinterviewing Data collectionwasdonecarefullyselectedmaleandfemalepsychologistssocialworkers,manyofwhomalsoworkedas Data collectionandanalysis violence. shed lightonthetypes of violence prevalent inthatlocality, locally available tovictimsof itsperceivedcauses,andthe services providedinformationthat the localpolice,andspecialistsfromorganizationscombatingviolence.Thesekeyinformantinterviews were held with local government representatives, medical personnel, domestic violence officers from Key informant interviews 30 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 31

• Currently married – 70.5 per cent • Currently cohabiting – 2.5 per cent • Currently widowed – 2.1 per cent • Primary or no education – 11.8 per cent • Secondary education – 27.4 per cent • Higher education – 26.8 per cent • Selected sample size – 7860 surveyed households – 7810 • Total participation – 7467 • Households with women eligible for • Number of women participated – 7319 surveyed from urban residence – 49.5 per cent • Women women – 6914 • Ever-partnered

Current marital status of ever-partnered women Current marital status of ever-partnered Education levels of total women surveyed Brief results Sample size, number of households Sample women surveyed Women CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER

AND RESPONSE RATES RESPONSE AND SAMPLE DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION SAMPLE 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia From the7467householdswithwomenlivingwhoareofagesbetween15-64(95.0percenttotalselectedhouseholds),a interview. demonstratingtheresponserateof99.4percent(100*7810/7860)which7467hadwomeneligiblefor completed interviews households inastateofmourningduetoloss,orlanguagebarriers.Outthetargetsample7860households,7810have being vacant(householdmovedtemporarilyforlongperiods),areawhichthehouseholdresideswasundergoingreconstruction, becauseofreasonssuchasthehouse sample. Thiswasduetore-selectionofhouseholdswhowereunavailableforinterview sensitive natureofthesurvey. reachedatotalof7930householdseventhough7860wereselectedas Thesurvey whichreferences some complex issues ofwomen,theresponserateswerequitehighdespite As GBVSisasample survey 3.1 Responserates discussed. Thischapterdoesnotincludeinformationonthequalitative components ofthesample. the sample’s processare capabilityofrepresentingthetotalwomenpopulationandrespondents’satisfactionwithinterview response rate and other quantitative components of the sample. Furthermore, This chapter covers information on the survey Sample responseratesanddescription Table 3.1). representinganindividualresponserateof98.0percent(detailedinformationprovidedin of 7319womencompletedinterviews, currently orhave had partners.Oftheever-partnered women,66.6per centiscurrentlymarried,2.9per iscurrentlycohabitating,6.0per Only 9.8percentoftherespondents reportedtohaveneverhadapartner, whereasthe90.1percent(6914women)havereportedtopartners reside intheCapitalcityorprovince capitalswhiletheremainingliveincountryside. Close tohalf(46.9percent)oftherespondents resideinUlaanbaatarcitywhile53.1percentareruralresidents. Sevenintenoftherespondents status, andrelationtotheirpartners. Ever-partnered womenweredistributedintwogroupsas“currentlyhavepartner”and “had apartner”. Table 3.2showsdetailedpresentation oftherespondents’administrativegeographicaldistribution,agegroups,educationlevels,employment 3.2 Socio-demographicdescriptionofthesample ofwhich23hadrefusedtogiveinterview,In ruralareas,atotalof148womenwerenotinterviewed andtheremaining124hadotherreasons. 8 werewomenwhoresidedintheoutskirtdistrictsBaganuur, Bagakhangai,andNalaykh. in the Ulaanbaatar city of whichonly A total of46 selected respondents haverefused,postponed, were absent, or wereincapable for interviewing forlife. had eventoldthatshewillneverparticipateininterviews butitwasmostlyunsuccessful.Onewoman Attemptswere takentorearrangeinterviews orhavebeenevadinginterviews. and timeforinterview During thefieldoperationsinUlaanbaatar, therewereincidencesofrespondentreluctancewheretheyconsistentlypostponedtheappointeddate 32 Total numberofhouseholdsselected results Individual questionnaire Number ofeligiblewomenselectedforinterview response rate Individual questionnaire Incomplete interview Incomplete interview No eligiblehouseholdmemberforinterview Respondent absent/postponed/incapableforinterview Refused interview Completed interview Interviewed Refused/Absent/Incomplete Results, statusofresponse Table 3.1Individualquestionnaireresponserate Frequency 7319 7319 7810 7467 343 124 148 23 1 Percentage 100.0 100.0 93.7 98.0 4.4 1.6 0.3 2.0 0 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 33 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 82.6 11.1 82.6 93.7 17.4 11.1 82.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 % 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 3 Other N 4.4 9.9 8.9 6.9 4.4 4.1 5.0 5.9 9.5 46.8 20.0 14.4 14.3 18.9 11.3 13.9 29.0 14.9 33.0 16.2 12.5 11.5 15.8 15.0 53.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 % 140 392 902 783 769 377 467 901 161 829 593 357 745 1318 2103 1913 6914 1032 1010 6914 1171 1890 1103 1926 6914 4169 6914 1580 1025 Ever-partnered N 9.0 8.1 6.3 4.0 3.9 4.8 8.7 46.9 20.4 14.2 11.1 12.0 13.0 11.3 10.4 17.0 29.7 14.7 13.7 30.8 49.0 13.0 18.5 15.8 13.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 % 914 800 411 447 920 380 374 489 432 841 775 599 745 1401 2262 2003 7319 1043 1030 7319 1361 2008 1074 1122 7319 4227 7319 1653 1965 Number of women Total N Table 3.2. Surveyed 3.2. partner status groups, education levels, occupation and women by geographic location, age- Table 15-19 District centre Rural Total Capital city Province capital Lower secondary Higher secondary 60-64 Total None Primary 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 Total Paid employee Unemployed Vocational Higher education Student Retired Total Housewife Geographic location Characteristics Age group Occupation Education level Disaggregated by their education status, 8.7 per cent have received primary or no education, 17.0 per cent have received lower secondary, 29.7 received primary 8.7 per cent have by their education status, Disaggregated lower secondary, 17.0 per cent have received or no education, received higher education. and 30.8 per cent have vocational education, per cent have received 13.7 secondary, per cent higher d with 66.7 per cent divorced/separate d with 66.7 per 2.8 per cent is currently is currently dating, and widowed, 6.0 per cent before or currently cent had married in rural areas. and 33.3 per cent living living in urban areas of all respondents 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia unweighted datacloselyfollowthepopulationdata. years oldinthegeneralpopulationaccordingtoPopulationandHouseholdRegisterDatabase.Thedatashowthatbothweighted the sample(weightedandunweightedfornumberofeligiblewomeninhousehold)iscomparedwithpopulationdatawomen15-64 rural, region,education,age.Forthiscomparison,datafromthe2017PopulationandHouseholdRegisterDatabasewasused.InTable 3.3 Firstly, thefollowingcharacteristicsofwomeninsamplewerecomparedwiththosepopulation15-64years old:Urban/ 15-64 yearsinthestudylocation. Two (therespondents)wererepresentativeofthepopulationwomenaged approachesweretakentoevaluatewhetherthewomeninterviewed 3.3 Representativenessofthesample 30-39 comparedtothedistributionofeligiblewomeninsamehouseholds(greenline). age groupdistributionoftotalrespondents(blueline),therewasanunder-coverage ofwomenbelowage25andanover-coverage ofwomen eligible womenintheselectedhouseholds,youngerwereunderrepresentedandolderover-represented. Ascanbeseenfromthe distribution oftotaleligiblewomeninsamplehouseholds(greenline)andpopulation(orangemustbeminimal.Inthe drops forwomenaged39-64astheagegroupincreases.Forsampletobehighlyrepresentative,disparitybetweenage Women ofages15-39holdthesubstantial shareintotalwomenaged15-64(yellowandorangelines),whereasthefrequencycontinuously In thiswaywecanassesspotentialsamplingbiasandparticipationbias. Household RegisterDatabase)areplottedinFigure3.1,togetherwiththeagedistributionofalleligiblewomenhouseholdssample. Secondly, theagedistributionofrespondents(unweightedandweighted)generalfemalepopulation15-64years(Population 34 Partner status Total Other Ever-partnered Never partnered Figure 3.1.Agegroupdistributionofrespondents(weightedandunweighted),eligiblewomeninsample households andtotalpopulationofwomen(%) 7319 6914 402 3 100.0 90.1 0.1 9.8

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 35 3.1 8.2 17.6 47.0 6.6 15.6 18.6 12.2 10.7 11.3 14.4 13.3 11.5 10.5 9.2 8.1 6.7 4.3 100.0 70.3 29.7 Population Number % registration Population and household Population and household 33250 86848 187164 501369 70429 166400 198344 129717 113702 120721 154072 142328 122330 112132 98070 86227 71068 45609 1066259 749263 316996 1.5 5.0 17.4 46.9 6.6 15.6 18.8 12.2 11.1 12.0 14.7 13.0 11.3 10.4 9.0 8.1 6.3 4.0 100.0 67.3 32.7 Weighted* Number % All respondents 109 355 1245 3429 484 1140 1376 890 813 877 1076 953 829 764 661 591 461 293 7319 4926 2393 19.2 12.5 10.9 10.6 8.2 5.2 2.3 6.9 23.3 18.2 5.6 6.1 12.6 14.3 14.1 50.0 50.0 19.1 11.8 27.5 100.0 population (Population and Household Registration Database, 2017) population (Population Number % Unweighted All respondents 1361 914 800 775 599 380 162 489 1703 1333 411 447 920 1043 1030 3663 3656 1401 867 2015 7319 Primary Lower-secondary Education of respondents No education 60-64 45-49 50-54 55-59 35-39 40-44 25-29 30-34 15-19 20-24 Western Age group of respondents Central Khangai Ulaanbaatar Eastern Region Location Urban Rural Total Table 3.3. Characteristics of respondents in the sample (unweighted and weighted) and female population age 15-49 years in the general (unweighted and weighted) and female population of respondents in the sample 3.3. Characteristics Table lings, her mother). age group (her siblings, her mother). who are in the eligible that there are also others it is more likely with an adolescent woman, in households in the brings the distribution much closer to the distribution effect happened in Mongolia (the weighted data can see from the graph that this We population). s with women in the as households with women distribution of respondents, turn affecting the age probability is in This difference in selection being selected. too young and mother too old), while (daughters still women in the same household on average, fewer eligible are likely to have, middle age group This is a result of the sample strategy used in the study, where for safety reasons only one woman per household was interviewed.per household was reasons only one woman where for safety As a result of used in the study, result of the sample strategy is a This of of their higher probability overrepresented because women were likely to be with fewer eligible coming from households women this strategy, 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia was relativelyhighatnationallevel,indicatingalownon-response error orparticipationbias. as revisitingthehouseholdsseveraltimesifselectedparticipant wasnotpresentatthetimeofvisit.Individualresponserate overnight atleast5daysaweekaseligibleparticipants.Moreover, the enumeratorswereguidedtominimizenon-responsesuch periodorwomenwhostay women liveregularlyinthehouse,identifyingwhostayed morethan4weekspriortothesurvey extendsthe definitionofeligiblehouseholdmembersasmorethanjust these possibilitiesofnon-responsebias,thesurvey or have temporarily left the dwellingbecauseoftheir experience of violence. Dueto violence would be reluctant to giveinterview becausetheymightpossesscertaintraits.Forexample,womenexposedto selected samplerefusestoparticipateinthesurvey respondents are selected in terms of their certain characteristics. Also, non-response errors couldoccurwhere a portionofthe results due to non-random sampling strategies where the Participation bias or non-response bias can occur in the survey 3.4 status isnotconsistentwiththePopulationandHouseholdRegisterDatabase. ofthemaritalstatuswomenaged15-64wasnottabulatedbecauseclassificationcurrentpartnership household. Theresponsecategory Note: * -Weights havebeen applied fortotaleligiblewomen in thehousehold tocorrectfordifferencesinselection probability withinthe 36 currently cohabiting Currently married, Current partnershipstatus Doctor’s degree Graduate degree degree Undergraduate secondary Vocational- Vocational Higher-secondary cohabitant Have afemale cohabiting Unmarried, not currently cohabiting Engaged, not cohabiting Unmarried, currently currently cohabiting Married, not Participation bias 5 1417 183 558 225 4931 17 230 1718 596 526 2008 0.1 19.4 2.5 7.6 3.1 67.4 0.2 3.2 24.2 8.4 7.4 28.3 1882 354 686 256 4136 23 272 1957 546 458 2174 5 25.7 4.8 9.4 3.5 56.5 0.3 3.8 27.4 7.6 6.4 30.5 0.1 1061758 620 7713 284360 55747 28454 377602 100.0 0.1 0.7 26.8 5.3 2.7 35.6 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 37 Respondents’ satisfaction with interview satisfaction Respondents’ were happy for they had someone to listen to their problems and that their response was beneficial to the survey. survey. that their response was beneficial to the someone to listen to their problems and were happy for they had BETTER, BAD/WORSE, SAME/NO DIFFERENCE and have recorded specific responses. Response to this question was crucial. In specific responses. Response to this question SAME/NO DIFFERENCE and have recorded BETTER, BAD/WORSE, per cent answered they feel the 23.0 or made them feel better, of the respondents answered that it was good overall, 73.3 per cent Most of the respondents before the interview. worse than feel per cent answered it was bad or that they same as before, and 3.7 It is widely perceived that women do not like to share their experience of violence, therefore the enumerators asked the of violence, that women do not like to share their experience It is widely perceived at the end of the interview talking about these things made you feel?” respondents “How has answer from options GOOD/ to more comfortable for the women who had disclosed their experience of violence than those who did not. For example, though those who did not. For example, though violence than of the women who had disclosed their experience more comfortable for the duration of interviews minutes when answered that it probably took 30-40 ranged from 30 to 90 minutes, most participants you think the interviewasked “How long did lasted?” The interview it was provides evidence that as the data and the respondents for both the enumerators process was challenging 3.5 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 38 experienced partnerviolence,byviolencetype Percentage ofever-partnered womeninMongoliawhohave Lifetime PARTNER VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Any formofviolence:Physicaland/orsexualviolence,economic violence, emotionalandcontrollingbehaviours violence Economic 12.0% 19.9% 35.0% Current (last12months) CHAPTER 4. 57.9% sexual violence Physical and/or 12.7% 31.2% 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 39 Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) Figure 4.1. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced partner violence, by type of violence and reference Figure 4.1. Percentage of ever-partnered violence are provided by geographical area in Annex 4. Rates of violence during the last 12 months do not follow the same pattern as lifetime violence. Current prevalence is highest in Rates of violence during the last 12 months do not follow the same pattern as lifetime per cent). Prevalence rates for each form of Uvurkhangai (19.4 per cent), followed by Dundgovi and Umnugovi (both with 15.3 The prevalence of partner violence varies between the provinces and the capital. As shown in Figure 4.2, the rates of physical and/ The prevalence of partner violence varies between the provinces and the capital. As shown Umnugovi (39.7 per cent), and Govisumber or sexual partner violence during lifetime is highest in Darkhan-Uul (41.0 per cent), (39.1 per cent). cent of ever-partnered women in their lifetime and close to one quarter (23.8 per cent) in the last 12 months. Each of these forms women in their lifetime and close to one quarter (23.8 per cent) in the last 12 cent of ever-partnered in the sections below. is discussed in more detail of violence, their triggers and consequences, lifetime and 12.7 per cent in the last 12 months) shows that most women who experience sexual violence have also been subject shows that most women who experience sexual violence have also been subject lifetime and 12.7 per cent in the last 12 months) to physical violence. per controlling behaviours are the most prevalent, experienced by more than 41.6 Of the other forms of partner violence measured, their lifetime, and 11.9 per cent have experienced it in the last 12 months. Rates of sexual partner violence are lower, with 8.0 are lower, 12 months. Rates of sexual partner violence per cent have experienced it in the last their lifetime, and 11.9 sexual partner violence in their lifetime and 3.0 per cent in the last 12 months. Women per cent of women having been subject to The combination of physical and/or sexual violence (31.2 per cent during their might experience one or many forms of violence. As shown in Figure 4.1, 29.7 per cent of ever-partnered women have experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in partner intimate an by violence physical experienced have women ever-partnered of cent per 29.7 4.1, Figure in shown As HOW MANY WOMEN EXPERIENCE PARTNER VIOLENCE? EXPERIENCE PARTNER HOW MANY WOMEN (see Annex 2 for the full description of definitions of each form of violence). These questions were only asked of those women who violence). These questions were only asked description of definitions of each form of (see Annex 2 for the full there were 6,914 in the survey women’ – of which sample. partner – referred to as ‘ever-partnered had ever had a male intimate The household survey household The if so, and, male a relationship with intimate been in an had ever they whether 15-64 aged women asked violence different acts of partner any of the find out if they had experienced were asked to formulated questions a set of carefully This chapter presents data on the prevalence of different forms of violence against women perpetrated by their male partner or by their male against women perpetrated forms of violence prevalence of different presents data on the This chapter behaviours. and controlling economic violence violence, emotional violence, sexual violence, includes physical husband. This 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

40 Figure 4.2.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualviolence,byprovinceandthe capital cityandreferenceperiod,Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914–Thenumberofever-partnered women 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 41 Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) reference period, Mongolia In the discussions on physical partner violence, women aged between 15 and 34 tended to use mild partner violence, women In the discussions on physical Figure 4.3. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical violence by any partner, by location and physical violence by any partner, women who have experienced of ever-partnered Figure 4.3. Percentage descriptions of physical partner violence and displayed shame and embarrassment when recounting their stories. Conversely, recounting their stories. Conversely, descriptions of physical partner violence and displayed shame and embarrassment when had separated from their partners used women aged 35 and above spoke readily about physical violence, and women who strong expressions. Qualitative study: Figure 4.4. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical partner violence, by age groups and reference women who have experienced physical partner violence, by age groups and reference Figure 4.4. Percentage of ever-partnered ve – those years when they are more likely to be having and raising children – who ha Overall, it is women aged between 25 and 49 4.4). partner violence (Figure the highest rates of lifetime and current physical The highest rates are among women aged 40-44 of which two in five (40.7 per cent) have experienced physical partner violence at violence partner experienced physical have cent) (40.7 per in five two of which 40-44 aged women are among rates highest The partner violence at 16.6 per cent. aged 30-34 have the highest rates for current physical least once during their lifetime. Women Women’s exposure to physical partner violence varies by age group. exposure to physical partner Women’s women have experienced it at least once during their lifetime. Twelve per cent of ever-partnered women have experienced physical have experienced women per cent of ever-partnered it at least once during their lifetime. Twelve women have experienced urban and rural areas (Figure 4.3). rates between or current months. There is no difference in lifetime violence in the last 12 As stated above, the overall prevalence of physical partner violence in Mongolia is 29.7 per cent, meaning that close to one in three meaning that close to is 29.7 per cent, violence in Mongolia of physical partner the overall prevalence As stated above, 4.1 PHYSICAL PARTNER VIOLENCE VIOLENCE PARTNER 4.1 PHYSICAL 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia during thelast12months. (18.8 percent)havebeenhitwithafistorsomethingelsebytheirmalepartnerandfor7.0centofwomen,thishasoccurred by 23.6percent(inlifetime)and8.4%last12months)ofever-partnered fivewomen women(Figure3.5).Almostoneinevery The mostcommonactofphysicalviolencethatwomenexperienceisbeingslappedorhavingsomethingthrownatthem,reported Acts andseverityofphysicalviolence to severelyviolentacts(Figure4.6). (72.1 percent),thatviolencewassevere.Forwomencurrentlyexperiencing physicalpartnerviolence,69.5percentweresubject foundthatoftheever-partneredThe survey womenwhoexperiencedphysical partnerviolenceintheirlifetime,formostofthem any oftheotheractsassevere.However, wassustained,theviolenceisalsoconsideredsevere. regardlessoftheact,ifaninjury Acts of physical violence are categorised as moderate or severe: being slapped, pushed or shoved is considered moderate, and 42 Figure 4.5.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhoexperiencedphysicalpartnerviolence,byactsofviolenceandreference beat meifIrefusedtohavesexwithhim.fledandamherestayalive. didnotsharewithothers.Healso to makehimfaceasentence?”Thispersonwouldneverchange.Iusedhideeverything, at thecourtroomthathewouldneverdoitagain.Butbackhomelockeddoorandbeatmeagain,shouting“whowasI In-depth interview: daythathemakestroublebygettingdrunk. do?” Ihopehewouldchange.Itisnotevery eyes andlipsisbad,atleastforherlooks.Itscarsthesoul.Whenhe gets drunk,Iamshakenwithfearandthink“Whatdo In-depth interview: Note: N=6914–Thenumberofever-partnered women.Women canexperienceoneormoreactsofviolence. Sometimeshewouldlayhandsonme,notsoterriblythough.Forawomantowalkaroundwithbruised I gotbatteredtowithinaninchofmylifeformorethantenyears.Hekneeleddownbeforemeandbegged period, Mongolia2017(N=6914) Woman aged35-64years Woman aged20-24years 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 43 Moderate 30.5% 69.5% Severe

2017 (N=2109) reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=2109) 27.9% Moderate, Moderate, 72.1% Severe Note: N=2109 – The number of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical violence in lifetime Note: N=2109 – The number of ever-partnered Note: N=2109 – The number of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical violence in lifetime have experienced physical violence in lifetime women who number of ever-partnered Note: N=2109 – The : ever-partnered women participating in the in-depth interviews women participating experiencing multiple forms of physical reported : ever-partnered Figure 4.6. Percentage of women who have experienced physical partner violence, by severity and reference period, Mongolia and reference period, violence, by severity physical partner who have experienced Percentage of women Figure 4.6. Figure 4.7. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical violence, by frequency of physical violence and women who have experienced physical violence, by frequency of physical violence Figure 4.7. Percentage of ever-partnered Physical partner violence affects women regardless of their level of education. Women with a vocational/technical education have Physical partner violence affects women regardless of their level of education. Women attended also above average among women who never 4.8). Rates are cent (Figure violence at 35.4 per the highest rate of lifetime possible to compare the characteristics of women who experienced intimate partner violence with those who have not. Comparisons possible to compare the characteristics of women who experienced intimate partner violence characteristics, namely education level, by geographic area and age groups have been shown above. This section looks at other employment status and current partnership status. Characteristics of women who experienced physical partner violence interviewed,women the of each about information socio-demographic of range a collected questionnaire household The it making 4.7). Physical violence does not typically occur once and then stop. The surveyPhysical violence does not typically occur that nearly half (45.5 per cent) of women reveals at it many times (five or more times during their lifetime). Rates also show th subjected to partner physical violence experienced to partner physical violence in the past 12 months experienced it a few times (Figure half (49.6 per cent) of those who were subject dragged by the hair. dragged by the hair. Frequency of physical violence forms, with as many as forty different acts mentioned by those interviewed.forms, with as many as forty different acts They included having their face stepped on, kicking, stove cord or any other item at hand, causing injuries with a knife or a cleaver, hitting with a floor plank, a rolling pin, an electrical and being car, a window, bed, a against a the person slamming the floor, to falls the victim so that forehead his hard with hitting Qualitative study partner violence starts from pushing, slapping, Physical current or former partner. violence committed at least once by their severely violence acts. Such cruel and severe acts of violence can take a multitude of pitching and hitting and often escalates into

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 16.0 percenthavingexperiencedthisviolenceinthelast12months,compared to11.9percentoverall. school (31.4percent).Currentratesofphysicalpartnerviolenceareconsiderablyhigherforwomenwithnoformaleducation experiences ofviolenceacrossagegroups,asdiscussedabove. (Figure 4.9).Prevalenceislowamongstudents(7.1percent)andretirees(23.1cent).Thislikelytobeareflection of or areinsomeformofpaidemployment(around32percenthaveexperiencedphysicalpartnerviolenceeachthesegroups) The prevalenceoflifetimephysicalpartnerviolenceisaboveaverageamongwomenwhoworkasahousewife,areunemployed 44 Figure 4.9.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalpartnerviolence,byemploymentstatus and

Figure 4.8.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalpartnerviolence,byeducationlevel, reference period,Mongolia2017(N=6914) Mongolia 2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914–Thenumberof ever-partnered women Note: N=6914–Thenumberofever-partnered women

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 45 Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) period, Mongolia 2017 Figure 4.10. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical violence, by partnership status and reference experienced physical violence, by partnership women who have of ever-partnered Figure 4.10. Percentage (Figure 4.11). Jealousy is also considered a common trigger, identified by just over one third of women (36.2 per cent). identified by just (Figure 4.11). Jealousy is also considered a common trigger, Perceived triggers for physical violence women who have experienced physical violence were asked their perception of what triggers such violence Ever-partnered occurs when the male partner is drunk (multiple triggers could be given). Almost two thirds (62.2 per cent) indicated that violence partners after the violence escalated to the point of cruelty and they could not bear it any longer. not bear it any longer. partners after the violence escalated to the point of cruelty and they could The higher rates of violence among separated and divorced women may indicate that partner violence is a factor leading them to The higher rates of violence among separated and divorced women may indicate that explained that they separated from intimate being separated or divorced. A number of women participating in the qualitative study and among those who are formerly dating (15.3 per cent). Current rates are lowest among women who are widowed (1.1 per cent). rates are lowest among women who are are formerly dating (15.3 per cent). Current and among those who Rates are also high among women who were formerly cohabitating with a male partner (48.0 per cent). male partner (48.0 per cohabitating with a who were formerly high among women Rates are also per cent) but are living apart (12.2 a regular partner who currently have is lowest among women partner violence Lifetime physical Analysis by current relationship status shows that rates of lifetime physical partner violence are highest among those who are who among those highest are violence partner physical lifetime of rates that shows status relationship current by Analysis 4.10). at least once) (Figure physical partner violence had experienced (64.6 per cent divorced or separated formerly married, 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia sexual partnerviolenceinthepast 12months(Figure4.12). substantially higherinurbanareas (8.7percent)thaninrural(6.7cent).Threecentofever-partnered women experienced Eight percentofever-partnered womenweresubjected tosexualviolenceatleastonceintheirlifetime.Lifetime ratesare something sexualthattheyfound degradingorhumiliating. forced tohavesexwhentheydidnotwantto,havingwith theirpartnerbecausetheywereafraid,orbeingforcedtodo Information onsexualpartnerviolencewascollectedbased experiences ofoneormorethreeviolentacts:beingphysically 4.2 had thehouseregisteredundermyname.Myhusbandkeepsharassing mefornotregisteringitunderhisname.” In-depth interview: late ordisobeyedthem,andthentheywouldbeatthewoman. cases wheretheirhusbandsorboyfriendswentoutandintentionallygotdrunkofanger, claimingthatthewomancamehome physical violencesaidthatpartners,iftheirangerisprovoked,“beatthemevenwhensober”.Severalyoungerwomenreported alonglifeof Thosewomenwhohadbeensurviving or “cominghomedrunk”wererecurrentinthestoriesofwomeninterviewed. such as“allisbecauseofalcohol”,“stopsbeingahumanwhendrunk”,“whenhedrunknearlykillshiswifeandchildren” Qualitative study: 46 Figure 4.11.Perceivedtriggersforphysicalpartnerviolence,asapercentage ofwomenwhohaveexperiencedsuchviolence, SEXUAL PARTNER VIOLENCE Physicalviolenceagainstwivesorgirlfriendsisoftenperpetratedundertheinfluenceofalcohol.Expressions “Whenheisdrunk,beats,kicks,andhitsmyback.Whensober, hestillabusesmepsychologically. I Note: N=2109–Thenumberofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalviolenceinlifetime Mongolia 2017(N=2109) Woman aged35-64years 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 47 Woman aged 35-64 years aged Woman Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered women of ever-partnered Note: N=6914 – The number Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 – The number of ever-partnered period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) period, Mongolia reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) “He demands sex when I am ill and feeling very “He demands sex when I am ill and feeling bad. When I tell him I am unwell, he says “you are my wife, Few women spoke about sexual partner violence and the majority of those who shared information were women Few women spoke about sexual partner violence violent sex (preceded by physical violence); and violent sex (preceded by physical violence); abuse). rough sex (cruel and painful, verging on physical demand sex when under the influence of alcohol; demand sex when under the influence of alcohol; children are awake); demand sex in the presence of children (when • • • • Figure 4.12. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced sexual partner violence, by location and reference by location and sexual partner violence, who have experienced women Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 4.12. Figure 4.13. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced sexual partner violence, by type of sexual violence and Figure 4.13. Percentage of ever-partnered the last 12 months. Around 1.5 per cent of women were forced to do something degrading or humiliating in their lifetime and 0.6 the last 12 months. Around 1.5 per cent of women were forced to do something degrading per cent in the last 12 months. For both lifetime and current violence, the most common act women experience was having sex when they did not want to because violence, the most common act women experience was having sex when they For both lifetime and current surveyThe months). 12 last the in cent per 2.2 and lifetime their in once least at cent per (6.3 afraid were they per 5.5 that found to have sex by their husband or partner at least once in their lives, and 2.2 per cent in cent of women have been physically forced Acts and frequency of sexual violence aren’t you?” and keeps forcing. He gets angry is my husband, and beats me up if I refuse. When I was young, I used to think “he let him have it”. In-depth interview: aged 35 years or older. This type of violence was found to have affected women with disabilities. It also became evident that sexual This type of violence was found to have affected women aged 35 years or older. mentioned are: of sexual violence that were by physical abuse. The forms partner violence was typically accompanied Qualitative study: 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia times intheirlifetime. per cent)experiencedsexualviolenceafewtimesinthepast12monthsand45.5centofwomenitfiveormore When sexualviolenceoccurs,ittendstohappenmorethanonce.AsseeninFigure3.16,overhalfofever-partnered women(54.1 the highestprevalencerateat34.8percent,andratesarelowest inthe western region(27.2percent). in district centres and in Ulaanbaatar, and lower in provincial centres and rural areas. Of the main regions, the central region has violence in thelast12months. There islittle difference between urban andrural areas orbetweenregions.Ratesare slightly higher threewomen(Figure4.15).Almostthirteenpercenthaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexual 31.2 percent,closetooneinevery The proportionofever-partnered womeninMongolia whohavebeensubjecttophysicaland/orsexualviolenceintheirlifetimeis international research.Combiningthetwoformsofviolencemakessense as theyoftenoccurtogetherbythesameperpetrator. The prevalenceofphysicaland/orsexualviolenceistypicallyusedasacomparableandstandardmeasurepartner in 4.3 also womenwhohavenotattendedschool. sexual violencearehigherthanthosehavenotforeducationlevelcategoriesofeducation,vocationalandtechnical,an d once) inlifetimedisaggregatedbyeducationlevelsarepresentedFigure3.17.Thepercentageofwomenwhohaveexperienced The percentagesoftotalever-partnered women whohaveexperiencedsexualviolenceandhaven’t(atleast partner violence. This sectionpresentsfindingsontheeducationlevel,employmentandpartnershipstatusofwomenwhoexperiencedsexual Characteristics ofwomenwhohaveexperiencedsexualpartnerviolence 48 Figure 4.14.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedsexualpartnerviolence,byfrequencyandreference PHYSICAL AND/ORSEXUALPARTNER VIOLENCE

Note: N=498-Thenumberofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedsexualviolenceinlifetime period, Mongolia2017(N=498) 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 49 Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) location, region and reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) Mongolia 2017 and reference period, location, region EMOTIONAL VIOLENCE Figure 4.15. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by any partner, by by partner, violence by any physical and/or sexual who have experienced women Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 4.15. Figure 4.16. Percentage of ever-partnered woman who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence, by age groups and woman who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence, by age groups and Figure 4.16. Percentage of ever-partnered of other people, deliberate verbal intimidation, shouting or breaking things. Of all ever-partnered women involved in the survey, survey, women involved in the all ever-partnered Of things. or breaking shouting intimidation, verbal deliberate people, of other once during their lifetime. two in five (40.3 per cent) have experienced emotional violence at least Emotional violence – also referred to as psychological violence – includes acts of verbal abuse, belittling and humiliation in front in humiliation and belittling abuse, verbal of acts includes – violence psychological as to referred also – violence Emotional 4.4 experiences with partner violence are highest among those aged 30-34 and 25-29 years. This may indicate that older women have women older that indicate may This years. 25-29 and 30-34 aged those among highest are violence partner with experiences from the violent relationship. been able to stop the violence or remove themselves physical and/or sexual partner violence are seen among women aged 15-19 years (9.0 per cent). seen among women aged 15-19 physical and/or sexual partner violence are 40-44 age group had a higher lifetime rates of physical and/or sexual violence, current It should be noted that while women in the The proportion of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence during their lifetime is highest for women aged physical and/or sexual violence during their lifetime is highest for women aged The proportion of women who have experienced aged in their 30s (around 36 per cent) (Figure 4.16). The lowest rates of lifetime 40-44 years (42.0 per cent), followed by those 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia are higherinrural-districtcentres(41.9percent)andthecapitalcity (42.1percent). One infive(22.4percent)haveexperienceditthelast12months.Thereisnodifferencebetweenurbanandruralareas.Rates partner emotionalviolenceexperienced itmanytimes(fiveormore duringtheir lifetime). revealsthat58.8percentofwomensubjectedto Emotional violence does nottypically occur onceandthenstop.Thesurvey Frequency ofemotionalviolence women islowestamongtheoldestagegroups(60-64yearsold). and thoseaged35-39(47.4percent)(Figure4.18).Forbothlifetimecurrentemotionalpartnerviolence,theproportionof byageandarehighestamongever-partneredExperiences ofemotionalviolencevary womenaged30-34years(49.9percent) 50 Figure 4.18.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedemotionalpartnerviolence,byagegroupand reference Figure 4.17.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedemotionalpartnerviolence,bylocation,regionand reference period,Mongolia2017(N=6914) period, Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 51 Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) by reference period, Mongolia 2017 by reference Note: N=2746 - The number of ever-partnered women who have experienced emotional partner violence in their lifetime; Note: N=2746 - The number of ever-partnered N=1473 - The number of ever-partnered women who have experienced emotional partner violence in the last 12 months. N=1473 - The number of ever-partnered Figure 4.20. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced emotional violence, by education level and reference women who have experienced emotional violence, by education level and reference Figure 4.20. Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 4.19. Frequency of emotional violence among ever-partnered women who have experienced emotional partner violence, emotional partner who have experienced women ever-partnered violence among Frequency of emotional Figure 4.19. (23.2 per cent). ve varies slightly by education level (Figure 4.20). The lifetime prevalence is abo The prevalence of emotional partner violence technical education (44.3 per cent) and women without any schooling (43.6 per cent). the average for women with vocational and with a higher education (23.9 per cent) and those with a secondaryCurrent prevalence rates are highest for women education Characteristics of women who have experienced emotional partner violence Characteristics of women who have experienced 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia lacking theirownsourceofincome,thesewomenmaybemorevulnerabletoabusefrompartners. partner violencearehighestamongtheunemployed(26.5percent)followedbywomenwhoretired(24.6cent).Potentially (44.5 percent)followedbythoseinpaidemploymentandhousewives(42.8(Figure4.21).Currentratesofemotional Prevalence oflifetimeemotionalpartnerviolencebyemploymentstatusshowsthatratesarehighestamongunemployedwomen common typeofpartnerviolence, afterphysical. Qualitative study: (51.5 percent).Currentrates,however, are highestforwomencurrentlylivingwithmanandnotmarried(32.7percent). violence (74.0percent).Ratesarealsohighamongwomenwhousedtocohabitatewithamalepartnerbutnowseparated Women whowereformerlymarried andarenowdivorcedorseparatedhavethehighestratesoflifetimeemotionalpartner 52 Figure 4.22.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedemotionalviolence,bypartnershipstatusand reference Figure 4.21.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedemotionalpartnerviolence,byemploymentstatusand an affairwithanotherwoman.He wouldslandermebysayingIwashaving sex withanother manandlyingaboutit In-depth interview: Formenandwomenwhoparticipated inin-depthdiscussions,psychologicalviolencewas the secondmost Intheend,myhusbandstarted tellingmehecouldnotliveanylongerwithaninvalid.In2008, hestarted reference period,Mongolia2017(N=6914) period, Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women. Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 53 Disabled woman Disabled woman Woman aged 15-34 years Woman aged 35-64 years Woman I had two children when I was married to my husband. He hit my son in the head many times. He I was married to my husband. He hit my I had two children when beating though. Because of jealousy he happened because of alcohol. There was no Brawls and quarrels He would call my parents beggars and petty thieves. On their rare visits he would ridicule them, picking a would ridicule them, On their rare visits he and petty thieves. call my parents beggars He would CONTROLLING BEHAVIOURS alone, call bad names, insulted as worthless bitch, marauder, slut) bitch, marauder, alone, call bad names, insulted as worthless kill all of them) prevent from sleeping) and previous children) Alcohol use (sell household items to buy alcohol, leaves home for some time) Infidelity (receive threatening messages from mistress, tells openly about his mistress) Threatening (breaks windows, rage while drunk, threaten to divorce, to die, to burn the house or separate the children) Threatening (breaks windows, rage while drunk, silent, leaves home, provokes fights, scolds, keeps ex-boyfriends, gets angry, Regular depression (babbles, talks about Accuses of not doing housework (calls feeble) Mistrust/Jealousy (controls phone calls and personal meetings, chases after, forbids meeting with others) personal meetings, chases after, Mistrust/Jealousy (controls phone calls and judges, banishes, threatens to burn or kill, provokes a fight about current Threatens children (beats and teases children, father and mother beggars, threaten, revenge, hate, abuse and threaten to Humiliates, insults and threaten relatives (calls Insult, humiliate and diminish self-worth (scolds, neglects, banishes, frequently states he is sick and tired, solves problems Insult, humiliate and diminish self-worth (scolds, • • • • • • • • • wouldn’t touch my girl but called her names, shunned her and would tell her to leave as she wasn’t wanted. but called her names, shunned her and would wouldn’t touch my girl In-depth interview: and would be and I got used to it, stopped going anywhere parties or any other festive events, New Year wouldn’t let me go to just sitting there at home. In-depth interview: to kill them. quarrel, and threatening In-depth interview: would say he was not abandoning the other woman. He would talk to her over the phone in my presence and tell her “I am presence and tell her the phone in my would talk to her over the other woman. He he was not abandoning would say mother was an exploiter. away because their that he was going He told our children and tired of my wife”. getting sick than rural areas, particularly in Ulaanbaatar (47.7 per cent). The Western region has the lowest rate of lifetime prevalence at 31.3 than rural areas, particularly in Ulaanbaatar (47.7 per cent). The Western per cent, and the Khangai region has the lowest current rate (20.3 per cent). Two in five (41.6 per cent) ever-partnered women have experienced one or more forms of controlling behaviour in their lifetime in five (41.6 per cent) ever-partnered Two 12 months. Rates are higher in urban areas (Figure 4.23). Close to one quarter (23.8 per cent) of women experienced it in the last The survey included questions to identify whether women have experienced controlling behaviour, such as their partner attempting The survey women have experienced controlling behaviour, included questions to identify whether is at all times, getting angryto prevent them from seeing her family or friends, insisting on knowing where she if she speaks to another man, or often being suspicious that she is unfaithful. 4.5 Men also identified with experiencing these forms of emotional violence, except for threatening of children and infidelity. Men also identified with experiencing these forms of emotional violence, Forms of emotional violence identified through the qualitative study: Forms of emotional violence identified through 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia secondary education(26.3percent). secondary (higher)education(26.6percent)andthosewitha Current ratesofcontrollingbehaviourarehighestforthosewith atertiary education (45.3percent)andslightlyhigherforthosewitha education(42.6percent). The prevalenceoflifetimeexperiencescontrollingbehaviouris abovetheaveragerateforwomenwithavocationalandtechnical Characteristics ofwomenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours change intheattitudesandbehaviourofmen,particularlyyoungermen. aged 25-29years(49.3percent)withprevalencedecliningaswomen’s ageincreases.Theseratessuggesttheneedtobringabout partnered womenaged15-19yearshavingexperiencedsuchpartnerbehaviour(Figure4.24).Ratesarealsohighamong Controlling behaviourismuchmorelikelytobeexperiencedbyyoungwomen,withthanhalf(54.7percent)ofever- 54 Figure 4.24.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours,byagegroupsandreference Figure 4.23.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours,bylocations,regionsand reference period,Mongolia2017(N=6914) period, Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914–Thenumberofever-partnered women Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 55 Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) Mongolia 2017 reference period, reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) Figure 4.25. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced controlling behaviours, by education level and by education level controlling behaviours, who have experienced women Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 4.25. Figure 4.26. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced controlling behaviours, by employment status and Figure 4.26. Percentage of ever-partnered Lifetime rates are lowest among those women who are currently married (38.5 per cent) and current rates lowest among those Lifetime rates are lowest among those women who are currently married (38.5 per women who are now widowed (3.1 per cent). Rates of controlling behaviour by current relationship status reveals that lifetime prevalence is much higher among women who Rates of controlling behaviour by current relationship status reveals that lifetime prevalence cent) as well as those who were formerly were formerly married but are now separated or divorced from their partner (73.0 per cohabitating with a male partner and are now separated (72.0 per cent). experiencing it in the past 12 months. eir experienced controlling behaviours by a current or former partner at least once in th Unemployed women are more likely to have everyin one than more cent), per (29.0 women retired for lowest are rates prevalence Although cent). per (49.1 lifetime have four The highest rate of current prevalence is for students, with 31.5 per cent of them experienced this type of violence in their lifetime. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia another womanledtoviolence. It isalsoevidentfromthequalitativestudythatawomancomplaining orquarrellingwithherpartneroverhimhavinganaffair partner violence. in thepowerimbalancewithinrelationshipand,somecases, completepartnercontrol,increasingtheriskofotherforms methods foroutsidecommunication(telephone,socialmedia,etc.). Theoverallresultwasalossofdignityandautonomy, increase Controlling behavioursthatwereaconsequenceofpartnerjealousy includeddistancingfromfriendsandcolleagueslimited marriage. Jealousy wasreportedlyhigherinrelationshipswherewomen had beenpreviouslymarriedand/orchildrenfromaprevious In women’s words,jealousbehaviourtendstooccurwhenshewas: partly byhisdesiretokeepherundercontrolandown distrustingandsuspiciousattitude. variance inreportsofjealousybetweenwomendifferentagegroups.Thestoriestoldsuggestthatismotivat ed exposed to intimate partner violence talked about jealousy and suspicion being an issue in their relationship. There was little Qualitative study: 56 Figure 4.27.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedcontrollingbehaviours,bypartnershipstatusand • • • • • • leaving onworkassignments. having socialeventsoroutingstravelswithcolleaguesfriends;and coming homelaterthanusualorbeinglatebecauseofwork; going outtoseefriends; looking atortalkingtosomeonesomeplace; talking withsomeoneoverthephone; jealousywasarecurringthemeamongwomenrecountingtheirexperienceswithpartnerviolence.Many reference period,Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 57 Woman aged 15-34 years Woman aged 31-35 years Woman Woman identifying as LGBT identifying Woman Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) His jealousy is so strong. Some weeks ago I spent two hours dining out with a friend. He got angry Some weeks ago I spent two hours dining His jealousy is so strong. doesn’t work himself up into accusing me of an affair… a bisexual, aren’t you?” are his words to “You’re My husband leaves for work at a mine in March and comes back in September. Because of this he is very Because comes back in September. a mine in March and leaves for work at My husband About half of the women taking part in focus group discussions who experienced intimate partner violence spoke About half of the women taking part in focus group discussions who experienced intimate ECONOMIC VIOLENCE and go freely… In-depth interview: a woman. matter with a man or 8pm in the evening he, though sober, beat me up. I am not native to this place and don’t have anyone to talk to… it’s really to… it’s have anyone to talk this place and don’t up. I am not native to beat me evening he, though sober, 8pm in the difficult. In-depth interview: not able to come am so confused and scared of him and I am and beat me up after getting drunk… I asking who, where, why In-depth interview: the standard office hours outside of collecting orders during I need to go door-to-door I found a job where jealous. Recently at it. When I came home wouldn’t know about saying my boss early, that I come home constantly demand hours. He would Figure 4.28. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced economic violence, by locations, regions and reference women who have experienced economic violence, by locations, regions and reference Figure 4.28. Percentage of ever-partnered money. money. economic violence, such as being denied the right to discuss how the man who earn their own income also experienced Women Qualitative study: because of dependence on the partner, of economic harassment and violence. Violent acts included having no money to spend derision of things she bought for herself or her children as” unnecessary how to earn wastefulness”, and threats to “teach” her One in five (19.9 per cent) of ever-partnered women have experienced economic violence in their lifetime. Rates are higher in women have experienced economic violence in their One in five (19.9 per cent) of ever-partnered in violence economic experienced have women of cent per Twelve country. the of parts other in than cent) per (22.9 Ulaanbaatar in Ulaanbaatar (13.2 per cent). the last 12 months with rates again being highest ld taking money earned by her against her will, or denying her money for househo or engaging in any income-generating activities, as alcohol and cigarettes. to spend on other things, such expenses while having enough for himself This section examines the prevalence of economic partner violence, which includes the partner prohibiting her from getting a job partner violence, which includes the partner prohibiting her from getting a This section examines the prevalence of economic 4.6 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia economic violence.Prevalenceofviolencetendstodecline with age. Exploring ratesofeconomicviolencebyagegroupshowsthatwomenaged20-44yearsoldexperiencethehighest would bedoing,andangerathavingthehouseboughtbywomanregisteredonlyinhername. spends theirmoney, scornfuldismissaloftheircontributiontothefamilyincome,ridiculingjobsassomethingnobodyelse than otherlevelsofeducation. education (14.5 per cent) economic violence in the last 12 months are slightly more prevalent among women with a secondary The prevalenceoflifetimeeconomicviolenceishigheramong women whoneverattendedschool(24.7percent).Experiencesof Characteristics ofwomenwhohaveexperiencedeconomicpartner violence being prohibitedfromtakingupemploymentwasmoreevidentinthe stories ofyoungerwomen(15-34agegroup). women weretheonestotalkabouteconomicdistresssuchasdebtorlossofpropertycausedbyalcoholicpartners.Meanwhile, in theirownnamesorexpressingangeroverlackofmoneywerealsomoreoftenreportedbyolderwomen.Furthermore, more evidentfromthestoriesofwomenaged35andabovethanforyoungerwomen.Partnersregisteringsharedhousingsolely The formsofeconomicviolencediffersomewhatbyage.Havingtoaskformoneyorbeingdeniedtherightspendwas employment anddenythemeconomicindependence. Women reportedthat,inorderto bringthemundercontrolandestablishdependence,theirmalepartnersprohibitfrom financially dependentorforcedintoeconomicdependency. moreamongwomenabovetheageof35. Thiswasobserved Qualitative study 58 Figure 4.29.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedeconomicviolence,byagegroupsandreference apologized, buthekeepsthreateningme. job andwhenIcamehomeat8pmwasbeatenblueforbeinglate.Althoughheneveraskedforgiveness,says In-depth interview : Therewereanumberofwomenwhosubjectedtophysicalpartnerviolencealsoreportedbeing : Myhusbanddoesnotwantmetowork,insiststhatallIdoishelpathismother’s store.OnceIgota period, Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women Woman aged15-34years 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 59 period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) period, Mongolia reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) valent among women divorced or separated from their former husband (55.1 per cent) or women among women divorced or separated from their former valent Figure 4.31. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced economic violence, by employment status and Figure 4.31. Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 4.30. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced economic violence, by education level and reference by education level and economic violence, who have experienced women Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 4.30. economic partner violence at 12.6 per cent. Current rates of economic violence are highest among women formerly living with economic partner violence at 12.6 per cent. Current rates of economic violence are a partner but now separated (24.9 per cent). Economic violence is most pre is most Economic violence the lowest rates of lifetime experience of now separated from a former domestic partner (48.4 per cent). Widowed women have Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered cent and 23.0 per cent respectively. Most likely lacking their own source of income, these women are more vulnerable to economic Most likely lacking their own source of income, cent and 23.0 per cent respectively. violence from their partners. Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered women Note: N=6914 - The number of ever-partnered per housewives have the highest rates of economic partner violence, with rates of 25.2 Unemployed women and those who work as 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia The lowestprevalencerateisintheWestern Region(47.6percent). violence washigheramongurbanwomen,withthehighestprevalencerateof62.1percentbeingwomenUlaanbaatar. more thanathird(35.0percent)reportedexperiencingsometypeofpartnerviolenceinthepast12months(Figure4.32).Part ner More thanhalf(57.9per cent) ofever-partnered women have beenexposedtooneor more forms of intimatepartnerviolence and sexual, emotional,economicviolenceandcontrollingbehaviours). This sectionlooksatthepercentageofwomenwhohaveexperiencedoneormorefiveformspartnerviolence(physica l, 4.7 60 Figure 4.33.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedanyformofviolence,bypartner, bylocations, Figure 4.32.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedeconomicviolence,bypartnershipstatusand Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered (i.e.lessthan20 ornoobservations women.Therearetoofewobservations individuals) tomakereliableestimatesofcurrentviolenceforwomenwho areformerlymarried/cohabitatingorwidowed EXPERIENCES OFANYFORMPARTNER VIOLENCE regions andreferenceperiod,Mongolia2017(N=6914) reference period,Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914-Thenumberof ever-partnered women . 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 61 capital city and reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=6914) capital city and reference period, Mongolia Figure 4.34. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have experienced any form of partner violence, by province and the experienced any form of partner violence, women who have of ever-partnered Figure 4.34. Percentage rates are also highest in Khentii (45.4 per cent of ever-partnered women) and in Bayan-Ulgii, where two in five (40.5 per cent) women) and in Bayan-Ulgii, in Khentii (45.4 per cent of ever-partnered rates are also highest last 12 months. in the one or more forms of partner violence women have experienced More than half (57.9 per cent) of Mongolian women who have been in a relationship with a man have experienced one or more been in a relationship with a man have experienced per cent) of Mongolian women who have More than half (57.9 have experienced in Khentii, where 68.6 per cent of women at some stage in their life. Rates are highest forms of partner violence (62.1 per cent). Current Umnogovi (63.3 per cent) and Ulaanbaatar also high in Darkhan-Uul (66.0 per cent), partner violence. It is Emotional partner violence is also highest among women in Khentii (49.8 per cent) and lowest in Uvs (29.5 per cent) and Zavkhan Uvs (29.5 per cent) per cent) and lowest in in Khentii (49.8 highest among women partner violence is also Emotional 7.3 per women affected ranges from proportion of ever-partnered it comes to economic partner violence, the (30.6 per cent). When per cent in Umnugovi. cent in Zavkhan to 25.5 in Darkhan-Uul. The proportion of women who have experienced controlling behaviours at some point in their life is highest in highest is life their in point some at behaviours controlling experienced have who women of proportion The Darkhan-Uul. in per cent). rate in Zavkhan (22.8 to less than half that this, compared of women have endured half (50.7 per cent) Khentii, where The prevalence of different forms of partner violence varies between provinces. As discussed above, lifetime experiences of above, lifetime experiences As discussed varies between provinces. of partner violence of different forms The prevalence cent to as high as 41.0 per women in Uvs 22.4 per cent of ever-partnered violence range from sexual partner physical and/or 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia that couldhavehappenedmanyyearsbefore. be duetoincreasingpartnerviolenceinrecentyears,oritmayolderwomennotrememberingreportingexperiences experienced violencesheshouldalwaysbeincludedinthelifetimeestimate.ThedeclinewithagethatisseenMongoliamay older womenaged50yearsandabove.Typically, lifetimeexperienceswithviolencetendtoincreaseageasonceawomanhas the nationalaverageby8points.Lifetimeandcurrentprevalencearehighforallagegroupsupto40-44years.Levelsdecline The prevalenceofanyformpartnerviolenceagainstwomenintheirlifetimeishighestforthe30-34agegroup,whichexceeds (11.6 percenthitorbeattheirpartner)andtheCentralRegion(11.1cent). (Figure 4.34).Whenidentifiedonthebasisoftheirgeographicallocation,thesewomenareconcentratedmostlyinUlaanbaatar Women whohitorbeattheirpartners whenhewasnothittingorbeatingthemconstitutetenpercentofallever-partnered women and menwithdisabilitiesaspartofthequalitativestudyalsoexplored women’s treatmentoftheirmalepartners. have everhitorbeatentheirmalepartnerwhenhewasnothittingbeatingthem.Discussionsheldwithmen,perpetrato rs includedquestionsaskingwomenabouttheirbehaviourtowardspartners,inparticularwhetherthey The quantitativesurvey on violenceagainstmenwasgathered. goalofthisresearchwastoproduceevidenceontheprevalenceviolenceagainstwomen,someinformation Although theprimary 4.8 62 Figure 4.36.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohavehitorbeatentheirpartnerswhenhewasnothittingbeating them, Figure 4.35.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedatleastoneformofviolence,byagegroupsand VIOLENCE PERPETRATED BYWOMENAGAINSTMEN

by locationandregions,Mongolia2017(N=6914) reference period,Mongolia2017(N=6914) Note: N=6914-Thenumberofever-partnered women 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 63 Note: N=609 – The number of women who have hit or beaten her partner Note: N=609 – The number of women who by frequency, Mongolia 2017 (N=609) Mongolia by frequency, Men who took part in the focus group discussions experienced physical violence perpetrated by a current violence perpetrated by experienced physical discussions group in the focus who took part Men Figure 4.37. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have hit or beaten their partner when not being hit or beaten at the time, hit or beaten their partner when not being women who have of ever-partnered Figure 4.37. Percentage was the willingness and openness with which younger men aged 15-34 years talked about harassment and violence being typical was the willingness and openness with which younger men aged 15-34 years talked problems of family life. reported that in order to stop women’s anger they quickly changed the topic or told jokes, making them laugh. Although the limited anger they quickly changed the reported that in order to stop women’s cannot be considered representative, a notable finding from the discussions number of men participating in these discussions stating that they grew up in a family that was free of quarrels and fighting, different from the birth families of their wives. different from the birth families free of quarrels and fighting, stating that they grew up in a family that was by holding down their hands, embracing or embracing and laying down, pressing Some stopped their wives’ physical aggression would leave the house and drink alcohol or smoke to calm down. A couple of men with their weight. All the men said they Of the men who experienced partner violence, only one said he reciprocated with physical violence, while others said they do not only one said he reciprocated with physical violence, while others said they do Of the men who experienced partner violence, nearly all started their responses by avoid being violent towards their female partner, lay hands on women. Among those men who Qualitative survey:Qualitative things, slapping, scratching, pinching, kicking, Physical violence by women took the form of throwing or former female partner. pulling by the hair or hitting them with something. For more than one third (38.1 per cent) it happened 2-5 times, and in 12.2 per cent of cases, five or more times (Figure 4.35). or more times (Figure per cent of cases, five times, and in 12.2 cent) it happened 2-5 one third (38.1 per For more than In half (49.7 per cent) of the cases where women hit or beat their partners when they were not being hit or beaten themselves, it or beaten themselves, being hit not were when they partners their beat hit or women cases where of the per cent) half (49.7 In happened once. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 64 Women whohaveexperiencednon-partnerviolence Mongolia The perpetratorsof Other Complete stranger Other familymember Friend/acquaintance Parent Siblings Since age15 12 months. and physical violence of womenhaveexperienced 17.3%

4.5% (lifetime rates) violence who experience women 10.2% In Mongolia

NON-PARTNER experienced itduringthelast 10.2% 1 reportittothepolice

physical violence during theirlifetime 13.7% VIOLENCE severe of 15.8% non-partner

sexual 19.2% 19.5% CHAPTER 5. 21.6% againstwomenin 1 experienced itduringthelast12months at leastoncefrom (14%) in 7 women haveexperienced

non-partners Before theageof15 sexual abuse in Mongoliahaveexperienced women 1 in10

during theirlifetimeand asachild some formofsexualviolence 2.6%

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 65 and reference period, Mongolia 2017 (N=7319) and reference period, Figure 5 a. Percentage of all women who have experienced physical violence by a non-partner, by province and the capital city by province and the non-partner, by a violence of all women who have experienced physical Figure 5 a. Percentage partner in the last 12 months are more prevalent among women in Govisumber (7.3 per cent) and Arkhangai (6.8 per cent) and and Arkhangai (6.8 (7.3 per cent) women in Govisumber more prevalent among the last 12 months are partner in (1.1 per cent). lowest in Khovd Rates of non-partner violence also varies between provinces. Lifetime experiences with physical non-partner violence range from range non-partner violence with physical Lifetime experiences between provinces. varies also violence non-partner of Rates by a non- violence perpetated Experiences of physical per cent in Khovd. to 5.1 in Ulaanbaatar, 22.1 per cent of women as high as 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Figure 5b.Percentageofallwomenwhohaveexperiencedsexualviolencebyanon-partner, byprovinceandthecapitalcity to 5.4percentofwomeninDomod. cent). Recentexperiencesofsexualnon-partnerviolence(inthelast12months)haveaffected1.2percentwomeninArkhangai, than thenationalaverageinDomod,Umnugovi,Khentii,DundgoviandUlaanbaatartheyarelowestBayan-Ulgii(6.1per Sexual violencebyanon-partnerhasaffected18.1percentofwomeninOrkhontheirlifetime.Lifetimeratesarealsohigher 66 reference period,Mongolia2017(N=7319) 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 67 Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed women in the survey PHYSICAL VIOLENCE BY NON-PARTNERS PHYSICAL VIOLENCE Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed women in the survey. There are too few observations or no observations Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed (i.e. women in the survey. less than 20 individuals) to make reliable estimates for current violence for age groups 45-49, 50-54, 55-59 and 60-64 years. less than 20 individuals) to make reliable estimates for current violence Figure 5.1 Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by location, Mongolia 2017 (N=7319) Figure 5.1 Percentage of all women who have cent). The prevalence of violence during the last 12 months is also highest among women in the age of 15-19 (16.7 per cent) cent). The prevalence of violence during the last 12 months is also highest among compared with 3.1 per cent among women aged 30-34. by age groups, Mongolia 2017 (N=7319) Figure 5.2 Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, The percentage of women who have experienced non-partner physical violence at least once in their life (since age 15) is non-partner physical violence at least once in their life (since age 15) The percentage of women who have experienced (24.8 per cent) while the lowest prevalence is for women aged 60-64 (9.8 per higher amongst younger women aged 15-19 last 12 months, compared to 11.6 per cent and 3.6 per cent respectively in rural areas. and 3.6 per cent respectively last 12 months, compared to 11.6 per cent Rates of non-partner physical violence are higher among women living in cities compared to those in rural areas. One in five higher among women living in cities compared to those in rural areas. One in five Rates of non-partner physical violence are the experienced non-partner physical violence during lifetime and 4.9 per cent in women (20.1 per cent) in urban centres have Overall, 17.3 per cent of women have experienced non-partner physical violence during their lifetime (since age 15) and 4.5 per 4.5 and 15) age (since lifetime their during violence physical non-partner experienced have women of cent per 17.3 Overall, means nearly one in every the last 12 months (Figure 5.1). That cent experienced it during women have suffered non-partner five their life and one in everyphysical violence during women during the last 12 months. twenty 5.1 leader, etc.), or a complete stranger. stranger. etc.), or a complete leader, have experienced non-partner violence. Perpetrators of non-partner violence could be a family member (father, mother, brother, brother, mother, member (father, could be a family of non-partner violence Perpetrators non-partner violence. have experienced religious teacher, authority figure (police, acquaintance, an of the family), friend, other members brother-in-law, sister-in-law, One of the objectives of this research was to measure the prevalence of physical and sexual violence against women by non- violence against women physical and sexual the prevalence of was to measure objectives of this research One of the interviewed women All 7,319 partner). or former current a was not who anyone (i.e. partners surveyin the they whether asked were 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia per cent).Forlifetimeviolence,friendsoracquaintancesarealsoacommon perpetrators. sibling(s) bephysicallyviolentwiththeminthelast12monthsandasimilarproportionweresubjecttoviolencebyparent(20.6 The perpetrators of non-partner physical violence are oftenother family members.Oneinfive women (21.7percent)havehad spouse, inadditiontothephysicalviolencetheysufferfromtheirhusbands orpartners. in other age groups. Women in aged 35 and older told of physical violence fromtheir parents-in-law andother relatives of their partner physicalviolencecommittedbytheirfather/step-father, mother, grandfathers,brothers,sisters, strangers,etc.thanwomen Qualitative study: 68 Note: N=984–Thenumberofwomenwhoexperiencednon-partnerphysicalviolenceintheirlifetime,N=272 house andIlivedunderhissuppression for2-3years.Hedismantled my yurtbecause Ireportedhimtothepolice.Helived In-depth interview by mysisterasIwasgoingtoschool andshehitme. In-depth interview was outragedatmymother. OncehehitmesobadlythatIwashospitalised. In-depth interview at myfatherbyhittingmealmosttodeath.Oncesheevenbroke mynose. In-depth interview Figure 5.3Perpetratorsofnon-partnerphysicalviolenceasreported by womenwhohaveexperiencedsuchviolence, young women aged 15-19 years who took part in the in-depth interviews, reportedmoreexperiencesofnon- youngwomenaged15-19yearswhotookpartinthein-depthinterviews, : MymotherwouldhitmeevenifIbrokeachinacup,shethrew thingsatme;shewouldreleaseheranger : mygrandchildbecameavictim ofdomesticviolence.Myson-in-lawhitmeandkickedout ofthe : Igotoschoolinsecretfrommysisterasshedemandsthatwork asacleaninglady. OnceIwascaught : becausetherewaseconomicdisparityinmyfamily, myfatherwouldreleasehisangeratmewhenhe reference period,Mongolia2017(N=984,N=272) women whoexperiencednon-partnerphysicalviolenceinthelast12months. 15-34 yearoldwoman 15-19 yearoldwoman 15-34 yearoldLGTB 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 69

Retired woman Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed women in the survey Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed women in the survey Mongolia 2017 (N=7319) period, Mongolia 2017 (N=7319) Figure 5.4 Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by acts of violence, physical violence, by acts of violence, of all women who have experienced non-partner Figure 5.4 Percentage on my pension, but he would call me “bitch”. My daughter would defend us and would be beaten as well, but eventually she as well, but eventually and would be beaten would defend us me “bitch”. My daughter but he would call on my pension, me a “bitch” too. her husband and call had to obey Figure 5.5 Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner physical violence, by education level and reference Figure 5.5 Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner basic levels of education, who are most probably unemployed, are currently subjected to disciplinarybasic levels of education, who are most probably violence by parents, siblings that women with higher education have higher lifetime prevalence rates than current or teachers. This also supported by the finding rates. Current rates of physical non-partner violence varyCurrent rates of physical non-partner violence It is highest (8.4 per cent) among women with a basic by education level. those with higher education. This fact may demonstrate that the younger women with education and lowest (2.8 per cent) among Characteristics of women who experience non-partner physical violence Characteristics of women who experience cent of women have been threatened with a weapon or had one used against them and 1.7 per cent suffered strangulation and/or used against them and 1.7 per cent suffered threatened with a weapon or had one cent of women have been being burnt on purpose. (14.6 per cent of women experienced this in their lifetime and 3.0 per cent in the last 12 months) (Figure 5.4). Other acts of non- per cent in the last 12 months) (Figure experienced this in their lifetime and 3.0 (14.6 per cent of women per of women), Two them or pulling their hair (7.8 per cent having something thrown at them, pushing partner violence include The most common form of physical non-partner violence is being slapped, hit, beaten, kicked or some other way of being hurt or some other way hit, beaten, kicked is being slapped, non-partner violence form of physical The most common 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia be unemployedorstudents. the experiencesbyageandfactthatyoungerwomen,whohavemuchhigherratesofnon-partnerviolence,aremorelikelyto women haveexperienceditintheirlifetimecompared10.3percentofwhoareretired.Thisismostlikelyareflectionof Experiences ofphysicalnon-partnerviolencevariesbytheiremploymentstatus.Almostaquarter(24.3percent)unemployed 8.1 percentexperiencedattemptedforcedintercourse,and1.2 wereforcedtotouchthegenitalsofabusers. and 12.5percenthaveexperiencedmoderatesexualviolence.Amongthese,6.6unwantedtouching, As showninTable 5.1,justoverthreepercent(3.1cent)ofwomenhavesufferedseveresexualviolenceduringtheirlifetime than onemanatthesametime. sexual intercourse, forced intercourse after consumption of alcohol or drugs, or forced or persuaded to have intercourse with more intercourse, unwantedsexualtouching,orbeingforcedtotouchthegenitalsofabuser. Severesexualviolenceincludesforced Acts ofsexualviolencearecategorizedasmoderateorsevere.Moderateincludesattemptstoforceunwanted lifetime and2.6percentexperienceditduringthelast12months. One inseven(14.0percent)ofwomenhaveexperiencedsomeformsexualviolenceatleastoncefromnon-partnersduringth eir 5.2 70 Table 5.1Percentageofallwomenwhohaveexperiencednon-partnersexualviolenceintheirlifetime(sinceage15),byseverity Figure 5.6Percentageofallwomenwhohaveexperiencednon-partnerphysicalviolence,byemploymentstatusandreference Made touchprivatepartsagainstwill Touched sexually againstyourwill Anyone forcedsexualintercoursewhen didnotwant Women whoexperiencedmoderatesexualviolence Forced orpersuadedtohavesexagainstyourwillwithmorethanone manatthesametime Anyone everforcedyoutohavesexwhenweretoodrunkordrugged torefuse Anyone everforcedyouintosexualintercourse Women whoexperiencedseveresexualviolence Women whoexperiencedsexualviolence NON-PARTNER SEXUALVIOLENCE and actsofviolence,Mongolia2017(N=7319) Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed womeninthesurvey. Note:N=7319–The numberofallinterviewed period, Mongolia2017(N=7319) Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed womeninthesurvey Note: N=7319–Thenumberofallinterviewed Lifetime 12.5 14.0 1.2 8.1 6.6 0.2 2.6 3.1 1 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 71

Once 68.7% Few (2-5) times, 21.8% Many (more than 5 times) 9.5% Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed women in the survey Once 64.1% severity and age group, Mongolia 2017 (N=7319) severity and age group, Number of women who experienced severe non-partner sexual violence in lifetime (since age 15). Number of women who experienced severe non-partner sexual violence Few (2-5) times, 30.7% Many (more than 5 times) 5.2% Figure 5.7 Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime (since age 15), by lifetime (since age 15), violence in their non-partner sexual who have experienced Percentage of all women Figure 5.7 Note: N=723 – Number of women who experienced moderate non-partner sexual violence in lifetime (since age 15); N=234 – Note: N=723 – Number of women who experienced moderate non-partner sexual violence Figure 5.8 Frequency of experiences of non-partner sexual violence during lifetime (since age 15), by severity, Mongolia 2017 severity, lifetime (since age 15), by sexual violence during Figure 5.8 Frequency of experiences of non-partner he woman’s own at work (13.6 per cent), or in the woman’s Moderate acts of non-partner sexual violence tend to take place in the street (14.3 per cent), occurs at home (65.0 per violence, however, home (12.6 per cent) or at school (12.0 per cent). The majority of severe non-partner sexual (10.9 per cent). cent) with the second most common location being rural areas, woods, parks or pool halls violence by a non-partner, 68.7 per cent experienced it once, 21.8 per cent, 2-5 times, and 9.5 per cent experienced it more than 68.7 per cent experienced it once, 21.8 per cent, violence by a non-partner, five times. .7 violence during their lifetime, two thirds (64.1 per cent) experienced it once, 30 Of the women who experienced moderate sexual per cent experienced it many times. Of the women who experienced severe sexual per cent experienced it a few times and 5.2 severe sexual non-partner violence is around three per cent for most age groups. cent for most age is around three per non-partner violence severe sexual Experiences of non-partner sexual violence during lifetime (since age 15) are more prevalent among younger women. Overall among younger women. are more prevalent lifetime (since age 15) violence during of non-partner sexual Experiences However, age. with declines This below. 5.7 Figure in shown as violence sexual moderate of mainly comprised is prevalence 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia for offenderstoavoidlegalresponsibilities. reputation, thereputationoftheir familyandsometimesthereputationofabusertheirfamily. Thesefactorsmakeitpossible to justice.Oftenwherealcohol has beenafactor, thecrime of sexualviolenceisnotreportedtothepolicesavetheir own the perpetratorwasnotarrested,8thatconvicted, and3arrestedbutnotconvicted(onerefusedtoanswer). Out ofthe21womenwhoreportedtheirexperienceseveresexual violencetothepolice,outcomewasasfollows:9saidthat (Figure 5.9). Of the 21 cases of severe sexual violence revealed through the survey, only 10.2 per cent of women ever reported to the police Reporting non-partnersexualviolencetothepolice 72 Qualitative study Figure 5.9Percentageofallwomenwhoexperiencednon-partnersevere sexual violenceintheirlifetimeandwhoreportedthat His home Someone’s elsehome At work Street, alley Hotel/camps Rural areas,woods,park,poolhall Own home Total Other School, college Bar anddanceclub Car Note: N=723–Numberofwomenwhoexperiencedmoderatenon-partnersexualviolenceinlifetime(sinceage15);N=234 he alsohitsme.Mymotherreported himtothepolice,buttheymade her withdrawthe complaint,promisinghermoney. In-depth interview forced tohaveanabortionorgivebirthunwantedchild. violence. Mosthadexperiencedsevereformsofsexualviolencesuch asrape,gettingpregnantaresultandthenbeing Qualitative study Table 5.2Locationwherenon-partnersexualviolencetookplace(aspercentage ofalllocations),byseverityviolence, Note: N=234–Numberofwomenwhoexperiencednon-partner severesexualviolenceinlifetime(sinceage15) : Not every case of sexual violence is reported to the law enforcement authorities so that offenders can be brought : Not every : Fewwomeninthequalitativestudywhohadbeenvictimsofsexualviolencetalkedaboutmoderate : Arelativeofthestep-fatherraped meandmymother. Heraped me2-3times.Hehitsmymomcruelly, Number ofwomenwhoexperiencedseverenon-partnersexualviolence inlifetime(sinceage15). Location violence tothepolice(N=234),Mongolia2017 89.8% Not reported Mongolia 2017 10.2% Reported Moderate (N=723) 100.0 12.6 13.6 14.3 12.0 6.6 7.9 7.8 8.1 6.7 7.2 3.3 Severe (N=234) 100.0 65.0 10.9 2.5 2.9 4.0 4.1 4.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 .7 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 73 15-19 year old female 15-19 year old female 15-19 year 15-19 year old female 15-19 year old female 15-19 year old female was immediately reported to the police. That was immediately reported to the police. That 15), Mongolia 2017 : I got drunk during a party and lost control. A security man at the bar saw that I lost control and raped me. : I got drunk during a party and lost control. During the there overnight. I usually sleep very: I visit my parents once a month. Once I stayed deeply. : After my step-father raped me for the first time, the police concluded that I was lying, saying that my I was lying, saying that police concluded that for the first time, the raped me : After my step-father : When it happened for the first time, I didn’t know what to do. A sister of my dad told me that my reputation sister of my dad told me that my reputation the first time, I didn’t know what to do. A : When it happened for CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE dad, but he would not listen and I had to call my mom. She came and took him off my bed. My father got angrydad, but he would not listen and I had to call and threw a and told her everything,boot at me. That night I called my grandmother then it my case saying that it was baseless. My grandmother appealed and father was two years ago. The first time, they rejected He was in jail for two years and now he has been released. I changed my received a sentence of three years and six months. a bit. school, came to another school and it settled In-depth interview whenever I think of it, I shiver. and legs. Now, arms When I saw my body afterwards, there were bruises all over my body, In-depth interview night my dad took off all my underwear “stop it” and pushed my while I was asleep. When I woke up, I was shocked, I said and my father’s reputation would be damaged and he would go to jail. I had to live with that and I didn’t report it. But I became jail. I had to live with that and I didn’t report it. But I go to and he would reputation would be damaged and my father’s advised me to report to the police. The younger siblings of my mom said that we pregnant and the doctor and psychologist I could not tell my mom, fearing that she would be under him from our family. should report it to the police and deregister times a year. even more pressure. This would happen five younger siblings of a different father, so I feel sorry for my mom, and it was very to tell her that my step-father hard for me different father, younger siblings of a raped me. In-depth interview In-depth interview whether he was rape me every me again. He would intact. Then he raped hymen was over and over, week. He would do that my grandparents about First, I told throw a knife at her. night. He would hit my mom a lot. He would day or drunk or sober, came and panicked not knowing what to do till my uncle my mom. My mom then was shocked and the rape and they told received a 15-year sentence. The step-father to court. decided to report it to the police and go they talked about it. They Before that, everylying. I’ve got four was able to convince my mom that I was when I told my mom that he raped me, he time Then he gave 2-3 million tugriks and didn’t give any more money. I went to school till the 4th form and then I dropped out. the 4th form and then I went to school till more money. and didn’t give any 2-3 million tugriks Then he gave Mark the sad face in following cases: the breast or genitals Touching Showing sexually harassing pictures when they were not wanted Forcing to touch his genitals Attempting or committing sexual intercourse Mark the joyous face in following cases: If none of the above took place Figure 5.10 Card for respondents to confidentially indicate whether they experienced sexual violence in childhood (before age Figure 5.10 Card for respondents to confidentially indicate whether they (Figure 5.10). Women were asked to recall if they had experienced sexual violence before they reached 15. Given the sensitivity of the topic, this were asked to recall if they had experienced sexual Women the surveyquestion within a ways: as was asked in two question interviewcard given at the end of the and through a confidential 5.3 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia in ruralareas(Figure5.10). question and 8.9percent through theface card). Theprevalence of child sexual abuse isslightlyhigher for womencurrentlyliving One inten(10.7percent)ofwomenhaveexperiencedsexualabuseasachild(3.4centrevealedthisthroughtheinterview compared tonational9.1percent inurbanareas). of girlsinruralareashavinghad theirfirstexperienceofsexwhentheywereagedbetween15 and17yearsold(12.4percent The datasuggestwomeninruralareasmaybecomesexuallyactive earlierthanwomeninurbanareas,withagreaterproportion There islittledifferenceinageoffirstsexualintercoursebetween women from urbanandruralsettings. have theirfirstsexualexperiencebeforetheageof15(0.8percent) andoneinten(10.2percent)betweentheagesof15and17. Most womenhavetheirfirstexperiencesexualintercoursebetween theagesof18and21yearsold(55.3percent).Fewwomen 5.4 cent), friendsoracquaintances(19.0percent).Theperpetratorwasastrangerin18.7centofcases(Figure5.13). For almostonethirdofwomenwhosufferedsexualviolenceinchildhood,theperpetratorwasanotherfamilymember(29.5 per 74 Figure 5.11Percentageofallwomenwhohaveexperiencedchildsexual abuse(beforeage15years),byurbanandrural Figure 5.12Perpetratorsofchildsexualabuse(beforeage15)asreported bywomenwhohaveexperiencedsuchabuse, FIRST EXPERIENCEOFSEXUALINTERCOURSE Note: N=265–Numberofwomenwhoreportedexperiencingchildsexualabuseduringtheinterview Note: N=7319 – The number of all interviewed womeninthesurvey Note:N=7319–Thenumberofallinterviewed Mongolia 2017(N=265) locations (N=7319) 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 75 (N=7232) 2017 (N=6814) Note: N=6814 – Number of women who had sexual intercourse and interviewed in the survey Figure 5.13 Percentage of all women by age range at first experience of sexual intercourse and location, Mongolia 2017 location, Mongolia sexual intercourse and first experience of by age range at Percentage of all women Figure 5.13 Figure 5.14 Willingness to engage in first experience of sexual intercourse, by age when that first experience occurred, Mongolia by age when that first experience experience of sexual intercourse, Figure 5.14 Willingness to engage in first For two thirds (63.4 per cent) of women, their first sexual experience was with their future husbands or partners, 29.3 per cent with For two thirds (63.4 per cent) of women, their first sexual experience was with their future and 7.0 per cent with an older man. some other peer, between the ages of 15 and 17 (11.0 per cent). unwanted and for 2.9 per cent it was forced. However, examining the data by age shows that most women who first had sex before examining the data by age shows However, unwanted and for 2.9 per cent it was forced. or did so even though they did not want to (14.3 per cent). Only one quarter of these age 15 were mainly forced (61.0 per cent) Forced sex is also high among those women who had their first sexual experience young women had sex willingly (Figure 5.14). Women were asked whether their first experience of sexual intercourse happened willingly or whether they were forced or coerced. asked whether their first experience of sexual intercourse happened willingly or whether were Women their first sexual experience was with their consent. For one in ten (10.2 per cent) it was Most (86.5 per cent) women reported that 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia violence fromtheirhusbandsandpartnersthanbyothers. aged 15-19aremoreaffectedbynon-partnerviolence,whilefromage20andabove,womencommonly by times sinceage15.Forcurrentratesofphysicalviolencethereisalsoagapbetweenpartnerandnon-partnerviolence.Women five (40.7percent)haveexperienceditcomparedto15.0centhavingviolencefromnon-partnersatoneormo re against womenforthoseaged25andabove(Figure5.16).Lifetimepartnerviolencepeaks40-44ofwhichtwo in Prevalence of physical violence by partners or non-partners by age showsthe significant gap between the two forms of violence partner violenceis7.4percentagepointshigherthannon-partnerphysical violence. per cent)is12.4percentagepointshigherthantherateofnon-partnerphysicalviolence.Forexperiencesinlast12months, As showninFigure5.15,theproportionofwomenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalpartnerviolenceduringtheirlifetime(29.7 Partner violenceismoretheprevalentformofagainstwomenthanbynon-partnersforbothlifetimeandcurrent. 5.5 76 Figure 5.15Percentageofallwomenwhohaveexperiencednon-partner physical violence(N=7319)andpercentageofever- Figure 5.16Percentageofallwomenwhoexperiencedphysicalviolence, byperpetratorsandagegroup,Mongolia2017 EXPERIENCE OFVIOLENCEBYPARTNERS AND/ORNON-PARTNERS partnered womenwhohaveexperiencedpartnerviolence(N=6914),by reference period,Mongolia2017 N2=6914–Thenumber of ever-partnered (Partnerviolence) inthesurvey womeninterviewed Notes: N1=7319 – The number of women interviewed in the survey (Non-partnerviolence) inthesurvey Notes: N1=7319–Thenumber of womeninterviewed N2=6914 –Thenumberofever-partnered inthesurve womeninterviewed Notes: N1=7319 –The number of women interviewed inthesurvey Notes: N1=7319–Thenumberofwomeninterviewed y 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 77 Notes: N1=7319 –The number of women interviewed in the survey N2=6914 – The number of ever-partnered women interviewed in the survey N2=6914 – The number of ever-partnered partnered women who have experienced partner sexual violence (N=6914), by reference period, Mongolia 2017 by reference period, violence (N=6914), partner sexual who have experienced partnered women Figure 5.18 Percentage of all women who experienced sexual violence, by perpetrators and age group, Mongolia 2017 by perpetrators and age group, experienced sexual violence, Figure 5.18 Percentage of all women who Figure 5.17 Percentage of all women who have experienced non-partner sexual violence (N=7319) and percentage of ever- and percentage of violence (N=7319) non-partner sexual who have experienced Percentage of all women Figure 5.17 Almost a quarter (23.6 per cent) of women have experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence in the last 12 months. Rates Almost a quarter (23.6 per cent) of women have experienced aged 55-59 (10.1 per cent). are highest among women aged 30-34 (32.5 per cent) and lowest among older women The Sustainable Development Goals include two indicators related to violence against women that can be produced from the The Sustainable Development Goals include two indicators related to violence against experience with physical, sexual or emotional violence. women’s Indicator 5.2.1 relates to ever-partnered household survey. Sustainable Development Goal indicators Sexual violence by age groups shows that young women are more likely to experience non-partner sexual violence while women young women are more likely to experience non-partner sexual violence while women Sexual violence by age groups shows that last 12 months. both for lifetime and during the sexual partner violence, aged 30 and above are more likely to experience For sexual violence, lifetime experiences of non-partner violence are higher than for partner violence by six percentage points violence by six percentage than for partner violence are higher of non-partner violence, lifetime experiences For sexual by 0.6 percentage points. non-partner violence violence exceeding with partner sexual similar, Current rates are (Figure 5.17). 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia occurred inherownhomeoryardand10.9percentofcasesitwasaruralarea,woods,parkcampground. Of those women who did experience sexual non-partner violence, in almost two thirds of cases (65.0 per cent) the violence aged 15-19. non-partner sexualviolenceinthelast12months(Table 5.3).Ratesarehigheramongyoungerwomen,particularlyadolescents SDG indicator5.2.2isonnon-partnersexualviolenceinthelast12months.Therewere2.6percentofwomenwhoexperienced 78 Table 5.4Proportionofwomenandgirlsaged15yearsoldersubjected tosexualviolencebypersonsotherthananintimate 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 GROUP AGE 15-49 TOTAL 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 Table 5.3Total andage-specificrateofever-partnered womensubjectedtophysical,sexualorpsychologicalviolenceby Age group 708 788 9 22 49 61 124 147 174 147 49 6 n Physical 55-59 50-54 15-49 45-49 35-39 25-29 15-19 40-44 30-34 20-24 Total 60+

(%) 13.8 11.9 2.7 3.3 6.1 9.3 13.4 12.4 16.6 15.7 16.0 8.0 n Sexual 175 188 0 7 6 11 42 35 43 34 9 1 partner intheprevious12months,byagegroup,Mongolia2017 current orpreviousintimatepartnerinthelast12months 3.6 3.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 1.1 4.7 3.8 5.6 3.7 2.7 0.4 (%) 159 143 26 22 14 31 23 21 N 3 4 9 6 n Emotional 1281 1473 18 58 116 142 223 267 286 269 80 14 25.5 22.4 4.2 9.0 14.7 20.4 24.9 25.8 31.6 27.3 24.7 13.7 (%) 745 829 9 24 51 64 132 150 181 161 51 6 n Physical orSexual 14.7 12.7 2.7 3.6 6.6 9.5 14.8 12.7 17.7 17.4 16.4 8.0 (%) (%) 0.5 3.5 3.1 2.6 1.1 0.4 0.6 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.0 7.7

1357 1556 20 60 119 146 238 284 302 283 88 16 n or Emotional Physical orSexual 26.7 23.6 4.8 10.1 15.1 20.8 26.6 27.2 32.5 28.4 26.6 14.7 (%) Total numberofwomen 5175 6914 377 593 769 783 902 1025 1032 901 392 140 N partner-ed Total ever 5565 7319 1030 1043 599 775 380 800 914 920 447 411 N

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 79 - of all women agreed with the statement agrees” CHAPTER 6. CHAPTER

“a good wife obeys her husband even if she dis

48.7% AND PARTNER VIOLENCE AND PARTNER ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENDER TOWARDS ATTITUDES 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia who havenotforeachreasonsdiscussed. or sexualpartnerviolence(35.5percent).Women whoexperiencedpartnerviolencehaveconsistentlyhigherratesthatwomen believe thisisavalidreasonformantohithiswife.Theratemuchhigheramongwomenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalnd/ out shehasbeenunfaithful.Morethantwoinfive(22.2%)ofwomenwhohaveneverexperiencedphysicalorsexualviolence Some women believe a man is justified in hitting his wife for a range of reasons (Figure 6.1). ofpartnerviolencewiththosewhohave. experienced partnerviolence,allowingcomparisonsbetweenwomenwith nohistory quantitative survey. Informationonattitudesandperceptionswerecollectedfromallwomen,regardlessofwhethertheyhave Women’s attitudestowardsgenderandpartnerviolenceitsacceptabilityinMongoliansocietywereexploredthroughthe 6.1 attitudes thatemergedfromthestudywere: and comply. That society ispatriarchalandrefusalstofulfillobligationsasawifecanleaddomesticviolence.Somecommon men (husbands/boyfriends) impose their wants and desires and demand that women should meet the expectations of their partner Qualitative study: 80 • • • • • Figure 6.1.Percentageofwomenwhoagreedthatamanisjustifiedinhittinghiswifeundercertaincircumstances,by Not fulfillingtheroleofwife: Economic issues:“ Expectations fromhusbandsorin-laws:“wifedoes Women shouldsupporttheirhusband:“w Mensettherules: back fromwork,orshecooksamealthathedoesnotlike, husband. Insteadofsmoothinghimwhenheisdrunk,shegets angry husband, resistsviolenceandabuse,isnotsubmissive,quarrels, blamesandcriticizes,getsjealousstalksher people asifhidingsomethingfrom husband” not registeringthepropertyinher husband’s name Notes: N WOMEN’S ATTITUDES TOGENDERANDPARTNER VIOLENCE N 2 =2175 –Thenumberofwomenwhohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceinlifetime 1 =5144 -Thenumberofwomenwhohaveneverexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceinlifetime Common perceptions about gender roles emerged from the in-depth interviews. Ingeneral,viewswerethat Common perceptionsaboutgenderrolesemergedfromthein-depthinterviews. spending moneywithoutasking yourhusband,boastingaboutearningmoremoneythanher “because I amyourhusband,decideifyouwillwork,meetfriends, orcanbelatenot experiences withpartnerviolence,Mongolia2017(N “not fulfillingherhusband’s sexualdesires,coming homelate,talkingonthephonetoother ife posesquestionstothehusband,failscomplywithdemands ofher ”

not cleanthehome,doeshaveahotmealreadywhenhusband is not “. stay athomeandgoesout”. 1 =5144, N

Most significant of these is if he finds 2 =2175) ” 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 81 Interview aged 35-64 with a woman =2175 – The number of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime =2175 – The number of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner 2 My advice to young people is not to divorce immediately. The best way is to find a solution to the problem. is to find a solution to The best way to divorce immediately. to young people is not My advice Domestic violence is related to the patriarchal expectations a husband/partner has of his wife and how Domestic violence is related to the patriarchal expectations a husband/partner has experiences with partner violence and education level, Mongolia 2017 (N1=5144, N2=2175) level, Mongolia 2017 experiences with partner violence and education =5144 - The number of women who have never experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime =5144 - The number of women who have never experienced physical and/or sexual 1 N Cheating on her husband/boyfriend with another man, talking to her lover in front of her husband in order to hurt him. in order to hurt in front of her husband talking to her lover with another man, her husband/boyfriend Cheating on When the husband asks about the affair, blaming him to start a quarrel.” blaming affair, asks about the When the husband “ Notes: N Qualitative study: expectations of their husbands and condemn violence, but they tolerate it in order to keep family together. Women with a higher Women family together. expectations of their husbands and condemn violence, but they tolerate it in order to keep education said they will divorce if violence is repeated, and women who are already divorced or separated and have serious not be tolerated”. health issues as a consequence of partner violence said “violence should she perceives and accepts these expectations. The majority of women who were victims of violence do not agree with the she perceives and accepts these expectations. The majority of women who were victims Do not be furious and confront. It usually makes the situation worse. It usually makes the situation and confront. Do not be furious balance. I tried everything.So you have to find the I do not resist my gentle and to have a way solve the issue. It is better to be out. I think I cannot stop him anyway. husband when he walks • In-depth interview: Figure 6.2. Percentage of women who agree with the statement “A good wife obeys her husband even if she disagrees”, by Figure 6.2. Percentage of women who agree education. educated women are (Figure 6.2). Agreement with the statement is relatively low among women with a tertiary is relatively low among women with a (Figure 6.2). Agreement with the statement educated women are education (34.5 who have no physical or sexual partner violence and 42.3 per cent of highly educated per cent of women with a higher education no partner violence), whereas rates are around 70 or 80 per cent among women with women with experiences of these forms of may be. Just under half (47.6%) of ever-partnered women who have not experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence women who have not experienced physical (47.6%) of ever-partnered may be. Just under half of ever-partnered By comparison, more than half (55.4%) should obey her husband even if she disagrees. agreed that a good wife view declines the more agreed. The tendency to hold this physical and/or sexual partner violence women who have experienced Women’s perceptions about gender roles in the home provide an insight into how acceptable certain behavior between partners an insight into how acceptable certain about gender roles in the home provide perceptions Women’s 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia less inclinedtoholdthisviewisasignthatgenderattitudesinMongoliahavechangedoverrecentdecades. violence aremoreinclinedtoagreewiththisstatementthanwomenwhohavenotexperiencedit.Thefactthatyoungerpeopleare agelevel,womenwhohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartner this viewthanolderwomen(Figure6.3).Atalmostevery The perceptionthatawomanshouldobeytheirhusbandvariesmarkedlybyagegroup.Young womenarelessinclinedtohold consistent withthequalitativeresearch findings. results were earn moneyareusuallynotconfidentinexpressingtheirviews, therefore, followthehusbands/partners’ideas.Survey women. Thisresultshowthatwomenwhodon’tandtakecareof childrenathome,withsomereasonnotabletoworkanddoesn’t cent) should bedominantinthefamilydecision-making.Afterthem, unemployedwomen (48.4percent),andhousewives(48.9 According toemployment status ofallwomen,66.5 per centofthepensionersorolderagegroupwomenrecognizethatmale 82 Figure 6.3.Percentageofwomenwhoagreedwiththestatementthat“Agoodwifeobeysherhusbandevenifshedisagrees”,by 5th gradeonly, therefore,shedoesnotknowwheretogoforhelp.Women shouldimprovetheireducationlevel. inhisownway.home andcaresfortheirchildren,letsherhusbanddecideeverything In addition,shegraduatedfromthe Key informantinterview:

agree with the statement. However, women who work and earn money by working disagree with the statement more than other Notes: N N t 1 =5144 -Thenumberofwomenwhohaveneverexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceinlifetime experiences withpartnerviolenceandagegroup,Mongolia2017(N 2 =2175 –Thenumberofwomenwhohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceinlifetime Whoever earnsmoneyathome,thatpersonhasmorepower. Dolgor(casestudysubject)issitting at Interview withawomenaged35-64years Interview 1 =5144, N 2 =2175) 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 83 =2175) 2 =2175) 2 =5144, N 1 =5144, N 1 =2175 – The number of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in partner lifetime =2175 – The number of women who have 2 ). Around half the women in rural outskirts of districts agree with the statement, regardless of whether they ). Around half the women in rural outskirts by experiences with partner violence and location, Mongolia 2017 (N by experiences with partner violence and location, =5144 - The number of women who have never experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime =5144 - The number of women who have never 1 experiences with partner violence and employment status, Mongolia 2017 (N Mongolia 2017 and employment status, with partner violence experiences Figure 6.5 N =5144 - The number of women who have never experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime =5144 - The number of women who have never experienced physical and/or sexual Notes: N 1 =2175 – The number of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime =2175 – The number of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner 2 Figure 6.4. Percentage of women who agree with the statement “A good wife obeys her husband, even if she doesn’t agree”, by even if she doesn’t obeys her husband, statement “A good wife who agree with the Percentage of women Figure 6.4. , with the statement that “It is important for a man to show his wife who is the boss” Figure 6.5. Percentage of women who agreed N Notes: N The rates decrease for women in urban areas and the there is a clear gap between women who have/have not experienced violence and the there is a clear gap between women who have/have not experienced violence The rates decrease for women in urban areas of women who have survivedfor Ulaanbaatar with a third (36.8 per cent) physical or sexual partner violence agreeing with the cent) of women who have not experienced it. statement, compared to a quarter (26.0 per Many women agree that it is important for a man to “show his wife who is the boss”. This perception varies between urban and urban between varies perception This boss”. is the who wife his to “show a man for important is that it agree women Many rural areas ( partner violence. have or have not experienced physical or sexual 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia influence, andbehaviorwithinthefamily, canleadtodomestic violence. Itwasalsosaidthatthelossofpatriarchalcustoms,andchangingattitudestowardswomen’sservices. position,participation, psychologically, physicallyandeconomically. weremadebythoseinvolvedinprovidingdomesticviolence Theseobservations society. Inparticular, theexpectationsaroundwhatitmeanstobea“goodwife”andman’s inclinationtodominatetheirwives not experiencedviolenceagreeingwiththestatementand90.0percentofwomenwhohaveviolence. Refusing sexbecauseshedoesnotwanttowastheleastsupportedofreasonsgiven,with88.4percentwomenwhohave 6.1). Women whohaveexperiencedpartnerviolencewereslightlymore inclinedtohold theview. circumstances. Around nineintenwomenagreedthatawomancanrefusesexwithherhusbandforallthegivenreasons(Table All womenwereaskedwhethertheybelieveitisacceptableforawomantorefusehavesexwiththeirpartnerundercertain Findings fromthequalitativeresearchsuggestfollowingcausesand triggers fordomesticviolence: Qualitative study: 84 • • • • • • • • • • • • to controlothers,andtheirunjustunequaltreatment. In-depth interview: Table 6.1.Percentageofwomenthatbelievecanrefusesexwithherhusbandunderthe followingconditions, Mismatch inthesexualdesires of thecouple. Lack of professional support services thatprotectandassist victimsofdomesticviolence,lackcounselingandlegal Lack ofprofessionalsupportservices Expectations ofparents-in-lawonnewbrideandgroom,theinfluence offamilymembers,andinfluencefriends Family educationoffamilymembers,lackknowledgeaboutwhat isfamilyviolence,andlackoflegalprovisions; Lack ofskills(emotionalskills)thecouplessuchasbasic family education,communicationskills,respectingother Marriage withpreviouschild; tooyoung,orquickly; Not beingfaithful,marrying The attitude oftoleratingviolencebecausethechildren; The wife’s economicdependencyonherhusband; Poor socio-economicsituationinMongolia;theunemploymentofmen,vulnerabilityhouseholds,debtburdenand Alcoholism andalcoholdependence; Husband’s patriarchalattitude; support services, toassistbothvictims andabusers; support services, others, liesandrumors; people, managingangerandstressmanagement; tuition feepressure;

A commonexplanationforthecausesandtriggersofdomesticviolenceispatriarchalnatureMongolian Violence arises from the attitudes of the person who thinks “everything shouldbeasIwantitto”,andwants Violence arises from theattitudesofpersonwhothinks “everything Mongolia 2017 Expert’s interview

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 85 11 , and LGBT. MEN’S ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENDER AND PARTNER VIOLENCE AND PARTNER GENDER TOWARDS ATTITUDES MEN’S Study: children.” they need to talk to each other” “This husband is not caring for his wife. Someone should talk to Dolgor to provide advice and help her make up her mind.” “This husband is not caring for his wife. Someone should talk to Dolgor to provide advice These examples from Dolgor’s story are a violation of human rights.” These examples from Dolgor’s Violence is a hidden phenomenon. The situation should not continue like this.” the violence, for the sake of their that is why she is putting up with This woman is trying to keep her family together, “Due to gender inequality, the husband is earning more income. That is why he is neglecting his wife.” the husband “Due to gender inequality, home” “Not allowing the woman to work or leave “Because they are a married couple, violence in their relationship is not a crime” so it is not a crime and there is no need to call the police. But themselves are often the cause of physical abuse, “Women “If beats regularly” “If beats to the point that is life-threatening” a crime, according to the law” “All the things that happened for Dolgor is The respondents were selected according to the requirements included in the survey methodology, and eligible respondents were found and have been identified with the The respondents were selected according to the requirements included in the survey methodology, Considered a crime: money to meet the family needs, but he does not allow her to work. Sometimes he gets drunk and verbally abuses Dolgor, and Dolgor, abuses verbally and drunk gets he Sometimes work. to her allow not does he but needs, family the meet to money when she does not want to. Dolgor has tried to talk to her husband several times he has forced her to have sexual intercourse has not said anything to anyone else about what she is Dolgor in this way. about this but has failed. Four years has passed do. ... going through. She does not know what to Case graduated from the 5th grade girl. She boy and a 5-year-old Sambuu, and with her a 3-year-old Dolgor lives with her husband, of primary Her husband gives her too little school and is currently a housewife. She recently thought of leaving her husband. - a disability support of experts. There was a total of 184 respondents including representatives from urban/rural areas, people with - - - - - It is not a crime: - - - - -

11 Interviews with men focused on identifying causes of violence such as those described in Dolgor’s case. Participants described case. Interviewsas those described in Dolgor’s causes of violence such with men focused on identifying case as “common” in Mongolia and made a range of observations, including: Dolgor’s The men involved in the study clarified what forms of violence they consider to be a crime and what is not: to be a crime and what is forms of violence they consider The men involved in the study clarified what Other views expressed were that pregnant woman cannot be beaten up, at least not Other views expressed were that pregnant a man and his wife not as sexual violence. of partner violence, some participants It may be acceptable to slap them. When discussing appropriate actions in cases severely. police for a single slapping. emphasized that there is no need to call the Most men that considered Dolgor’s case, considered not allowing her to work, verbal abuse, forced or unwanted sexual intercourse, case, considered not allowing her to work, verbal Most men that considered Dolgor’s men considered forced sexual intercourse between some domestic violence. However, and also beating or hitting, to be forms of named Dolgor, and then asked follow-up questions to identify their perception and attitudes regarding violence against women. perception and attitudes regarding violence asked follow-up questions to identify their and then named Dolgor, affected by partner violence and six perpetrators of domestic violence with three of them also victimized by partner violence. them also victimized by partner violence. three of with and six perpetrators of domestic violence affected by partner violence discussions and in-depth interviews,During the focus group following case study of a woman the men were provided with the methodology is designed only for interviewing women and is not suited for gathering data on men’s attitudes or experiences with attitudes or experiences only for interviewingmethodology is designed men’s and is not suited for gathering data on women through focus group perspective explore men’s component provided an opportunity to violence. The qualitative gender-based discussions and in-depth interviews aged 15-64 years. The interviews with a total of 197 men involved seven men who have been As explained in Chapter 1, this research is primarily focused on gender based violence against women. The quantitative survey women. The quantitative violence against focused on gender based research is primarily in Chapter 1, this As explained 6.2 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia suitable forMongolia”.Otherstatements bymenhintsthatthesociety looksdownon womenwithlowereducations. of patriarchy”bymenregardlessarearesidencyorage.Interestingly, tworespondentseventoldthat“Marriagelawisnot discussions therewereseveralstatementssuchas“menare king, thebackboneoffamily”and“there’s thetraditionalcustom conventional conceptsofhouseholdcustomsandbehavioristhe maincauseofthisattitudetowardswomen.Inthefocusgroup that participants who criticized Dolgor were often fromruralareasoroldermen.It can beassumedthatmen’sIt wasobserved Viewing sexualintercourseasitiswithinmarriagerights Relating toeconomicpowerofhouseholdmembers Approaching theproblemfrom“householdhead”perspective Related toDolgor’s inabilitytofulfillherroleasawife causes andtriggersofviolence.Thefollowingstatementsweremadeabout thecaseofDolgor: anddiscussions as partofthequalitativestudy,In contrast with theotherinterviews withmenfocusedmoreonthe theinterviews Being regretfulofhismarriage,seeingpartnerasinferiortothem Husbands’ obsessivebehavior 86 ------Key informantinterview: problem inthefamily. Key informantinterview: threeorfourfamilies. Thatiswhypeopleconsideritjustafamilyissueratherthancrime. one outofevery Key informantinterview: “All forcedsexualintercoursebetweencouplesismiscommunication andmisunderstandingbetweenthem,soitisnota “Although Dolgorisuneducatedshemightbeearningmorethanherhusband.Thatreasonforhusbandbeing “He knows thatDolgorisuneducatedandcannotwork.” “Sambuu believes thathismarriage was awrong decision asithappenedbecauseofone-timesexualintercoursewhich “Dolgor maybebeautifulandpromiscuous.Thatiswhyhedoesnotwanthertowork.” “Dolgor maybebeautifulandheisafraidoflosingher.” “Sambuu probablyhadanotherfamilybefore,thatiswhyheafraidoflosingDolgorandkeepherathome.” “It ispossiblethatDolgornotabletospendthemoneywisely. toDolgor Thehusbandmightbegivinghalfofthesalary violence.” jealous.” “Sambuu isabadperson,buthetheheadofhousehold.We tounderstandhimfromthisperspective.” shouldtry made Dolgorpregnant,andhemayfinditregretfulorembarrassing.” and savingtheremainingamount.” matters shouldbediscussedbetweenthecouple.Thentheywillnothaveanargument.” then theyreportthemtothepolice.Thatinturncauseshusbandseekrevenge.Insteadofgoingpolice,family men thatareblamedfordomesticviolence. Ontheotherhand,womensetcausetheirhusbandstobeatthemand “Dolgor isanawkward,uneducatedandunsociableperson. Thatwhysheignoresherhusband’s income. Itisalways By law, it isnotactuallyviolenceorcrimebecausetheyaremarried. I tellyouasalawyer,

hitting isacrime. Butnowadays,itbecomingtoofrequentinoursociety. It ishappeningin I cannotseeanycrim inal behaviorhereinthiscase.Itisjustrelationship Man aged15-34yearsold Man withadisability Man withadisability 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 87 Fractures, broken bones 20.1% 42.8% injuries drum, eye Broken ear 19.8% CHAPTER 7. CHAPTER HEALTH

Scratches, abrasion and bruises 65.2% Head

injuries or

concussion VIOLENCE ON WOMEN’S ON WOMEN’S VIOLENCE 49.4% Percentage of women who sustained injuries as a result of violence Percentage of women who sustained IMPACT OF INTIMATE PARTNER PARTNER OF INTIMATE IMPACT 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia of thewomendescribedtheirhealthaspoor, poorhealth. and0.6percentofwomenreportedvery good,onethird(33.4percent)asand47.7centfair.described theirhealthasvery Closetooneinten(9.3percent) good.Almostoneinten(9.0percent)ofwomen All womenwereaskedtoratetheircurrentgeneralhealthfrompoorthroughvery groups usedtocomparehealthoutcomeswithpartnerviolenceare: overlapping sub-groups of ever-partnered women, based on their experiences with physical or sexual partnerviolence. The four This chapterdescribestheimpactsthatpartnerviolencehasonwomen’s healthandwellbeing.Mostoftheanalysisfocuseson 7.1 Note:Nophysicalorsexualpartner violence(N=4739);Sexual(N=498);Physical (N=2109);andBothphysical sexual partnerviolenceratetheirhealthmorepoorlythanwomenwho experiencedphysicalpartnerviolence. compared toonly8.0and0.6percentofwomenwhohavenophysicalorsexualpartnerviolence poor,(20.6 percent)womenwhohaveexperiencedbothphysicalandsexualviolencedescribetheirhealthaspoor0.5very Women whoexperienced physicaland/orsexualpartnerviolencehavepoorergeneralhealth.AsshowninFigure7.2,onefive 88 Figure 7.2.Generalhealthofever-partnered women,by their experienceofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence,Mongolia d) c) b) a)

Women whohaveexperiencedbothphysicalandsexualpartnerviolence(N4=432) Women whohaveexperiencedsexualpartnerviolence(N3=498) Women whohaveexperiencedphysicalpartnerviolence(N2=2109) Women whohavenoexperienceofphysicalorsexualpartnerviolence(N1=4739) GENERAL HEALTH Figure 7.1.Percentageofallwomenbyhowtheyratetheirgeneralhealth, Mongolia2017(N=7319) 2017 (N 1 =4739, N 2 =498, N Note: N=7319- The number of women interviewed inthesurvey Note: N=7319-Thenumberofwomeninterviewed 3 =2109, N 4 =432) and sexualpartner violence(N=432). . Women whohaveexperienced 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 89 =432). =432). 4 4 =4739, 1 =498); and Both =498); and Both 2 3 =2109); Sexual violence (N =2109); Sexual violence (N 3 2 physical and sexual partner violence (N physical and sexual partner violence (N =432) 4 =498, N 2 =4739); Physical violence (N =4739); Physical violence (N 1 1 =2109, N 3 N None of the women who experienced partner violence viewed their health as normal. When asked to describe None of the women who experienced partner

impacts of violence, most of them reported headaches, heart problems, and increased blood pressure. Some of them impacts of violence, most of them reported experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence, Mongolia 2017 (N=4739, N=2109, N=498, N=432) (N=4739, N=2109, 2017 and/or sexual partner violence, Mongolia experience of physical SUICIDAL THOUGHTS AND ATTEMPTS Note: No physical or sexual partner violence (N Note: No physical or sexual partner violence Note: No physical or sexual partner violence (N

Figure 7.3. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have been in severe or extreme pain in the last four weeks, by their the last four weeks, or extreme pain in have been in severe women who Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 7.3. Qualitative study: the health pain, gastric ulcers, and, in fewer cases, they have seizures, arthritic pain in their have severe fatigue, kidney problems, kidney stomach and uterus. limbs, and cancer of the liver, Figure 7.4. Percentage of ever-partnered women who thought of committing suicide, attempted suicide and received medical Figure 7.4. Percentage of ever-partnered care after having attempted suicide, by their experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence, Mongolia 2017 (N care after having attempted suicide, by their experience of physical and/or experienced physical or sexual partner violence (Figure 4.4). you ever wanted to commit suicide’, 35.5 per cent of women who have experienced sexual violence, 20.5 per cent When asked ‘if you ever wanted to commit suicide’, 35.5 per violence, and 36.5 per cent of the women who have experienced both physical and of the women who have experienced Physical is verysexual violence from their partners have responded “yes”, which the 6.5 per cent of those who have never high compared to 7.2 pain during the four week preceding the survey, compared to 15.3 per cent of women with no physical or sexual partner violence. sexual partner violence. with no physical or per cent of women compared to 15.3 the survey, the four week preceding pain during Severe or extreme pain is more prevalent among women who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence (Figure sexual partner violence physical and/or who have experienced prevalent among women pain is more Severe or extreme or extreme have been in severe of partner violence experienced both forms cent) of women who one third (32.3 per 7.3). Almost 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia violence. lifetime havethoughtofsuicide,comparedto7.0percentwomenaged25-34whonotexperiencedsexualorphysical (Table 7.1).Two five(39.8 percent)womenaged25-34whoexperiencedphysicalandsexualpartnerviolenceintheir inevery Younger womenaremorelikely to havethoughtsofcommitting suicide, particularlythosewhohaveexperiencedsexualviolence and abilitytothinkclearly. “wanted todie”whentheyweredepressed.Theparticipants’responsessuggestthathavelosttheirself-esteem,confidence their future.Insomecases,theysharedfeelingofpainandsufferingaftertheviolence,hadthoughtsabout“suicide” According tothequalitativestudy, womenwhoexperience attempted suicide,andthelowestbeingwomenwithnoexperienceofpartnerviolence(17.9percent). Attempted suicidewashighestamongwomenwhohadexperiencedbothphysicalandsexualpartnerviolence–27.4percent partner violence survivors reporting ahighscore(16-20)and6.2percentofphysicalpartnerviolence survivors. partner violencesurvivors violence. Theconnectionbetween mentalhealthdisordersymptomsandsexualviolenceisnotable, with11.9percentofsexual partner violence have ascore of between 16 and20, compared to 1.7 percentofwomen who have no physical or sexual partner bothphysicalandsexual physical orsexualpartnerviolence (Figure7.5).Forexample,13.7percentofwomenwhohave survived Women whohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceamuchhigherSRQ score thanwomenwhohaveno summed togiveamaximum(SRQ)scoreof20,withhigh beinganindicatorofpoormentalhealth. you feel that you are a worthless person?”. ‘Yes’ answers are given a score of 1 and ‘no’ a 0 with the responses to the 20 questions aboutsymptomsofmentaldisorders,suchas“Doyourhandsshake?”and 20 ‘yes’or‘no’questionsaskedbytheinterviewer forassessing mental healthistheWHOSelfReportingQuestionnaire (SRQ-20) –asetof A standardtoolwasusedinthesurvey fatigue. Thesewereusedtogiveascoreoutoftwentyindicate howmanyofthesymptomstheyhavedisplayedinlastmonth. loss ofappetite,anxiety, and alot,feelingworthless,thinkingofsuicide,overwhelmed poordigestion,feelingsad,crying Women wereaskediftheyhaverecentlyexperiencedsymptomsofpoor 7.3 90 Table 7.1Percentageofever-partnered womenwhothoughtofcommittingsuicide,byagegroupandtheirexperiencephysical physical andsexualpartnerviolence(N In-depth interview: In-depth interview: Note: Nophysicalorsexualpartnerviolence(N OTHER HEALTH CONCERNS 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 By age

and/or sexualpartnerviolence,Mongolia2017(N when youwanttolivewithyourdreams,realizedon’thaveanydreamwith. No physicalor sexual partner violence 15.3 3.3 1.8 4.3 7.0 4 =432). *There are too few observations or no observations (i.e. lessthan20individuals ornoobservations =432). *Therearetoofewobservations Physical 24.5 35.3 14.1 19.1 7.9 1 =4739); Physicalviolence(N partnerviolence Sexual

Women whoexperiencedviolence 20.2 30.6 28.8 38.9

physical andmentalhealth,suchasheadaches,insomnia, * 1 =4739, N were morelikelytobedepressedandstressedabout 2 in thedenominator)tomakereliableestimates. =2109, N 2 =2109); Sexualviolence(N Both physicalandsexual 3 =498, N 4 =432) Woman aged15-34 3 =498); andBoth 20.1 31.4 30.6 39.8 *

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 91 =432). =432). 4 4 =498); and Both =498); and Both =432) 2 2 4 =432) 4 =498, N 3 =498, N 3 =2109, N 2 =2109, N 2 =2109); Sexual violence (N =2109); Sexual violence (N 3 3 =4739, N 1 physical and sexual partner violence (N physical and sexual partner violence (N =4739, N 1 =4739); Physical violence (N =4739); Physical violence (N 1 1 physical and/or sexual partner violence, Mongolia 2017 (N Mongolia 2017 sexual partner violence, physical and/or experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence, Mongolia 2017 (N violence, Mongolia 2017 experience of physical and/or sexual partner Note: No physical or sexual partner violence (N Note: No physical or sexual partner violence Note: No physical or sexual partner violence (N Figure 7.6. Percentage of ever-partnered women who had surgerythe last 12 months, by their or were hospitalized during Figure 7.6. Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 7.5. Distribution of the number of mental health problems reported by ever-partnered women, by their experience of by their experience women, by ever-partnered problems reported of mental health Distribution of the number Figure 7.5. This is particularly so for pain relief medication, which was taken by more than a third (33.9 per cent) of women who have This is particularly so for pain relief medication, which was taken by more than physical or sexual partner violence. The use experienced physical partner violence, compared to 19.0 per cent of women with no for those without. of sleeping medication is also notably higher among women with partner violence than The recent use of medication (taken during one month preceding the survey) is slightly higher among women who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence (Figure 7.7). MEDICATION 7.4 MEDICATION undergone a surgical operation (other than a cesarean section) in the last 12 months (10.1 per cent); around three percentage a cesarean section) in the last 12 months (10.1 per cent); around three percentage undergone a surgical operation (other than sexual or physical violence. points higher than women who have not experienced HOSPITALIZATION AND SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND HOSPITALIZATION months, regardless of their women have spent one or more nights in hospital during the past 12 Around two in five ever-partnered to have physical partner violence are more likely who have experienced violence (Figure 7.6). Women with partner experiences 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia have andnotexperienced physical and/orsexualpartner violence. Less thanoneinten(7.9percent)ofwomenwithout Smoking ratesarealsolowamong ever-partnered women inMongolia,however, thereisanoticeablegapbetweenwomen who only onspecialoccasions. compared to 35.8 per cent of women who have experienced physical partner violence. Of those who do drink, most do so rarely or Among women who have never experienced physical or sexual partner violence, half (49.6 per cent)never consume alcohol, Alcohol consumptionamongever-partnered womenislowinMongolia,withfew drinkingonaregularbasis(Figure7.8). 7.5 92 Figure 7.8.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhodrinkalcohol,byfrequencyandtheirexperienceofphysicaland/or sexual Figure 7.7.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohaveusedmedicationinthelastmonth,bytypeofandtheir Note: Nophysicalorsexualpartnerviolence(N Note: Nophysicalorsexualpartnerviolence(N ALCOHOL USEANDSMOKING experience ofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence,Mongolia2017 (N partner violence,Mongolia2017(N 1 1 =4739); Physicalviolence(N =4739); Physicalviolence(N 1 =4739, N 2 =2109, N physical andsexualpartnerviolence(N physical andsexualpartnerviolence (N 1 =4739, N 3 3 3 =2109); Sexualviolence(N =2109); Sexualviolence(N =498, N 4 2 =432) =2109, N 3 =498, N 4 2 2 =432) =498); andBoth =498); andBoth 4 4 =432). =432). 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

93 =432). 4 injured 2-5

tendon strains, =498); and Both 2 =432) 4 scrapes, scratches, bruises, =2109); Sexual violence (N 3 physical and sexual partner violence (N =498, N 3 =2109, N 2 =4739, N 1 =4739); Physical violence (N 1 Mongolia 2017 (N=2174) Number of women who experienced physical and/or sexual violence in life time.

Note: N=2174- violence, Mongolia 2017 (N violence, Mongolia 2017 Note: No physical or sexual partner violence (N Note: No physical or sexual partner violence Figure 7.10. Percentage of women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and were injured as a result, Figure 7.10. Percentage of women who experienced Figure 7.9. Percentage of ever-partnered women who smoke, by frequency and their experience of physical and/or sexual partner of physical and/or and their experience smoke, by frequency women who Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 7.9. times, and more than one quarter (26.4 per cent) of the women had been injured more than five times. times, and more than one quarter (26.4 per cent) of the women had been injured more Almost one third (32.1 per cent) of ever-injured women had been injured once, two in five (41.6 per cent) had been Almost one third (32.1 per cent) of ever-injured joint dislocation, burns, bone fractures, broken teeth, ruptured ear drums, internal bleeding and head injuries. internal bleeding and head injuries. teeth, ruptured ear drums, joint dislocation, burns, bone fractures, broken Among the women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, 42.8 per cent were injured as a result (Figure 7.10). (Figure result a as injured were cent per 42.8 violence, partner sexual and/or physical experienced who women the Among sexual partner violence include cuts, Injuries sustained as a result of physical and/or 7.6 INJURIES physical partner violence (16.1 per cent). violence (16.1 physical partner violence currently smoke, compared to 24.2 per cent of women who have experienced both physical and sexual partner violence. and sexual partner experienced both physical of women who have to 24.2 per cent smoke, compared violence currently for those with (23.4 per cent) than partner violence suffered from sexual among women who have rates are higher Current smoker 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia cent) hadmildinjuries,and5.0 per centhadmoderateinjuries. Most womenwhowereinjuredby physical and/orsexualpartnerviolencehadsevereinjuries(71.6percent). Two infive(21.0per head injuries,andseriousbrainconcussions. wounds, ruptured ear drums, eye damage, broken bones, crushed and fractured bones, broken/fallen/crushedteeth, internal and bruises. ‘Moderate’injuriesincludemuscleandtendoninjuries, dislocatedjointsetc.‘Severe’injuriesincludedeepcuts,deep Injuries caused by partner violence are categorised based on severity. ‘Mild’ injuries include skin cuts, poke marks and scratches, form of injury amongthosewomenever-injured,form ofinjury sustainedby5.0percentand2.5respectively. (Figure 7.12).Thenextmostcommonheadinjuriesorconcussion(49.4percent). werescratches,cutsandbruises,experiencedbytwothirds(65.2percent)ofever-injuredThe mostcommontypeofinjury women

94 Figure 7.12.Percentageofwomenwhohavebeeninjuredbyphysical and/orsexualviolence,bytypeofinjury, Mongolia2017 Figure 7.11. visible, suchasarms,legs,andbody. if Iwantto…Hedidnotbeatmemuch,butitleftbruisesonthe bodyandface In-depth interview: bruises ontheir face,eyes,andbody, andalmostallwomenreportedthatthey were hitin Qualitative study:

Percentage shareoffrequencythatwomeninjuredbyphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolencehavebeeninjured, All womenwhoexposedto

He hit me on face when he was angry anditleftbruisesonmyface. Icannothideitfromotherpeopleeven He hitmeonfacewhenhewasangry Note: N=911-Numberofwomenwhowereinjuredbyphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceinlifetime Note: N=911-Numberofwomenwhowereinjuredbyphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceinlifetime

... WhenIgotobed,hepinchesmyarmsandbody. partner physicalviolencewereinjuredinsomewayasaresult.Thisincluded Mongolia 2017 (N=911)

(N =

911)

B ... Hehitsmeontheplacesthatarenotopenly roken teethandburnsweretheleastcommon

the headandhave“headaches Several women ”.

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

95 Now I have Now

The doctors

Women aged 35-64 aged Women Women with a disability with Women There is no treatment that can be done

intimate partner physical and sexual violence,

He injured me with any household items under reach such household items with any injured me He

“You’re going to kill me, so I’m going to get out of here.” the situation going to kill me, so I’m going to get out of here.” the situation “You’re

Mongolia 2017 =415 - Number of women, who needed medical care due to injuries by intimate partner violence =415 - Number of women, who needed medical care due to injuries by intimate 2

Note: N=911- Number of women who were injured by physical and/or sexual partner violence in life time Note: N=911- Number of women who were injured by physical and/or sexual partner N partner violence in lifetime, Mongolia 2017 (N=911) in lifetime, Mongolia partner violence lying in the surgical unit at the hospital while doctors make stiches on my face and head. lying in the surgical unit at the hospital while

Note: N=911- Number of women who were injured by physical and/or sexual partner violence in life time of women who were injured by physical Note: N=911- Number I lost 50 per cent of my working ability due to domestic violence. I lost 50 per cent of my working ability due I was

in the in-depth interviews affected by partner abuse who participated Nearly half of women were severely Figure 7.14. Incidence of medical care of ever-injured women affected by Figure 7.14. Incidence of medical care of ever-injured worsened and he beat me more. Then, I lay on the floor as if I passed out. He poured on me 10 litres of cold water. cold of litres me 10 on poured He out. I passed if as the floor on lay I Then, more. beat me he and worsened stomach and womb tumours. the liver, In-depth interview: soon.” stiches to put available place any not have will “You said, fork into my legs and arms, while I was bleeding, he kicked me on my nose. as knife and fork. Once he poked with a large When I said Once, my tooth was broken when he hit me. are discrepancies due to the classification of injuries, the following illustrates the seriousness of the intimate partner violence are discrepancies due to the classification impact on the victim women. In-depth interview: One is small and the other one is a bigger fracture. Retina of my right eye is because both of my eye-sockets are fractured. now. per cent, so I am disabled damaged and my left eye sight is around 20 Qualitative study: on the head, are beaten while pregnant, broken hands, legs, ribs and noses, cuts they had Particularly, injured due to violence. became disabled, and temporaryhad miscarriage, treated for days bedridden, lost working abilities. Despite the fact that there Figure 7.13. Percentage of ever-injured women by the severity of the most severe injuryby the severity of the women physical and/or sexual sustained from Percentage of ever-injured Figure 7.13. cent received it sometimes, and 7.7 per cent have always received medical assistance. cent received it sometimes, and 7.7 per cent have always received medical Of the injured women, 58.1 per cent reported that they did not need health servicesOf the injured women, 58.1 per cent reported the attack, 27.1 per cent said they needed after medical services (2-5) occasions, and 3.7 per cent answered that they needed 11.1 per cent on several once during their lifetime, per the women who needed medical assistance, 28.8 per cent did not receive it, 63.5 it more than five times (Figure 7.14). Out of 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia for theirinjuries. Of theinjuredwomenwhoreceivedmedicalassistance,lessthanhalf(43.2percent)toldhealthcareworkerrealreason Around oneinten(11.1percent) ofwomenwhoexperiencedsexualpartnerviolencedrankduring theirlastpregnancy, compared partner violence(Figure7.17). Alcohol consumptionduringtheir lastpregnancyismuchhigheramongwomenwhohavebeen exposedtophysicaland/orsexual to delay, and2.4percenthadwantedno(more)childrenatthattime. children atthattime.Bycomparison,forwomenwhohadnotexperiencedphysicalorsexualviolence,7.1percentpreferred lifetime, 15.0 per cent would have preferred to delay the birth of their last child,and a further 12.3 per cent did not want (more) Among thosewomenwhohadachildwithinthelastfiveyearsandhaveexperiencedbothphysicalsexualviolenceintheir women haveovertheirownreproductivehealth. likely tohaveawantedpregnancythanwomenwhoexperiencedsuchviolence.Thismaybeanindicationofhowmuchchoice at thattime.Asshownonthefigurebelow, women whohavenotbeenaffectedby physicaland/orsexualpartnerviolencearemore Ever-partnered womenwhowerepregnantwithin thelastfiveyearswereaskedwhetherchildshegavebirthtowaswanted 7.7 96 Figure 7.16.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhohavegivenbirthwithinthelastfiveyears,bywhetherornotthey wanted Figure 7.15.Percentageofwomeninjuredbypartnerviolencewhoreceived medicalassistancefortheirinjuriesandwhotold Note: Note: N=288-Numberofwomen,whoreceivedmedicalcareduetoinjuries by physicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceintheir to havechildrenatthattimeandbytheirexperienceofphysicaland/or sexualpartnerviolence,Mongolia2017(N=1717) Numberofwomenwhowerepregnantwithinthelast5years. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH the healthcareworkerrealreasonfortheirinjuries,Mongolia2017 (N=288) violence (N 2 =572); Sexualviolence(N 3 =120); andBothphysicalsexual partnerviolence(N No physicalorsexualpartnerviolence(N 1 =1125); Physical lifetime 4 =106). 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 97 =424). =106). 4 4 =572, =4479); 2 1 =1125); Physical =1125, N 1 1 =424), 2017 4 =487, N 3 No physical or sexual partner violence (N =106) 4 =487); and Both physical and sexual partner violence (N =120); and Both physical and sexual partner violence (N =120); and Both physical and sexual partner 3 3 =2077, N 2 =120, N 3 N =4479, N 1 =572); Sexual violence (N 2 =2077); Sexual violence (N violence, ((N 2 violence (N Physical violence (N Number of women who were pregnant within the last 5 years. Number of women who were pregnant within Note: Number of ever-partnered women who have underwent pregnancy. No physical or sexual partner violence (N women who have underwent pregnancy. Note: Number of ever-partnered Figure 7.18. Comparison of reported reproductive issues of women, by their experience of physical and/or sexual partner their experience of physical and/or issues of women, by Figure 7.18. Comparison of reported reproductive Note: Figure 7.17. Percentage of ever-partnered women who have given birth during the last five years and who consumed alcohol and who consumed during the last five years who have given birth women Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 7.17. during their last pregnancy, by their experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence, Mongolia 2017 (N Mongolia 2017 sexual partner violence, of physical and/or by their experience last pregnancy, during their per cent) of women with no experience of violence responded that their partners didn’t care about child’s sex. It can be seen as sex. responded that their partners didn’t care about child’s of violence per cent) of women with no experience they want as reflects to their behaviour. sex to be exactly as partners who use violence prefers the child’s who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime, it is more common for the partner to prefer she has a son who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime, it is more common (Figure 7.19). - 42.1 per cent of women, compared to 33.1 per cent among those with no violence were exposed to partner violence. Nearly half (48.7 than for women who never points higher are 5-9 percentage These indicators as a result of the violence. Among those women whether their partners cared about the sex of the baby. who gave birth in the last five years were asked Women The qualitative study confirmed these findings. There were more than a few women who experienced physical violence from the In addition, the study found that some partners while they were pregnant and a number had miscarriages due to physical violence. family planning methods and had abortion women became pregnant because they did not use contraceptives or did not know about to 2.5 per cent of women who had no physical or sexual partner violence in their lifetime. These rates are 4 times higher than that rates are 4 times higher their lifetime. These partner violence in no physical or sexual of women who had to 2.5 per cent violence. intimate partner had never experienced of women who with no violence. Ever-partnered women who have been pregnant and have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in their lifetime women who have been pregnant and have experienced physical and/or sexual partner Ever-partnered the with no physical or sexual partner violence (Figure 7.18). Half (50.8 per cent) are more likely to have an abortion than women had an abortion at some point in their life, compared to 29.5 per cent of women women with both physical and sexual violence 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia More thanhalf(54.5percent)ofever-partnered womenwhohavenotexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceduring of contraceptivesarehigheramongyoungwomenwhohaveexperienced partner violencethanforthosewhohavenot. sexual partnerviolencearecurrentlyusingthem.Partner’s refusaltowearacondomand/ortheirorstoppingofotherforms their lifetime are currently using contraceptives. By comparison, 44.0 percentofwomen who haveexperiencedboth physical and 98 percentage whoarecurrentlyusingcontraception,bytheirexperience of physicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence,Mongolia2017 Figure 7.19.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhogavebirthwithinthelastfiveyearswhosepartnercaredaboutsexof Figure 7.20.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhosepartnerhasrefusedorstoppedtheuseofcontraceptivescompared to Note: Denominatorsfor‘Partnerhasrefusedtowearacondom’ are Noviolence(N and sexualviolence(N violence (N other contraceptives’areNoviolence(N

last child,bytheirexperienceofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence, Mongolia2017(N=1717) 3 =411); andBothphysicalsexualviolence(N 8 =342); denominatorsfor‘Currentlyusingcontraceptives’areNo violence(N (N 10 =1410); Sexualviolence(N 5 =3781); Physicalviolence(N Note: N=1717-Numberofwomenwhohavegivenbirthwithinthelast5years 4 =357); denominatorsfor‘Partnerhasrefusedorstoppeduseof 11 =339); andBothphysicalsexualviolence(N 6 =1720); Sexualviolence(N 1 =4000); Physicalviolence(N 9 =2726); Physicalviolence 7 =396); andBothphysical 2 =1801); Sexual 12 =298); 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 99 Aggressive Aggressive 27.5% 43.0% CHAPTER 8. CHAPTER

Timid or or Timid withdrawn Timid or Timid withdrawn IMPACT OF PARTNER OF PARTNER IMPACT 6-12 year-old children of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence children of women who have experienced 6-12 year-old

6-12 year-old children of women who have NOT experienced physical and/or sexual violence children of women who have NOT experienced physical and/or sexual violence 6-12 year-old VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN VIOLENCE 29.5% 47.1% Impact of partner violence on children in Mongolia Impact of partner violence 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia The childrenofwomenwhoexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceintheirlifetimearemorelikelytobetimidor experienced it.Theresultssuggestanassociationbetweenpartnerviolence andbehavioralissuesinchildren. so comparisonscouldbemadebetweenthechildrenofwomenwhoexperiencedpartnerviolenceversusthosehavenever and 12yearsatthetimeofsurvey. Women withyoungchildrenwereaskedseveralquestionsabouttheirchild’s behavior Most (80.8percent)ever-partnered hadatleastonechild,and40.1 percenthadchildrenagedbetween6 womeninterviewed 8.1 partners whodid,toexplorepatternsinintergenerationalviolence. This chapteralsolooksattheextenttowhichwomenwhoexperiencepartnerviolencegrewupinaviolenthome,orhavemale variations betweenwomenwhohaveandnotexperiencedpartnerviolencecanberevealed. them, womenwithyoungchildren(aged6to12yearsold)areaskedabouttheirchild’s behaviorandperformanceatschoolso isnotdesigned to gather information directlyfromchildren.However,The quantitativesurvey togetameasureoftheimpacton experiencing violenceinthehomeduringchildhood. This chapterexplores howpartnerviolencecanimpactchildren.Partnerbenormalizedthroughwitnessingor and theirchildren’s behavioural issuesandwellbeingisstatisticallysignificant (seeTable 19inAnnex4). or “childrenhavefrequentnightmares” arelessthan0.05meaningtherelationshipbetween partnerviolenceagainstmothers that thereisnotmuchdifference inwettingbeds(morethan0.05),butotherindicatorssuchas “childrenaretimidoraggressive” The relationship between partner violence and behavioral issues in children was found to be statistically significant. It isevident violence violence, N=985–Thenumberofwomenwith6-12yearsold childrenwhohaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartner Note: N=1595–Thenumberofwomenwith6-12yearsoldchildren whohavenoexperiencesofphysicaland/orsexualpartner suggesting partnerviolencehasanegativeimpactonchildren’s behavior. to beaggressive(43.0percentcompared27.5cent)andhavenightmares(23.714.2cent), withdrawn children(47.1percent)thanthoseofwomenwithnopartnerviolence(29.5cent).Theirarealsomorelikely 100 Figure 8.1Percentageofever-partnered certainbehavioralissuesin womenwithchildren(age6-12years)whohaveobserved these children,bywomen’s experienceofphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolence,Mongolia2017(N=1595,N=985) IMPACT OFPARTNER VIOLENCEONCHILDREN’S BEHAVIOUR ANDHEALTH 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 101 violence =1595, 1 =985) 2 =1595, N 1 25-39 year old woman 25-39 year old woman . =985) 2 N Figure 8.3) children’s emotions are greatly impacted. My two girls are very shy. They say that they feel anger They say that they girls are very emotions are greatly impacted. My two shy. The children’s My son is too young and it is difficult to tell what he thinks. But sometimes he says I want to die instead of he says I want to die But sometimes to tell what he thinks. young and it is difficult My son is too home, by women’s experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime, Mongolia 2017 (N experience of physical home, by women’s violence, N=985 – The number of women with 6-12 years old children who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, N=985 – The number of women with 6-12 years old children who have experienced cannot feel relaxed in this family environment. Of course, it is hard for children. it is hard for environment. Of course, relaxed in this family cannot feel In-depth interview: towards boys. In-depth interview: said she My daughter way. should not feel in that is changing. I tell her she Her behavior a teenager. The girl is looking at this. Figure 8.3 Percentage of ever-partnered women with children (aged 6-12) who have had one or more children ran away from Figure 8.3 Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 8.2 Percentage of ever-partnered women with children (aged 6-12) who have had one or more children repeat a grade (aged 6-12) who have had one or more children women with children of ever-partnered Figure 8.2 Percentage or drop out of school, by women’s experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime, Mongolia 2017 (N experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence in lifetime, or drop out of school, by women’s Note: N=1595 – The number of women with 6-12 years old children who have no experiences of physical and/or sexual partner Note: N=1595 – The number of women with 6-12 years old children who have no experiences where the woman has been subject to partner violence ( There are a number of reasons why young children may run away from home, such as witnessing or experiencing violence in the There are a number of reasons why young children may run away from home, such as surveyThe in families greater is so do to tendency the and away run have children young of percentage small a that reveals family. Note: N=1595 – The number of women with 6-12 years old children who have no experiences of physical and/or sexual partner 6-12 years old children who have no experiences of physical and/or sexual partner Note: N=1595 – The number of women with with 6-12 years old children who have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, N=985 – The number of women violence In families where the mother has been subject to partner violence, her young children were more likely to repeat a grade or drop her young children were more likely to mother has been subject to partner violence, In families where the partner violence (Figure 8.2). of women with no physical or sexual out of school than children can also be seen from the qualitative research. seen from the qualitative can also be behavior and mood on their children’s of partner violence against women The impact 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia per cent),2-5times(3.1cent)ormorethanfive(3.9cent). the violence.Theremaining8.4percentofwomenreportedthattheirchildrensaworoverheardphysicalviolenceonce(1.4 many timesthatoccurred.Accordingtothesurvey, mostwomen(91.6percent)saidtheirchildrenneverwitnessedoroverheard Women experiencingphysicalpartnerviolencewereaskediftheirchildreneverwitnessedoroverheardthisandhow 8.2 CHILDRENWITNESSINGVIOLENCEASREPORTED BYWOMEN violence. Thissuggeststhatchildhoodexperiencesofviolence are arisk factor forfutureviolence. who haveexperiencedviolencepartnerswhosemotherwasbeaten,comparedtoonly3.4percentofwomenwithnopartner situation, comparedto12.6percentofwomenwithnopartnerviolence.Arelativelylargeproportion(17.3cent) more likelytoexperiencesuchviolencethemselveswithalmostaquarter(22.2percent)ofwomenpartnerinthat compared to16.3percentofwomenwithnoviolence(Figure5.5).Women whoseownmotherwassubjecttopartnerviolenceare Almost athird(32.4percent)ofwomenwhoexperiencedpartnerviolencehavepartnerswerehitorbeatenregularlyaschild, 8.3 from witnessingviolence,theymayalsobeunawareiftheirchildrenare watchingorlistening. or overheardphysical violence than women in otherareas(4.7percent). Althoughitmaybethatmothersprotecttheirchildren For womenwhoexperiencedviolence,thoseinUlaanbaatar(12.7percent)weremorelikelytoreporttheirchildrenhadwitnessed 102 Figure 8.4Proportionofwomenreportingthattheirchildrenwitnessedviolence(andhowmanytimes)amongwhohave Figure 8.5Percentageofever-partnered womenreporting violenceintheirownorpartner’s familyhomeswhentheywere INTERGENERATIONAL VIOLENCE Note: N=2043–Thenumberofwomenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalviolence612yearoldchildren young, bywomen’s experienceofphysicalpartnerviolence inlifetime,Mongolia2017(N=6914) experienced physicalpartnerviolence,Mongolia2017(N=2043) 1.4% Once 91.6% Never (2.5 times) Several 3.1% 3.9% the time Many times/mostof Note:N=6914–Thenumberof ever-partnered women

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 103 Doctor Social worker Women aged 40-64 aged Women Women aged 25-39 aged Women My only wish is to let my three children live a normal life. I wish them to do their homework three children live a normal life. I wish them My only wish is to let my I think I am the lost person. My oldest boy started talking to others in bad way. He imitates his father’s behavior and says to others bad things like “I behavior and says to others bad He imitates his father’s My oldest boy started talking to others in bad way. Children who are growing up in domestic violence grow up with psychological disorders and behavioral problems. up in domestic violence grow up with psychological Children who are growing When asked “Why are you all the times. When asked and he beats his children children young man with 5 and 7-year-olds There was a Many experts repeatedly say that “violence causes violence” in order to explain how witnessing violence affects children’s children’s witnessing violence affects in order to explain how causes violence” repeatedly say that “violence Many experts In-depth interview: saying “then what?” will kill you”. He also always gets in conflict with other people In-depth interview: future. My for my girl’s I made was to live separately from my partner environment. The most recent decision in a non-violent and relaxed Her eyes a home. I cannot study in this environment.” take my two siblings from here and rent get out of this, let’s daughter said to me “Let’s wrong way. future in the put my children’s were in tears. I realized I was going to Expert interviews: when I was at their age. And that makes me very He said “I was not happy as they are now beating your young children?” angry”. Experts’ Interview: Qualitative study: behavior and effects children’s that domestic violence of the FGDs viewed In addition, the participants in their adulthood. abuse relationship and violent. aggressive anger, able to manage their adult who are not likely to grow up to became these children 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 104 Who helpedwomen? Percentage ofwomenwhotoldsomeoneabouttheirpartnerviolence Coping withviolenceinMongolia Parents Friends COPING WITHVIOLENCE Parents Friends Her in-lawsandtheirrelatives CHAPTER 9. Brother or sister or Brother Her in-lawsand their relatives their No one No one helped Police 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 105 Women aged 40-64 Women Note: N=2175 – Number of woman who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence Note: N=2175 – Number of woman who experienced physical and/or sexual partner about the behaviour of their partners, Mongolia 2017 (N=2175) about the behaviour of their partners, Mongolia My youngest son is on the disability pension and living with me. drinks pension and living with Another child son is on the disability My youngest daddy. afraid of their

: [child] was WHO DO WOMEN TALK TO ABOUT PARTNER VIOLENCE? PARTNER TO ABOUT TALK WHO DO WOMEN In-depth interview he is drunk, he hurts me. a lot. When Figure 9.1. Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, by who they told women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, by who they told Figure 9.1. Percentage of ever-partnered those in living rural areas. one quarter (23.0 per cent) indicated that their parents tried to help, 18.1 per cent received help from friends, 15.5 per cent from one quarter (23.0 per cent) indicated that their parents tried to help, 18.1 per cent received in urban areas are more likely to receive help from others than Women siblings and 15.4 per cent from relatives of their partner. For 43.6 per cent of the women who have encountered physical and/or sexual partner violence, no one tried to help them. Almost For 43.6 per cent of the women who have encountered physical and/or sexual partner experiences. Just over one third (36.0 per cent) told their friends, 32.9 per cent told their parents, and 31.4 per cent the relatives cent the per parents, and 31.4 their told cent per 32.9 friends, their told cent) per (36.0 third one over Just experiences. in ten women (8.3 per cent) report the violence to the police. less than one Significantly, of the partner. Among women who have suffered physical and/or sexual partner violence, one quarter (26.5 per cent) have told no one about their violence, one quarter (26.5 per cent) have suffered physical and/or sexual partner Among women who have 9.1 and how satisfied they are with the help they receive. In the case of women who have had more than one partner who has been of women who have had more than one are with the help they receive. In the case and how satisfied they relates to their most recent partner. violent, the information This chapter presents information on how women who have experienced violence cope, who they talk to, where they seek support talk to, where they cope, who they have experienced violence on how women who presents information This chapter 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia proportion of women who sought help from a shelter and other care services is low,proportion ofwomenwhosought helpfromashelterandothercareservices lessthan1.5percent. than oneinten(13.2percent)approached ahealthfacilityforhelp,and12.5percentapproached monksorreligiousleaders.The about whichinstitutions, if any, theyturned toforhelp,almostonequarter(23.9percent)saidtheyreported ittothepolice.More Women whoexperiencephysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolencehave severaloptionsfromwheretheycanseekhelp.Whenasked 9.2 106 Figure 9.2.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhoexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceandhadsomeonetry In-depth interview: In-depth interview: In-depth interview: In-depth interview: that theyturnitintogossipinsteadofhelpingme. to worry. Inthebeginning, with childishthinking,Iwouldtalkabout it toeverybody, eventomysisters-in-law. ThenIrealized In-depth interview: any supportfromothers. These womenoftenbelievetheyshould“tolerateandadapttoviolence”livewithitwithoutreportingseeking Women oftenmentionedthatthey do notspeakoftheirpartner’s violenceforthesakeoftheirhusbandsandown reputation. or neighboursandseeksupportfromtheminstead. the domestic violence abuse with their family. they are more likely to tell their friends, co-workers, parents-in-law, Otherwise, networks. Itappearsthatifwomenliveinthesamegeographicareaastheirparentsorsiblingsthentheyarelikelytodiscuss Qualitative study ORGANIZATIONS WHEREWOMEN TURNTOFORHELP : thequalitativestudysuggeststhatdecisiontoseeksupportfromothersisinfluencedbynearbysocial I used talk openly with my mother. However, now because I don’t want her I am not telling her everything The neighbours’childrencomeinandhelpme. When Itoldthemthatmyhusbandhitme,theydidn’tsayanything,sidewiththeirownson. I

to helpthem,bypeople/organizationwhotriedhelp,Mongolia2017 (N=2175) tell only the lady at my work; only that very kindwomanunderstandsmeand supportsme. tell onlytheladyatmywork;thatvery Note: N=2175–Thenumberofwomenwhohadexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualviolence 20-24yearoldfemale 25 20 40-64 yearoldfemale - - 39 yearoldfemale 24 yearoldfemale 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 107 64 year old female 64 year old female 64 year old female 64 year old female - - 40-64 year old female 40-64 year old female 35 35-64 year old female 35-64 year old female 35 authority, Mongolia 2017 (N=2175) authority, Note: N=2175 – The number of women who had experienced physical and/or sexual violence Note: N=2175 – The number of women who I will be under even more pressure if I call the police. It turns out that I should have told the police I will be under even more pressure if I call

I’m temporarily staying in the shelter of the National Centre against Violence with my three children. I I’m temporarily staying in the shelter of the National Centre against Violence with I reported to the police twice or even three times. The police detain him for 3-4 hours, scolding him and I reported to the police twice or even three times. The police detain him for 3-4 hours, I fear The police told me “from now on, if he hits you, insults you or chases you away, immediately come to us. come immediately away, you chases or you insults you, hits he if on, now “from me told police The : you call the police, you report to the police, the police get annoyed with us and neglect us. Once I called : you call the police, you report to the police, revealed a perception that reporting to the police is ineffective. revealed a perception that reporting to the In-depth interview: Qualitative study crazy, she’s insane.” When I talk about this at the family health centre, sub-district administration, with the social worker and she’s crazy, welfare division, they don’t believe me. In-depth interview: the alimony to do a financial settlement, and to determine the marriage, to dissolve civil case, to initiate a to the Centre applied just to stay alive. My husband states to be paid for the children. It was impossible to tolerate the violence anymore, I left home survive,I how can blind, I get if 20.0, and is eyesight My a roaming life. I chose that me hit Once he is unthinkable. roaming a with eyes and face my whipped he that, at stop didn’t He afterwardsincluded was I that cruelly so categorya in disability. of gone “What did she forget there? She’s wet towel. When he heard that I went to the National Centre against Violence, he said In-depth interview:In-depth have shelter even if you’re chased out naked. So contact us”. have a centre against domestic violence. We We In-depth interview: to the cops?” then send him back. He returns and hits me again saying: “Who are you to report me at the very first occurrence of him hitting me. Otherwise, he thinks it’s normal to hit his wife and will do it over and over. Now I to hit his wife and will do it over and over. normal at the very first occurrence of him hitting me. Otherwise, he thinks it’s know where to go. to protect me, but I don’t think I should see if there is any organisation In-depth interview call them once he has come back, but they jumping over the fence. The police told me to the police and my partner ran away, I now know that the police will not defend me. Now I have moved to the yard didn’t come again. After I divorced my husband, There, even if they hit me, they’ll do it less cruelly. of my brother. Figure 9.3. Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence who sought help, by violence who sought and/or sexual partner experienced physical women who Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 9.3. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia of violencecouldescalate,and15.2percentsoughthelpastheysawtheirchildrenweresuffering. because theywerebadlyinjured.Seventeenpercentofwomenwhosoughthelpdidsoconcernedthatthelevel institutions forhelpbecausetheysimplycouldnotenduretheviolenceanymore.Morethantwoinfive(42.7percent)sought give morethanonereason,sothepercentagesaddto100percent.Two thirdsofwomen (68.7percent)approached The figurebelowshowswhythewomenwhodidseekhelpforpartnerviolencefromauthoritiesso.Respondentscould WHY DOSOMEWOMENSEEKHELPANDOTHERSNOT? experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and did not approach any organization or service saidthey didnotwantto experienced physical and/orsexualpartnerviolence anddidnotapproachany organizationorservice The womenwhodidnotseekhelp gavereasonsastowhythiswasthecase(Figure9.6).Aquarter ofwomen(25.9percent)who punitive measuresagainsttheperpetrator, arefocusedontheneedsofvictim. whereashealthandwellbeingservices and women’s organizations, although the majority were still satisfied. This is not surprising as the legal system is more focused on received. At the other end of the scale, rates of satisfaction were lower with police, legal advice centres satisfied with the service at a shelter,were satisfied. Over 80 per cent of victims who received services were hospital, health centreor from social service (91.6percent) Almostallwomenwhoreceivedpsychologicalservices Satisfaction varieddependingonthetypeofservice. theyreceived. Three quartersofwomen(75.4percent)whosoughthelpfromvariousorganisationsweresatisfiedwiththeservice 108 Figure 9.4.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhoexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceandsoughthelpfrom Figure 9.5.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhoexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolencesought help and were satisfiedwiththehelpgiven,byauthority, Mongolia2017 (N=647) an authority, byreason(s)forseekinghelp,Mongolia2017(N=647) Note:N=647–Thenumberofwomen whosoughthelp Note: N=647–Thenumberofwomenwhosoughthelp 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 109 Note: N=2175 – The number of women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence Note: N=2175 – The number of women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence, by the number of times they have left, Mongolia 2017 (N=2175) from services/organizations, (N=1527) help, Mongolia 2017 for not seeking by reasons : Among the women taking part in the in-depth interviews,: Among the women taking part in the in-depth victims of partner violence none of those who were Note: N=1527 – Women who reported experiencing violence, but did not seek help from services and organizations Note: N=1527 – Women LEAVING HOME TO ESCAPE VIOLENCE HOME LEAVING Figure 9.7. Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual violence and who left home due to Figure 9.7. Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 9.6. Percentage of ever-partnered women who experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence and did not seek help violence and did and/or sexual partner experienced physical women who Percentage of ever-partnered Figure 9.6. partner, left to escape the violence, often multiple times. More than one third (35.0 per cent) left their homes 1-5 times, 6.0 per left to escape the violence, often multiple times. More than one partner, cent of women left their homes 21 of more times (Figure 9.7). cent left their homes 6-10 times, and 3.9 per More than half (51.2 per cent) of women who have suffered physical and/or sexual partner violence, and share a home with that have suffered physical and/or sexual partner violence, and share a home with that More than half (51.2 per cent) of women who 9.3 Qualitative study mentioned contacting the multidisciplinary of a girl who was sexually abused, doctors team for support. During a medical check of a psychologist who then helped to report to the police. found out about the case and sought the advice damage the reputation of the family. One in five (20.9 per cent) thought that the violence is normal and not a serious offence. a serious offence. is normal and not thought that the violence in five (20.9 per cent) One reputation of the family. damage the 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia per centcamebackatrequestof thepartners, 33.0 percentwerenotwillingtoleave theirchildren,25.6percentnotwillingto Of thewomenwhocomebackafter leavingtheirhomes,34.4percentsaidtheyreturnedbecause theyforgavetheirpartners,33.0 month, andclosetoaquarter(24.1 percent)lefthomenevertoreturn. As forhowlongtheystayedaway, most(58.6per cent) wholefthomedidsoforlessthanamonth,17.4percent forlongerthana threatening oractuallydidhitthechildren(4.8percent). for over 15 per cent of women, with specific concerns including seeing the children were suffering (10.6 per cent), or the partner 18.8 percentbecausetheywereinjured,and16.1chasedoutoftheirhomes(Figure9.8).Childrenafactor Almost threequarters(72.4percent)ofthewomenwholefttheirhomesdidsobecausetheycouldnotstandviolenceanymore, homes ofthepartner’s relativesand0.2percentgototemples. shelters,2.8percentsleeponthestreet,2.7goto or neighbours.Few(3.3percent)stayinhotelsandtemporary Women wholefthomesoughtmainly soughtshelterwiththeirownrelatives(73.2percent)and12.9centwenttofriends 110 Figure 9.9.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhoexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceandlefthome dueto Figure 9.8.Percentageofever-partnered womenwhoexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualpartnerviolenceandlefthomedueto the violence,byplacestheywentafterleavinghome,Mongolia2017 (N=1008) the violence,byreasonsforleavinghome,Mongolia2017(N=1008) Note: N=1008–Thenumberofwomenwholefttheirhomesduetoviolence Note: N=1008-Thenumberofwomenwholefttheirhomesdue toviolence 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 111 changed after fighting back, Mongolia 2017 (N=1249) changed after fighting back, Mongolia 2017 Note: N=1249 - The number of women who experienced physical partner violence and fought back Note: N=1249 - The number of women who experienced physical partner violence and . Not the woman being abused but her parents, relatives, neighbours or grown-up children call the police. . Not the woman being abused but her parents, relatives, neighbours or grown-up children The most frequent response was that they run away alone or with their children. If they live in an apartment, The most frequent response was that they run away alone or with their children. If they Women reported taking the following actions when their partners attack them: fighting back, running away, back, running away, fighting them: their partners attack when actions the following reported taking Women FIGHTING BACK FIGHTING BACK (if there are friendly acquaintances). Those who shelter them may be in danger as a result, so women hesitate to seek help seek to hesitate women so result, a as danger in be may them shelter who Those acquaintances). friendly are there (if from other households. Differing attitudes towards the police services as discussed above. emerged during the study they go out to the stairway corridor to calm down and wait for the partner to fall asleep. If they live in a ger, they mostly go they go out to the stairwaydown and wait for the partner to fall asleep. If they live in a ger, corridor to calm or run to a neighbouring household out and run away and sleep in barns, carriages, latrines, on river banks (in summer), Calling the police Running away. Figure 9.10. Ever-partnered women who experienced physical partner violence and fought back, by whether the violence women who experienced physical partner violence and fought back, by whether the Figure 9.10. Ever-partnered Qualitative study: Qualitative 2. beaten to protect their children and, when experiencing the physical violence, they protect their heads first of all. The following beaten to protect their children and, when experiencing the physical violence, they protect are the most common ways of defense against physical partner violence: 1. or surrendering to the beating due to lack of ability to protect oneself. Partners may lock the doors or seize the women’s mobile women’s the seize doors or the lock may Partners oneself. protect to ability of lack to due beating the to surrendering or responded that they let themselves be phones, depriving them of any chance to escape or protect themselves. Few women said that the violence stopped as a result. Almost two thirds (63.7 per cent) decided to fight back when confronted with physical partner violence. Of those women who did to fight back when confronted with physical partner violence. Of those women who Almost two thirds (63.7 per cent) decided that there was no any change, a third (34.0 per cent) said the violence increased and so, almost a quarter (22.7 per cent) responded For one in ten women who fought back during physical violence by their partners 31.7 per cent responded that violence decreased. 9.4 defending the reputation of the family - 17.1 per cent, wishing to grow their children with both parents - 10.7 per cent, because cent, per 10.7 - parents both with children their grow to wishing cent, per 17.1 - family the of reputation the defending - 7.7 per cent, and partner - 8.9 per cent, kindness to the partner - 9.6 per cent, hoping in changes in the violence is not serious - 4.1 per cent. not willing to be single the temporary hosts for any longer, or because violence is not a serious action, or because there was a threat to the children, etc. a threat to the children, or because there was is not a serious action, or because violence the temporary hosts for any longer, not want to leave their 36.2 per cent responded that they did the violence and did not leave their homes, Of the women who endured partner - 21.0 per cent, the family - 24.1 per cent, forgiving the by reasons such as unwilling to dissolve children. This is followed 6.7 per cent because of the interventionthe cent because of per 6.7 of feelings have they home as back come cent and 5.5 per members of family request and stay at home because they cannot that they come back women responded than 10 per cent of the their partners. Less kindness to dissolve their families and 24.5 per cent returned for the sake of the family reputation (multiple reasons could be given). Also, 16.5 could be given). reputation (multiple reasons sake of the family per cent returned for the families and 24.5 dissolve their children, their for come back home cent 14.7 per Also positively. change would partners hoping that their home back come cent per 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia The informationforthissubchapterwascollectedbyaqualitativestudy only. VIOLENCE 9.5 prevented escalationofviolence. to reportthepolicewhileothersstatethatbeatingsand bullyingreducedsinceitwasreportedtothepolice,andthat colleagues, parents-in-law, neighbours,andpolice.Especially, theyreportedtothepolicemostoften.Somethoughtitineffective spokeaboutthesituationtotheirparents,siblings,auntsanduncles,friends, The womenparticipatinginthein-depthinterviews 112 and wifeseparatelyonebyone,identifytherootsofproblems, and advisewhichinstitutionstheyshouldgotofor help. In-depth interview: She saidweshouldgotomonksrectifythesituationassoonIgotdischargedfromhospital. “ In-depth interview: measures. all, we need a shelter to stay in peace. Also, I wish the police and other related institution would be able to take the necessary In-depth interview: for dealingwiththesituation,theylookquickfixesusingreligionand magictoturntheoffenderintoagoodman. addiction”. Insteadofseekingsciencebasedandreliableinformationontheactualcausesdomesticviolencemethods healers toseekguidanceon“Whythepartnerbehaveslikethat”,“To turnhimintoagoodman”,andto“Healhisalcohol governmental institutionsforsupportandadvice,someofthewomenparticipatinginstudygotomonks,shamans,or for protectionandcounsellingisafactorthathinderscombatingdomesticviolence.Insteadofapproachingpublicnon- and organizations Most of the professionals working in rural districts believe that the lack of professional support services or withotherfamilies. health concernsandtoevenmoresevereformsofviolenceabusewhichpushthemavoidhomesleepinthesteppe leavingwomenatriskof for thevictimsofviolencefromruraldistricts,thereislackprotectionandcounsellingservices, As offender andvictim.Theywouldliketoseesupportforcouplesunderstandoneanotherthroughpsychologicalservices. that provide protection and counselling to both the which detains the offender for a few days, there should be services service, Qualitative study 5. 4. 3. Giving up Fighting back. Soothing orcomfortingtheattacker. are found in the interviews ofwomenwhohavebeenseverelyabusedmanytimes. are foundintheinterviews is noresistancefromthemand,therefore,theyshouldreturntheviolence asmuchispossible. throwing thingsathim,strikinghimbacketc.Theyexplaintheseactionsbysayingtheabusergetsencouragedwhenthere anger, avoidingspeaking,doingthehouseholdchores,meetinghimwith hotdinner, andshowinghimcare. up withit,protectthemselvesandtheirchildrenbysoothingthepartnertosleep,apologizing,avoidingescalationofhis PERCEPTIONS OFSERVICESTOPROTECTWOMENFROMDOMESTIC . Fewwomentakenoactionwhentheyarebeatenbecausecametothink“lethimkillme”.Theseresponses : Most participants in the in-depth interviews who experienced partner violence said that, besides the police : Most participants in the in-depth interviews Afewwomenanswerthattheydonotsurrenderbutfightbackbyhittingtheattackerwithanythingathand, I thinkthereshouldaprofessionaltoworkagainstviolence.A whowouldreceivethehusband I heardthereareorganizationsagainstviolence.Sometimeswishtheywereinourruraldistricts.Firstof It seemsyourhusbandhasbeencursedbyundergroundspiritsasheworkedformining”saidmysister. Women

who haveenduredlongyearsofviolence,andimaginenootherwaybuttoput 15-34 yearoldfemale 35-64 yearoldfemale 35-64 yearoldfemale 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 113 left home to physical Did not know her options Believed violence is normal/not serious Fear of threats/consequences/more violence of 47% women who have experienced In Mongolia and/or sexual violence escape it. CHAPTER 10. CHAPTER He threatened or tried to kill her Could not continue to endure more violence Badly injured Other Thrown out of their home Saw that their children were suffering Refused/no answer CONCLUSION AND AND CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS Afraid would end relationship Bring a bad name to the family Reasons women leave home to escape partner violence Reasons women leave home Reasons for not seeking help or servicesReasons for not seeking help from organizations 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Main findings: perpetrated bytheirparents,siblings,otherfamilymembers,orcomplete strangerssincetheageof15years. women, exposuretopartnerviolenceisnottheironlyexperience.Theymayhavealsobeensubjectphysicalorsexualviolence haveremainedhiddenbehindcloseddoors.Also,formany acts ofviolenceagainstwomenthat,inmostcases,wouldotherwise andadvocateforchange.Akey which willbeusedtoinformtheimprovementofservices This landmarkstudyprovidescomprehensivequantitativeandqualitativeinformationongender-based violenceinMongolia, 10.1 12 compared tocountrieswithsimilar prevalenceratesofviolence. severity ofviolence. Looking furtherintothedataislikelytorevealprofounddifferences intheexperiencesofwomenMongolia does notshowthelevelsofsexual violenceversusphysicalintheoverallprevalence ofviolence,northefrequencyor in Lao PDR. However, unpacking that information reveals differences in the nature and causesof violence. For example, this data In Figure10.1itappearsthatMongolia’s prevalenceofphysicaland/orsexualviolenceissimilartoVietnambuttwiceashigh years wasused.Useofdifferingagerangesmayresultindifferent prevalence estimates. coverwomen15-49years ofage,inVietnamitwasage18-60years,whileCambodia,LaosandMongolia,15-64 surveys Another factoraffectingdatacomparability between countriesistheagerangeofsamplepopulations.Inmost countries, were currentlyorpreviouslymarried,notmarriedbutcohabitating with men, and/datingmen. or not,andareinaformalunionnot.FortheMongoliansurvey, thedefinitionofever-partnered women includedwomenwho partner toonlyincludepartnersthroughmarriage,whereasothers includeanyrelationshipswithaman,whethertheylivetogether the conceptof‘partner’oftendiffersdependingonnationalcontext, culture,traditionsandlegalsystems.Somecountriesdefinea Despite theuseofsameorsimilarmethodologies,therearedifferencesthatlimitcomparabilitybetweencountries.Forexample, countries intheregionwheredataisavailable. Figure 10.1 region. in19outofthe53countriesAsia-Pacific the methodologyhasbeenusedtoconductnationallyrepresentativesurveys Japan, Namibia,Peru,Samoa,Serbia,ThailandandtheUnitedRepublicofTanzania) and15geographicallocations back in1997.Studieswereundertakenbetween2000and2005,involvingatotalof10countries(Bangladesh,Brazil,Ethiopia, Health Organizationbegandevelopingamethodologyformeasuringtheprevalence,causesandeffectsofviolenceagainstwomen In ordertoproducecomparabledatawithinandbetweencountries,regardlessofgeographicalculturaldiversity, theWorld 10.2 114

outcomes andwomen’s responses.Geneva, World HealthOrganization,2005.Available at Garcia-MorenoC,JansenHAFM,Ellsberg M etal. • • • • • Women experienceviolenceregardless oftheirage,education,employmentstatusorgeographiclocation. Domestic violence affects children and other family members. Women whoexperiencedpartner violence were more likely to Violence against women is impacting the health of women - 42.8 per cent of the women who experienced violence from 14.0 percentofallwomenwereexposedtosexualviolencebynon-partners,whichisrelativelyhighincomparison 29.7 percentofever-partnered womenexperiencedphysicalviolenceperpetratedbytheirpartnersinlifetime. other countriesoftheAsia-Pacificregion. or experiencingdomesticviolenceinchildhoodincreasesthechanceofbeingaviolentpartnerrelationshipasanadult. have childrenwithbehaviouralproblemsthanthosewhodidnotexperienceviolence.Therearealsosignsthatwitnessing of mentalhealthdisorders. sexual violence are more likely to self-assess their general health as poor and also report a greater number of symptoms their partnerswereinjured, and, ofthose,71.6percentwereseverelyinjured.Women whoexperiencedphysicaland/or GENERAL CONCLUSIONS INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON showshowthelifetimeandcurrentprevalenceofphysicaland/orsexualviolenceinMongoliacomparestoother WHO Multi-country StudyonWomen’sWHO Multi-country HealthandDomesticViolenceagainstWomen. Initialresultsonprevalence,health http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/index.html feature ofthisstudyisthatitexplores 12 . Sincethen,

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 115 shows the 10.3

Figure . 13 period WHO, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, South African Medical Research Council. 2013. Global and WHO, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. WHO: Geneva. regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner Figure 10.1. Prevalence of physical and/or sexual partner violence among ever-partnered women, by country and reference ever-partnered among of physical and/or sexual partner violence Figure 10.1. Prevalence

13 and religions. Currently, work is being done to refine the related methodology and adopt common standards. and religions. Currently, cross-country of the region. However, prevalence of lifetime and current rates of emotional violence compared to other countries comparison should be used with caution to avoid the risk of erroneous interpretation. Defining emotional violence, as compared to physical and/or sexual violence, is more challenging given varyingDefining emotional violence, as compared to physical and/or sexual violence, is more traditions culture, violence, and 22.0 per cent were exposed to such violence in last 12 months. For Mongolia, the rates are 31.2 per cent for lifetime per cent for lifetime the rates are 31.2 12 months. For Mongolia, violence in last to such exposed and 22.0 per cent were violence, around 30 per cent of The WHO estimates that globally, violence and 12.7 per cent in last 12 months. physical and/or sexual lifetime in their physical and/or sexual partner violence women have experienced exposure to physical and/or sexual violence, and the smaller circle shows the percentage of women subjected to physical and/ to physical subjected women of percentage the shows circle smaller and the violence, sexual and/or physical to exposure sexual lifetime physical and/or of women suffered Thailand, 44.0 per cent For example, in last 12 months. or sexual violence The following figure shows the findings of the Mongolia survey of the Mongolia figure shows the findings The following have undertaken similar other countries that against the findings of country of women of the given the percentage The big circle represents violence against women. research on had lifetime who have 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 10.3 analysis beundertakeninthefollowingareas: against women, women andgirls.Further in-depth researchisessential for betterunderstandingthenature,causesandconsequences The datacollectedinthestudyprovideanevidencebasefordevelopingsolutionstogender-based violenceagainstMongolian 10.4 and programmes. The resultsofthisstudyshouldbewidelypublicizedandpromotedforuseinplanning,implementationmonitoringpolic ies identify anddealwithcasesofpartnerviolenceisessentialforachieving gender equalitygoals. providers suchashealthcareworkers,teachersandeducators,lawenforcementofficers,religiousworkers’toeffectively violence. Increasingmen’s involvementinactionstoeliminateallformsofviolenceisnecessary. Buildingthecapacityofservice Intergenerational cycles of violence need to be broken by protecting children, particularly foster-children who may be exposed to tradition, orreligion.Thestatehasthedutytoprotectrightsofvulnerable groupsandthosewhoareaffectedbyviolence. women. VAW violateswomenandgirlstheirrighttolife,freedom,safetyhealth.Violencemustnotbetoleratedinanyculture, Multilateral cooperationbetweengovernment,civilsocietyanddevelopmentpartnersiscrucialforeradicatingviolenceagainst 116 Source: kNOwVAWdata, UNFPA AsiaandthePacific RegionalOffice.2017.Women whoexperiencedintimatepartnerviolence, • • • Figure 10.2Prevalenceofemotionalpartnerviolenceamongever-partnered women,bycountriesandreferenceperiod Estimate thecostsandeconomicimpactofviolence,including victim healthcarecosts. Understand thenatureofmaleaggressionandpartnerdistrustthrough ananalyticalstudy; Determine riskfactorsforpartnerviolencethroughamultivariate analysisusingsocio-economicanddemographic variables; POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS ONFURTHER RESEARCHANDANALYSIS as wellforidentifyingappropriatepreventiveandcontrolmeasures.Itisrecommendedadditionalresearch 2000-2017 (RegionalSnapshot);andthe2017NationalStudyonGender-based ViolenceinMongolia. Note: All surveys arenationallyrepresentative,exceptforChinawhichisconductedinonesite. Note: Allsurveys of violence 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 117 Justice and Internal Affairs Child and Senior officer of Family Development Department of the Authority for Family, Development Youth of the MinistryOfficer of Officer of Secretariat of Coordination Council for Crime Prevention of Justice and Internal Affairs Officer of National Committee on Gender of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection Head of "Gal golomt" National Movement, NGO Fund Head of the Mongolian Women's Director of Institute of Social Policy and Development Survey Gender Program officer of the World Health Organization Gender Program officer of the World for Crime Prevention of the MinistryHead of Secretariat of Coordination Council of Justice and Internal Affairs of the MinistryDirector of Population Development Department of Labor and Social Protection Director of Public Health Department of the Ministry of Health Director of the Policy Implementation Regulation Department of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Sports Chief of National Human Rights Commission National Police Department of the Ministry of Center, Head of Information and Technology Coordinator of Gender based violence study Coordinator of Gender based violence and Statistical Research Department of NSO Senior statistician of National Accounts Department of NSO Statistician of Population and Social Statistics Department of NSO Statistician of Population and Social Statistics Statistics Department of NSO Senior officer of Population and Social Department of NSO Senior officer of Information Technology Department of NSO Officer of Population and Social Statistics Department of NSO Officer of Population and Social Statistics Chairperson of National Statistics Office, Mongolia and Head of Advisory Statistics Office, Mongolia and Head Chairperson of National Panel National Statistics Office, Mongolia Vice-chairperson of of NSO and social statistics department Former director of Population and social statistics department of NSO Director of Population Mongolia Representative of UNPFA, Mongolia NPO Gender, UNFPA, for Development and Cooperation Swiss Agency National program coordinator, Research Department of NSO Director of National Accounts and Statistical Statistics Department of NSO Senior statistician of Population and Social Ts.Odgerel D.Munkhuu B.Erdenechimeg Ch.Amarbayasgalan Kh.Tsendjav N.Oyunchimeg A.Dashdeleg Ts.Otgonbat M.Munkhbaatar D.Gantsetseg L.Nyamgerel S.Tungalagtamir М.Dorjpagam B.Delgermaa B.Tamir B.Tamir A.Altangerel S.Darimaa G.Urangoo Sh.Ariunbold S.Bolormaa A.Demberel N.Doljinsuren Z.Khandarmaa B.Oyun N.Erdenesaikhan A.Amarbal Naomi Kitahara Ch.Bayanchimeg D.Oyunchimeg A.Ariunzaya LIST OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN THE SURVEY INVOLVED PERSONNEL LIST OF ANNEX 1 ANNEX 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia SURVEY TEAMOFTHENSO INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS Supervisors PERSONAL INVOLVED INDATA COLLECTION 118 Intervievers D.Munkhtuya Ch.Lkhagvadulam Ts.Doljin B.Davaakhuu M.Altantsetseg Jessica Gardner Dr HenrietteJansen N.Munkhtuya Z.Temuulen P.Zolzaya Ts.Oyunbaatar N.Tserenbaljir M.Binderiya D.Lkhagvatseren T.Oyunsuren A.Altangerel M.Dorjpagam O.Noronvsambuu B.Tamir S.Darimaa S.Bolormaa Sh.Ariunbold Z.Khandarmaa N.Doljinsuren A.Amarbal D.Oyunchimeg Executive DirectoroftheLGBTCenter Executive DirectoroftheMongolianMen'sFederation Vice-director oftheNationalCenterAgainstViolence President oftheNationalAssociationMongolianPersonswithDisabilities kNOwVAWdata, andInternationalConsultant,UNFPA Mongolia Statistical Consultant,UNFPA AsiaandthePacificRegionalOffice(APRO)/ Mongolia the PacificRegionalOffice(APRO)/kNOwVAWdata, andInternationalConsultant,UNFPA Technical Advisor, ViolenceagainstWomen (VAW), ResearchandData,UNFPA Asiaand Officer ofITD,NSO Officer ofITD,NSO Officer ofITD,NSO Officer ofPSSD,NSO Officer ofPSSD,NSO Officer ofPSSD,NSO Officer ofPSSD,NSO Senior officerofITD,NSO Statistician ofPSSD,NSO Statistician ofPSSD,NSO Senior statisticianofNASRD,NSO Coordinator ofGenderbasedviolencesurvey Senior statisticianofPSSD,NSO Director ofPSSD,NSO Director ofPSSD,NSO Yu.Tuul O.Orkhonbaatar Ts.Nyamsuren Ts.Nerzedgaram V.Munkhtsetseg G.Erdenetsetseg D.Enkhtsetseg L.Enkhtuya T.Shinebayar Sh.Chimedtseren 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 119 Ts.Tsend-Erdene M.Tserendolgor G.Tsetsegmaa N.Chimgee E.Chuluunchimeg D.Enkhbat Z.Enkhnavch S.Erdenetuya R.Erdenechuluun Kh.Soyol-Erdene N.Solongo S.Solongo Ts.Soninbayar Ch.Suvd-Erdene B.Tuul D.Undraa N.Uranbileg L.Uranbileg B.Urangua B.Uranchimeg S.Uranchimeg G.Uyanga S.Uyanga B.Khishigbaigali S.Khulan G.Tseveenpurev D.Oyunbileg Ts.Osokhgerel B.Purevdulam E.Rentsenlkham B.Nasanjargal B.Nominsuren P.Nomin-Erdene S.Nurgul Yu.Nergui Kh.Odondalai L.Otgonjargal B.Otgontsetseg Kh.Oyunbayar G.Dugarmaa A.Delgermaa O.Delgermaa Kh.Zaurish B.Lkhagvajav D.Lkhamnorgim S.Munkhzul N.Narantsatsral B.Nasandari Ts.Gerelmaa M.Gerelchimeg J.Dashdavaa M.Dorjdulam G.Gantsetseg B.Gantuya P.Gantuya N.Byambasuren A.Galiya M.Buyankhishig D.Budkhand O.Bolormaa Z.Bulganaa Kh.Bulgan-Erdene G.Bayarkhuu Ts.Bayar-Erdene B.Bayarmaa B.Bayartuul U.Battsetseg M.Bayaraa B.Batsuren D.Battsetseg Ts.Ariunaa B.Badamtugs Z.Baigalimaa E.Amaraa B.Ankhbayar A.Altantuya А.Аliya A.Altantuul 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia ADMINISTRATION FORM 120 HH7. soums (rural)(4) HH6 HH5 HH4 HH3 HH2 HH1 IDENTIFICATION HH21 HH20 HH19 HH18 FIELD SUPERVISOR HH17 completed [ ]4.Woman’s questionnaire partly [ ]3.Woman’s questionnaire questionnaire) only (and inmostcasesHH [ ]2.HHselectionform [ ]1.Nonecompleted COMPLETED? QUESTIONNAIRES LOCATION TIME NEXT VISIT: DATE RESULT*** INTERVIEWERS NAME DATE INTERVIEWER VISITS . LOCATION: Ulaanbaatar(1),Urbancentresinaimags (2), Soumscenter(rural)(3)Outskirtsof . DISTRICT______. PROVINCE/CITYNAME______. HOUSEHOLDNUMBER . CLUSTERNUMBER/EA . TEAMNAME______⇒ . YEAR[][] . MONTH[][] . DAY [][] . CODE[][]Name______. LANGUAGEINTERVIEWCONDUCTEDIN:MONGOLIAN(1),KAZAKH (2) NAME OFHOUSEHOLDHEAD:______⇒ ⇒ ⇒

WOMEN’S HEALTH ANDLIFEEXPERIENCESSURVEY Does notwanttocontinue(specify):______Selected womanspeaksforeignlanguage26 Selected womanincapacitated25 Selected womanpostponedinterview Selected womannotathome No eligiblewomaninhousehold22 Selected womanrefused(specify):______21 Entire hhspeakingonlyforeignlanguage.18 Hh respondentpostponedinterview No hhmemberathometimeofvisit Entire hhabsentforextendedperiod15 Dwelling notfound,accessible14 Dwelling destroyed13 Dwelling vacantoraddressnotadwelling12 Refused (specify): ______11 *** ______1 41 postponedtonextvisit Rest ofinterview ______31 RESULT CODES ______2 23 17 24 16 32

______3 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ Need toreturn Need toreturn Need toreturn Need toreturn Need toreturn OF VISITS[] H13. HH12. HH11. HH10. HH9. HH8. FINAL VISIT [ ] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ]][ [ ][] (A3) RESPONDENT OF SELECTEDFEMALE HH16. [ ][] (A3, totalwithYES) SELECTED WOMAN WOMEN INHHOF HH15. [ ][] (A1) HOUSEHOLD HH14. FORM: CHECK HHSELECTION YEAR [][] TOTAL NUMBER MONTH [][] RESULT [][] INTERVIEWER [][] DAY [][] LINE NUMBER TOTAL IN TOTAL ELIGIBLE

[ ] 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 121 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 A3.5 SEE CRITERIA BELOW (A +B) YES NO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ELIGIBLE A3.4 How old is NAME? (YEARS, more or less) AGE 1 2 NO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 TOTAL NUMBER OF TOTAL PEOPLE IN HOUSEHOLD [ ][ ] MALE FEMALE 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 A3.3 Does NAME usually live here? SPECIAL CASES: SEE (A) BELOW. YES 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 RESIDENCE RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HH A3.2 What is the relationship of NAME to the head of the household.* (USE CODES BELOW) share food). To enable me to identify To whom I should talk to, would you please give me the first names of all girls or women who usually live in your household (and FEMALE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS we would like A3.1 Today to talk to one woman or from your household. girl lodgers or friends who live here and share food? IN THE MAKE SURE THESE PEOPLE ARE INCLUDED TOTAL Is the head of the household male or female? and share food? children (including infants) PROBE: Does this include living here? people who may not be Does it include any other servants, such as domestic members of your family, Hello, my name is ______. I am visiting your household on behalf of CENTRE FOR SURVEY RESEARCH. on behalf of CENTRE FOR SURVEY RESEARCH. . I am visiting your household Hello, my name is ______health and life experiences. about women’s to learn are conducting a surveySTUDY LOCATION in We how many people live here, Please can you tell me 16 17 13 14 15 11 12 9 10 6 7 8 4 5 1 2 3 LINE NUM. A3 A2 A1 HOUSEHOLD SELECTION FORM HOUSEHOLD IF MORE THAN ONE HH IN SELECTED DWELLING: FILL OUT SEPERATE HH SELECTION FORM FOR EACH ONE HH SELECTION FORM OUT SEPERATE DWELLING: FILL ONE HH IN SELECTED IF MORE THAN 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia * Ifboth(maleandfemale)arethehead,refertomale. 122 (A) SPECIALCASESTOBECONSIDEREDMEMBEROFHOUSEHOLD: MOTHER GRANDDAUGHTER DAUGHTER-IN-LAW DAUGHTER WIFE (PARTNER) HEAD CODES 20 19 18 • NO ELIGIBLEWOMANINHH: • • • MORE THANONEELIGIBLEWOMENINHH: (B) ELIGIBLE • • your assistance.”FINISHHERE. SAY women15–64 “IcannotcontinuebecauseIcanonlyinterview CONTINUE WITHHOUSEHOLDQUESTIONNAIRE AT HOME,AGREEONDATE FORRETURNVISIT. PUT CIRCLEAROUNDLINENUMBEROFWOMANSELECTED.ASKIFYOUCANTALK WITHTHESELECTEDWOMAN.IFSHEISNOT BE INTERVIEWED.[OPTIONAL:USEKISHTABLE] PIECES OFPAPER, ANDPUTINABAG.ASKHOUSEHOLDMEMBERTOPICKOUTNUMBER–SOSELECTINGTHEPERSON RANDOMLY SELECTONEELIGIBLEWOMANFORINTERVIEW. TODOTHIS,WRITETHELINENUMBERSOFELIGIBLEWOMENON VISITORS DOMESTIC SERVANTS : ANY IFTHEYHAVE SLEPTINTHEHOUSEHOLDFORPAST 4WEEKS. WOMAN BETWEEN15AND64YEARS DOMESTIC SERVANT ADOPTED/FOSTER/STEP DAUGHTER OTHER RELATIVE SISTER-IN-LAW SISTER MOTHER-IN-LAW IFTHEYSLEEP5NIGHTSAWEEKORMOREINTHEHOUSEHOLD. LIVINGINHOUSEHOLD. 12 12 12 ______OTHER NOTRELATIVE: FRIEND TEMPORARY RESIDENT [COUNTRY SPECIFICUPPERAGELIMIT] 1 1 1 2 2 2 yearsold.Thankyoufor

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 123 98 99 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 96 98 99 01 02 06 07 08 09 96 01 02 03 04 06 07 05 05 ...... 03 PUBLIC TOILET/ ...... CODING CATEGORIES ...... DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER UNPROTECTED OR SNOW WATER STORM WATER/RAIN SERVICE WATER PORTABLE water Transported Public water disbursement ballons Water RIVERS / LAKES / PONDS BOTTLED WATER OTHER: ______DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER FLUSH TOILET CONNECTED TO CENTRAL SYSTEM/ OWN FLUSH TOILET SHARED FLUSH TOILET PIT LATRINE/ PIT LATRINE IMPROVED VENTILATED 04 SIMPLE UNIT FAMILY PUBLIC SIMPLE UNIT OPEN FIELD БИТҮҮ ТУНГААГУУР BIO TOILET OTHER: ______GER...... 1 APARTMENT...... 2 HOUSE...... 3 ...... 4 HOUSE (NO INFRASTRUCTRE) DORMITORY...... 5 6 OTHER ______SYSTEM SUPPLY WATER IN RESIDENCE WATER TAP/PIPED WITH HH (PIPED WATER) OUTSIDE TAP PUBLIC TAP WITH HOUSEHOLD WELL-WATER, WELL PROTECTED UNPROTECTED SPRING PROTECTED - QUESTIONS & FILTERS QUESTIONS 1-6: COUNTRY-SPECIFIC SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS, TO BE ADAPTED IN EACH COUNTRY TO BE ADAPTED INDICATORS, SOCIOECONOMIC QUESTIONS 1-6: COUNTRY-SPECIFIC What kind of toilet facility does your household have? What is the main source of drinking-water for your What is the main source of drinking-water for household? If you don’t mind, I would like to ask you a few ques If you don’t mind, I would tions about your household. What type of dwelling is your household? What type of dwelling is 0 HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE HOUSEHOLD ADMINISTERED TO ANY RESPONSIBLE ADULT IN HOUSEHOLD ADULT TO ANY RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTERED 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Thank you very muchforyourassistance. Thank youvery 124 10 c) b) a) Does yourhouseholdhave: Skip: ifHHlivesinGer RECORD OBSERVATION What arethemainmaterialsusedinroof? NOTE SEXOFRESPONDENT Skip: ifHHlivesinGer sleeping? How manyroomsinyourhouseholdareusedfor Do peopleinyourhouseholdownanyland? c) b) a) Does anymemberofyourhouseholdown: e) d) A television A radio Electricity A car? A motorcycle? A bicycle? A refrigerator A telephone NO YES c) CAR b) MOTORCYCLE a) BICYCLE e) REFRIGERATOR d) TELEPHONE c) TELEVISION b) RADIO a) ELECTRICITY REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER OTHER: ______WOOD /TIMBER SOFT SHINGLES CEMENT/SHINGLES-БЕТОН/ METAL CONCRETE ORCEMENT PITCH/PAPER ROOF FROMNATURAL MATERIALS FEMALE MALE REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NUMBER OFROOMS REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER ...... YES YES . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...... NO NO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...... [ ][] DK DK 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 99 98 96 99 98 5 2 1 7 6 4 3 2 1 2 1 9 8 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 125

. I will not keep a record of your name or address. You of your name or address. You . I will not keep a record confidential THANK PARTICIPANT FOR HER TIME AND END FOR HER TIME AND THANK PARTICIPANT

[ ] DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED [ ] DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED NOTE WHETHER RESPONDENT AGREES TO INTERVIEW OR NOT NOTE WHETHER RESPONDENT AGREES TO (The interview you agree to be interviewed? * minutes to complete.) Do takes approximately Your participation is completely voluntary participation very but your experiences could be helpful to other women in COUNTRY. Your Do you have any questions? have the right to stop the interview at any time, or to skip any questions that you don’t want to answer. There are no right or wrong or right no are There interviewthe stop to right the have answer. to want don’t you that questions any skip to or time, any at opportunity to talk. women have found it useful to have the topics may be difficult to discuss, but many answers. Some of the ______SIGNED: I CERTIFY THAT I HAVE READ THE ABOVE CONSENT PROCEDURE TO THE PARTICIPANT. READ THE ABOVE CONSENT PROCEDURE I HAVE THAT I CERTIFY TO BE COMPLETED BY INTERVIEWER It’s very important that we talk in private. Is this a good place to hold the interview, or is there somewhere else that you would like or is there somewhere very that we talk in private. Is this a good place to hold the interview, important It’s to go? ______Is now a good time to talk?

[ ] AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED experiences with support from the United Nations and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. You have been selected have been selected You Development and Cooperation. the Swiss Agency for United Nations and with support from the experiences in this study. by chance to participate all of your answers will be kept strictly I want to assure you that Hello, my name is *. I work for the National Statistics Committee. We are conducting research on women’s health and life research on women’s are conducting Committee. We the National Statistics name is *. I work for Hello, my INDIVIDUAL CONSENT FORM FOR WOMAN’S QUESTIONNAIRE FORM FOR WOMAN’S CONSENT INDIVIDUAL 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia WOMEN’S QUESTIONNAIRE 126 IF NONAME,SAY “INTHISCOMMUNITY/VILLAGE/AREA”ASAPPROPRIATE. INSERT NAMEOFCOMMUNITY/VILLAGE/NEIGHBOURHOOD ABOVEANDINQUESTIONSBELOW. If youdon’tmind,Iwouldliketostartbyaskingalittleabout. QUESTIONS &FILTERS SECTION 1 INTERVIEW (24HSYSTEM) 100. RECORDTHESTART TIMEOFTHEWOMAN’S DATE OFINTERVIEW:day[]monthyear [] 108 107 106 105 COMMUNITY NAME? How longhaveyoubeenlivingcontinuouslyin How oldareyou(completedyears)? that youwereborn)? What isyourdateofbirth(year, monthandday about yourself. I wouldnowliketoaskyousomequestions orassault? neighbourhood, suchasarobbery household beenthevictimofacrimeinthis In thepast4weeks,hassomeonefromthis concerned? a littleconcerned,orvery Would yousaythatarenotatallconcerned, assaults)? in yourneighbourhood(likerobberiesor Are youconcernedaboutthelevelsofcrime to help? had anaccident,wouldyourneighboursoffer If someoneinyourfamilysuddenlyfellillor to stopit? NAME would peoplegenerally do something If therewereastreetfightinCOMMUNITY Neighbours arepeoplelivingnearby generally tendtoknoweachotherwell? Do neighboursinCOMMUNITYNAME RESPONDENT ANDHERCOMMUNITY CODING CATEGORIES HH:MM [][]:[](00-24h) DON’T KNOW NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW Acquainted, butdonotknowwell NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER VISITOR (AT LEAST4WEEKSINHOUSEHOLD)96 LIVED ALLHERLIFE LESS THAN1YEAR NUMBER OFYEARS AGE (YEARS) REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOWYEAR DAY MONTH YEAR REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER VERY CONCERNED A LITTLECONCERNED NOT CONCERNED REFUSED/NO ANSWER [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] 8 8 8 00 [ ][] [ ][] 9998 3 1 9 9 99 95 9999 9 9 2 9 3 98 8 8 TO SKIP 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 127 111c3 111c3 111c3 111d 111c ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 06 98 4 6 [ ][ ] 98 96 98 96 98 8 8 99 99 01 04 99 99 9 9 0 1 3 07 08 09 10 01 03 11 04 : ______2 1 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER NO SCHOOLING LOWER PRIMARY BASIC… 2 HIGH SCHOOL TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL 5 VOCATIONAL AND UNDERGRADUATE GRADUATE MASTERS 7 8 DOCTORATE NUMBER OF YEARS SCHOOLING DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER EMPLOYEE SALARY WAGE/ EMPLOYER 02 SELF-EMPLOYED 03 MEMBER COOPERATIVE LIVESTOCK 05 FARMER HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION/SERVICES UNPAID OTHER WORK UNEMPLOYED HOUSEWIFE STUDENT / PUPIL RETIRED NO RELIGION 02 BUDDHIST CHRISTIAN ISLAM 05 SHAMAN.. OTHER DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER KHALKH 01 KAZAKH 02 DURVUD 03 BURIAD 04 OTHER (SPECIFY) ______DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER daily occupation? main your [MARK ONE] Did you want to include Other here? Write the year you are studying What is Do you earn money by yourself? PROMPT: What is the highest level of education that you that education of level highest the is What achieved? MARK HIGHEST LEVEL. Can you read and write? Have you ever attended school? What ethnic group do you identify with most? What ethnic group do you Are you religious? What religion do you follow? What religion do Are you religious? 111 c 111 b a 108 b 108a 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 128 111c2 111c1 111 c3 Have youeverbeenemployedbefore? What isthesectoryouworkin? What isyourcurrentposistion? TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE...... 08 VEHICLES ANDMOTORCYCLES WHOLESALE ANDRETAIL TRADE ANDREPAIR OFMOTOR CONSTRUCTION 06 SERVICES 05 WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE,WASTE MANAGEMENT ELECTRICITY, GAS,AIRCONDITIONING PROCESSING FACTORY...... 03 MINING 02 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, FISHING,HUNTING REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER OTHER (SPECIFY)______ARMED FORCES ELEMENTARY OCCUPATION PLANT ANDMACHINEOPERATOR/ ASSEMBLER CRAFT ANDRELATED TRADEWORKER WORKER 06 SKILLED AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, HUNTING,FISHING SALES ANDSERVICEWORKERS CLERICAL SUPPORT WORKERS TECHNICIANS /ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL MANAGER 01 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER OTHER (SPECIFY)______INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HOUSEHOLDS ASEMPLOYERS OTHER SERVICEACTIVITIES ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, RECREATION HUMAN HEALTH, SOCIALWORK EDUCATION 16 GOVERNMENT, DEFENCE ADMINISTRATIVE, SUPPORT SERVICES PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC,TECHNICAL REAL ESTATE FINANCE, INSURANCE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION 09 HOTEL, ACCOMMODATION, RESTAURANT, FOODSERVICES 2 10 02 12 99 09 9 99 19 15 11 .07 04 98 07 05 04 8 98 21 20 18 17 14 01 96 08 03 96 13 10 111d 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 129 115 121 121 123 123 123 123 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒

1 2 6 5 8 8 8 3 1 2 8 3 4 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 9 9 4 3 9 3 2 6 10 11 9 1 1 3 5 YES, MARRIED YES, LIVED WITH A MAN, BUT NEVER MARRIED NO DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER LEAST ONCE A WEEK DAILY/AT LEAST ONCE A MONTH AT LEAST ONCE A YEAR AT EVER) NEVER (HARDLY DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER TOGETHER MARRIED, LIVING CURRENTLY LIVING TOGETHER. MARRIED, NOT CURRENTLY LIVING WITH MAN, NOT MARRIED REGULAR MALE A HAVING CURRENTLY (ENGAGED OR DATING) PARTNER NOT LIVING TOGETHER A MALE PARTNER OR HAVING MARRIED NOT CURRENTLY 5 PARTNER A FEMALE HAVING CURRENTLY THIS COMMUNITY/NEIGHBOURHOOD ANOTHER RURAL AREA/VILLAGE ANOTHER TOWN/CITY ANOTHER 4 COUNTRY ANOTHER NEIGHBOURHOOD IN SAME TOWN DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 OF BIRTH LIVING WITH FAMILY NO INCOME OWN WORK MONEY FROM FROM HUSBAND/PARTNER SUPPORT RELATIVES FROM OTHER SUPPORT PENSION 5 SOCIAL SERVICES/WELFARE OTHER (SPECIFY) ______BOTH EARN INCOME OTHER MEMBERS’ INCOME DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER ? married , living together? involved in a relationship with a man been married or lived with a male the main source of income for you the main source ever now currently What is and your household? [MARK ONE] Do you and your partner live together? Have you partner? Are you IF NO: are you without living together IF NEEDED PROBE: Such as a regular boyfriend or a fiancé? IF NEEDED PROBE: When you need help or have a problem, can you When you need help or have a problem, can usually count on members of your family of birth for support? family of birth? Would you say at least once a week, family of birth? Would or never? once a month, once a year, you can easily see/visit them? of your or talk to a member How often do you see Do any of your family of birth live close enough by that Do any of your family of birth live close enough Where did you grow up? did you live longest? PROBE: Before age 12 where 120 a 119

111 d 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 130 120b The nextfewquestionsareaboutyour (THIS REFERSTOCURRENT/LASTRELATIONSHIP) In whatyearwasthe(first)ceremonyperformed? MARK ALLTHAT APPLY have? formalize the union? What typeof ceremony did you Did youhaveanykindofmarriageceremonyto your lastrelationship? Were youlivingwithyourparentsorrelatives IF NOTCURRENTLY WITHHUSBAND/PARTNER: currently IF CURRENTLY WITHHUSBAND/PARTNER: Doyou husband/partner’s parentsoranyofhisrelatives? Do/did youlivetogether(inthesamehome)withyour (INCLUDE CURRENT PARTNER IF LIVING TOGETHER) and/or livedtogetherwithaman? How manytimesinyourlifehaveyoubeenmarried should separate? husband/partner, ordidyoubothdecidethat Was the divorce/separation initiated by you, by your separation, ordidyourhusband/partnerdie? Did the or dating)? man withoutlivingtogether(suchasbeingengaged Have youeverbeeninvolvedinarelationshipwith last partnershipwithaman live with your parents or any of your relatives? current ormostrecent endindivorceor during partnership. DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NEVER MARRIEDORLIVEDTOGETHER LIVED TOGETHER NUMBER OFTIMESMARRIEDOR REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER OTHER: ______HUSBAND/PARTNER’S FAMILY RESPONDENT’S FAMILY BOTH (RESPONDENTANDPARTNER) HUSBAND/PARTNER 2 RESPONDENT 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER WIDOWED/PARTNER DIED SEPARATED/BROKEN UP DIVORCED REFUSED/NO ANSWER NO YES REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW No ceremony YEAR OTHER (SPECIFY)______Engagement ceremony Traditionalceremony D Religious ceremony Officially registered No ceremony REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 2 1 [ ][] [ ][] 1 98 96 C B A 9 5 4 9 3 2 9 99 E 9 9 99 98 00 8 3 8 8 8 6 X

⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ X.2 X.2 123 X.2 X.2 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 131 X.2 X.2 X.2 133 133 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 6 8 8 3 5 8 8 8 9 9 2 4 9 9 9 ⇒ 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 [ ] 3 1 NONE PAID DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER POSITIVE IMPACT IMPACT NEGATIVE NO IMPACT DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER BOTH CHOSE BOTH CHOSE CHOSE RESPONDENT CHOSE FAMILY RESPONDENT’S CHOSE HUSBAND/PARTNER CHOSE FAMILY HUSBAND/PARTNER’S OTHER: ______DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER 1 YES/DOWRY YES/BRIDE PRICE NO DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER ALL PAID PAID PARTIALLY AREA WITHOUT DOWRY/ BRIDE PRICE

[ ] most recent most recent / / husband for you? current current most recent / current Overall, do you think that the amount of dowry/bride you price payment has had a positive impact on how a negative are treated by your husband and his family, impact, or no particular impact? Has all of the dowry/ bride price been paid for, or does or the dowry/of all Has for, paid been price bride some part still remain to be paid? Did your marriage involve dowry/brideinvolve marriage your Did payment? price Before the marriage with your Before the marriage with marryto whether you wanted asked were you husband, him or not? IF SHE DID NOT CHOOSE HERSELF, PROBE: NOT CHOOSE HERSELF, IF SHE DID Who chose your Did you yourself choose your Did you yourself him for you, or did someone else choose husband, did he choose you? ⇓ AREA WITH DOWRY/BRIDE PRICE AREA WITH DOWRY/BRIDE * 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 132 WG1 I wouldnowliketoaskafewquestionsaboutyourhealthanduseofservices. SECTION 2GENERALHEALTH REVIEW RESPONSESINSECTION1ANDMARKMARITAL STATUS ONREFERENCESHEET, BOXA. BEFORE STARTING WITHSECTION2: WG8 WG7 WG6 WG5 WG4 WG3 WG2 washing alloverordressing? Do youhavedifficulty(withself-caresuchas)was Do youhavedifficultyrememberingorconcentrating? when usingasupportaid? Do youhavedifficultywalkingorclimbingsteps,even Do youhavedifficultywalkingorclimbingsteps? aid? Do youhavedifficultyhearing,evenifusingahearing Do youhavedifficultyhearing? Do youhavedifficultyseeing,evenifwearingglasses? Do youhavedifficultyseeing? excellent, good,fair, poor? poororvery In general,wouldyoudescribeyouroverallhealthas Yes...... 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER CANNOT DOAT ALL YES –ALOTOFDIFFICULTY YES –SOMEDIFFICULTY NO –DIFFICULTY 2 No...... 1 Yes...... REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER VERY POOR POOR 4 FAIR 3 GOOD 2 EXCELLENT REFUSED/NO ANSWER CANNOT DOAT ALL YES –ALOTOFDIFFICULTY YES –SOMEDIFFICULTY NO –DIFFICULTY REFUSED/NO ANSWER CANNOT DOAT ALL YES –ALOTOFDIFFICULTY YES –SOMEDIFFICULTY NO –DIFFICULTY REFUSED/NO ANSWER CANNOT DOAT ALL YES –ALOTOFDIFFICULTY YES –SOMEDIFFICULTY NO –DIFFICULTY No...... 2 Yes...... 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER CANNOT DOAT ALL YES –ALOTOFDIFFICULTY YES –SOMEDIFFICULTY NO –DIFFICULTY 2 No...... 4 5 1 4 4 4 4 9 3 2 1 9 9 3 2 1 9 3 2 1 9 3 2 1 9 3 2 1 8 =>WG5 =>WG3 =>WG7 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 133 MANY MANY TIMES 4 4 4 4 A FEW TIMES 3 3 3 3 H 3 4 5 8 A G 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 ONCE OR TWICE 2 2 2 2 C 4 NO 1 1 1 1 D stomach) NO ONE CONSULTED DOCTOR B NURSE (AUXILIARY) MIDWIFE COUNSELLOR E PHARMACIST F TRADITIONAL HEALER ATTENDANT TRADITIONAL BIRTH OTHER: ______X NO – NO DIFFICULTY DIFFICULTY YES – SOME OF DIFFICULTY YES – A LOT ALL AT CANNOT DO REFUSED/NO ANSWER OR DISCOMFORT NO PAIN OR DISCOMFORT SLIGHT PAIN OR DISCOMFORT PAIN MODERATE OR DISCOMFORT SEVERE PAIN OR DISCOMFORT EXTREME PAIN DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER FOR SLEEP FOR PAIN FOR SADNESS FOR TREATMENT (e.g. cold, blood pressure, , did you consult a doctor or other , have you taken medication: have you been in pain or discomfort? have you been in pain or past 4 weeks past 4 weeks past 4 weeks FOR EACH, IF YES PROBE: times? How often? Once or twice, a few times or many To help you calm down or sleep? To relieve pain? To help you not feel sad or depressed? To or pressure blood cold, a like something treat To stomach upset? moderate, severe or extreme pain or discomfort? moderate, severe or extreme In the In the following 5 options. Please choose from the pain or discomfort, you say not at all, slight Would Do you have difficulty communicating (for example, difficulty communicating Do you have by others)? or being understood understanding yourself were sick? IF YES: Whom did you consult? PROBE: Did you also see anyone else? In the you because worker health traditional or professional 207 204 WG9 208 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 134 212 211b 211 a 211 209 210 than acaesareansection)? In the require medicalcareorhospitalization? At thetimewhenyoutriedtotakeyourlife,did Have youtriedtotakeyourlife Have you ending yourlife? you now:Inyourlife,have bothered youinthepast4weeks.Iwouldliketoask Just nowwetalkedaboutproblemsthatmayhave Are youeasilytired? Do youhaveuncomfortablefeelingsinyourstomach? Do youfeeltiredallthetime? Has thethoughtofendingyourlifebeenonmind? Do youfeelthatareaworthlessperson? Have youlostinterestinthingsthatusedtoenjoy? Are youunabletoplayausefulpartinlife? Is yourdailyworksuffering? Do youfinditdifficulttomakedecisions? Do youfinditdifficulttoenjoyyourdailyactivities? morethanusual? Do youcry Do youfeelunhappy? Do youhavetroublethinkingclearly? Is yourdigestionpoor? tenseorworried? Do youfeelnervous, Do yourhandsshake? Are youeasilyfrightened? Do yousleepbadly? Is yourappetitepoor? Do youoftenhaveheadaches? 4 weeks,answerno. answer yes.Ifyouhavenothadtheprobleminpast weeks problems thatmayhavebotheredyouinthe The nextquestionsarerelatedtoothercommon past 12months . Ifyouhadtheprobleminpast4weeks, ever triedtotakeyourlife? , haveyouhadanoperation(other in thepast12months ever thoughtabout past 4 ? REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 EASILY TIRED STOMACH FEEL TIRED ENDING LIFE WORTHLESS LOST INTEREST USEFUL PART WORK SUFFERS DECISIONS NOT ENJOY CRY MORE UNHAPPY THINKING DIGESTION NERVOUS HANDS SHAKE FRIGHTENED SLEEP BADLY APPETITE HEADACHES 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 YES 1 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NO 2 8 8 8 8 8 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒

212 212 212 212 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 135 219 216 216

⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 00 NO 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 1 98 8 8 1 3 4 9 3 4 6 9 [ ][ ] 2 [ ][ ] 99 9 9 2 YES 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 5 00 1 1 – 3 TIMES IN A MONTH LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH NEVER DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER 1 – 3 TIMES IN A MONTH LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH NEVER SPECIAL OCCASIONS DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER USUAL NUMBER OF DRINKS DRINK (GLASS, CANS)…...... [ ][ ] 4 WEEKS NO ALCOHOLIC DRINKS IN PAST a) MONEY PROBLEMS PROBLEMS b) HEALTH WITH CONFLICT c) OR FRIENDS FAMILY d) PROBLEMS WITH AUTHORITIES x) OTHER: ______DAY EVERY OR NEARLY DAY EVERY ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK NIGHTS IN HOSPITAL HOSPITAL NIGHTS IN NONE REMEMBER DON’T KNOW/DON’T REFUSED/NO ANSWER DAILY OCCASIONALLY ALL NOT AT DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER 1 DAILY 2 OCCASIONALLY ALL NOT AT DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER DAY EVERY OR NEARLY DAY EVERY ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK , about past 4 weeks , did you have to spend any you have to spend , did , have you experienced any of the smoked in your life? Did you ever Did you life? your in smoked smoke….…. ever now past 12 months past 12 past 12 months Never/Stopped more than a year ago Would you say: you Would Every day or nearly every day Once or twice a week 1 – 3 times a month less than once a month Occasionally, health problems conflict with family or friends problems with authorities (bar owner/police, etc) specify. other, IN COUNTRIES WHERE WOMEN DRINK Did you ever use drugs (e.g. marijuana, cannabis)? Beers are counted in cans or bottles, cognac/whisky/ vodka in shots, alky in glass. In the following problems, related to your drinking? money problems Never/Stopped more than a year ago On special occasions On the days that you drank in the a day? how many alcoholic drinks did you usually have How often do you drink alcohol? Would you say: How often do you drink alcohol? Would Every day or nearly every day Once or twice a week 1 – 3 times a month a month less than once Occasionally, Daily? (smoking at least once a day) daily) Occasionally? (at least 100 cigarettes, but never in your Not at all? (not at all, or less than 100 cigarettes life time) IN COUNTRIES WHERE WOMEN SMOKE IF NEEDED ADAPT TO INCLUDE CHEWING Not at all? you Have smoke…. IF YES: How many nights in the past 12 months? many nights in the past IF YES: How (IF DON’T KNOW GET ESTIMATE) Do you Daily? Occasionally? In the sick (other than because you were nights in a hospital to give birth)? 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 136 SECTION 3REPRODUCTIVEHEALTH one father? Do (did)allyourchildrenhavethesamebiologicalfather, ormorethan (THIS ISABOUTALLAGES) b) a) Howmanysonshavedied? only afewhoursordays? for IF NO, PROBE: Any baby who cried or showed signs of life but survived died? Thiscouldbeatanyage. Have youevergivenbirthtoaboyorgirlwhowasbornalive,butlater RECORD NUMBER How manychildrendoyouhave,whoarealivenow? Have youeverbeenpregnant? BABY DIDN’TLIVEFORLONG) that werealivewhentheyborn?(INCLUDEBIRTHS WHERETHE Have youevergivenbirth?Howmanychildrenhavebirthto Now Iwouldliketoaskaboutallofthechildrenthatyoumayhavegivenbirthduringyourlife. How manydaughtershavedied? CHILDREN 9 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 8 DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER 3 MAYBE/NOT SURE 2 NO 1 YES 00 NONE ⇒ IF1ORMORE [ ][] NUMBER OFCHILDRENBORN 9 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 8 DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER 7 N/A (NEVERHADLIVEBIRTH) 2 MORE THANONEFATHER 1 ONE FATHER IF NONEENTER‘00’ [ ][] b) DAUGHTERSDEAD [ ][] a) SONSDEAD 2 NO 1 YES 00 NONE [ ][]

...... ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒

310 310 310 310 303 303 308 306 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 137 A B B 315 X.5

⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ...... REFUSED/NO ANSWER 9 [ ][ ] IF NONE ENTER ‘00’ YES 1 NO 2 MAYBE 3 A. [301] ____ + [309 a+b+c] _____ + 1 = [308a] ___+ [308b] ___ + [ 2x308c] ___ = __ B. [301] ___ + [309 a+b+c] ____ = [308a] ____+ [308b] ____ + [ 2x308c] ___ = ___ YES 1 NO 2 N.A. (NEVER HAD INTERCOURSE) 7 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER 8 NONE 1 SOME 2 ALL 3 N/A 7 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER 8 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 9 NO. OF PREGNANCIES. a) TOTAL [ ][ ] b) PREGNANCIES WITH TWINS [ ] c) PREGNANCIES WITH TRIPLETS [ ] a) MISCARRIAGES [ ][ ] b) STILLBIRTHS [ ][ ] c) ABORTIONS - used anything, or tried in any way, to delay or avoid used anything, or tried in any way, ever Have you getting pregnant? PROBE: How many times did you miscarry, how many times did you have how many PROBE: How many times did you miscarry, a stillbirth, and how many times did you abort? Are you pregnant now? PROBE: How many pregnancies were with twins, triplets? PROBE: How many pregnancies were with twins, or ended in a stillbirth? Have you ever had a pregnancy that miscarried, Or an abortion? How many times have you been pregnant? Include pregnancies that did been pregnant? Include pregnancies that did How many times have you your current preg and if you are pregnant now, not end up in a live birth, nancy? IF ONLY ONE CHILD AND SHE SAYS ‘YES,’ CODE ‘3’ (‘ALL’). ‘YES,’ AND SHE SAYS ONE CHILD IF ONLY How many of your children receive financial support from their father(s)? financial support from your children receive How many of or all? you say none, some Would VERIFY THAT ADDITION ADDS UP TO THE SAME FIGURE. IF NOT, PROBE ADDS UP TO THE SAME FIGURE. IF NOT, ADDITION VERIFY THAT AGAIN AND CORRECT. IF NOT PREGNANT NOW ==> DO EITHER A OR B: IF PREGNANT NOW ==> DO EITHER A OR B: IF PREGNANT 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 138 315 nant? method ortriedtostopyoufromusingaavoidgettingpreg Has/did your IF MORETHANONE,ONLY MARKMAINMETHOD What (main)methodareyou avoid gettingpregnant? Are you currently current doingsomething,orusinganymethod,todelay / most recent currently husband/partnereverrefusedtousea using? - CONDOMS 07 FEMALE STERILIZATION 06 CALENDAR/MUCUS METHOD 05 DIAPHRAGM/FOAM/JELLY 04 IUD 03 IMPLANTS (NORPLANT) 02 INJECTABLES 01 PILL/TABLETS 9 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 8 DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER 2 NO 1 YES 9 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 8 DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER 7 N.A. (NEVERHADAPARTNER).... 2 NO 1 YES 99 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 98 DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER OTHER:______96 11 HERBS 10 WITHDRAWAL 09 MALE STERILIZATION 08 ...... ⇒ ⇒

315 X.4 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 139 405 406 406 417 X.5

⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ...... 8 00 [ ][ ] [ ][ ] 8 9998 ...... 3 4 9 1 2 1 3 4 9 1 ......

...... 2 [ ][ ] 2 ⇒ YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER 8 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 9 [ ][ ] [ ][ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ] LATER UNTIL WAIT CHILDREN NOT WANT NOT MIND EITHER WAY DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER NAME: ______BOY 1 GIRL 2 YES 1 NO 2 AGE IN YEARS IF NOT YET COMPLETED 1 YEAR YEARS MONTHS (IF LESS THAN 1 YEAR) 1 MONTH) (IF LESS THAN DAYS 5 OR MORE YEARS AGO LESS THAN 5 YEARS AGO BECOME PREGNANT THEN LATER UNTIL WAIT CHILDREN NOT WANT NOT MIND EITHER WAY DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER BECOME PREGNANT THEN NO LIVE BIRTHS [ ] [ NO LIVE BIRTHS (2) YEAR MONTH DAY DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER . At the At . last pregnancy last husband/partner ever refused to use a ever refused to use husband/partner current/most recent current/most

⇓ [ ] (1) ANY LIVE BIRTHS Has your condom? At the time you became pregnant with this child (NAME), did your husband/partner want you to become did he want pregnant then, did he want to wait until later, no (more) children at all, or did he not mind either way? I would like to ask you about your about you ask to like would I (NAME), did child with this pregnant you became time you want to become pregnant then, did you want to wait you did or children, (more) no want you did later, until not mind either way? CHECK AGE WITH BIRTH DATE CHECK AGE WITH BIRTH How old was (NAME) when he/she died? OF LAST CHILD (IN Q401) BIRTH OF CHECK IF DATE IS MORE OR LESS THAN 5 YEARS AGO Is your last born child (NAME) still alive? How old was (NAME) at his/her last birthday? RECORD AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS (Live birth, regardless of whether the child is still alive (Live birth, regardless of whether the child is still or not). What is the date of birth of this child? What name was given to your last born child? Is (NAME) a boy or a girl? I would like to ask about the last time that you gave birth I would like to ask about the last time that you gave 408 406 407 405 403 404 402 401 box B, point Q (s4bir) SECTION 4 CHILDREN CHECK: Ref. Sheet, BEFORE STARTING WITH SECTION 4: BEFORE STARTING BOX B. ON REFERENCE SHEET, MARK REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY REVIEW RESPONSES AND 319 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 140 410 409 418 417 416 415 414 413 412 411 MAKE SUREONLY CHILDRENAGED6-12YEARS. How manyaregirls? How manyareboys? old children) years? Howmany?(include6-year-old and12-year- Do youhaveanychildrenagedbetween RECORD FROMHEALTH CARDWHEREPOSSIBLE How muchdidhe/sheweigh? Was thischild(NAME)weighedatbirth? during the6weeksafterdelivery? Were yougivena(postnatal)check-upatanytime use tobacco? During thispregnancy, didyousmokeanycigarettesor drinks? During thispregnancy, didyouconsumeanyalcoholic boy oragirl? daughter or did itnotmatter to himwhetheritwas a your husband/partnerhavepreferenceforason, When youwerepregnantwiththischild(NAME),did for yourpregnancy? have nointerestinwhetheryoureceivedantenatalcare Did yourhusband/partnerstopyou,encourageor USE ‘PRENATAL’ IFBETTERUNDERSTOOD MARK ALLTHAT APPLY Anyone else? IF YES:Whomdidyousee? you seeanyoneforanantenatalcheck? When youwerepregnantwiththischild(NAME),did 6 and12

DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER DID NOTMATTER DAUGHTER 2 SON 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO INTEREST ENCOURAGE 2 STOP 1 ______OTHER:______TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT AUXILIARY NURSE NURSE/MIDWIFE D OBSTETRICIAN/GYNAECOLOGIST C DOCTOR B NO ONE b) GIRLS a) BOYS NONE 00 NUMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER KG FROMRECALL[].[] KG FROMCARD[].[] REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO, CHILDNOTYETSIXWEEKSOLD NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER A [ ] [ ] [ ][] 2 2 3 3 E 9 9 9 2 1 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 F 8 8 8 3 8 X

⇒ ⇒ ⇒

X.5 417 417 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 141 X.5

X.6

⇒ ⇒ DK 8 8 8 8 6 [ ] [ ] 8 8 NO 2 2 2 2

⇒ 8 98 9998 1 2 ⇒ 9 9 MARRIED/ NEVER LIVED YES 1 1 1 1 3 9 99 9999 NEVER WITH A MAN (NEVER MALE PARTNER) (Option N) [ ] (3) [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] ⇓ [ ][ ][ ][ ] MARRIED/ husband/partner. a) BOYS b) GIRLS TO SEXES ==== GO IF “0” FOR BOTH NIGHTMARES WET BED TIMID AGGRESSIVE AWAY a) NUMBER OF BOYS RUN RUN AWAY b) NUMBER OF GIRLS IF NONE ENTER ‘0’ YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER ANOTHER TOWN/CITY ANOTHER 4 COUNTRY OTHER: ______DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER AGE (YEARS) DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YEAR DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER SAME COMMUNITY/NEIGHBOURHOOD ANOTHER RURAL AREA/VILLAGE FORMERLY MAN/ A WITH LIVING A DATING OR ENGAGED MALE PARTNER (Option M) [ ] (2) most recent / current ⇓ MARRIED, OR LIVING WITH

(1) CURRENTLY A MALE A MAN/ENGAGED OR DATING PARTNER (Options K, L) [ ] Where is he from? Is he from the same community or town as you? OPTIONAL QUESTION PROBE: MORE OR LESS DIED: IF MOST RECENT HUSBAND/PARTNER How old would he be now if he were alive? In what year was he born? How old is your husband/partner (completed years)? dropped out of school? 6-12 YEARS. CHILDREN AGED MAKE SURE ONLY Have any of these children had to repeat (failed) a year Have any of these children had to repeat (failed) at school? 6-12 YEARS. CHILDREN AGED MAKE SURE ONLY while or Have any of these children stopped school for a e) Are any of them aggressive with you or other children? e) Are any of them aggressive 6-12 years), how many of your Of these children (ages your girls have ever run away boys and how many of from home? How many girls? (ages 6-12 years): Do any of these children Have frequent nightmares? their bed often? Wet veryAre any of these children timid or withdrawn? How many of these children (ages 6-12 years) currently these children (ages 6-12 How many of PROBE: live with you? How many boys? 424 423 421 420 419 502 a I would now like you to tell me a little about your Box A (s5mar) CHECK: Ref. sheet, SECTION 5 CURRENT OR MOST RECENT HUSBAND/PARTNER 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 142 505 504 503 508 507 506 SPECIFY KINDOFWORK What kindofworkdoes/didhenormallydo? months ofyourrelationship?) PARTNER: inthelast4weeksor12 before that?(FORMOSTRECENTHUSBAND/ weeks, between4weeksand12monthsago,or When didhislastjobfinish?Was itinthepast4 unemployed, retiredorstudying? was heworking,lookingforworkor PARTNER: Towards theendofyourrelationship IF NOT CURRENTLY WITH HUSBAND/ unemployed, retiredorstudying? Is hecurrentlyworking,lookingforworkor IF CURRENTLY WITHHUSBAND/PARTNER: LOCALLY-SPECIFIC CODING CONVERT TOTAL YEARSINSCHOOL, achieved? MARKHIGHESTLEVEL. What isthehighestlevelofeducationthathe Did heeverattendschool? Can (could)hereadandwrite? WORKING REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NUMBER OFYEARSSCHOOLING DOCTORATE 8 MASTERS 7 GRADUATE ANDUNDERGRADUATE VOCATIONAL 5 TECHNICAL ANDPROFESSIONAL HIGH SCHOOL BASIC 2 LOWER PRIMARY NO SCHOOLING REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER OTHER (SPECIFY)______ARMED FORCES ELEMENTARY OCCUPATION PLANT ANDMACHINEOPERATOR/ ASSEMBLER CRAFT ANDRELATED TRADEWORKER WORKER 06 SKILLED AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, HUNTING,FISHING SALES ANDSERVICEWORKERS CLERICAL SUPPORT WORKERS TECHNICIANS /ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL MANAGER 01 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NEVER HADAJOB MORE THAN12MONTHSAGO 4 WKS–12MONTHSAGO IN THEPAST 4WEEKS REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER DISABLED/LONG TERMSICK STUDENT RETIRED LOOKING FORWORK/UNEMPLOYED 4 2 2 3 1 3 1 0 10 02 4 99 9 9 99 09 9 3 2 1 9 5 98 [ ][] 6 4 8 8 98 07 05 04 8 8 2 96 08 03 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒

508 506 509 509 508 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 143 1008 1008 515 515 512

⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 8 1 8 8 1 8 1 8 8 NO 2 2 2 2 9 2 3 4 6 9 9 4 9 2 3 4 9 4 9 YES 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 5 2 5 5 YES 1 NO 2 HAVE MAY DON’T KNOW /DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER DAY EVERY OR NEARLY DAY EVERY ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK 1 – 3 TIMES IN A MONTH LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH NEVER NOT NOW IN THE PAST, DON’T KNOW /DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO DON’T KNOW /DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER 12 MONTHS) NEVER (NOT IN PAST ONCE OR TWICE A FEW (3-5) TIMES MANY (MORE THAN 5) TIMES DON’T KNOW /DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER DAY EVERY OR NEARLY DAY EVERY A WEEK ONCE OR TWICE IN A MONTH 1–3 TIMES LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH NEVER DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER MOST DAYS 2 WEEKLY ONCE A MONTH LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH NEVER DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER a) MONEY PROBLEMS PROBLEMS b) FAMILY c) VIOLENCE PROBLEMS x) OTHER: ______

last 12 months last 12 months husband/partner , has he ever been In the last 12 months ), how often have you (In the ( (In the most recent / current past 12 months past 12 months past 12 months Has your Has had a relationship with any other women while being with you? In the has this happened once or of the relationship), twice, a few times, many times or never? Occasionally, less than once a month less than once Occasionally, Never Since you have known him involved in a physical fight with another man? (e.g. marijuana, cannabis)? you say: Would Every day or nearly every day Once or twice a week 1 – 3 times a month Money problems Family problems Violence problems Any other problems, specify. Does/did your husband/partner ever use drugs In the of your relationship), have you experienced any of the following problems, related to your drinking? husband/partner’s In the of your last relationship your husband/partner seen (did you see) once you say most days, weekly, drunk? Would a month, or never? a month, less than once Once or twice a week Once or twice 1–3 times a month less than once a month Occasionally, Never/ How often does/did your husband/partner drink your husband/partner How often does/did alcohol? Every day or nearly every day 515 514 513 512 511 510 509 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 144 1010 1008 516 608 607 603 602 601 SECTION 6ATTITUDES She issick He isdrunk She doesn’twantto her husbandif: In youropinion,canamarriedwomanrefusetohavesexwith She doesnottakecareofthechildren He findsoutthatshehasbeenunfaithful He suspectsthatsheisunfaithful She askshimwhetherhehasothergirlfriends She refusestohavesexualrelationswithhim She disobeyshim She doesnotcompleteherhouseholdworktohissatisfaction wife if: In youropinion,doesamanhavegoodreasontohithis It isimportantforamantoshowhiswifewhotheboss A goodwifeobeysherhusbandevenifshedisagrees agree ordisagreewiththestatement.Therearenorightwronganswers. and womeninthehome.Iamgoingtoreadyoualistofstatements,wouldliketellmewhethergenerally In this community and elsewhere, people have different ideas about families and what is acceptable behaviour for men He mistreatsher with you? had children with anyotherwoman while being Has your current/mostrecent husband/partner beaten regularlybysomeoneinhisfamily, whenhewasachild? As farasyouknow, wasyour(mostrecent)husband/partnerhimselfhitor beaten byherhusband/partner? As farasyouknow, wasyour(mostrecent)husband/partner’s motherhitor REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER MAY HAVE NO 2 YES 1 DISAGREE 2 AGREE 1 MISTREAT SICK DRUNK NOT WANT DOESN’T CAREFORCHILDREN UNFAITHFUL SUSPECTS GIRLFRIENDS NO SEX DISOBEYS HOUSEHOLD REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW DISAGREE 2 AGREE 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW 3 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW PARENTS DIDNOTLIVETOGETHER NO YES 1 9 8 8 2 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 YES 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 YES 8 8 2 2 2 2 NO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NO 9 9 8 8 8 8 DK 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 DK 3 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 145 703 N X.10

⇒ ⇒ DK 8 8 8 8 B) ONLY ASK IF ‘YES’ IN B) ONLY 703A Has this happened in the past 12 months? YES NO 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 NO 2 2 2 2 8

⇒ [ ] 9 NO 2 2 2 2 2 2 YES 1 1 1 1 YES 1 1 1 1 1 1 NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A LIVED WITH NEVER MARRIED/NEVER MAN/NEVER MALE PARTNER (Option N) [ ] (2) 1 MARK WHEN ALL ANSWERS NO CIRCLED (ONLY “2” MARK WHEN ALL ANSWERS NO CIRCLED (ONLY CIRCLED IN COLUMN A) HIS DAY YOUR DAY YOUR WORRIES HIS WORRIES RARELY SOMETIMES 2 OFTEN 3 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER ) ) WANTS TO KNOW WANTS GETS ANGRY SUSPICIOUS CARE HEALTH SEEING FRIENDS FAMILY CONTACT c. d. e. f. A) a. b. current or most recent ⇓ current or most recent

⇓ (1) EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVING WITH A MAN/MALE PARTNER LIVING WITH EVER MARRIED/EVER (Options K, L, M) [ ] ONE “1” CIRCLED IN COLUMN A) [ ] MARK WHEN YES FOR ANY ACT (AT LEAST MARK WHEN YES FOR ANY ACT (AT unfaithful Expects you to ask his permission before seeking health care for yourself family of birth Insists on knowing where you are at all times Gets angry if you speak with another man Is often suspicious that you are your current/most recent or any husband/partner generally do any of the following?: to keep you from seeing Tries your friends to restrict contact with your Tries I am now going to ask you to ask now going I am about some situations that are true for many women. Does/did Things that happen to you during the day worries or feelings Your His worries or feelings In your relationship with your ( often would you say that you how husband/partner, sometimes or often? you say rarely, quarrelled? Would you. If anyone interrupts us I will change the topic of conversation. I would again like to assure you that your answers will be kept would again like to assure you that your answers us I will change the topic of conversation. I you. If anyone interrupts do not want to. May I continue? do not have to answer any questions that you confidential, and that you and your ( In general, do (did) you the following topics together: husband/partner discuss to him in the day Things that have happened I would now like to ask you some questions about your current and past relationships and how your husband/partner treats (treated) relationships and how your husband/partner you some questions about your current and past I would now like to ask CHECK: Question 703 Ref. sheet, Box A (s7mar) SECTION 7 RESPONDENT AND HER HUSBAND/PARTNER RESPONDENT AND HER SECTION 7 CHECK: 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 146 703N 703 k 704N k Question 703N CHECK: someone youcare about? Verbally threatenedtohurtyouor smashing things)? he lookedatyou,byyellingand you onpurpose(e.g.bytheway Done thingstoscareorintimidate front ofotherpeople? Belittled orhumiliatedyouin bad aboutyourself? Insulted youormadefeel ever…. partner, or Has your have donetoyou. partner, oranyotherpartnermay women, andthatyourcurrent things thathappentomany The nextquestionsareabout and cigarettes)? other things(suchasalcohol even whenhehasmoneyfor needed forhouseholdexpenses Refuses togiveyoumoney against yourwill? Takes yourearningsfromyou generation projects? money orparticipating in income going towork,trading,earning Prohibits youfromgettingajob, generally do any of the following? recent or any husband/partner Does/did yourcurrent/most most recent Was ityour REPORTED IN703) (MENTION ACTS you justmentioned? Who didthethings before orboth? that youmayhavehad husband orpartner partner, anyother most recent Was ityour REPORTED IN703N) (MENTION ACTS you justmentioned? Who didthethings [] ONE “1”CIRCLEDINCOLUMNA) MARK WHENYESFORANYACT(AT LEAST before orboth? that youmayhavehad husband orpartner partner, anyother ⇓ any

current other husband/ husband/ husband/ current or current or partner 2 2 2 2 YES NO item) IfNOskiptonext with B. (If YEScontinue A) i. h. g. A) REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER BOTH 3 PREVIOUS HUSBAND/PARTNER CURRENT/MOST RECENTHUSBAND/PARTNER REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER BOTH 3 PREVIOUS HUSBAND/PARTNER CURRENT/MOST RECENTHUSBAND/PARTNER REFUSED MONEY TAKEN EARNING PROHIBITED WORK

2 1 2 1 2 2 YES NO only) D. IfNOaskD (If YES askC and past 12months happened Has this B) CIRCLED INCOLUMNA) MARK WHENALLANSWERSNOCIRCLED(ONLY “2” 9 9 in the ?

1 1 1 YES 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 One FewMany few timesormanytimes? has happened once, a would yousaythatthis In thepast12months C) 8 2 8 2 2 2 2 NO [ ] 1 1

1 2 1 2 1 2 YES NO past 12months? Has thishappenedinthe 703A B) ONLY ASKIF‘YES’IN 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 No OneFewMany few timesormanytimes? this hashappenedonce,a IF YES:wouldyousaythat past 12months? Did this happen D) ⇒ before the

704 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 147 706

705

before the before ⇒ ⇒ 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 D) happen this Did past 12 months? IF YES: would you say that this has happened once, a few times or many times? No One Few Many 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3

1 [ ] [ ] 8 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 C) In the past 12 months would you say that this has happened once, a few times or many times? One Few Many 1 2 3 1 2 3 in the 9 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 “2” (ONLY CIRCLED NO ANSWERS ALL WHEN MARK CIRCLED IN COLUMN A) 1 2 1 2 MARK WHEN ALL ANSWERS NO CIRCLED (ONLY “2” CIRCLED (ONLY ALL ANSWERS NO MARK WHEN COLUMN A) CIRCLED IN B) Has this happened past 12 months? and YES ask C (If D. If NO ask D only) YES NO BOTH 3 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER PARTNER RECENT HUSBAND/ CURRENT/MOST PREVIOUS HUSBAND/PARTNER 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 YES NO A) with continue YES (If B. If NO skip to next item)

Сур, current or husband/ ⇓ Мориор хөөж,

⇓ MARK WHEN YES FOR ANY ACT (AT LEAST MARK WHEN YES FOR ANY ACT (AT ONE “1” CIRCLED IN COLUMN A) [ ] partner, any other partner, husband or partner that you may have had before or both? Who did the things Who did you just mentioned? ACTS (MENTION IN 704) REPORTED it your Was most recent MARK WHEN YES FOR ANY ACT (AT LEAST YES FOR ANY ACT (AT MARK WHEN IN COLUMN A) ONE “1” CIRCLED [ ] he or any other partner you with a whip? ташуур, уургаар ороолгож байсан уу? Lashed you with a belt? зүйлсээр зэрэг бүс суран ороолгуулж байсан уу? a gun, knife or other weapon against you? car/motocycle? by you Chased Машин, мотоциклоор хөөгдөж байсан уу? Lashed Chased you by horse? you? dragged you or Kicked you, beaten you up? Choked or burnt you on purpose? used Threatened with or actually Slapped you or thrown something at you that could hurt you? Pushed you or shoved you or pulled your hair? Hit you with his fist or with something else that could hurt ever…. Has CHECK: Question 705 Question 704 704 e CHECK: 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 148 705 g 706 d Question 706 CHECK: humiliating? want orthatyoufounddegrading anything elsesexualthatyoudidnot husband orpartnereverforceyoutodo Did yourhusband/partneroranyother refused? husband orpartnermightdoifyou afraid ofwhatyourpartneroranyother you did not want to because you were Did youeverhavesexualintercourse penetration. intercourse asvaginal,oraloranal IF NECESSARY: We definesexual threatening youorholdingdown? you didnotwantto,forexampleby you tohavesexualintercoursewhen any otherhusband/partner Did before orboth? partner thatyoumayhavehad partner, anyotherhusbandor current ormostrecent REPORTED IN705)Was ityour mentioned? (MENTIONACTS Who didthethingsyoujust your currenthusband/partneror may havehadbeforeorboth? partner, anyotherhusbandorpartnerthatyou this your (MENTION ACTS REPORTED IN 706) Was Who did the things you just mentioned? QUESTION 706 QUESTION ONSEXUALVIOLENCE,SEE VERIFY WHETHERANSWEREDYESTOANY QUESTION 705 QUESTION ONPHYSICALVIOLENCE,SEE VERIFY WHETHERANSWEREDYESTOANY A) LEAST ONE“1”CIRCLEDINCOLUMN MARK WHENYESFORANYACT(AT current or most recent husband/ [ ] everforce ⇓

REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER BOTH 3 PREVIOUS HUSBAND/PARTNER CURRENT/MOST RECENTHUSBAND/PARTNER 1 2 1 2 1 2 YES NO next item) IfNOskipto B. continue with (If YES A) husband/ 1 2 1 2 1 2 YES NO If NOaskDonly) (If YESaskCandD. months in thepast12 Has thishappened B) CIRCLED INCOLUMNA) MARK WHENALLANSWERSNOCIRCLED(ONLY “2” NO SEXUALVIOLENCE YES, SEXUALVIOLENCE NO PHYSICALVIOLENCE YES, PHYSICALVIOLENCE REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER BOTH 3 PREVIOUS HUSBAND/PARTNER 1 CURRENT/MOST RECENTHUSBAND/PARTNER ? 9

1 23 1 23 1 23 One FewMany few timesormanytimes? has happenedonce,a would yousaythatthis In thepast12months C) 8 2 [] 2 1 2 1 9 1 8 2

0 123 0 123 0 123 No OneFewMany many times? once, a few times or that thishashappened IF YES: would you say the past12months? Did thishappen D) MARK INBOXC MARK INBOXC ⇒ 707 before 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 149 X.8 X.8 X.8 X.8 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ NEVER NEVER PREGNANT (2) [ ] 8 8 8

9 9 9 ⇓ 7 8 8 YES….1 4 9 …….9 3 3 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER NUMBER OF PREGNANCIES IN WHICH THIS HAPPENED [ ][ ] YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 2 4 REFUSED/NO ANSWER EVER BEEN PREGNANT (option P) [ ] (1) ⇓ ][ ] NUMBER OF PREGNANCIES (option T) [ ⇓ PREGNANT? (option S) CURRENTLY 2 NO…. DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER NEVER 1 ONCE 2-5 TIMES > 5TIMES DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER NEVER 1 2 SOMETIMES MANY TIMES OF THE TIMES MOST/ALL NOW) (NO LONGER AFRAID IN THE PAST

of) your husband/partner(s) pregnancy? any last you say once, several times or many times? (s7preg) (s7prnum) (s7prcur) the time? MAKE SURE YOU REFER TO HER SITUATION IF EVEN NOWADAYS SHE IS NO LONGER WITH HER HUSBAND/ PARTNER hit or Have you ever, beaten your husband/ partner when he was not hitting or beating you? IF YES: How often? Would Are you afraid of your of you afraid Are recent current/most partner (in husband or you Would the present)? sometimes, say never, of many times, most/all Were you ever punched or kicked in the abdomen while abdomen the in kicked or punched ever you Were you were pregnant? how many pregnancies were you pushed, slapped, hit, kicked or beaten)? Did this happen in the CIRCLE ONCE, ONLY PREGNANT WAS RESPONDENT IF CODE ‘1’. IF RESPONDENT WAS PREGNANT ONLY ONCE, ENTER PREGNANT ONLY IF RESPONDENT WAS “01” PREGNANT MORE THAN ONCE: IF RESPONDENT WAS or more than one Did this happen in one pregnancy, pregnancy? In how many pregnancies did this happen (in You said that you have been pregnant TOTAL times. Was Was times. TOTAL been pregnant have that you said You hit, slapped, pushed, were you when time a ever there kicked or beaten by ( while you were pregnant? PREGNANCY IN WHICH VIOLENCE REPORTED IF VIOLENCE REPORTED IN ONE PREGNANCY, REFER TO THAT PARTICULAR PREGNANCY PARTICULAR REFER TO THAT IN ONE PREGNANCY, IF VIOLENCE REPORTED THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER TO THE LAST/MOST RECENT IN MORE THAN ONE PREGNANCY, IF VIOLENCE REPORTED 711 710a 710 709 CHECK : Ref. sheet, Box B 905 708a 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 150 715 714 a 713 802 b 802a 801 including cuts,sprains,burns,brokenbonesorteeth,otherthingslikethis. (MAY NEEDTOREFERSPECIFICACTSRESPONDENTMENTIONEDINSECTION7).Byinjury, Imeananyformofphysicalharm, I wouldnowliketolearnmoreabouttheinjuriesthatyouexperiencedfrom( (S8phsex) Ref. sheetBoxC CHECK: months Has this happened many times? Would yousayonce,severaltimesor partner(s)? injured by(anyof)yourhusband(s)/ In yourlife we talkedaboutbefore. partner(s). Pleasethinkoftheactsthat of theseactsby(anyof)yourhusband/ Have you ? you beforewerepregnant? Had the same person also done such things to recent husband/partner? Was themanwhodidthisyourcurrent ormost this toyouthefatherofchild? were beaten During the Compared tobeforeyouwerepregnant,didthe By worseImean,morefrequentorsevere. same, or get worse while you were pregnant? PREVIOUS ANSWERS)getless,stayaboutthe slapping/beating (REFER TO RESPONDENT’S ever , howmanytimeswereyou been injured as a result most recentpregnancyinwhichyou (1) (“YES” TOOptionUorV) SEXUAL VIOLENCE WOMAN EXPERIENCEDPHYSICALAND/OR , wasthehusband/partnerwhodid in the past 12 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER MANY (MORETHAN5)TIMES SEVERAL (2-5)TIMES ONCE 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 SECTION 8INJURIES [] ⇓ 2 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER GOT WORSE STAYED ABOUTTHESAME LESS 1 GOT REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 any 2 of)yourhusband/partner’s actsthatwehavetalkedabout WOMAN HASNOTEXPERIENCED (2) [] (“NO” toBOTHOptionUandV) PHYSICAL ORSEXUALVIOLENCE 9 9 3 2 9

⇒ 3 8 8 8 9 2 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 ⇒ ⇒ X.10 805a ⇒ ⇒ X.8 X.8 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 151 906 X.9 X.9 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 DK in the 8 [ ][ ] 98 8 98 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NO 9 99 9 [ ][ ] 99 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 YES b) ONLY ASK FOR ASK b) ONLY MARKED IN RESPONSES 803: Has this happened past 12 months? ⇒ F B WOMAN HAS EXPERIENCED SEXUAL VIOLENCE ONLY (“NO” to Option U and “YES” to option V) [ ] (2) 1 2 3 00 G A C H YES, SOMETIMES YES, ALWAYS NO, NEVER DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER NUMBER OF NIGHTS IN HOSPITAL IF NONE ENTER ‘00’ DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER TIMES NEEDED HEALTH CARE TIMES NEEDED HEALTH NOT NEEDED DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES 1 NO 2 DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER ? BROKEN EARDRUM, EYE INJURIES BROKEN EARDRUM, EYE BONES FRACTURES, BROKEN BROKEN TEETH INTERNAL INJURIES I HEAD INJURIES/CONCUSSION J OTHER (specify): ______CUTS, PUNCTURES, BITES CUTS, PUNCTURES, ABRASION, BRUISES SCRATCH, SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS BURNS D DEEP CUTS, INJURY, PENETRATING GASHES E [ ] receive health care for this care for health receive hurt badly enough by (any of ever ever in the past 12 months ⇓

(1) WOMAN EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE (“YES” TO Option U) Did you tell a health worker the real cause of your Did you tell a health worker the real cause injury? always or never? 111 in a In your life, have you ever had to spend any nights hospital due to the injury/injuries? IF YES: How many nights? (MORE OR LESS) Has this happened you did life, your In sometimes or you say, injury (these injuries)? Would In your life, were you care ) your husband/partner(s) that you needed health (even if you did not receive it)? or less? IF YES: How many times? IF NOT SURE: More matter how long ago it happened. matter how MARK ALL PROBE: Any other injury? What type of injuryWhat type you have? did any injuryPlease mention to (any due no acts, of) your husband/partners C (S9phys) SECTION 9 IMPACT AND COPING SECTION 9 IMPACT CHECK: sheet Box Ref. 808 807 806 805b 805a 803 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 152 904a 904 902 (s9child) B, optionR) (Ref. sheet,Box CHECK: for themoment. became less,orthattheviolencestopped,atleast no effect,theviolencebecameworse, violence atthetime?Would yousay, thatithad What wastheeffectofyoufightingbackon times ormostofthetime? IF YES:Howoften?Would yousayonce,several fight backphysicallyortodefendyourself? During thetimesthatyouwerehit,didever several timesormostofthetime? IF YES:Howoften?Would yousayonce present ordidtheyoverhearyoubeingbeaten? For anyoftheseincidents,wereyourchildren MARK ALLMENTIONED PROBE: Anyothersituation? BEFORE. REFER TOACTSOFPHYSICALVIOLENCEMENTIONED trigger) yourhusband/partner’s behaviour? Are thereanyparticularsituationsthattendtolead(or (1) CHILDREN LIVING[] ⇓ or twice , REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER VIOLENCE VIOLENCE BECAMELESS VIOLENCE BECAMEWORSE STOPPED NO CHANGE/NOEFFECT REFUSED/NO ANSWER 4 DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER MANY TIMES/MOSTOFTHETIME SEVERAL(2-5) TIMES ONCE NEVER 2 REFUSED/NO ANSWER 1 DON’T KNOW MANY TIMES/MOSTOFTHETIME SEVERAL (2-5)TIMES ONCE NEVER 1 OR TWICE OTHER (specify):______Own adopted/fosteredchildrencausedit His adopted/fosteredchildrencausedit His familycausedit Own familycausedit HE WANT TOSHOWHEISBOSS DISCIPLINE HER HE WANTS TOTEACHHERALESSON, EDUCATE OR SHE ISDISOBEDIENT SHE REFUSESSEX HE ISJEALOUSOFHER SHE ISPREGNANT PROBLEMS WITHHISORHERFAMILY NO FOODAT HOME WHEN HEISUNEMPLOYED DIFFICULTIES AT HISWORK MONEY PROBLEMS WHEN MANDRUNK NO PARTICULAR REASON 2 8 (2) NO CHILDRENALIVE[] 9 3 O N L J H F C B 9 8 3 2 1 9 8 4 3 4 K I E D A Q P M G ⇒ X ⇒ ⇒ 906 904 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 153 908 908 ⇒ ⇒ A B C D E F X [ ][ ][ ] 998 999 D E F J K M 8 9 O

G CHILDREN H I NEIGHBOURS POLICE WORKER DOCTOR/HEALTH N PRIEST/RELIGIOUS LEADER L LEADER COUNSELLOR NGO/WOMEN’S ORGANIZATION LOCAL Олон нийтийн сүлжээ OTHER (specify):______X NUMBER OF DAYS NUMBER OF DAYS A DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER ONE B C NO FRIENDS PARENTS BROTHER OR SISTER UNCLE OR AUNT FAMILY HUSBAND/PARTNER’S N/A (NO WORK FOR MONEY) WORK NOT DISRUPTED INTERRUPTED WORK HUSBAND/PARTNER UNABLE TO CONCENTRATE UNABLE TO WORK/SICK LEAVE LOST CONFIDENCE IN OWN ABILITY OTHER (specify): ______2 1 EFFECT 3 LITTLE LOT NO A A REMEMBER DON’T KNOW/DON’T REFUSED/NO ANSWER partner’s behaviour? partner’s PROBE: More or less Who have you told about his behaviour? MARK ALL MENTIONED PROBE: Anyone else? How many days of work (or of income) have you lost in the last 12 months because of your husband / EARLIER has your if any, In what way, (the behaviour husband/partner’s work or violence) disrupted your activities? income-generating other APPLY MARK ALL THAT health? Would you say, that it has it that say, you Would health? a little effect or a large had no effect, effect? OF ACTS SPECIFIC TO REFER SEXUAL PHYSICAL AND/OR DESCRIBED VIOLENCE SHE Would you say that your husband / you say that your Would towards you has behaviour partner’s physical or mental affected your 907a 907 906 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 154 909 911 (s9check) Question 910a*** CHECK: 901a PROBE: Anyoneelse? MARK ALLMENTIONED IF YES,Whohelpedyou? tohelpyou? Did anyoneevertry MARK ALLMENTIONEDANDGOTO913 What werethereasonsthatmadeyougoforhelp? Anywhere else?Where? Psychologist Priest/Religious leader Women’s organization(Usename) Local leader Shelter Court Legal advicecentre Social services Hospital orhealthcentre Police for help?READEACHONE Did youevergotoanyofthefollowing ⇓ CIRCLED INCOLUMNMARKEDWITH*) MARK WHENYESFORANYINQ.910a(AT LEASTONE“1” (1) ELSEWHERE (specify):____ PSYCHOLOGIST PRIEST, RELIGIOUSLEADER WOMEN’S ORGANIZATION: ______LOCAL LEADER SHELTER COURT LEGAL ADVICECENTRE SOCIAL SERVICES HOSPITAL/ HEALTH CENTRE POLICE OTHER (specify):______X LOCAL NGO/WOMEN’S ORGANIZATION COUNSELLOR LEADER L PRIEST/RELIGIOUS LEADER N DOCTOR/HEALTH WORKER POLICE NEIGHBOURS I H CHILDREN G HUSBAND/PARTNER’S FAMILY UNCLE ORAUNT BROTHER ORSISTER PARENTS FRIENDS NO C B ONE A [ ] OTHER (specify):______X Afraid hewouldhither/moreviolencej Afraid hewouldkillher Afraid shewouldkillhim Thrown outofthehome Saw thatchildrensuffering He threatenedorhitchildren He threatenedortriedtokillher Badly injured Could notenduremore Encouraged byfriends/family 1 1 1 YES (2) CIRCLED (ONLY “2”CIRCLED**)[] MARK WHENALLANSWERSNO * 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 NO ** 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 M K J F E D i h g f e d c b a help given? Were yousatisfiedwiththe MARKED YESin910a. ASK ONLY FORTHOSE 910 b. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 YES 913 OPTIONS GOTO FOR ALL 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NO ⇒ 912 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 155 919 X.10 ⇒ ⇒ A C D F G H I X 98 99 97 98 99 a b c d e f g h i j k x 01 02 03 04 06 A B C E G H X [ ][ ] Don’t know/don’t remember Refused/no answer N.A. (NOT LIVING TOGETHER) don’t know/don’t remember REFUSED/NO ANSWER No particular incident Encouraged by friends/family Could not endure more Badly injured He threatened or tried to kill her He threatened or hit children Saw that children suffering Thrown out of the home Afraid she would kill him Encouraged by organization: ______Afraid he would kill her Other (specify): ______Her relatives His relatives Her friends/neighbours 05 Hotel/lodgings Street 07 Church/temple Shelter Other (specify): ______96 B VIOLENCE ANSWER DON’T KNOW/NO FEAR OF THREATS/CONSEQUENCES/ MORE SERIOUS VIOLENCE NORMAL/NOT WOULD EMBARRASSED/ASHAMED/AFRAID E NOT HELPED BE BLAMED BE BELIEVED OR WOULD HELP/KNOW OTHER WOMEN BELIEVED NOT NOT AFRAID WOULD END RELATIONSHIP CHILDREN AFRAID WOULD LOSE BRING BAD NAME TO FAMILY DID NOT KNOW HER OPTIONS OTHER (specify): ______NO ONE MENTIONED HIS RELATIVES HER RELATIVES F FRIENDS/NEIGHBOURS D CENTRE HEALTH POLICE PRIEST/RELIGIOUS LEADER SOCIAL WORKER OTHER (specify): ______00 NUMBER OF TIMES LEFT NEVER ? the last time ? the last time Where did you go MARK ONE What were the reasons why you left MARK ALL MENTIONED Did you ever leave, even if only overnight, because of his behaviour? Did you ever leave, even if only overnight, because IF YES: How many times? (MORE OR LESS) from? Who? MARK ALL MENTIONED Is there anyone that you would like (have liked) to receive (more) help would like (have liked) to receive (more) help Is there anyone that you What were the reasons that you did not go to any of these? reasons that you did What were the MENTIONED MARK ALL 916 915 914 913 912 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 156 918 917 N02 CHECK N02 N01 919 MARK ALLMENTIONED What werethereasonsthatmadeyoustay? MARK ALLMENTIONEDANDGOTOSECTION10 What werethereasonsthatyoureturned? RECORD NUMBEROFDAYS ORMONTHS How longdidyoustayaway AT LEASTONE‘1’MARKED INCOLUMNA.[] d) Threatenedwithoractuallyused agun,knifeorotherweaponagainstyou? c) Chokedorburntyouonpurpose? b) Thrownsomethingatyou?Pushedyouorpulledyourhair? a) Slapped,hit,beaten,kickedordoneanythingelsetohurtyou? you: A.Since theageof15untilnow partner(s). FOR WOMENWHOWEREEVERMARRIEDORPARTNERED ADD:Thesequestionsareaboutpeopleotherthanyourhusband/ happened sinceyouwere15yearsold(fromageonwardsuntilnow), andthereafterduringthepast12months. thatyousaywillbekeptconfidetntial.Ifirstaskaboutwhathas like toaskyouaboutsomeofthesesituations.Everything kinds ofpeople,menorwomen.Thesemayberelatives,otherpeople thattheyknow, and/orstrangers.Ifyoudon’tmind,Iwould In theirlives,manywomenhaveunwantedexperiencesandexperience differentformsofmaltreatmentandviolencefromall READ TORESPONDENT: the lasttime , hasanyoneeverdoneanyofthefollowingto ? SECTION 10OTHEREXPERIENCES ⇓ SANCTITY OFMARRIAGE DIDN’T WANT TOLEAVE CHILDREN OTHER (specify):______PARENTS THE CHILDRENNEEDAFATHER/BOTH VIOLENCE NORMAL/NOTSERIOUS (WHERE SHEWENT) COULD NOTSTAY THERE THREATENED HER/CHILDREN THOUGHT HEWOULDCHANGE FORGAVE FAMILY SAIDTORETURN HE ASKEDHERTOGOBACK HIM LOVED COULDN’T SUPPORTH CHILDREN (FAMILY HIM FOR SAKEOFFAMILY/CHILDREN E SANCTITY OFMARRIAGE HONOUR) DIDN’T WANT TOLEAVE CHILDREN not withhusband/partner C left husband/partner/didnotreturn/ [ ][]..2 number ofmonths(if1monthormore) [ ][]..1 number ofdays(iflessthan1month) OTHER (specify):______X PARENTS THE CHILDRENNEEDAFATHER/BOTH VIOLENCE NORMAL/NOTSERIOUS NOWHERE TOGO THREATENED HER/CHILDREN THOUGHT HEWOULDCHANGE FORGAVE FAMILY SAIDTOSTAY DIDN’T WANT TOBESINGLE HIM LOVED COULDN’T SUPPORTH CHILDREN ONFAMILY HIM DIDN’T WANT TOBRINGSHAME E A. M M MARKED [] ONLY ‘2’ YES 1 1 1 1 NO 2 2 2 2 ⇒ 1 28 1 28 1 28 1 28 YES NODK in thepast12months? B.IF YES:Hasthishappened ⇒ 3 N06

⇒ B A X L K J I G F D B A L K J I G F D C

X.10

10 Section GO TO OPTIONS FOR ALL 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 157 d) THOSE FOR ASK ONLY a). MARKED in did this How many times past 12 happen in the months? Once, a few times, or many times? NO ONCE FEW MANY 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 c) FOR ASK ONLY in THOSE MARKED N03 a). How many times did this happen since you were 15? Once, a few times, or many times? ONCE FEW MANY 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b) SEX INDICATE FOR EACH PERSON MENTIONED MALE FEMALE I J E F L A B K X G C D H N O M ...... OTHER (specify) ______TEACHER STAFF DOCTOR/HEALTH RELIGIOUS LEADER POLICE/ SOLDIER Brother/sister-in-law Step-father step-brother/sister SIBLING (BROTHER OR SISTER) SIBLING (BROTHER OR MEMBER OTHER FAMILY WORK SOMEONE AT FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE RECENT ACQUAINTANCE COMPLETE STRANGER How about someone at school or work? How about someone stranger or anyone friend or neighbour?A How about a else? LIST DO NOT READ OUT THE MENTIONED MARK LETTER FOR ALL PARENT PARENT-IN-LAW a) Who did this to you? a) Who did PROBE: about a relative? Anyone else?How N03 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 158 N06b N06a Now Iwouldliketoaskyouaboutotherunwantedexperiencesmayhavehad.Again,wantthinkanyperson,manorwoman. N07e N07 you wereforcedtohavesex? forced sex I amnowgoingtoaskyouaboutyourexperienceof OTHER (specify)______step-brother/sister Step-father Brother/sister-in-law POLICE/ SOLDIER RELIGIOUS LEADER DOCTOR/HEALTH STAFF TEACHER COMPLETE STRANGER RECENT ACQUAINTANC FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE SOMEONE AT WORK OTHER FAMILY MEMBER SIBLING (BROTHERORSISTER) PARENT-IN-LAW PARENT MARK LETTERFORALLMENTIONED A DO NOTREADOUTTHELIST anyone else? How aboutafriendorneighbour?Astranger How aboutsomeoneatschoolorwork? Anyone else?Howaboutarelative? PROBE: a) Whodidthistoyou? Has anyofthishappenedinthepast12months? at thesametime? c) drunk ordruggedtorefuse? b) IF NECESSARY: We definesexualintercourseasvaginal,oraloranalpenetration. you haveknownaswellstrangers.Pleaseatthispointexclude down, or putting you in a situation where you could not say no. Remember to include people into sexualintercourse a) Sincetheageof15untilnow partner. FOR WOMENWHOEVERHADAPARTNER ADDIFNECESSARY: exceptyourhusband/male Have youbeenforcedorpersuadedtohavesexagainstyourwillwithmorethanoneman Has anyone(otherthanyourmalepartner)everforcedyoutohavesexwhenweretoo . Whenwasthemostrecentincidentthat I E whenyoudidnotwantto,forexamplebythreateningyou,holding X O N M L K J H G F D B , hasanyone(otherthanyourmalepartner)ever C REFUSED/NO ANSWER...... 9 LONGER THANFIVEYEARSAGO...... 3 BETWEEN ONEANDFIVEYEARSAGO...... 2 LESS THANONEYEARAGO...... 1 FEMALE MALE MENTIONED PERSON FOR EACH INDICATE SEX b) DON’T KNOW………….8 NO ………………………2 YES ……………………..1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 attempts a fewtimes,ormany you were 15? Once, this happensince How many times did N03 a). THOSE MARKEDin ASK ONLY FOR c) 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 ONCE FEWMANY times? toforceyou. forced you times? Once, afewtimes,ormany happen inthepast12months? How manytimesdidthis MARKED ina). ASK ONLY FORTHOSE d) 1 1 1 YES 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 NO ONCEFEWMANY 2 2 2 NO ⇒ ARE NO ANSWERS THREE IF ALL N08 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 159 N07n N08 N07j ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ TOLD ME TO KEEP IT QUIET ...... D TO POLICE ...... E ADVISED TO REPORT ______X OTHER, SPECIFY: NO………………………………...... 2 REFUSED/NO ANSWER ...... 9 YES…………………………...... ……1 NO………………………………...... 2 DON’T KNOW...... 8 REFUSED/NO ANSWER ...... 9 YES…………………………...... ……1 NO………………………………...... 2 DON’T KNOW...... 8 REFUSED/NO ANSWER ...... 9 YES…………………………...... …1 NO………………………………...... 2 REFUSED/NO ANSWER ...... 9 NO ONE…………………………...... …A ...... B OF BIRTH FEMALE MEMBER OF YOUR FAMILY ...... C OF BIRTH MALE MEMBER OF YOUR FAMILY ...... D FEMALE MEMBER OF YOUR IN-LAWS ...... E MALE MEMBER OF YOUR IN-LAWS YOUR CHILD/CHILDREN ...... F FRIEND/NEIGHBOUR ...... G ______X OTHER, SPECIFY: BLAMED ME FOR IT ...... A ME ...... B SUPPORTED WERE INDIFFERENT ...... C YOUR OWN HOME OR YARD ...... 1 HOME OR YARD YOUR OWN ...... 2 YARD HIS HOME OR ...... 3 ELSE HOME OR YARD SOMEONE’S ...... 4 ALLEY STREET, LOT ...... 5 PARKING CAR ...... 6 WORK ...... 7 HALL ...... 8 BAR, DANCE CLUB, POOL ...... 9 CAMPGROUND PARK, RURAL AREAS, WOODS, ...... 10 OTHER PUBLIC BUILDING ...... 11 SCHOOL, COLLEGE, CAMPUS ...... 12 PUBLIC TRANSPORT OTHER (SPECIFY)______96 ...... 98 DON’T KNOW/CAN’T REMEMBER ...... 99 REFUSED/NO ANSWER YES ...... 1 NO………………………………...... 2 REFUSED/NO ANSWER ...... 9 THEY OPENED A CASE...... ………...... 1 ………...... 2 THEY SENT ME AWAY OTHER ……………………………...... 3 REFUSED/NO ANSWER ...... 9 NOT ARRESTED…………...... …..…1 ARRESTED BUT NOT CONVICTED...... 2 CONVICTED………………………………3 REFUSED/NO ANSWER ...... 9 YES…………………………...... ……1 - - How did they respond? Anything else? Did you receive (formal) counselling with regards to Did you receive (formal) counselling with regards the incident that you experienced? Did you tell anyone in your family about the incident? Anyone else, such as a friend or neighbour? venting pregnancy? you offered any medication/treatment for pre Were venting transmission of HIV (PEP)? Did you report it to a health service (doctor or nurse)? you offered any medication/treatment for pre Were How did the police respond? SPECIFIC CODING COUNTRY the person who did this to you arrested and Was convicted? Did you report the incident to the police? Did you report the incident most recent incident. Please respond about the Where did this (the most recent) incident occur? (the most recent) incident Where did this N07o N07n N07m N07l N07k N07j N07i N07h N07g N07f 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 160 N09e N09 N08 CHECK N08 AT LEASTONE‘YES’(‘1’)MARKEDINCOLUMNA.[] Remember toincludepeopleyouhaveknownaswellstrangers. the ageof15untilnow Apart fromanythingyoumayhavementioned,cantellmeif, husband/male partner. FOR WOMENWHOEVERHADAPARTNER ADD:exceptyour Again, Iwantyoutothinkaboutanyperson,manorwoman. Where didthis(themostrecent)incidentoccur? COMPLETE STRANGER RECENT ACQUAINTANC FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE SOMEONE AT WORK OTHER FAMILY MEMBER SIBLING (BROTHERORSISTER)C PARENT-IN-LAW PARENT MARK LETTERFORALLMENTIONED DO NOTREADOUTTHELIST A or anyoneelse? How aboutafriendorneighbour?Astranger How aboutsomeoneatschoolorwork? Anyone else?Howaboutarelative? PROBE: a) Whodidthistoyou? OTHER (specify)______step-rother/sister Step-father, Brother/sister-in-law POLICE/ SOLDIER RELIGIOUS LEADER DOCTOR/HEALTH STAFF TEACHER c) b) a) Made youtouchtheirprivatepartsagainstyourwill example touchingofbreastsorprivateparts? Touched yousexuallyagainstyourwill.Thisincludesfor could notsayno? by holdingyoudownorputtinginasituationwhere sexual intercoursewhenyoudidnotwantto,forexample Has anyone , anyofthefollowinghashappenedtoyou? attempted butNOTsucceedtoforce

H G F E D B X O N M L K J I MALE FEMALE MENTIONED EACH PERSON INDICATE SEXFOR b) ⇓ REFUSED/NO ANSWER...... 99 DON’T KNOW/CAN’TREMEMBER...... 98 OTHER (SPECIFY)______96 PUBLIC TRANSPORT...... 12 SCHOOL, COLLEGE,CAMPUS...... 11 OTHER PUBLICBUILDING...... 10 RURAL AREAS,WOODS,PARK, CAMPGROUND...... 9 BAR, DANCECLUB,POOLHALL...... 8 WORK...... 7 CAR...... 6 PARKING LOT...... 5 STREET, ALLEY...... 4 SOMEONE’S ELSEHOMEORYARD...... 3 HIS HOMEORYARD...... 2 YOUR OWNHOMEORYARD...... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 youinto since 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 [ ] ONLY ‘NO’(‘2’)MARKED A. YES were 15?Once,afew this happensinceyou How manytimesdid MARKED inN03a). ASK ONLY FORTHOSE c) 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 ONCE FEWMANY times, ormanytimes? ⇒ 1 1 1 NO 2 2 2 .

1 28 1 28 1 28 YES NODK months? happened B.IF YES:Hasthis times, ormanytimes? 12 months?Once,afew this happeninthepast How many times did MARKED ina). ASK ONLY FORTHOSE d) 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 0 123 NO ONCEFEWMANY ⇒ N09f in thepast12 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 161

1004 ⇒ 111c3- т 2 бол алгасана 111c3- т 2 бол алгасана NO ……2 YES …..1 YES...... 1 NO...... 2 WORKED...... 7 N/A NEVER REMEMBER ...... 8 DON’T KNOW/CAN’T ANSWER...... 9 REFUSED/NO YES...... 1 NO...... 2 NEVER WENT TO SCHOOL...... 7 DON’T KNOW/CAN’T REMEMBER...... 8 REFUSED/NO ANSWER...... 9 YES...... 1 NO...... 2 DON’T KNOW/CAN’T REMEMBER...... 8 REFUSED/NO ANSWER...... 9 YES...... 1 NO...... 2 DOES NOT USE ELECTRONIC MEDIA...... 7 DON’T KNOW/CAN’T REMEMBER...... 8 REFUSED/NO ANSWER...... 9 , do you remember if any-one in your family ever family your in any-one if remember you do , IF YES CONTINUE WITH 1003a - making sexual remarks or showing sexual explicit pictures against your will - making sexual remarks or showing sexual explicit - making you touch their private parts - having sex or trying to have sex with you IF NO: CONTINUE PROMPTING: or neighbour? Has anyone else done this to you? How about someone at school? How about a friend When you were a girl,before you were 15 years old years 15 were you girl,before a were you When you do something sexual that you didn’t want to? touched you sexually against your will, or made to you? For example, has any of these things ever happened - touching of breasts or private parts Have you ever received personal electronic messages with sexual content (e.g. remarks, invitations, pictures) that were hurtful to you or made you feel uncomfortable? For example, via Facebook, cellphone, e-mail, excluding spam THE ACT MAY NOT HAVE HAPPENED NOT HAVE THE ACT MAY OPTIONAL QUESTION sexually touched or Have you ever been groped, you in the bus or had someone rubbing against another public space? OPTIONAL QUESTION to perform sexual acts Have you ever been asked to pass an exam or get against your will in order (The acts do not need to good grades at school? have happened). Have you ever been asked to perform sexual acts been asked to perform Have you ever or keep your will in order to get a job against your promoted? job, or to get 1003 N09i N09h N09g N09f 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 162 1003 a) 1005c 1005 1004 1003e else? (future) husband/cohabitingpartner, orwasitwithsomeone The firsttimeyouhadsexualintercourse,wasthiswithyour forced tohavesex? did not want to have sex but it happened anyway, or were you intercourse? Would yousaythatwantedtohavesex, you How wouldyoudescribethefirsttimethathadsexual or analpenetration. IF NECESSARY: We definesexualintercourseasvaginal,oral How oldwereyouwhenfirsthadsexualintercourse? backside (anus),ormouth? penis orsomethingelseintoyourvagina, you were 15 years, did this person put his before ofsexualthingsthathappened During anyoftheinstancesyoumentioned OTHER (specify)______step-brother/sister Step-father, Brother/sister-in-law O POLICE/ RELIGIOUS DOCTOR/HEALTHM STAFF SOLDIER TEACHER LEADER L COMPLETE STRANGER RECENT ACQUAINTANC K FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE SOMEONE AT WORK OTHER FAMILY MEMBER SIBLING (BROTHERORSISTER) PARENT-IN-LAW PARENT B MARK LETTERFORALLMENTIONED A DO NOTREADOUTTHELIST Has anyoneelsedonethistoyou? How aboutafriendorneighbour? How aboutsomeoneatschool? CONTINUE: person. We donotneedtoknowthename ofthis Who didthistoyou? a) IFYES: N

F

X J I H G E D C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MALE FEMALE MENTIONED PERSON SEX OFEACH INDICATE REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/CAN’TREMEMBER NO 2 YES 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 REFUSED /NOANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER SOMEONE ELSEWHOWAS OLDER YOUR OWNAGE SOMEONE ELSEMOREORLESS (FUTURE) HUSBAND/PARTNER… REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/DON’TREMEMBER FORCED TOHAVE SEX NOT WANT BUTHADSEX WANTED TOHAVE SEX REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T KNOW/CAN’TREMEMBER NOT HADSEX AGE YEARS(MOREORLESS) [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] (more orless) the first time? this personfor happened with you when it b) Howoldwere ASK ONLY FORTHOSEMARKEDIN1003a 9 [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] [ ][] (more orless). roughly PROBE: this person? c) Howoldwas DK =98 8 [ ][] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Once this happen? d) How many times did 9 8 3 2 1 9 8 3 2 1 99 98 95 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 times Few ⇒ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 times Many 1006 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 163 998 999 [ ][ ] 98 99 8 8 8 8 8 DK 8 2 3 8 9 [ ][ ][ ] 2 2 2 2 2 NO 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 YES 1 PARTNERS REMEMBER DON’T KNOW/DON’T ANSWER REFUSED/NO PARTNERS DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER j) MOTOR CAR IN BANK k) SAVINGS x) OTHER PROPERTY: ______YES YES NO Own Own with Don’t by self others own a) LAND b) HOUSE c) COMPANY d) LARGE ANIMALS e) SMALL ANIMALS f) PRODUCE g) HOUSEHOLD ITEMS h) JEWELLERY b) BEAT, KICKED b) BEAT, c) HIT WITH OBJECT d) TIED WITH ROPE e) Dark Room f) ANYTHING ELSE 1 YES NO DID NOT LIVE TOGETHER PARENTS DON’T KNOW/DON’T REMEMBER REFUSED/NO ANSWER a) SLAPPED past 12 how many different men have you had had you have men different many how In your life your In ? FOR EACH, PROBE: Do you own this on your own, or do you own it with others? g) Large household items (TV, bed, cooker) g) Large household items (TV, gold or other valuables h) Jewellery, j) Motor car k) Savings in the bank? specify x) Other property, a) Land house b) Your c) A company or business d) Large animals (cows, horses, etc.) e) Small animals (chickens, pigs, goats, etc.) f) Produce or crops from certain fields or trees Please tell me if you own any of the following, either by yourself or with someone else: f) Anything else? Specify: ______When you were a child, did anyone in your family ever: When you were a child, did anyone in your family a) Slapped or spanked you (with hand)? b) Beat or kicked you or hit you with fist? else? c) Hit you with a belt, stick, broom or something you with a rope? d) Tied e) Locked you in a dark room? When you were a child, was your mother hit by your When you were a child, was your mother hit father (or her husband or boyfriend)? IF NONE ENTER “00” IN 1005a, ASK IF MORE THAN ONE PARTNER men did you have sex in the With how many of these months IN TOTAL INCLUDE CURRENT PARTNER 50 or more. or 50 sex with? or less; I do not need to know the IF NEEDED PROBE: More exact number. IN 1005a; ASK: IF ONE PARTNER past 12 months? IF YES, ENTER “01” Did you have sex in the The number of sexual partners women have had differs a lot have had differs a of sexual partners women The number had one report having to person. Some women from person even others report many, some 2 or more, and still sex partner, position of women nowadays. SECTION 11 FINANCIAL AUTONOMY need this information to understand the financial things that you own and your earnings. We Now I would like to ask you some questions about 1007 1006 1005b 1005a 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 164 111c CHECK (s11mar) Box A Ref. sheet, * CHECK: 1202a 1201 SECTION 12COMPLETIONOFINTERVIEW ______Do youhaveanyrecommendations orsuggestionsthatcouldhelptostopdomesticviolenceagainstwomen inthiscountry? ______We havenowfinishedtheinterview. Doyouhaveanycomments,oristhereanythingelsewouldliketoadd? THE ENVELOPE). ENVELOPE TOTHEQUESTIONNAIRE(ORWRITE CODEON GIVING ITBACKTOYOU.ONLEAVING THEINTERVIEWSECURELY ATTACH THE THE CARD;PUTSITINENVELOPE;ANDSEALSENVELOPE BEFORE GIVE RESPONDENTCARDANDPEN.MAKESURETHAT THERESPONDENTFOLDS will ensurethatIdonotknowyouranswer. Once youhavemarkedthecard,pleasefolditoverandputinthisenvelope.This Please putamarkbelowthehappyfaceifthishasneverhappenedtoyou. tohavesexwithyou - havingsexortrying - makingyoutouchtheirprivateparts - makingsexualremarksorshowingexplicitpicturesagainstyourwill - touchingofbreastsorprivateparts For example,hasanyofthesethingseverhappenedtoyou? younger than15yearsold). sexual thatyoudidn’twantto, sad faceifsomeonehasevertouchedyousexually, ormadeyoudosomething No matterwhatyouhavealreadytoldme,Iwouldliketoputamarkbelowthe happy face. information iswrittenonthecard.Thefirstpictureofasadface,second I wouldnowliketogiveyouacard.Onthiscardaretwopictures.Noother ______more thanwhatyourhusband/partnercontributes,less Would yousaythatthemoney youbringintothefamilyis your husband/partner? yourself, ordoyouhavetogiveallpartofthemoney Are youabletospendthemoneyearnhowwant ⇓ [IF NEEDEDADAPTTOREFLECTTHOSEEARNINGCASH] OPTIONS 04,05,06,07,08,10,11,96 (1) CURRENTLY MARRIED/CURRENTLY LIVINGWITHAMAN what hecontributes,oraboutthesameascontributes? (Option K) before youwere15yearsold [ ] ⇓ (whenyouwereagirl

REFUSED/NO ANSWER DO NOTKNOW ABOUT THESAME LESS THANHUSBAND/PARTNER MORE THANHUSBAND/PARTNER REFUSED/NO ANSWER DON’T GIVE ALLTOHUSBAND/PARTNER GIVE PART TOHUSBAND/PARTNER KNOW SELF/OWN 8 CHOICE OPTIONS 01,02,03,09,98or99 (2) 1 [ ] DATING PARTNER WITH AMAN/ NOT CURRENTLY MARRIED OR LIVING ⇒

CURRENT ORPAST MALE COMPLETION 2 CARD CARD GIVENFORCOMPLETION1 (Options L,M,N) NOT GIVENFOR 9 8 3 2 1 9 3 2

⇒ ⇒

X.12 X.12 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 165 1 2 ...... GOOD/BETTER...... 1 BAD/WORSE...... 2 SAME/ NO DIFFERENCE...... 3 YES NO Minutes [ ][ ] [ ] Hours HH:MM [ ][ ]:[ ][ ] (00-24 h) INTERVIEWER COMMENTS TO BE COMPLETED AFTER INTERVIEW

counselling services to women in STUDY LOCATION. Please do contact them if you or any of your friends or relatives need Please do contact them if you or any of your friends counselling services to women in STUDY LOCATION. help. Their services are free, and they will keep anything that anyone says to them confidential. RECORD TIME OF END OF INTERVIEW: did you think the interview How long lasted? THIS SHOULD BE HER OWN ESTIMATE ASK THE RESPONDENT. FINISH TWO - IF RESPONDENT HAS NOT DISCLOSED PROBLEMS/VIOLENCE FINISH TWO - IF RESPONDENT HAS NOT DISCLOSED I would like to thank you very I realize that these questions may much for helping us. I appreciate the time that you have taken. about but it is only by hearing from women themselves that we can really understand have been difficult for you to answer, health and experiences in life. women’s help, here is a list of organizations that provide support, legal advice and In case you ever hear of another woman who needs their health and experiences of violence. have had some veryFrom what you have told us, I can tell that you difficult times in your life. No one has the right to treat you are strong, and have survived from what you have told me I can see also that through However, someone else in that way. some difficult circumstances. legal advice and counselling servicesHere is a list of organizations that provide support, to women in STUDY LOCATION. over your situation with anyone. Their servicesPlease do contact them if you would like to talk are free, and they will keep soon or later on. can go whenever you feel ready to, either anything that you say confidential. You COUNTRIES TO SPECIFY TIME PERIOD DEPENDING ON WHEN THEY PLAN TO DO TIME PERIOD DEPENDING ON WHEN THEY COUNTRIES TO SPECIFY QUALITY CONTROL VISITS HAS DISCLOSED PROBLEMS/VIOLENCE FINISH ONE – IF RESPONDENT veryI would like to thank you may that you have taken. I realize that these questions much for helping us. I appreciate the time about but it is only by hearing from women themselves that we can really understand have been difficult for you to answer, WRITE DOWN ANY SPECIFIC RESPONSE GIVEN BY RESPONDENT ANY SPECIFIC RESPONSE WRITE DOWN ______if we need to ask a few more do you agree that we may contact you again Finally, questions for clarification? I have asked you about many difficult things. How has talking about these things about these things things. How has talking you about many difficult I have asked made you feel? FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: 1 HAPPY 2 SAD 3 NOT CLEAR / CARD EMPTY / NO CARD ______1206 1205 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Copy exactlyfromQ119and120.Followarrowsmark Box A.MARITAL STATUS (V) (U) Check andcompleteALLthatappliesforrespondent: Box C.VIOLENCEBYHUSBAND/PARTNER (T) (S) (R) (Q) (P) ofrespondent: Check andcompleteALLthatappliesforreproductivehistory Box B.REPRODUCTIVEHISTORY 123. 166 REFERENCE SHEET( 119 120b 120a Numberoftimesmarried/livedtogetherwithman: living together relationship withamanwithout living togetheror Are you as beingengagedordating)? without livingtogether(such in arelationshipwithman Have youeverbeeninvolved lived withamalepartner? Have you Respondent hasbeenvictimofphysical violence(Question707) Number ofpregnanciesreported(Question308): Respondent iscurrentlypregnant(Question310,option1) Respondent haschildrenwhoarealive(Question303,1ormore) Respondent hadatleastonechildbornalive(Question301,1ormore) Respondent hasbeenpregnantatleastonce(Question308,1ormore) Respondent hasbeenvictimofsexual violence(Question708) ever currently beenmarriedor ? THIS WILLBEUSEDIFVIOLENCEQUESTIONSAPPLIEDTOALLWOMENWHOEVERHADAHUSBAND/ involved ina married, NO… YES…………… NO LIVED WITHAMAN,NOTMARRIED… YES, MARRIED CURRENTLY HAVING FEMALEPARTNER RELATIONSHIP WITHAMAN) NOT CURRENTLY MARRIED OR LIVING NOT LIVINGTOGETHER PARTNER (ENGAGED,DATING ), CURRENTLY HAVING AREGULAR LIVING WITHMAN,NOTMARRIED CURRENTLY MARRIEDNOTLIVINGTOGETHER CURRENTLY MARRIEDANDLIVINGTOGETHER WITHAMAN PARTNER, CURRENTORPAST) 2 5 only ONE 1 1 ofthefollowingformaritalstatus: 5 4 (NOT INVOLVED INA .3 6 3 [ ]Yes [ ]Yes [ ][] 2 1

(dating) relationship [ ]Previouslyhad relationship lived withman; [ ]Previouslymarried/previously dating relationship [ ]Currentlywithregularpartner; with man [ ]Currentlymarriedand/orliving (N) man; []Nevermarried/neverlivedwith (O) [ ][] [ ]Yes [ ]Yes [ ]Yes [ ]Yes ee (aig relationship ) (dating never (K) [ ]No [ ]No [ ]No [ ]No [ ]No [ ]No no current(dating) (M1)

(M2) (L) 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 167 9 3 6 7 1 4 5 19 11 34 26 23 19 24 35 15 241 Mongol - 2 4 - - - 1 4 - 6 6 2 2 4 - 1 32 Changes in codes 1 1 - - - - 1 - 2 9 - - 2 - 2 5 22 Added Number of questions 2 2 8 - - - - - 8 9 6 1 - 4 - 5 45 Removed 8 6 7 1 8 5 11 20 38 10 40 26 21 24 17 22 264 English Section Table A2.1 Summary of changes made to Version 12 of the WHO questionnaire A2.1 Summary changes made to Version of Table Total Section 10. Other cases Section 11. Financial independence Section 12. Finishing interview Section 6. Approach Section 7. Respondent and her current/most recent husband/intimate partner Section 8. Injuries Section 9. Strategies to overcome Section 2. Health Section 3. Reproductive health Section 4. Children Section 5. Current or most recent husband/partner Administrative questionnaire Household selection form Household questionnaire Consent note Section 1. Respondent and her community 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 # 5 16 13 14 11 12 10 15 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia For the purpose of the research the following women were included in the category ofhouseholdmembers: For thepurposeofresearchfollowingwomenwereincludedincategory defined bytheUNandWHO. These areuniversallyutilized standard conceptsanddefinitions reflected intherelevantlawsandregulations ofMongoliaand append heresomeoftheconceptsusedinresearchtogetherwiththeirdefinitions. This researchisthefirstoneaimingatcollectionofviolencerelateddatanationallevelinMongoliaandthispromptsusto Concepts anddefinitions CONCEPTS ANDDEFINITIONS ANNEX 3 Forms ofpsychologicalviolence/abuse: Forms ofviolence: is committedinplannedmannerwithacertainaim.Itmanifested action orinaction. Violence: Cohabitant: Partner: women inpolitical,legal,economic,social,culturalandfamilyrelations aswelltheirplacesinthesociety. Gender: Sex 168 : biologicallyandgeneticallydetermineddifferencesbetweenmen andwomenthataregenerallypermanentuniversal. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Economic pressure Emotional abuse Controlling behaviour Economic abuse Psychological violence/abuse Sexual violence/abuse Physical violence Intimate partnerisdifferentfromabusinesspartner. tocountry.The conceptofpartnercandifferfromcountry Can havehadasexualcontactormaynot. The currentandlasthusband,partner, cohabitant,fiancé,datingman. A gueststayinginthehouseholdatleast4lastweeks A housekeeperworkingforthehouseholdandstayingovernightinatleast5daysaweek traditionallyfixed,historicallychangeableviews,perceptionsandattitudesoftherolesresponsibilitiesmen use offorceandcoercionbyapersoninordertoachievehisobjectives.Violenceleadsstrongpainsuffering.It personwholiveswiththewomaninfamilyrelationsbasedonmutualagreementwithoutregistrationofmarriage. 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 169 person suffering psychological, economic, and physical damage or damage to her/his sexual immunity. person suffering psychological, economic, : : violent behavior based on gender in private and public spaces of women with physical, sexual and sexual physical, with women of spaces public and private in gender on based behavior violent : actions and inactions rooted in the gender differences that have caused or may potentially cause physical, actions and inactions rooted in the gender violence committed by people other than the intimate partners, i.e. parents, teachers, friends, siblings, other other committed by people violence actions and inactions imposing psychological pressure on the wife, husband, other family members, actions and inactions imposing psychological Economic pressure Controlling behaviour Emotional abuse o o o previous partners Sexual violence Physical violence Sexual violence Psychological violence Coercive and threatening behavior Physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence and abuse Physical violence Violence committed against the members of the family, mostly violence and abuse aiming at women by their current or mostly violence and abuse of the family, Violence committed against the members • • • • • • • • Forms of partner violence Domestic violent behavior, form of domestic violence: Domestic violent behavior, cohabitants, caretakers, fosterers, persons in their care, persons inhabiting in the family, born children living separately, adopted born children living separately, in their care, persons inhabiting in the family, cohabitants, caretakers, fosterers, persons people. siblings and other dependent children, biological parents and step-parents, Victim of domestic violence: sexual, psychological and economic damage to others. sexual, psychological and economic damage Domestic violence: Gender based violence: Interrelation between forms of violence: Interrelation Violence against women against Violence also belongs to this form of violence. psychological consequences. Threatening, coercion, restriction of freedom Non-partner violence: family members, or strangers. Non-partner violence is classified as: 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia Actions ofphysicalviolence: Forms ofviolenceagainstwomen Actions ofpsychologicalviolence: Actions ofsexualviolence: 170 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Threatening torape Verbal threats Threatening andfrightening Verbal insults,degradingspeech Coercing intosexualcontactwithotherscoerce Coercing intosexualcontactinfrontofaspectator Coercing todounwantedsexualactions Coercing intoasexualcontactbythreatening Forcing intoasexualcontact Killing Whipping Chasing withahorse,carormotorcycle Hiding fromhospital Injuring heavily Using achemical Threatening withaknife,bladeorgunactuallyusingthem Banging ontoawall Kicking Burning Twisting anarm Strangulation Hitting withwristorotheritems Throwing itemsthatmaycauseinjury Pulling onfloor Pulling byhair Pushing Shacking Hitting Smacking Femicide Workplace sexualharassment Forced prostitution Human trafficking(women) Genitl mutilation Sexual abuseofgirls Non-partner violence violence/abuse Dowry-related Physical violence/abuse : 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 171 encountering the following actions before reaching the age of 15 should be interpreted to have encountering the following actions before 365 days preceding the day of survey data collection.

: : period from the age of 15 till the day of the survey. Experiencing violence during the lifetime will mean at least one Experiencing violence during the lifetime will mean survey. : period from the age of 15 till the day of the Narrating sexually explicit speech when it was not welcomed or show explicit pictures Narrating sexually explicit speech when it genitals Making the victim touch the offender’s so Forcing into sexual contact or attempt to do Restraining the rights to employment and income earning Restraining the rights to employment and income Depriving of the income earned breast and genitals Touching Refusing to give money the family income Wasting decisions Exclusion from financial family Not spending for the Isolating from others, forbidding to see the friends and family members to see the friends and others, forbidding Isolating from Jealousy you been and with whom Interrogating where have Monitoring everyto health and right to employment action, in this, violating the rights Degrading in front of others, bringing down into an undignified position down into an undignified in front of others, bringing Degrading Self-injuring behavior Gynecological and reproductory conditions Maternal mortality STI HIV, Physical injuries Psychiatric conditions, depression, crisis, addiction Chronic psychological disorders Murder Suicide Unwanted pregnancy Alcohol and narcotics Lack of self-control Economic issues Anger/stress Behavior of the female person, issues of communication Disease Genetics • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Other negative consequences of violence: Negative consequences for life and health caused by violence: Factors which are not the cause, but aggravate violence: Factors which are not the cause, but aggravate During lifetime since the age of 15. occurrence of violence in the lifetime of a woman The last 12 months Childhood sexual violence: experienced sexual violence in childhood: Actions of economic pressure: Actions of economic Controlling behaviours: Controlling 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia One-stop service For children: For women: Forms ofdisabilities(AconcisesetquestionsWashington group): disorderswithothertypesofhindrances. combination oftheirpermanentphysical,mental,psychiatricorsensory Person withdisability Organization governmental organizationstohelpcurethedamagesencountered,returnanormalcondition,andrehabilitation Referral service social welfare,childprotection,legalcounselingandreferral. medical care,psychologicalservices, Temporary shelter legalcounselingandreferralatonesite. socialwelfare,childprotectionservices, giving medicalcare,psychologicalservices, 172 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Communication disability Motor disability Mental disability Walking disability Hearing disability Visual disability Escaping home Injuries Low academicachievements Disabled behaviour Psychological depression Low birthweight Injuries Isolation Inability toentersocialrelations Inability ofactions Loss ofworkability Financial dependence : Organizationsthatprovidesupport,helpandcounselingtovictimsofdomesticviolence. : service ofliaisingavictimdomesticviolenceandherfamilymemberstorelevantgovernmentalnon- : service : activity of providing a temporary sheltertoavictimofdomesticviolenceathospital,NGOorpublicinstitution, : activityofprovidingatemporary : a standard service facility providing temporary stayforavictimofdomesticviolence,protection ofhersafety, facilityprovidingtemporary : astandardservice : apersonwhoseabilitiestoparticipateinthesociallifeequallywithotherpeoplearelimitedresultof

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 173 TABLES ANNEX 4 ANNEX 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 174 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

175

Many 27.3 225 45.7 977

Few 50.6 424 37.2 844

One 22.1 180 17.1 354

Frequency

3.6 20 4.9 12 4.6 13 3.3 33 Formerly dating Formerly

Formerly married/cohabitating, widowed married/cohabitating, Formerly .4 8 .6 11 .5 11 4.2 88

Former cohabitating, separated cohabitating, Former 6.1 41 5.5 29 5.4 31 4.6 61

Formerly married, divorced/separated married, Formerly 4.4 36 4.9 40 4.7 41 5.8 131

Current regular partner, living apart living partner, regular Current 5.8 20 3.5 14 3.7 16 2.9 32

Currently living with man, not married not man, with living Currently 16.0 89 12.4 99 12.3 105 11.0 226

Currently married Currently 63.7 530 68.3 583 68.8 612 68.3 1604

Partnership status Partnership

60-64 0.9 10 1.0 9 0.9 9 2.5 65

55-59 3.1 36 1.9 22 2.0 24 6.2 139

50-54 4.7 53 4.6 49 4.6 51 7.9 214

45-49 7.8 69 7.7 61 7.4 64 10.3 249

40-44 11.9 106 13.0 124 13.4 132 15.5 372

35-39 12.9 136 13.1 147 12.5 150 14.6 384

30-34 18.5 144 19.9 174 20.0 181 16.5 364

25-29 23.5 134 20.8 147 21.7 161 17.5 300

20-24 15.7 49 15.1 49 14.6 51 7.7 81

15-19 1.0 7 3.0 6 2.8 6 1.3 7

Age groups (years) groups Age

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 2175 829 788 744

Тоо Хувь Тоо Хувь Тоо Хувь Тоо Хувь

current current Lifetime Current Indicator

Physical and sexual violence sexual and Physical Physical violence in in violence Physical Economic violence in in violence Economic Table 3. UN statistical indicator on violence against women, ever-partnered violence, age groups, partnership status and frequency and status partnership groups, age violence, ever-partnered women, against violence on indicator statistical UN 3. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 176 Education level Age group (years) Ulaanbaatar Eastern Central region Khangai region region Western Location Total andcity, capital by level andeducation women agegroup aimag, region, location, Total 4. Table Tuv Selenge Umnugovi Dundgovi Dornogovi Darkhan-Uul Govisumber Khuvsgul Uvurkhangai Orkhon Bulgan Bayankhongor Arkhangai Khovd Uvs Zavkhan Govi-Altai Bayan-Ulgii Rural centre Soum centre Aimags city Capital Rural Urban Higher education Higher andtechnical Vocational Secondary education Basic education Primary school attended Not 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 Khentii Sukhbaatar Dornod Indicator Number Total women Total 2003 1653 2262 1401 3656 3663 1965 1122 2008 1361 1030 1043 1703 1333 7319 1401 2015 276 281 285 289 299 295 290 292 287 297 287 246 294 271 270 263 266 263 489 374 380 599 775 800 914 920 447 411 284 300 283 867 % 100.0 10.4 14.7 12.0 11.1 18.5 14.2 20.4 46.9 32.7 67.3 30.8 13.7 29.7 17.0 11.3 13.0 18.8 12.2 46.9 15.6 2.8 3.4 2.0 1.4 2.1 3.3 0.5 4.2 3.6 3.4 1.9 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.2 1.8 3.0 4.8 3.9 4.0 6.3 8.1 9.0 2.3 1.9 2.5 6.6 Number Ever-partnered women Ever-partnered 1913 1580 2103 1318 3493 3421 1926 1103 1890 1171 1025 1032 1619 1237 6914 1318 1912 265 263 280 272 279 280 273 279 273 282 279 230 276 260 243 242 253 239 467 357 377 593 769 783 902 901 392 140 270 287 271 828 % 100.0 11.5 15.8 11.3 18.9 14.4 20.0 46.8 33.3 66.7 33.0 14.9 29.0 13.9 12.5 14.3 19.1 11.7 46.8 15.7 2.9 3.3 2.1 1.4 2.1 3.3 0.5 4.3 3.6 3.5 2.1 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.7 5.0 4.1 4.4 6.9 8.9 9.9 4.4 2.3 2.0 2.5 6.8 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 177 4.6 2.8 6.0 6.0 0.0 2.7 6.4 3.3 0.8 0.0 3.6 2.7 1.8 8.0 0.1 5.9 9.5 5.4 2.9 66.6 31.0 55.8 83.8 71.1 24.3 53.4 16.2 10.4 15.0 100.0 % 0 1 9 40 360 558 203 435 227 154 259 251 281 198 144 657 745 161 829 183 152 6914 5156 2073 4136 5625 4878 1676 4169 1010 Ever-partnered women Number 4.3 9.4 2.5 5.4 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 5.4 3.0 6.4 3.4 3.8 2.7 1.7 8.4 8.7 9.8 4.8 2.6 54.5 83.3 71.7 23.9 60.0 31.8 49.0 15.8 13.5 13.0 100.0 % 3 1 10 45 376 558 203 435 227 175 281 274 306 214 150 700 745 432 841 402 183 152 7319 4308 5939 5182 1761 5156 2235 4227 1074 Total women Number Indicator Don't know/don't remember No form of disability Moderate (Some only) difficulty (ASevere of lot or difficulty cannot do at all) Khalkh Kazakh Durvur Buryat Others Buddist Christ Shamanism Islam Others Don't know/don't remember Formerly married/cohabitating, widowed Formerly dating Others No religion Current regular partner, apart living Formerly married, divorced/separated Former cohabitating, separated Student Retired Never partnered marriedCurrently man, with living not Currently married Employed Unemployed Housewife Disablity status Disablity Ethnic group Ethnic Religion Partnership status Partnership Employment status Employment Total Table 5. Total employment women status, by partnership status, ethnic religion, groupand disablity status 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 178 Table 6. Ever-partnered women who have experienced violence in lifetime by type of violence, location, aimags and capital city Physical and sexual Controlling Physical violence Sexual violence Emotional violence Economic violence Any form of violence Indicator violence behaviours Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mongolia 2109 29.7 498 8.0 2175 31.2 2521 41.6 2746 40.3 1230 19.9 3784 57.9 Urban 1051 29.7 259 8.7 1088 31.4 1402 45.4 1425 41.5 679 21.4 2005 60.7 Rural 1058 29.8 239 6.7 1087 30.8 1119 34.1 1321 37.9 551 16.9 1779 52.3 Location Capital city 399 29.9 104 9.1 415 31.7 575 47.7 546 42.1 302 22.9 790 62.1 Aimags centre 652 29.2 155 7.5 673 30.6 827 39.9 879 40.1 377 17.8 1215 57.3 Soum centre 513 32.1 101 6.5 523 32.8 540 36.4 652 41.9 258 17.9 842 55.2 Rural 545 28.1 138 6.9 564 29.3 579 32.3 669 34.9 293 16.1 937 50.1 Western region 328 26.1 101 8.3 340 27.2 371 31.3 437 34.4 168 14.6 585 47.6 Bayan-Ulgii 64 26.0 27 11.3 66 27.0 86 37.9 82 33.8 55 23.7 131 54.4 Govi-Altai 67 26.5 24 10.1 72 29.6 77 31.1 103 38.5 39 15.6 133 52.6 Zavkhan 61 22.5 11 5.3 62 23.4 61 22.8 80 30.6 20 7.3 92 36.1 Uvs 50 21.4 19 6.7 53 22.4 60 27.4 68 29.5 22 9.8 89 38.8 Khovd 86 32.6 20 7.7 87 32.9 87 34.8 104 39.1 32 14.5 140 53.7 Khangai region 470 28.3 102 6.2 484 29.5 541 35.4 600 37.4 264 17.9 837 53.1 Arkhangai 82 28.9 24 8.7 86 30.7 96 36.4 112 41.3 49 15.9 155 57.0 Bayankhongor 59 22.9 8 4.8 62 25.8 66 32.8 71 32.3 34 18.6 113 52.2 Bulgna 98 34.6 19 6.7 100 35.7 90 34.9 113 38.5 39 13.9 153 56.4 Orkhon 76 24.5 18 6.1 77 24.9 104 35.2 99 32.6 50 18.5 140 48.8 Uvurkhangai 74 31.6 20 7.4 77 32.7 91 37.7 97 39.4 50 22.1 131 52.1 Khuvsgul 81 28.7 13 4.4 82 29.0 94 35.1 108 39.5 42 16.7 145 53.7 Central region 651 33.4 140 7.5 668 34.8 714 39.3 814 42.2 353 18.4 1090 58.3 Govisumber 104 38.4 21 7.3 106 39.1 104 42.9 127 48.7 56 21.7 162 61.7 Darkhan-Uul 106 37.5 29 11.5 112 41.0 118 42.9 134 46.3 49 18.7 179 66.0 Dornogovi 77 29.5 15 5.4 77 29.5 83 31.5 93 32.7 33 11.6 135 48.6 Dundgovi 75 29.2 13 4.2 75 29.2 82 32.8 106 42.0 53 20.4 136 53.2 Umnugovi 110 37.7 25 9.1 113 39.7 125 45.8 127 43.6 75 25.5 176 63.3 Selenge 94 31.6 18 4.9 99 32.8 94 36.4 113 41.0 40 14.9 152 56.1 Tuv 85 31.9 19 8.1 86 32.4 108 41.9 114 43.9 47 20.5 150 57.7 Eastern region 261 30.3 51 5.9 268 31.0 320 40.2 349 42.0 143 16.9 482 58.6 Dornod 93 32.3 12 4.4 94 32.7 102 36.4 114 39.3 43 14.6 154 54.1 Sukhbaatar 73 27.0 20 7.3 77 28.2 91 32.9 102 36.4 46 15.8 148 52.8 Khentii 95 31.0 19 6.4 97 31.5 127 50.7 133 49.8 54 20.3 180 68.6 Ulaanbaatar 399 29.9 104 9.1 415 31.7 575 47.7 546 42.1 302 22.9 790 62.1 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

179

44.1 301 13.7 91 25.8 194 29.0 175 24.1 169 6.4 43 23.1 161 Retired

53.1 87 7.1 13 23.5 30 41.7 75 7.6 12 1.0 2 7.1 11 Student

60.9 441 23.0 162 42.8 324 43.7 301 34.3 259 10.6 67 32.3 251 Housewife

61.7 588 25.2 239 44.5 418 49.1 427 34.9 345 10.2 98 32.2 333 Unemployed

58.8 2367 19.9 725 42.8 1780 41.0 1543 33.1 1390 7.7 288 32.0 1353 Employed

Employment status Employment

58.2 1123 19.3 330 41.4 836 42.6 769 30.2 602 8.2 135 28.6 582 education Higher

technical

61.1 594 20.3 181 44.3 440 45.3 405 36.7 361 8.3 79 35.4 348

Vocational and and Vocational

59.0 1089 21.3 363 40.9 788 42.5 738 30.1 631 7.3 117 29.0 619 education Secondary

54.7 592 16.5 202 34.0 408 38.7 381 29.2 348 6.8 88 28.3 337 Basic

47.4 196 19.2 78 33.2 137 29.4 113 29.1 118 7.6 33 27.7 112 education Primary

59.1 190 24.7 76 43.6 137 38.8 115 36.3 115 15.1 46 31.4 111 school attended Not

Education level Education

38.2 127 12.3 35 19.4 76 24.3 67 17.8 65 2.8 13 17.0 63 60-64

55-59 46.5 232 15.9 79 30.7 164 30.0 129 28.0 139 8.6 41 26.1 129

50-54 47.9 356 13.7 101 36.4 273 29.0 207 27.8 214 6.0 48 26.5 205

45-49 53.9 408 18.4 133 41.7 310 37.5 255 32.6 249 9.6 56 30.9 242

40-44 63.2 553 21.5 174 46.8 432 43.9 360 42.0 372 9.9 85 40.7 361

35-39 59.6 613 23.1 222 47.4 477 42.8 410 36.2 384 11.7 91 35.1 379

30-34 66.4 641 23.8 217 49.9 474 45.5 447 36.0 364 10.4 88 34.8 357

25-29 63.7 551 24.7 184 41.9 396 49.3 398 34.4 300 7.2 57 31.9 290

20-24 56.2 223 20.5 73 33.6 120 44.7 174 21.3 81 4.8 17 20.2 76

15-19 61.2 80 4.1 12 24.9 24 54.7 74 9.0 7 1.0 2 9.0 7

Age groups (years) groups Age

Mongolia 2109 29.7 498 2175 8.0 31.2 2521 41.6 2746 40.3 1230 19.9 3784 57.9

Number Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % %

sexual violence sexual behaviours violence violence violence Indicator

Physical violence Physical Sexual violence Sexual

Physical and and Physical Controlling Controlling Emotional Emotional Economic Economic Any form of of form Any Table 7. Ever-partnered women who have experienced violence in lifetime by type of violence, age groups, education level and employment status employment and level education groups, age violence, of type by lifetime in violence experienced have who women Ever-partnered 7. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 180 Table 8. Ever-partnered women who have experienced violence in lifetime by type of violence, religion, ethnic group, disablity status Physical and Controlling Emotional Economic Any form of Physical violence Sexual violence Indicator sexual violence behaviours violence violence violence Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mongolia 2109 29.7 498 8.0 2175 31.2 2521 41.6 2746 40.3 1230 19.9 3784 57.9 Religion No religion 613 28.3 142 7.2 634 29.5 770 41.4 766 36.2 382 20.6 1105 55.5 Buddist 1260 29.6 281 7.9 1298 30.9 1449 39.7 1673 41.2 682 18.1 2249 57.5 Christ 67 43.9 20 10.5 68 45.1 80 54.3 79 47.9 39 28.0 104 67.5 Shamanism 92 35.8 23 10.5 94 39.5 118 57.3 127 52.8 63 27.7 167 70.9 Islam 65 25.1 29 13.1 68 27.1 89 39.2 82 32.7 58 21.8 135 54.5 Others 12 15.2 3 3.5 13 16.8 14 18.7 19 44.8 5 9.1 23 49.4 Ethnic groups Khalkh 1740 30.1 384 7.8 1790 31.6 2088 42.5 2286 41.3 1016 20.2 3125 58.8 Kazakh 66 21.4 28 10.8 68 22.2 96 35.1 88 28.4 59 19.2 147 49.5 Durvur 50 25.0 12 7.6 54 27.6 60 27.5 68 32.4 30 13.5 89 41.9 Buryat 50 35.9 12 10.1 52 39.4 51 37.4 60 40.9 29 29.6 77 60.9 Others 198 29.9 59 9.0 206 30.7 222 40.6 240 38.0 93 16.7 341 56.9 Disablity status No form of disability 1393 27.5 303 7.1 1437 28.7 1675 39.1 1845 37.9 745 17.4 2565 55.0 Moderate (Some 576 34.4 147 8.7 589 35.9 695 47.6 737 46.3 387 24.5 1002 64.9 difficulty only) Severe (A lot of difficulty or cannot 140 40.5 48 17.7 149 44.7 151 49.2 164 46.9 98 33.1 217 65.2 do at all)

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

37.7 472 13.2 161 23.6 296 26.2 318 12.9 156 3.0 34 12.1 149 Ulaanbaatar

45.4 109 9.5 25 30.3 74 31.0 75 9.6 31 2.3 6 8.8 29 Khentii 181

32.4 87 10.0 28 21.8 59 19.9 54 11.6 32 3.5 10 10.4 29 Sukhbaatar

32.8 86 9.2 26 23.0 61 22.9 57 14.7 36 2.1 5 14.4 35 Dornod

Eastern region Eastern 36.9 282 9.6 79 25.2 194 24.8 186 12.1 99 2.6 21 11.4 93

34.1 88 16.4 37 23.8 64 25.1 63 16.4 41 4.1 9 15.9 40 Tuv

28.5 74 7.5 21 18.4 47 20.7 51 9.1 25 1.8 5 8.8 24 Selenge

38.9 110 15.4 48 23.5 68 30.0 84 15.3 47 3.9 11 14.0 44 Umnugovi

36.0 89 14.8 37 24.5 58 24.7 57 15.3 34 0.6 2 15.3 34 Dundgovi

25.7 70 5.0 15 15.3 45 15.5 43 7.6 20 1.6 4 7.6 20 Dornogovi

31.2 90 9.1 28 16.8 53 23.7 61 12.4 35 3.8 10 10.0 29 Darkhan-Uul

36.3 94 12.2 33 23.3 62 24.2 63 12.3 33 0.9 4 12.2 32 Govisumber

Central region Central 32.1 615 11.0 219 20.0 397 23.2 422 12.5 235 2.7 45 11.6 223

33.5 85 10.4 24 26.5 68 20.2 47 11.7 29 1.4 4 11.0 27 Khuvsgul

36.5 88 17.8 40 27.1 62 22.8 55 19.4 43 3.3 10 18.4 40 Uvurkhangai

30.4 85 13.1 33 18.9 56 20.5 60 11.3 32 4.6 12 10.8 31 Orkhon

28.9 82 8.8 24 18.3 53 19.1 53 11.2 32 2.9 8 11.2 32 Bulgna

or

29.8 61 8.6 16 18.6 41 18.5 36 9.1 21 2.1 3 7.8 20

Bayankhong

35.0 97 10.9 34 23.9 67 19.4 53 12.4 35 2.9 9 12.1 34 Arkhangai

Khangai region Khangai 32.7 498 12.0 171 22.8 347 20.3 304 12.8 192 2.8 46 12.1 184

29.2 79 9.6 22 19.8 55 19.1 51 13.3 34 3.8 8 12.8 33 Khovd

28.4 61 7.1 16 16.3 37 20.7 45 11.2 25 2.4 6 11.2 25 Uvs

Zavkhan 22.1 56 5.0 14 18.0 47 13.2 36 10.1 25 1.5 4 9.9 24

Govi-Altai 29.5 73 8.3 22 20.3 52 18.2 45 11.3 30 2.6 8 10.4 26

Bayan-Ulgii 40.5 95 16.6 40 20.5 48 28.7 65 13.6 33 6.9 16 12.2 31

Western region Western 30.4 364 9.7 114 19.0 239 20.5 242 12.1 147 3.6 42 11.4 139

Rural 30.8 568 9.8 182 20.7 388 18.8 342 12.5 234 2.7 51 12.2 229

Soum centre Soum 33.6 504 12.0 174 23.3 355 22.2 329 12.7 194 2.9 43 11.8 179

centre

33.6 687 11.1 227 20.9 434 24.2 483 12.1 245 3.3 60 11.2 231

Aimags Aimags

Capital city Capital 37.7 472 13.2 161 23.6 296 26.2 318 12.9 156 3.0 34 12.1 149

Location

Rural 32.0 1072 10.7 356 21.8 743 20.3 671 12.6 428 2.8 94 12.0 408

Urban 380 11.9 94 3.0 401 12.7 801 25.6 730 22.8 388 12.6 1159 36.4

Mongolia 788 11.9 188 3.0 829 12.7 1472 23.8 1473 22.4 744 12.0 2231 35.0

Number Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % %

sexual violence sexual behaviours violence

Indicator

Physical violence Physical Sexual violence Sexual Emotional violence Emotional Economic violence Economic

Physical and and Physical Controlling Controlling Any form of of form Any Table 9. Ever-partnered women who have experienced violence in current (last 12 months) by type of violence, location, aimags and capital city capital and aimags location, violence, of type by months) 12 (last current in violence experienced have who women Ever-partnered 9. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 182 Table 10. Ever-partnered women who have experienced violence in current (last 12 months) by type of violence, age groups, education level and employment status Physical and Controlling Emotional Any form of Physical violence Sexual violence Economic violence Indicator sexual violence behaviours violence violence Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mongolia 788 11.9 188 3.0 829 12.7 1472 23.8 1473 22.4 744 12.0 2231 35.0 Age groups (years) 15-19 6 8.0 1 0.4 6 8.0 49 35.9 14 13.7 7 2.8 54 41.4 20-24 49 16.0 9 2.7 51 16.4 121 32.0 80 24.7 49 16.6 159 42.5 25-29 147 15.7 34 3.7 161 17.4 293 32.6 269 27.3 134 17.7 409 45.3 30-34 174 16.6 43 5.6 181 17.7 294 30.8 286 31.6 144 15.4 429 45.4 35-39 147 12.4 35 3.8 150 12.7 254 25.4 267 25.8 136 12.4 375 36.5 40-44 124 13.4 42 4.7 132 14.8 209 23.2 223 24.9 106 12.3 323 35.9 45-49 61 9.3 11 1.1 64 9.5 114 16.3 142 20.4 69 9.5 205 28.1 50-54 49 6.1 6 0.7 51 6.6 80 9.0 116 14.7 53 6.3 149 19.1 55-59 22 3.3 7 0.7 24 3.6 40 7.3 58 9.0 36 5.4 91 14.4 60-64 9 2.7 0 0.0 9 2.7 18 7.3 18 4.2 10 2.4 37 11.0 Education level Not attended 53 16.0 20 5.0 55 16.6 62 15.3 77 22.6 45 11.4 108 28.8 school Primary education 41 12.5 14 3.3 44 13.4 66 15.1 74 20.5 49 12.6 119 31.7 Basic 138 12.9 34 2.6 140 13.0 211 21.6 222 20.8 118 9.3 334 32.1 Secondary 232 12.2 48 3.9 245 13.4 437 26.3 434 23.2 223 14.5 650 37.5 education Vocational and 113 11.0 24 2.0 122 11.8 210 20.5 206 19.9 99 9.4 309 29.3 technical Higher education 211 11.1 48 2.4 223 11.6 486 26.6 460 23.9 210 12.0 711 37.8 Employment status Employed 514 12.7 113 2.7 536 13.2 923 23.9 978 24.2 462 12.7 1421 36.1 Unemployed 140 16.1 46 5.1 153 17.6 257 29.5 237 26.5 147 15.4 370 40.3 Housewife 102 12.0 26 4.5 107 13.4 192 25.6 183 24.6 97 14.0 280 37.6 Student 9 6.8 1 0.5 10 7.3 55 31.5 21 17.4 8 5.2 65 41.9 Retired 23 3.1 2 0.1 23 3.1 45 6.5 54 5.7 30 3.2 95 11.4 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

183

do at all) at do

difficulty or cannot cannot or difficulty 30.2 113 17.2 56 22.2 77 23.2 85 15.3 52 4.8 15 12.8 48

Severe (A lot of of lot (A Severe

difficulty only) difficulty

39.9 606 14.8 242 26.8 425 26.5 403 16.4 262 3.5 64 16.0 255

Moderate (Some (Some Moderate

disability

33.6 1512 10.7 446 21.0 971 23.0 984 11.2 515 2.7 109 10.5 485

No form of of form No

Disablity status Disablity

31.3 181 10.1 52 21.0 123 22.7 125 13.6 78 4.8 26 13.2 75 Others

33.9 42 17.5 16 16.8 25 17.3 25 15.9 20 1.8 3 15.9 20 Buryat

Durvur 27.4 54 7.6 21 13.5 35 20.7 40 9.1 21 2.1 3 7.9 20

Kazakh 35.1 103 13.8 44 18.3 51 24.1 69 11.8 32 7.4 17 8.7 30

Khalkh 35.6 1850 12.1 610 23.2 1238 24.2 1212 12.6 677 2.6 139 12.0 642

Ethnic groups Ethnic

Others 38.6 14 2.2 1 29.1 9 13.1 9 2.8 3 0.6 1 2.8 3

Islam 40.3 100 15.1 45 21.7 51 27.5 68 14.1 34 8.2 17 10.1 31

Shamanism 47.6 103 15.0 33 30.9 70 33.3 72 18.6 37 1.7 7 18.4 36

Christ 32.9 51 14.8 16 23.8 38 26.5 37 13.8 19 1.9 4 12.2 17

Buddist 33.4 1300 10.9 414 22.6 887 22.1 817 12.0 478 3.1 110 11.3 455

No religion No 34.6 662 13.0 235 20.3 418 24.7 468 12.6 258 2.5 49 12.0 246

Religion

Mongolia 788 11.9 188 3.0 829 12.7 1472 23.8 1473 22.4 744 12.0 2231 35.0

Number Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % %

sexual violence sexual behaviours violence violence

Indicator

Physical violence Physical Sexual violence Sexual Economic violence Economic

Physical and and Physical Controlling Controlling Emotional Emotional Any form of of form Any Table 11. Ever-partnered women who have experienced violence in current (last 12 months) by type of violence, religion, ethnic group, disablity status disablity group, ethnic religion, violence, of type by months) 12 (last current in violence experienced have who women Ever-partnered 11. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 184 Ulaanbaatar region Eastern Central region Khangai region region Western Location Mongolia city andcapital aimags violence by non-partner who type have experienced region, violence, location, of Women 12. Table Indicator Rural centre Soum centre Aimags city Capital Rural Urban Khentii Sukhbaatar Dornod Tuv Selenge Umnugovi Dundgovi Dornogovi Darkhan-Uul Govisumber Khuvsgul Uvurkhangai Orkhon Bulgna or Bayankhong Arkhangai Khovd Uvs Zavkhan Govi-Altai Bayan-Ulgii Number 185 216 263 401 583 263 108 288 193 132 320 984 Lifetime 42 29 37 40 37 51 36 29 55 40 28 23 43 27 35 12 33 23 39 25 37 Physical violence % 16.9 12.2 15.0 14.9 13.0 19.1 12.9 10.6 20.8 17.5 10.2 14.8 15.1 13.6 10.0 15.1 16.1 10.1 13.4 22.1 11.6 20.1 22.1 14.9 15.6 12.4 10.1 15.5 17.3 8.8 9.8 5.1 8.6 Number 121 151 272 Current Current 12 10 12 14 10 13 11 14 14 63 58 65 65 25 74 57 51 86 7 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 3 % 2.8 3.3 4.8 3.8 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.8 4.8 3.3 4.6 7.3 3.5 3.3 3.5 6.8 1.1 5.2 3.8 4.5 3.4 3.8 5.0 3.6 4.9 5.0 3.7 4.1 4.1 3.6 4.5 4.5 Number 201 193 213 394 520 213 111 254 221 115 307 914 Lifetime 43 27 41 41 51 38 36 26 26 28 24 40 32 36 57 34 32 15 28 31 15 Sexual violence Sexual % 16.4 16.6 13.6 16.5 16.3 12.3 11.6 11.8 14.4 13.6 18.1 14.3 12.4 10.2 11.6 16.2 10.8 15.6 16.2 14.2 12.5 13.3 14.1 14.0 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.0 9.6 7.0 9.8 6.1 8.4 Number 159 Current Current 10 10 29 36 32 65 94 32 21 48 30 62 28 5 4 7 7 7 2 6 7 9 7 5 5 5 8 4 4 5 7 3 % 1.6 1.4 2.4 2.6 2.9 1.6 1.7 5.4 2.6 3.3 1.9 1.5 2.5 2.4 4.5 2.5 1.2 2.2 3.3 2.8 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.9 1.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.0 3.2 2.6 2.6 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 185 6.5 7.7 3.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.1 1.9 0.6 3.0 1.7 1.5 2.5 2.9 3.2 2.6 2.0 2.6 2.3 2.7 4.7 2.1 3.0 2.5 1.5 % 6 9 4 3 8 7 9 8 30 31 14 10 46 28 43 35 75 39 22 26 21 23 33 Current 159 106 Number 7.2 6.1 8.5 8.2 6.2 14.3 16.4 18.5 10.2 14.8 15.8 14.7 12.9 13.8 15.6 14.0 11.9 13.8 18.0 13.4 17.0 17.0 14.1 13.6 17.1 % Sexual violence 59 62 67 69 68 45 27 45 62 45 61 96 Lifetime 234 134 243 914 140 532 165 610 165 164 134 113 316 Number 2.1 1.2 1.3 3.7 1.5 0.9 4.4 2.9 3.6 4.5 3.6 5.7 4.5 8.4 2.5 5.5 3.6 4.1 4.4 3.1 3.3 3.4 2.8 13.6 16.7 % 8 5 56 10 61 18 17 14 19 10 18 73 31 92 81 57 37 49 39 28 33 58 Current 272 112 162 Number 9.8 22.0 10.3 24.8 22.3 11.5 10.5 10.5 13.5 14.3 16.9 22.3 18.4 15.0 17.3 15.3 15.0 24.3 17.3 15.8 22.8 18.9 13.6 15.0 19.1 % Physical violence Physical 87 67 89 89 72 74 45 27 46 52 37 Lifetime 299 271 132 984 170 514 194 122 633 178 161 122 127 328 Number Indicator Severe (ASevere of lot ordifficulty cannot do at all) No form of disability Moderate (Some difficulty only) Employed Unemployed Housewife Student Retired Basic Secondary education Vocational and technical 55-59 60-64 Not attended school Primary education 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 15-19 20-24 Higher education Disablity status Disablity Employment status Employment Education level Education Mongolia (years) groups Age Table 13. Women of age groups, violence, experiencedhave type who non-partner by violence employmenteducation status level, status disablity and 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 186 Table 14. Women's attitudes by experiences with partner violence

No physical and/or sexual Physical and/or sexual partner Total women Attitudes partner violence violence Number % Number % Number % A good wife obeys her husband even if she disagrees 2591 47.6 1281 55.4 3872 50.0 It is important for a man to show his wife who is the boss 1813 33.4 880 40.2 2693 35.6 She doesn't complete her household work 156 2.6 112 3.9 268 3.0 to his satisfaction She disobeys him 248 4.2 167 7.9 415 5.3 She refuses to have sexual relations with 87 1.6 65 2.5 152 1.9 him A man to hit his wife the She asks him whether he has other 129 2.4 88 3.9 217 2.9 following conditions girlfriends He suspects that she is unfaithful 416 7.7 303 14.5 719 9.8 He finds out that she has been unfaithful 1159 22.2 758 35.5 1917 26.3 She doesn't take care of the children 329 6.1 209 10.1 538 7.4 She doesn't want to 4181 88.4 1980 90.0 6161 88.9 Belief that a married He is drunk 4333 89.9 2052 92.1 6385 90.6 woman can refuse sex with her husband under the She is sick 4391 91.6 2073 93.0 6464 92.0 following conditions He mistreats her 4263 88.5 2031 92.0 6294 89.6 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 187 25.3 62.9 52.4 59.7 61.2 57.0 67.3 59.1 42.8 59.8 67.7 64.3 60.3 54.4 48.5 47.3 63.8 59.4 50.3 59.1 61.2 50.2 61.2 54.4 58.0 37.8 53.0 51.0 52.9 55.9 60.9 44.8 60.5 41.0 57.4 63.0 58.6 58.6 60.7 41.0 53.9 54.9 50.0 % 52 174 149 167 162 165 191 163 187 371 255 156 156 132 118 124 178 172 142 162 173 141 177 150 137 399 557 548 520 472 511 583 909 964 519 583 686 1738 2134 1225 1120 1155 3872 Total women Number 60.5 58.2 56.7 66.3 63.8 57.9 62.4 21.7 57.2 59.5 76.4 74.5 64.0 53.9 55.5 50.6 75.3 72.2 51.3 65.6 64.9 52.0 63.5 58.0 60.7 41.9 60.4 53.7 55.4 62.1 63.4 51.0 64.6 48.1 58.9 69.4 65.0 60.5 61.8 48.1 57.9 59.8 55.4 % 3 49 64 61 55 61 43 62 49 92 47 45 48 30 28 47 65 68 38 49 53 57 71 44 36 148 207 213 217 160 145 595 686 207 300 386 309 401 166 207 388 198 1281 partner violence Number Physical and/or sexual Physical 70.9 57.5 25.6 38.9 35.6 48.8 49.5 51.2 52.9 59.9 59.9 65.8 63.9 48.6 61.1 58.8 53.7 60.6 58.8 54.5 46.5 45.7 58.8 52.3 49.9 56.0 59.6 49.0 59.5 52.9 37.6 56.6 60.3 42.0 58.7 60.2 37.6 55.8 57.0 57.5 52.1 53.1 47.6 % 49 85 90 77 84 148 101 138 251 350 335 303 312 366 279 208 125 106 107 104 111 108 102 113 104 104 113 120 106 106 376 609 839 353 376 655 101 719 767 488 1143 1448 2591 partner violence Number No physical and/or sexualNo physical 55-59 60-64 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 Sukhbaatar Khentii 15-19 20-24 Dundgovi Umnugovi Selenge Tuv Dornod Uvurkhangai Khuvsgul Govisumber Darkhan-Uul Dornogovi Arkhangai Bayankhong or Bulgna Orkhon Bayan-Ulgii Govi-Altai Zavkhan Uvs Khovd Capital city Aimags centre Soum centre Rural Urban Rural Indicators Ulaanbaatar (years) groups Age Eastern region Central region Central Khangai region Khangai Western region Location Total Table 15. Percentage of women the statement agree with who her husband if even “A wife good obeys she experiences disagrees”, partner with by location, violence, aimags and age groups and capital city 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 188 Table 16. Percentage of women who agree with the statement “A good wife obeys her husband even if she disagrees”, by experiences with partner violence, education level, employment status and partnership status No physical and/or sexual Physical and/or sexual partner Total women Indicators partner violence violence Number % Number % Number % Total 2591 47.6 1281 55.4 3872 50.0 Education level Not attended school 165 67.7 88 79.7 253 72.1 Primary education 255 73.0 89 63.4 344 70.2 Basic 547 59.2 247 65.3 794 61.0 Secondary education 682 46.7 374 62.5 1056 51.5 Vocational and technical 433 54.4 203 51.8 636 53.4 Higher education 509 34.5 280 42.4 789 36.8 Employment status Employed 1485 47.0 804 53.2 2289 49.1 Unemployed 367 48.4 207 64.3 574 54.0 Housewife 262 47.1 143 50.3 405 48.2 Student 46 25.8 7 27.2 53 25.9 Retired 431 66.5 120 67.9 551 66.8 Partnership status Currently married 2006 52.5 969 57.3 2975 54.0 Currently living with man, not married 154 35.9 124 58.1 278 43.2 Current regular partner, living apart 71 41.7 21 67.4 92 46.0 Formerly married, divorced/separated 32 32.1 53 34.2 85 33.5 Former cohabitating, separated 45 34.1 33 36.6 78 35.3 Formerly married/cohabitating, widowed 212 55.9 65 75.5 277 60.2 Formerly dating 68 24.6 16 33.6 84 26.1 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 189 42.3 29.5 35.9 40.8 42.6 38.4 26.5 31.1 34.7 36.5 40.3 47.6 31.4 43.9 29.5 36.9 49.3 35.6 45.4 40.6 33.1 48.9 51.3 45.4 43.3 36.6 43.1 45.7 34.1 41.4 44.6 17.3 40.5 32.7 27.9 33.9 34.2 34.8 52.2 32.6 30.1 64.5 51.9 % 32 96 79 77 88 98 98 92 83 361 391 769 494 683 764 272 355 354 354 333 376 391 597 936 135 108 135 286 196 123 117 100 122 121 103 118 104 143 154 143 1160 1533 2693 Total women Number 43.9 36.8 39.1 41.2 46.4 41.3 33.6 29.3 32.6 41.6 43.9 56.0 37.5 45.9 36.8 38.7 52.0 40.2 41.0 39.8 53.4 45.8 56.7 64.9 34.7 25.3 26.5 34.2 44.1 35.7 53.4 44.3 40.3 53.8 51.5 33.8 35.5 28.8 49.5 50.5 43.7 74.8 49.1 % 3 34 37 33 72 38 28 15 15 30 38 27 41 35 40 58 37 36 41 27 48 29 37 45 41 119 141 258 133 211 276 102 122 128 157 113 112 399 481 141 196 285 880 partner violence Physical and/or sexual Physical Number 57.6 73.9 64.8 58.4 58.3 62.9 51.4 59.0 85.6 70.3 77.2 67.4 63.7 66.9 60.6 55.3 53.4 50.8 57.0 63.0 68.9 66.3 71.4 65.0 58.6 56.7 65.1 64.4 56.1 67.3 66.6 69.3 61.4 71.1 56.3 73.9 63.1 51.4 66.2 55.4 43.6 39.4 45.6 % 91 91 64 85 314 653 656 751 911 530 431 430 413 333 308 288 238 151 106 102 103 209 119 133 114 114 105 104 116 110 102 123 106 113 114 124 115 653 647 693 1564 1340 2904 partner violence Number No physical and/or sexualNo physical 55-59 60-64 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 Sukhbaatar Khentii 15-19 20-24 Dundgovi Umnugovi Selenge Tuv Dornod Uvurkhangai Khuvsgul Govisumber Darkhan-Uul Dornogovi Arkhangai Bayankhong or Bulgna Orkhon Bayan-Ulgii Govi-Altai Zavkhan Uvs Khovd Capital city Aimags centre Soum centre Rural Urban Rural Indicators Ulaanbaatar (years) groups Age Eastern region Central region Central Khangai region Khangai Western region Location Total Table 17. Percentage of women the statement agreed with who that “It is important for a man to his show is experiences the boss”,wife who partner with by location, violence, aimags and age and capital city groups 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 190 Table 18. Percentage of women who agreed with the statement that “It is important for a man to show his wife who is the boss”, by experiences with partner violence, education level, employment status and partnership status No physical and/or sexual partner Physical and/or sexual partner Total women Indicators violence violence Number % Number % Number % Total 2904 66.2 880 40.2 2693 35.6 Education level Not attended school 87 36.4 65 56.9 214 59.9 Primary education 127 39.1 67 65.2 285 61.6 Basic 402 54.6 195 57.9 613 48.7 Secondary education 822 70.3 249 40.5 680 32.8 Vocational and technical 440 59.3 143 40.6 443 40.3 Higher education 1026 77.9 161 26.4 458 23.3 Employment status Employed 1759 66.1 553 38.3 1563 35.1 Unemployed 382 67.2 131 41.7 407 35.4 Housewife 321 71.0 100 33.8 263 30.6 Student 115 78.5 4 51.2 38 23.7 Retired 327 49.0 92 63.3 422 53.7 Partnership status Currently married 2149 63.9 641 37.3 2023 36.2 Currently living with man, not married 224 78.2 97 50.2 204 31.1 Current regular partner, living apart 102 66.3 9 43.6 57 34.9 Formerly married, divorced/separated 39 67.0 51 46.9 83 41.3 Former cohabitating, separated 57 68.6 26 44.6 59 37.7 Formerly married/cohabitating, widowed 185 54.0 46 54.9 206 47.3 Formerly dating 144 79.7 10 29.0 60 21.8 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

191

0.684 0.575 Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Sig. Asymp.

Wet their bed their Wet 2 2 df

0.8 1.1 Value

0.000 0.000 Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Sig. Asymp.

Nightmares 2 2 df

36.6 36.4 Value

0.000 0.000 Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Sig. Asymp.

Aggressive 2 2 df

60.5 60.2 Value

0.000 0.000

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Sig. Asymp.

withdrawn

2 2

df

Childeren very timid or or timid very Childeren

75.7 75.1 Value

Child's behavior behavior Child's Test Pearson Chi-Square Pearson Likelihood Ratio Likelihood

behavioral issues in these children, by women’s experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence violence partner sexual and/or physical of experience women’s by children, these in issues behavioral

Table 20. Statistical significant of ever-partnered women with children (age 6-12 years) who have observed certain certain observed have who years) 6-12 (age children with women ever-partnered of significant Statistical 20. Table

2.1 30 3.4 30 2.6 60 One or more child run away from home from away run child more or One

1.8 23 2.7 19 2.1 42 One or more girls have run away from home from away run have girls more or One

0.4 10 0.8 12 0.6 22 One or more boys have run away from home from away run have boys more or One

1.9 27 2.8 24 2.2 51 Stopped or dropped out of school of out dropped or Stopped

2.6 33 6.2 44 4.0 77 Repeat (failed) at school at (failed) Repeat

27.5 488 43.0 416 33.4 904 Aggressive

29.5 475 47.1 455 36.3 930 Children very timid or withdrawn or timid very Children

4.0 48 106 4.3 58 4.1 Wet their bed their Wet

Nightmares 14.2 238 23.7 232 17.9 470

Number % Number % Number %

partner violence partner violence

Behavioral

Total women Total

No physical and/or sexual sexual and/or physical No Physical and/or sexual partner partner sexual and/or Physical

experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence violence partner sexual and/or physical of experience Table 19. Percentage of ever-partnered women with children (age 6-12 years) who have observed certain behavioral issues in these children, by women’s women’s by children, these in issues behavioral certain observed have who years) 6-12 (age children with women ever-partnered of Percentage 19. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 192 Region Location Total status andpartnership status level,education employment by agegroups, who partners regions, their beaten have location, hit or women Ever-partnered 21. Table Partnership status Employment status Education level Age groups (years) widowed married/cohabitating, Formerly separated cohabitating, Former divorced/separated married, Formerly living apart partner, regular Current married Currently not living with man, Currently married Retired Student Housewife Unemployed Employed education Higher andtechnical Vocational Secondary education Basic education Primary school attended Not Total 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 Western khangai Central Eastern Ulaanbaatar Rural centre Soum centre Aimags city Capital Rural Urban Formerly dating Formerly Indicators Number 238 200 103 323 112 168 155 323 19 26 10 11 11 36 29 51 39 94 45 27 15 19 18 34 37 38 56 46 47 18 10 37 65 37 72 79 89 83 72 Once 8 7 % 5.2 5.3 5.5 4.9 6.1 5.1 4.8 4.9 3.0 5.2 4.6 4.1 3.2 4.3 5.0 3.7 4.6 4.8 3.6 4.9 4.5 6.9 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.5 7.2 5.2 5.9 4.5 4.4 4.5 5.5 3.0 4.4 4.3 5.2 4.3 6.1 3.7 5.2 Number 2-5 times 2-5 166 133 226 106 120 226 66 75 10 26 14 33 41 39 71 33 10 12 14 21 35 34 44 39 13 27 35 35 54 53 53 66 54 6 5 3 9 6 7 8 6 % 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.0 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.7 1.9 4.5 4.7 6.6 3.8 9.1 3.7 2.5 5.1 3.0 5.3 3.3 4.2 2.6 2.3 4.4 2.4 1.1 3.0 3.6 2.9 4.2 5.3 4.0 7.4 1.9 2.1 5.0 4.6 2.9 3.2 2.9 4.6 Number More than 5 than More 41 38 60 23 37 14 22 60 12 10 17 14 13 11 19 10 13 18 19 2 3 1 1 0 1 4 7 8 4 3 0 4 6 6 9 8 1 2 7 8 4 % 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.7 1.4 0.5 1.1 1.2 3.4 0.5 2.3 2.2 0.7 0.8 2.5 2.5 0.9 1.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.7 2.2 0.0 0.1 1.6 1.9 2.2 1.6 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.0 6.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 193 6.6 7.9 8.3 8.1 8.7 8.1 28.4 24.5 18.5 27.1 21.0 16.0 28.4 14.5 12.2 15.5 19.2 19.7 27.4 27.5 20.6 17.2 33.5 20.5 29.4 17.5 16.6 16.3 17.7 15.8 18.7 18.1 12.2 17.1 18.8 17.8 18.9 18.0 18.7 18.7 14.1 % pain 33 94 97 27 35 35 43 24 56 38 102 159 217 136 227 136 110 147 186 179 183 208 235 103 119 645 414 300 345 419 331 173 257 379 739 949 707 293 293 290 1352 Some muchpain, Number 93.4 71.6 75.5 81.5 92.1 72.9 79.0 84.0 71.6 91.7 85.5 91.9 91.3 87.8 84.5 80.8 80.3 72.6 72.5 79.4 82.8 91.9 66.5 79.5 70.6 82.5 83.4 83.7 82.3 84.2 81.3 81.9 87.8 82.9 81.2 82.2 81.1 82.0 81.3 81.3 85.9 % Recent pain 399 278 280 392 200 440 857 609 614 367 731 376 404 810 896 844 735 617 567 887 455 159 147 114 316 5967 3011 1848 1353 1658 1596 1372 1160 1104 1629 3488 4207 2956 1108 1108 1675 Number No pain, little pain No little pain, 1.0 6.8 8.8 2.4 7.5 2.6 2.3 3.8 8.9 4.6 9.9 7.4 9.9 8.8 9.1 9.1 8.6 8.6 9.9 8.6 5.8 23.8 20.4 14.8 18.3 18.0 24.4 12.1 11.8 17.7 16.5 13.2 12.0 18.1 21.4 19.2 10.6 10.1 10.5 11.1 11.1 % 7 17 84 88 74 59 23 75 10 12 38 81 65 14 42 34 85 100 194 180 102 112 111 124 124 774 171 205 334 494 404 370 179 225 165 205 179 193 188 139 112 Poor, very poor Poor, very Number 93.2 81.7 76.2 79.6 85.2 82.0 91.2 99.0 75.6 97.6 92.5 97.4 97.7 96.2 91.1 87.9 88.2 82.3 83.5 86.8 88.0 95.4 81.9 78.6 80.8 90.1 89.4 89.9 92.6 90.1 89.5 91.2 88.9 90.9 90.9 91.4 88.9 91.4 90.1 91.4 94.2 % General health 210 880 686 425 661 379 499 296 286 415 792 401 435 882 962 928 802 689 651 493 169 161 118 350 998 excellent Fair, good, 6545 1190 1803 3893 4662 3259 3286 1222 2037 1488 1798 1222 1822 1515 1194 1853 Number Indicator Formerly Formerly married/cohabitating, widowed Formerly dating Current regular partner, apart living Formerly married, divorced/separated Former cohabitating, separated Housewife Student Retired Never-partnered marriedCurrently with living Currently man, not married Vocational and technical Employed Unemployed 55-59 60-64 Not attended school Primary education Basic education Secondary 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 Eastern Central khangai Western 15-19 20-24 Capital city Aimags centre Soum centre Rural Ulaanbaatar Urban Rural Higher education Partnership status Partnership Employment status Employment Education level Education Age groups (years) groups Age Region Location Total Table 22. General of location, health regions, women, total groups, age by employment education level, status and partnership status 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 194 Table 23. General, physical and mental health problems reported among ever-partnered women, according to women's experience of physical and/or sexual partner violence By urban/rural area Total Country Urban(N=xx) Rural (N=xx) Total (N=xx) Physical/ All Physical/ All Physical/ No Violence sexual partnered No Violence sexual partnered No Violence sexual All partnered (N=xx) Violence P-value women (N=xx) Violence P-value women (N=xx) Violence P-value women % (N=xx) (N=xx) % (N=xx) (N=xx) % (N=xx) (N=xx) % % % % % % General health status Good or Excellent 42.5 29.9 0.0001 38.5 43.4 33.6 0.0001 40.4 42.8 31.1 0.0001 39.1 Fair 48.4 53.5 0.0081 50.0 49.2 53.0 0.1632 50.4 48.7 53.3 0.0043 50.1 Poor or very poor 9.1 16.7 0.0001 11.5 7.5 13.4 0.0001 9.3 8.6 15.6 0.0001 10.8

Emotional distress in past 4 weeks as measured by SRQ* 0-5 77.4 48.7 0.0001 68.4 78.7 56.4 0.0001 71.8 77.8 51.2 0.0001 69.5 6-10 16.5 26.7 0.0001 19.7 15.5 24.2 0.0001 18.2 16.2 25.9 0.0001 19.2 11-15 4.3 18.8 0.0001 8.8 4.4 12.8 0.0001 7.0 4.3 16.9 0.0001 8.2 16-20 1.8 5.8 0.0001 3.1 1.4 6.6 0.0001 3.0 1.7 6.1 0.0001 3.0

Mean SRQ score** 3.3 6.3 0.0001 4.2 3.2 5.8 0.0001 4.0 3.2 6.0 0.0001 4.1 Median SRQ score** 2.0 5.0 0.0001 3.0 2.0 4.0 0.0001 3.0 2.0 5.0 0.0001 3.0

Ever thought about suicide 7.8 22.7 0.0001 12.5 4.0 17.4 0.0001 8.1 6.5 21.0 0.0001 11.0 Ever attempted suicide 1.6 5.3 0.0001 2.7 0.4 4.8 0.0001 1.8 1.2 5.1 0.0001 2.4 * SRQ-20 is a set of 20 questions in a self-reported questionnaire that make up a WHO screening tool for emotional distress, more points indicating more probability for depression ** Note that this is not a percentage but an average score for each of the subgroups 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

195

*** Note that this is not a percentage but an average score for each of the subgroups the of each for score average an but percentage a not is this that Note ***

** SRQ-20 is a set of 20 questions in a self-reported questionnaire that make up a WHO screening tool for emotional distress, more points indicating more probability for depression depression for probability more indicating points more distress, emotional for tool screening WHO a up make that questionnaire self-reported a in questions 20 of set a is SRQ-20 **

* For the purpose of this table the women with 'no violence' did not experience any physical, sexual or psychological violence, hence the N is different compared to table 7.5.a. table to compared different is N the hence violence, psychological or sexual physical, any experience not did violence' 'no with women the table this of purpose the For *

2.4 5.1 0.0010 5.7 1.5 1.2 0.0432 2.1 1.0 Ever attempted suicide attempted Ever

11.0 21.0 0.0001 23.0 7.6 6.5 0.0001 12.5 5.1 Ever thought about suicide about thought Ever

0.0001 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 0.0001 5.0 Median SRQ score*** SRQ Median

0.0001 4.3 3.0 3.2 4.3 0.0001 6.3 4.1 6.0 Mean SRQ score*** SRQ Mean

0.0006 4.1 1.1 1.7 2.7 0.0031 6.6 3.0 6.1 16-20

0.0005 5.7 4.0 4.3 0.0009 18.3 7.7 8.2 16.9 11-15

0.0001 24.7 14.2 16.2 22.1 0.0695 26.5 19.2 25.9 6-10

0.0001 65.5 80.8 77.8 67.6 0.0001 48.7 69.5 51.2 0-5

weeks as measured by SRQ** by measured as weeks

Emotional distress in past 4 4 past in distress Emotional

% % % %

% xx) % xx)

(N= xx) xx) (N= (N=xx) xx) (N= (N= xx) xx) (N=

alone (N=xx) (N=xx) alone women (N= (N= women (N=xx) % (N=xx)

phys/sex violence violence phys/sex emotional abuse emotional emotional abuse emotional phys/sex violence violence phys/sex P-value P-value

violence violence partnered partnered No Violence* Violence* No

women without without women violence without without violence violence with with violence women with with women

Emotional Emotional Total ever- Total

Ever-partnered Ever-partnered Physical or sexual sexual or Physical Physical or sexual sexual or Physical Ever-partnered Ever-partnered

not not did who Women report physical or sexual partner partner sexual or physical report Women who reported physical or sexual partner violence partner sexual or physical reported who Women Table 24. Mental health problems reported among ever-partnered women, according to women's experience of emotional partner violence partner emotional of experience women's to according women, ever-partnered among reported problems health Mental 24. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia though difficulttodefineprecisely. The samplingerrorisanindicatorthatmeasuresthefluctuationsbetweenallpossiblesamplesandcanbecalculatedstatistically original set.Theresultsofeachthesesamplesaredifferentfromtheoverallstudytocertainextent. Equal samplingmethodwasfortheStudyofWomen’s healthandlifeexperiencewhensamplesofequalsizesareselectedfromthe this typeemergefromtimetoanditisdifficultcalculatethemstatistically. course ofsamplingfortheWomen’s healthandlifeexperienceresearch,planningorganizationofthestudy. However, errorsof entering intocomputer, andprocessingofproblemtasks.Actionstolimitnon-samplingerrors atminimumweretakeninthe understanding of the questions by the respondents and/or researchers. Also errors associated with corrections of data, coding, fromthehouseholdsselectedforstudy,inability tofindandtakeinterview inappropriateformulationofthequestions,incorrect of datacollection and processing unrelated with sampling are called non-sampling errors.Theseincludeerrorsassociatedwith Studies usingsamplesarepronetotwotypesoferrors:samplingerrorsandnon-samplingerrors.Errorsthatemergeintheprocess CALCULATION OFSAMPLINGERRORS ANNEX 5 is calculatedbymeansoftheequationbelow: being examined or even smaller groups. “ The linear methodofTaylor calculates the share of indicators or their mean values as ratiosof those indicators. Put differently, it is settings. The sampling errors ofcertain variables were computed at thenational and regional levelsaswellfortheurbanand rural of eachindicator. above mentionedsamplingerrormeasurements,thetablesalsocontainweighedandunweighedvaluesusedforcalculation The calculationofthesamplingerrorwasperformedusingSPSSsoftware.resultswereshownintables.Besides the For eachindicatorselectedinthisAnnex,thefollowingindicatorsofsampling errorswerecomputed: 196 • • • • where “ level of95%wasused. stay betweenadditionandsubtractionofthedoubledstandarderror(r+2.seorr–2.se).Inourcase,statisticconfidence statistical significance.Foranystatisticindicatorcalculatedintheresearchvalueofgivenshould correspondingtothetruevalueofindicatororiginalsetatlevel expressestheinterval Confidence interval 1, itindicatesthattherearemanysamplingerrorsandthisisassociated with thecomplexityofsamplingdesign. this indicatorequals1,thesamplingdesignusedisasefficientandsimplerandomdesign.Ifitlowerthan random sampling.Therootdesigneffect(deft)showstheefficiencyofsampleindicatingitslevelsuitability. If Design effect(deff)isexpressedthroughdivisionofthevarianceselectedsampledesignbysimple sampling error. The variancecoeffient(se/r)iscalculatedbydividingthevalueofgivenindicatoranditmeasuresrelative Taylor’s linearmethod. etc.). Thestandarderrorsequaltothesquarerootofsamplingvariance.Here,werecalculatedusing Standard errors(se):samplingaremostlymeasuredthestandardofcertainindicators(mean,proportions, ” is “ ” is the measure of the total value of the sample while “ ” is the measurement of the specific statistic weight and the sampling variance or error ” is the totalvalue of the occurrences inthe group 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 197 ’ ; ; ’ group ; ’ in group ‘ ’ in ‘ ; group ; ” sampling unit ‘ or –number of sampling units selected in –number of sampling “ - overall value of indicator – the number of total occurrences in sampling unit ‘ – the number of total – is the general ratio of the samples. It is taken as 0 when its value is negligible. of the samples. It is taken as 0 when its value – is the general ratio –number of sampling group, it takes a value between 1 and a value between sampling group, it takes –number of where: 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

198 Table 1. Mongolia, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Square Root Interval Voilence type, time Coefficient of Design Effect Estimate Standard lower Upper Variation Design (deft) Unweighted ® Error (se) (r-2se) (r+2se) (se/r) Effect (deff) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 29.7 0.88 28.00 31.48 0.030 2.575 1.605 6914 Moderate 8.3 0.64 7.05 9.56 0.077 3.681 1.918 6914 Severe 21.4 0.82 19.82 23.05 0.038 2.766 1.663 6914 No injuries 16.4 0.75 14.91 17.85 0.046 2.807 1.675 6914 Injuries 13.3 0.69 11.98 14.71 0.052 2.873 1.695 6914

Sexual violence 8.0 0.46 7.11 8.92 0.057 1.962 1.401 6914 Moderate 2.5 0.33 1.89 3.18 0.129 2.987 1.728 6914 Severe 5.5 0.43 4.62 6.33 0.079 2.512 1.585 6914

Sexual or physical violence 31.2 0.88 29.46 32.93 0.028 2.499 1.581 6914 Injuries from moderate violence 7.8 0.59 6.64 8.97 0.076 3.341 1.828 6914 Injuries from severe violence 23.4 0.82 21.77 25.00 0.035 2.592 1.610 6914

Controlling behavior 41.6 1.12 39.43 43.83 0.027 3.557 1.886 6914 Emotional abuse 32.7 0.87 30.98 34.41 0.027 2.377 1.542 6914 Economic voilence 19.9 0.71 18.45 21.26 0.036 2.220 1.490 6914 Any form of violence 55.8 1.30 53.22 58.35 0.023 4.754 2.180 6914

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 1.5 0.28 0.89 2.01 0.196 3.902 1.975 6914 Only physical voilence 23.2 0.71 21.78 24.58 0.031 1.968 1.403 6914 Both sexual and physical violence 6.6 0.49 5.60 7.52 0.074 2.671 1.634 6914

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 6914 1.480 2.189 0.046 14.36 11.99 0.60 13.2

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 6914 1.704 2.902 0.054 14.00 11.31 0.68 12.7 199

Sexual violence Sexual 2.25 0.36 3.0 6914 1.759 3.094 0.121 3.66

Physical violence Physical 10.60 0.67 11.9 6914 1.719 2.954 0.056 13.24

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 18.13 0.71 19.5 6914 1.486 2.209 0.036 20.92

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 17.14 0.71 18.5 6914 1.525 2.326 0.038 19.94

Sexual violence Sexual 4.39 1.285 0.067 0.34 5.1 6914 1.650 5.73

Physical violence Physical 16.28 0.78 17.8 6914 1.701 2.895 0.044 19.36

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 33.47 1.01 35.5 6914 1.747 3.053 0.028 37.43

Economic voilence voilence Economic 10.61 0.69 12.0 6914 1.758 3.090 0.057 13.31

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 13.71 0.73 15.1 6914 1.698 2.883 0.048 16.59

Controlling behavior Controlling 21.97 0.95 23.8 6914 1.856 3.444 0.040 25.72

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 8.24 0.55 9.3 6914 1.580 2.496 0.059 10.42

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 13.64 0.66 14.9 6914 1.534 2.352 0.044 16.22

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 11.31 0.68 12.7 6914 1.704 2.902 0.054 14.00

Severe 1.61 0.30 2.2 6914 1.708 2.917 0.137 2.79

0.259 Moderate 0.37 0.20 0.8 6914 1.881 3.538 1.14

0.36 3.0 violence Sexual 3.094 0.121 3.66 2.25 6914 1.759

0.062 Injuries 0.53 8.7 9.70 7.60 1.581 2.499 6914

No injuries No 0.72 0.046 16.82 14.01 2.711 6914 15.4 1.646

Severe 0.57 8.3 0.069 9.41 7.16 1.728 2.985 6914

Moderate 0.46 3.6 0.125 4.089 6914 4.53 2.74 2.022

Physical violence Physical 0.67 11.9 0.056 13.24 10.60 1.719 2.954 6914

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

(r+2se) (r-2se) Error (se) Error ® Estimate (se/r) (deff) Count

Upper Upper lower Unweighted Unweighted Standard Standard Variation Variation Design Effect Effect Design (deft)

Interval Coefficient of of Coefficient Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Effect Effect Design

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Square Root Root Square Table 2. Mongolia, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women Mongolia, 2. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

200 Table 3. Urban, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Coefficient of Square Root Voilence type, time Standard Interval Variation Design Design Effect Unweighted Estimate ® Error (se) lower Upper (se/r) Effect (deff) (deft) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 29.7 1.23 27.27 32.12 0.042 2.492 1.579 3421 Moderate 8.6 0.90 6.81 10.35 0.105 3.521 1.876 3421 Severe 21.1 1.16 18.83 23.40 0.055 2.768 1.664 3421 No injuries 15.6 1.05 13.54 17.65 0.067 2.839 1.685 3420 Injuries 14.1 1.00 12.11 16.05 0.071 2.829 1.682 3420

Sexual violence 8.7 0.64 7.40 9.92 0.074 1.767 1.329 3421 Moderate 2.7 0.47 1.74 3.58 0.176 2.883 1.698 3421 Severe 6.0 0.61 4.79 7.21 0.102 2.282 1.511 3421

Sexual or physical violence 31.4 1.22 28.97 33.79 0.039 2.379 1.542 3421 Injuries from moderate violence 8.1 0.82 6.44 9.66 0.101 3.084 1.756 3421 Injuries from severe violence 23.3 1.16 21.05 25.60 0.050 2.560 1.600 3421

Controlling behavior 45.4 1.60 42.24 48.52 0.035 3.513 1.874 3421 Emotional abuse 32.7 1.21 30.29 35.05 0.037 2.270 1.507 3421 Economic voilence 21.4 0.98 19.42 23.28 0.046 1.951 1.397 3421 Any form of violence 58.2 1.86 54.58 61.90 0.032 4.862 2.205 3421

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 1.7 0.41 0.87 2.49 0.244 3.497 1.870 3421 Only physical voilence 22.7 0.98 20.79 24.64 0.043 1.858 1.363 3421 Both sexual and physical violence 7.0 0.70 5.61 8.35 0.100 2.557 1.599 3421

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 3421 1.463 2.139 0.063 15.14 11.78 0.85 13.5 201

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 10.75 0.98 12.7 3421 1.717 2.948 0.077 14.60

Sexual violence Sexual 2.03 0.52 3.0 3421 1.768 3.125 0.170 4.07

Physical violence Physical 9.99 0.95 11.9 3421 1.727 2.981 0.080 13.75

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 17.32 0.96 19.2 3421 1.424 2.029 0.050 21.10

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 16.73 1.00 18.7 3421 1.502 2.257 0.054 20.68

Sexual violence Sexual 4.69 0.47 5.6 3421 1.191 1.417 0.083 6.54

Physical violence Physical 15.63 1.12 17.8 3421 1.705 2.908 0.063 20.02

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 34.61 1.44 37.4 3421 1.735 3.009 0.038 40.26

Economic voilence voilence Economic 10.67 0.96 12.6 3421 1.696 2.878 0.077 14.45

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 13.85 1.05 15.9 3421 1.681 2.826 0.066 17.99

Controlling behavior Controlling 22.91 1.38 25.6 3421 1.847 3.412 0.054 28.34

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 7.50 0.79 9.0 3421 1.601 2.564 0.087 10.59

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 13.03 0.89 14.8 3421 1.467 2.151 0.060 16.54

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 10.75 0.98 12.7 3421 1.717 2.948 0.077 14.60

Severe 1.46 0.43 2.3 3421 1.686 2.841 0.187 3.17

0.7 0.29 1.962 Moderate 1.30 0.17 3.851 0.390 3421

Sexual violence Sexual 3.0 4.07 2.03 0.52 1.768 3.125 0.170 3421

Injuries 8.3 9.80 6.83 0.75 1.596 2.546 0.091 3421

15.3 0.98 1.592 No injuries No 17.28 13.42 2.535 0.064 3421

Severe 7.9 9.46 6.25 0.82 1.773 3.144 0.104 3421

1.952 Moderate 4.0 5.31 2.73 0.66 3.811 0.163 3421

Physical violence Physical 11.9 13.75 9.99 0.95 1.727 2.981 0.080 3421

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

Error (se) Error ® Estimate (se/r) Count (deff) Effect (r+2se) (r-2se)

(deft)

Standard Standard Variation Variation Design Design Unweighted Unweighted Upper Upper lower

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Effect Effect Design

Coefficient of of Coefficient

Interval

Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Table 4. Urban, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women Urban, 4. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

202 Table 5. Rural, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Interval Square Root Voilence type, time Coefficient of Design Effect lower Upper Estimate Standard Variation Design (deft) Unweighted ® Error (se) (r-2se) (r+2se) (se/r) Effect (deff) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 29.8 0.97 27.93 31.74 0.032 1.562 1.250 3493 Moderate 7.8 0.64 6.49 9.02 0.083 2.008 1.417 3493 Severe 22.1 0.83 20.43 23.72 0.038 1.415 1.189 3493 No injuries 18.0 0.81 16.36 19.56 0.045 1.563 1.250 3493 Injuries 11.9 0.60 10.69 13.06 0.051 1.210 1.100 3493

Sexual violence 6.7 0.48 5.77 7.67 0.072 1.293 1.137 3493 Moderate 2.3 0.29 1.72 2.85 0.125 1.284 1.133 3493 Severe 4.4 0.44 3.57 5.29 0.098 1.570 1.253 3493

Sexual or physical violence 30.8 1.00 28.86 32.79 0.032 1.637 1.279 3493 Injuries from moderate violence 7.3 0.67 6.00 8.62 0.091 2.294 1.515 3493 Injuries from severe violence 23.5 0.85 21.84 25.19 0.036 1.404 1.185 3493

Controlling behavior 34.1 1.00 32.12 36.07 0.029 1.560 1.249 3493 Emotional abuse 32.8 0.98 30.83 34.67 0.030 1.512 1.230 3493 Economic voilence 16.9 0.87 15.15 18.56 0.051 1.871 1.368 3493 Any form of violence 50.9 1.15 48.61 53.14 0.023 1.851 1.361 3493

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 1.0 0.21 0.57 1.42 0.215 1.628 1.276 3493 Only physical voilence 24.1 0.89 22.35 25.86 0.037 1.514 1.230 3493 Both sexual and physical violence 5.7 0.43 4.88 6.57 0.075 1.204 1.097 3493 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

203

3493 1.063 1.130 0.047 13.78 11.43 0.60 12.6 abuse Emotional

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 3493 1.068 1.141 0.048 13.80 11.43 0.60 12.6

Sexual violence Sexual 3493 0.970 0.941 0.097 3.30 2.24 0.27 2.8

Physical violence Physical 3493 1.144 1.310 0.052 13.27 10.79 0.63 12.0

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 3493 1.324 1.753 0.045 21.91 18.37 0.90 20.1

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 3493 1.137 1.293 0.041 19.67 16.75 0.74 18.2

Sexual violence Sexual 3493 1.160 1.346 0.097 4.70 3.20 0.38 3.9

Physical violence Physical 3493 1.126 1.269 0.041 19.24 16.37 0.73 17.8

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 3493 1.161 1.348 0.029 33.27 29.68 0.91 31.5

Economic voilence voilence Economic 3493 1.358 1.845 0.066 12.15 9.34 0.71 10.7

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 3493 1.067 1.139 0.046 14.82 12.38 0.62 13.6

Controlling behavior Controlling 3493 1.083 1.173 0.036 21.73 18.83 0.74 20.3

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 3493 1.074 1.154 0.055 10.96 8.82 0.54 9.9

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 3493 1.387 1.923 0.055 16.88 13.56 0.84 15.2

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 3493 1.068 1.141 0.048 13.80 11.43 0.60 12.6

Severe 3493 1.077 1.161 0.128 2.47 1.48 0.25 2.0

3493 0.834 0.696 0.158 1.04 0.55 0.13 .8 Moderate

Sexual violence Sexual 3493 0.970 0.941 0.097 3.30 2.24 0.27 2.8

Injuries 3493 1.141 1.301 0.060 10.43 8.22 0.56 9.3

No injuries No 3493 1.400 1.959 0.055 17.23 13.85 0.86 15.5

Severe 3493 1.152 1.328 0.061 10.26 8.05 0.56 9.2

Moderate 3493 1.297 1.683 0.128 3.60 2.15 0.37 2.9

Physical violence Physical 3493 1.144 1.310 0.052 13.27 10.79 0.63 12.0

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

Error (se) Error Count ® Effect (deff) Effect (se/r) (r-2se) (r+2se)

(deft) Standard Standard Unweighted Unweighted Estimate Estimate Design Design Variation Variation

lower lower Upper Upper

Design Effect Effect Design Voilence type, time type, Voilence Coefficient of of Coefficient

Interval

Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Table 6. Rural, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women Rural, 6. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

204 Table 7. Ulaanbaatar, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Square Root Interval Voilence type, time Coefficient of Design Effect Estimate Standard lower Upper Variation Design (deft) Unweighted ® Error (se) (r-2se) (r+2se) (se/r) Effect (deff) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 29.9 1.69 26.58 33.24 0.057 1.799 1.341 1318 Moderate 9.2 1.26 6.77 11.72 0.136 2.481 1.575 1318 Severe 20.7 1.59 17.54 23.79 0.077 2.023 1.422 1318 No injuries 16.1 1.44 13.30 18.98 0.089 2.026 1.424 1318 Injuries 13.8 1.36 11.10 16.45 0.099 2.049 1.432 1318

Sexual violence 9.1 0.86 7.46 10.84 0.094 1.170 1.081 1318 Moderate 2.8 0.64 1.53 4.05 0.229 1.989 1.410 1318 Severe 6.4 0.85 4.69 8.02 0.133 1.588 1.260 1318

Sexual or physical violence 31.7 1.67 28.41 34.97 0.053 1.691 1.300 1318 Injuries from moderate violence 8.6 1.13 6.40 10.87 0.131 2.148 1.466 1318 Injuries from severe violence 23.1 1.57 19.97 26.15 0.068 1.828 1.352 1318

Controlling behavior 47.7 2.22 43.35 52.08 0.046 2.592 1.610 1318 Emotional abuse 32.0 1.62 28.76 35.15 0.051 1.592 1.262 1318 Economic voilence 22.9 1.34 20.22 25.51 0.059 1.350 1.162 1318 Any form of violence 59.3 2.59 54.24 64.44 0.044 3.661 1.913 1318

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 1.8 0.56 0.68 2.89 0.314 2.358 1.536 1318 Only physical voilence 22.5 1.33 19.92 25.17 0.059 1.338 1.157 1318 Both sexual and physical violence 7.4 0.96 5.48 9.25 0.130 1.765 1.328 1318 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

205 Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 1318 1.249 1.559 0.090 15.03 10.51 1.15 12.8

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 10.28 1.33 12.9 1318 1.444 2.085 0.103 15.54

Sexual violence Sexual 1.56 0.71 3.0 1318 1.519 2.307 0.240 4.35

Physical violence Physical 9.57 1.31 12.1 1318 1.454 2.115 0.108 14.72

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

16.62 1.30 19.2 1318 1.202 1.446 0.068 21.75 Emotional abuse abuse Emotional

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 16.10 1.36 18.8 1318 1.268 1.607 0.073 21.47

Sexual violence Sexual 4.94 0.64 6.2 1318 0.956 0.915 0.103 7.45

Physical violence Physical 14.75 1.53 17.8 1318 1.454 2.114 0.086 20.78

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 1.99 38.2 34.28 1318 1.485 2.205 0.052 42.10

Economic voilence voilence Economic 10.55 1.34 13.2 1318 1.433 2.054 0.101 15.81

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 12.80 15.6 1318 1.434 2.055 0.092 18.45 1.43

Controlling behavior Controlling 22.48 1.91 26.2 1318 1.576 2.482 0.073 30.00

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 6.65 1.07 8.8 1318 1.373 1.885 0.122 10.86

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 12.89 1.22 15.3 1318 1.227 1.504 0.080 17.67

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 10.28 1.33 12.9 1318 1.444 2.085 0.103 15.54

Severe 1.12 0.60 2.3 1.444 1318 2.085 0.260 3.47

0.587 1.43 -0.10 0.39 1318 1.737 3.017 .7 Moderate

Sexual violence Sexual 0.71 3.0 0.240 4.35 1.56 1.519 2.307 1318

1.02 0.128 9.98 5.96 1.370 1.877 1318 Injuries 8.0

No injuries No 15.9 0.084 1.34 18.51 13.23 1.332 1.773 1318

0.150 9.65 5.24 1.546 2.390 1318 Severe 1.12 7.4

0.92 0.195 6.50 2.89 1.573 2.474 1318 Moderate 4.7

Physical violence Physical 1.31 12.1 0.108 14.72 9.57 1.454 2.115 1318

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

Error (se) Error Count ® (se/r) Effect (deff) Effect (r+2se) (r-2se)

(deft)

Standard Standard Unweighted Unweighted Estimate Estimate Design Design Variation Variation lower lower Upper Upper

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Effect Effect Design

Coefficient of of Coefficient Interval

Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Table 8. Ulaanbaatar, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women Ulaanbaatar, 8. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

206 Table 9. Western region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Square Root Voilence type, time Interval Coefficient of Design Design Effect Estimate Standard lower Upper Variation Effect (deft) Unweighted ® Error (se) (r-2se) (r+2se) (se/r) (deff) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 26.1 1.46 23.18 28.93 0.056 1.368 1.170 1237 Moderate 6.0 0.87 4.25 7.66 0.146 1.658 1.288 1237 Severe 20.1 1.23 17.67 22.53 0.061 1.171 1.082 1237 No injuries 14.2 1.32 11.60 16.78 0.093 1.759 1.326 1237 Injuries 11.9 0.93 10.02 13.70 0.079 1.033 1.016 1237

Sexual violence 8.3 0.88 6.55 10.03 0.107 1.268 1.126 1237 Moderate 2.6 0.57 1.49 3.73 0.219 1.583 1.258 1237 Severe 5.7 0.85 4.01 7.34 0.149 1.650 1.284 1237

Sexual or physical violence 27.2 1.53 24.21 30.23 0.056 1.457 1.207 1237 Injuries from moderate violence 5.6 0.88 3.91 7.39 0.156 1.803 1.343 1237 Injuries from severe violence 21.6 1.29 19.03 24.11 0.060 1.215 1.102 1237

Controlling behavior 31.3 1.17 29.01 33.63 0.037 0.790 0.889 1237 Emotional abuse 29.6 1.27 27.06 32.06 0.043 0.956 0.978 1237 Economic voilence 14.6 1.24 12.18 17.05 0.085 1.516 1.231 1237 Any form of violence 46.3 1.68 42.96 49.57 0.036 1.401 1.184 1237

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 1.2 0.38 0.42 1.91 0.326 1.545 1.243 1237 Only physical voilence 18.9 1.26 16.44 21.42 0.067 1.285 1.134 1237 Both sexual and physical violence 7.1 0.83 5.48 8.76 0.117 1.293 1.137 1237 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

207

11.10 1.14 13.3 abuse Emotional 1237 1.180 1.392 0.086 15.59

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 9.92 1.09 12.1 1237 1.181 1.394 0.091 14.23

Sexual violence Sexual 2.59 0.53 3.6 1237 1.002 1.003 0.146 4.70

Physical violence Physical 9.22 1.13 11.4 1237 1.248 1.558 0.099 13.67

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 13.91 1.17 16.2 1237 1.119 1.253 0.072 18.53

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 12.77 1.20 15.1 1237 1.180 1.393 0.079 17.51

Sexual violence Sexual 3.21 0.73 4.6 1237 1.217 1.481 0.157 6.08

Physical violence Physical 12.26 1.19 14.6 1237 1.186 1.407 0.082 16.95

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 27.83 1.65 31.1 1237 1.253 1.571 0.053 34.33

Economic voilence voilence Economic 7.38 1.18 9.7 1237 1.406 1.978 0.122 12.05

11.77 Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 1.19 14.1 1237 1.206 1.455 0.085 16.48

Controlling behavior Controlling 18.31 1.09 20.5 1237 0.953 0.909 0.053 22.61

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 8.12 0.94 10.0 1237 1.101 1.212 0.094 11.82

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 10.02 1.26 12.5 1237 1.343 1.805 0.101 15.00

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 9.92 1.09 12.1 1237 1.181 1.394 0.091 14.23

Severe 1.96 0.56 3.1 1237 1.135 1.289 0.182 4.15

Moderate .6 1.00 0.18 0.21 0.957 0.916 0.352 1237

Sexual violence Sexual 0.53 1.002 1.003 0.146 1237 3.6 4.70 2.59

Injuries 1.00 1.216 1.478 0.109 1237 9.1 11.10 7.18

No injuries No 13.1 15.78 10.48 1.35 1.401 1.962 0.102 1237

Severe 0.97 1.205 1.453 0.110 1237 8.8 10.74 6.91

Moderate 2.6 3.80 1.45 0.60 1.314 1.728 0.228 1237

0.099 Physical violence Physical 11.4 13.67 9.22 1.13 1.248 1.558 1237

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

(r+2se) (r-2se) Error (se) Error ® (se/r) (deff) Count

(deft)

Upper Upper lower Estimate Estimate Standard Standard Variation Variation Effect Effect Unweighted Unweighted

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Effect Effect Design

Coefficient of of Coefficient Design Design Interval

Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Table 10. Western region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women region, Western 10. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

208 Table 11. Khangai region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Square Root Voilence type, time Interval Coefficient of Design Estimate Standard lower Upper Variation Design Effect (deft) Unweighted ® Error (se) (r-2se) (r+2se) (se/r) Effect (deff) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 28.3 1.16 26.07 30.62 0.041 1.064 1.031 1619 Moderate 6.6 0.71 5.15 7.95 0.109 1.338 1.157 1619 Severe 21.8 1.03 19.77 23.81 0.047 1.001 1.001 1619 No injuries 15.0 0.96 13.13 16.91 0.064 1.167 1.080 1619 Injuries 13.3 0.87 11.55 14.97 0.066 1.061 1.030 1619

Sexual violence 6.2 0.65 4.96 7.54 0.105 1.181 1.087 1619 Moderate 2.0 0.36 1.29 2.69 0.178 1.047 1.023 1619 Severe 4.3 0.59 3.09 5.42 0.139 1.392 1.180 1619

Sexual or physical violence 29.5 1.23 27.09 31.94 0.042 1.178 1.086 1619 Injuries from moderate violence 6.1 0.73 4.62 7.50 0.121 1.525 1.235 1619 Injuries from severe violence 23.5 1.13 21.23 25.68 0.048 1.150 1.073 1619

Controlling behavior 35.4 1.50 32.49 38.41 0.042 1.596 1.263 1619 Emotional abuse 32.4 1.42 29.61 35.21 0.044 1.496 1.223 1619 Economic voilence 17.9 1.13 15.68 20.14 0.063 1.406 1.186 1619 Any form of violence 51.8 1.58 48.70 54.92 0.030 1.616 1.271 1619

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 1.2 0.34 0.50 1.84 0.293 1.640 1.281 1619 Only physical voilence 23.3 1.05 21.19 25.34 0.045 1.006 1.003 1619 Both sexual and physical violence 5.1 0.56 3.99 6.17 0.109 1.034 1.017 1619

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 1619 0.942 0.887 0.060 14.94 11.80 0.80

13.4 209

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 11.19 0.80 12.8 1619 0.959 0.920 0.062 14.32

Sexual violence Sexual 1.99 0.44 2.8 1619 1.055 1.114 0.153 3.70

Physical violence Physical 10.53 0.82 12.1 1619 1.006 1.013 0.067 13.75

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 16.75 1.16 19.0 1619 1.188 1.411 0.061 21.32

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 14.54 1.13 16.8 1619 1.212 1.469 0.067 18.97

Sexual violence Sexual 2.36 0.53 3.4 1619 1.178 1.388 0.156 4.45

Physical violence Physical 14.05 1.09 16.2 1619 1.194 1.425 0.067 18.36

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 30.26 1.11 32.5 1619 0.955 0.912 0.034 34.64

Economic voilence voilence Economic 10.29 0.85 12.0 1619 1.054 1.112 0.071 13.64

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 13.05 0.90 14.8 1619 1.019 1.038 0.061 16.60

Controlling behavior Controlling 18.06 1.12 20.3 1619 1.121 1.256 0.055 22.47

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 8.60 0.77 10.1 1619 1.023 1.047 0.076 11.62

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 10.76 1.07 12.9 1619 1.286 1.653 0.083 14.98

0.80 0.959 Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 11.19 12.8 1619 0.920 0.062 14.32

0.36 1.145 Severe 0.88 1.6 1619 1.311 0.224 2.28

Moderate 0.28 1.3 0.72 1619 0.997 0.995 0.219 1.81

Sexual violence Sexual 2.8 0.44 3.70 1.99 1.055 1.114 0.153 1619

Injuries 9.7 0.78 11.27 8.21 1.053 1.108 0.080 1619

No injuries No 13.1 15.19 10.91 1.09 1.297 1.682 0.083 1619

Severe 9.6 11.16 8.07 0.79 1.072 1.148 0.082 1619

0.47 Moderate 2.5 3.45 1.60 1.206 1.453 0.186 1619

Physical violence Physical 12.1 13.75 10.53 0.82 1.006 1.013 0.067 1619

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

Count Error (se) Error Effect (deff) Effect ® (se/r) (r+2se) (r-2se)

Effect (deft) Effect Standard Standard Estimate Design Design Unweighted Unweighted Variation Variation Upper Upper lower

Coefficient of of Coefficient Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Design

Interval

Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Table 12. Khangai region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women region, Khangai 12. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

210 Table 13. Central region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Square Root Interval Voilence type, time Coefficient of Design Design Estimate Standard lower Upper Variation Effect Effect (deft) Unweighted ® Error (se) (r-2se) (r+2se) (se/r) (deff) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 33.4 1.51 30.45 36.41 0.045 1.962 1.401 1912 Moderate 9.5 1.00 7.51 11.43 0.105 2.217 1.489 1912 Severe 24.0 1.41 21.17 26.75 0.059 2.100 1.449 1912 No injuries 19.5 1.24 17.09 21.97 0.064 1.873 1.369 1912 Injuries 13.9 1.10 11.74 16.06 0.079 1.927 1.388 1912

Sexual violence 7.5 0.79 5.95 9.05 0.105 1.704 1.306 1912 Moderate 2.8 0.49 1.85 3.80 0.175 1.703 1.305 1912 Severe 4.7 0.52 3.64 5.71 0.112 1.181 1.087 1912

Sexual or physical violence 34.8 1.56 31.72 37.88 0.045 2.058 1.435 1912 Injuries from moderate violence 9.2 1.06 7.15 11.33 0.115 2.571 1.603 1912 Injuries from severe violence 25.6 1.39 22.82 28.30 0.054 1.942 1.394 1912

Controlling behavior 39.3 1.61 36.10 42.44 0.041 2.080 1.442 1912 Emotional abuse 36.2 1.60 33.07 39.37 0.044 2.115 1.454 1912 Economic voilence 18.4 1.31 15.85 21.02 0.071 2.193 1.481 1912 Any form of violence 56.5 1.78 52.99 60.00 0.031 2.461 1.569 1912

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 1.4 0.46 0.47 2.27 0.335 2.972 1.724 1912 Only physical voilence 27.3 1.31 24.71 29.88 0.048 1.665 1.290 1912 Both sexual and physical violence 6.1 0.71 4.73 7.54 0.116 1.680 1.296 1912 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

211

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 11.72 1.03 13.7 1912 1.311 1.719 0.075 15.78

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 10.51 0.99 12.5 1912 1.307 1.709 0.079 14.40

Sexual violence Sexual 1.80 0.48 2.7 1912 1.288 1.658 0.175 3.70

Physical violence Physical 9.77 0.93 11.6 1912 1.269 1.610 0.080 13.43

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

Сэтгэл санааны санааны Сэтгэл 19.82 1.35 22.5 1912 1.413 1.997 0.060 25.13

Бие махбодын болон бэлгийн болон махбодын Бие 20.29 1.04 22.3 1912 1.094 1.198 0.047 24.40

Бэлгийн 3.66 0.56 4.8 1912 1.145 1.311 0.117 5.85

Бие махбодын махбодын Бие 19.76 1.05 21.8 1912 1.115 1.244 0.048 23.91

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 31.60 1.45 34.5 1912 1.338 1.789 0.042 37.33

Economic voilence voilence Economic 9.00 1.02 11.0 13.01 1912 1.425 2.030 0.093

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 13.11 1.00 15.1 1912 1.226 1.502 0.067 17.06

Controlling behavior Controlling 20.69 1.25 23.2 1912 1.298 1.685 0.054 25.63

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 0.77 9.4 1.156 1.336 10.95 7.91 1912 0.082

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 15.64 1.22 18.0 1912 1.386 1.920 0.068 20.44

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 10.51 0.99 12.5 1912 1.307 1.709 0.079 14.40

Severe 1.42 0.31 2.0 1912 0.972 0.945 0.154 2.66

Moderate 0.7 1.24 0.17 0.27 1.416 2.005 0.383 1912

2.7 3.70 1.80 0.48 1.288 1.658 0.175 1912 Sexual violence Sexual

8.9 10.41 7.35 0.78 1.195 1.427 0.088 1912 Injuries

No injuries No 18.4 20.91 15.84 1.29 1.453 2.113 0.070 1912

Severe 8.5 0.76 9.97 6.99 1.185 1.405 0.089 1912

1912 Moderate 3.1 4.09 2.14 0.49 1.242 1.543 0.158

Physical violence Physical 11.6 13.43 9.77 0.93 1.269 1.610 0.080 1912

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

(r+2se) (r-2se)

Error (se) Error ® (se/r) (deff) Count

Effect (deft) Effect

Upper Upper lower Estimate Estimate Standard Standard Variation Variation Effect Effect Unweighted Unweighted

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Design

Design Design Coefficient of of Coefficient Interval

Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Table 14. Central region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women region, Central 14. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

212 Table 15. Eastern region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

95% Confidence Square Root Interval Voilence type, time Coefficient of Design Effect lower Upper Standard Variation Design (deft) Unweighted Estimate ® Error (se) (r-2se) (r+2se) (se/r) Effect (deff) Count Women who have experienced violence by any partner in lifetime

Physical violence 30.3 2.04 26.28 34.33 0.067 1.637 1.279 828 Moderate 8.1 1.06 6.03 10.21 0.131 1.245 1.116 828 Severe 22.2 1.78 18.69 25.68 0.080 1.512 1.230 828 No injuries 18.4 1.29 15.82 20.92 0.070 0.923 0.961 828 Injuries 11.9 1.35 9.28 14.59 0.113 1.428 1.195 828

Sexual violence 5.9 1.01 3.91 7.89 0.171 1.521 1.233 828 Moderate 1.5 0.52 0.49 2.53 0.343 1.491 1.221 828 Severe 4.4 0.88 2.65 6.13 0.201 1.540 1.241 828

Sexual or physical violence 31.0 2.13 26.79 35.16 0.069 1.750 1.323 828 Injuries from moderate violence 7.4 1.03 5.37 9.44 0.139 1.284 1.133 828 Injuries from severe violence 23.6 1.88 19.86 27.28 0.080 1.629 1.276 828

Controlling behavior 40.2 1.57 37.12 43.28 0.039 0.843 0.918 828 Emotional abuse 35.8 2.21 31.48 40.17 0.062 1.749 1.322 828 Economic voilence 16.9 1.36 14.22 19.59 0.081 1.094 1.046 828 Any form of violence 57.2 1.71 53.87 60.59 0.030 0.984 0.992 828

Type of partner violence experienced Only sexual voilence 0.7 0.28 0.12 1.22 0.416 0.967 0.983 828 Only physical voilence 25.1 1.91 21.31 28.84 0.076 1.610 1.269 828 Both sexual and physical violence 5.2 0.93 3.39 7.06 0.178 1.449 1.204 828 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

213

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 828 1.065 1.134 0.093 16.30 11.27 1.28 13.8

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 9.24 1.44 12.1 828 1.273 1.620 0.119 14.92

Sexual violence Sexual 1.26 0.67 2.6 828 1.218 1.484 0.260 3.90

Physical violence Physical 8.55 1.43 11.4 828 1.292 1.669 0.125 14.17

Violence in last 12 months 12 last in Violence

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 18.28 1.91 22.0 828 1.323 1.752 0.087 25.79

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 15.90 1.52 18.9 828 1.118 1.250 0.081 21.90

Sexual violence Sexual 2.12 0.61 3.3 828 0.980 0.961 0.184 4.52

Physical violence Physical 15.92 1.54 18.9 828 1.129 1.274 0.081 21.97

Violence before in last 12 months 12 last in before Violence

Any form of violence of form Any 31.44 1.70 34.8 828 1.025 1.052 0.049 38.13

828 1.075 1.157 0.115 11.72 Economic voilence voilence Economic 7.39 1.10 9.6

Emotional abuse abuse Emotional 11.72 1.49 14.7 828 1.210 1.465 0.102 17.58

Controlling behavior Controlling 21.33 1.74 24.8 828 1.159 1.344 0.070 28.18

Injuries from severe violence severe from Injuries 6.87 1.44 9.7 828 1.399 1.956 0.148 12.54

Injuries from moderate violence moderate from Injuries 12.59 1.35 15.3 828 1.082 1.170 0.089 17.92

Sexual or physical violence physical or Sexual 9.24 1.44 12.1 828 1.273 1.620 0.119 14.92

Severe 0.96 0.63 2.2 828 1.242 1.543 0.287 3.46

0.22 Moderate 0.80 0.00 0.4 828 1.041 1.083 0.593

Sexual violence Sexual 2.6 1.26 0.67 3.90 1.218 1.484 0.260 828

11.69 6.19 1.40 1.983 0.156 828 Injuries 8.9 1.408

No injuries No 16.0 18.65 13.26 1.37 1.153 0.086 828 1.074

11.69 6.19 1.40 1.408 1.983 0.156 828 Severe 8.9

Moderate 2.4 3.46 1.38 0.53 0.987 0.974 0.218 828

Physical violence Physical 11.4 1.43 1.669 0.125 828 14.17 8.55 1.292

Women who have experienced violence by any partner in currnet (last 12 months) 12 (last currnet in partner any by violence experienced have who Women

Error (se) Error Count Estimate ® Estimate (se/r) Effect (deff) Effect (r-2se)

(r+2se)

(deft)

Standard Standard Variation Variation Design Design Unweighted Unweighted

Upper Upper lower

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Effect Effect Design

Coefficient of of Coefficient

95% Confidence Interval Confidence 95%

Square Root Root Square Table 16.Eastern region, Women who have experienced violence by any partner in last 12 months 12 last in partner any by violence experienced have who Women region, 16.Eastern Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

214 Table 17. Mongolia, Urban, Rural, non-partner violence by types

95% Confidence Interval Coefficient of Square Root Voilence type, time Standard Error lower Variation Design Unweighted Upper (r+2se) Design Effect (deft) Estimate ® (se) (r-2se) (se/r) Effect (deff) Count MONGOLIA Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime Physical violence 17.3 0.85 15.62 18.98 0.049 3.735 1.933 7319 Sexual violence 14.0 0.62 12.78 15.22 0.044 2.335 1.528 7319 Severe 3.1 0.32 2.51 3.77 0.102 2.447 1.564 7319 Moderate 12.5 0.64 11.23 13.73 0.051 2.702 1.644 7319 Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months Physical violence 4.5 0.42 3.63 5.28 0.094 3.037 1.743 7319 Sexual violence 2.6 0.33 1.96 3.26 0.127 3.140 1.772 7319 Severe 0.5 0.15 0.16 0.74 0.328 3.574 1.891 7319 Moderate 2.3 0.30 1.67 2.87 0.134 3.032 1.741 7319 URBAN Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime Physical violence 20.1 1.22 17.69 22.47 0.061 3.371 1.836 3663 Sexual violence 15.6 0.86 13.86 17.26 0.055 2.071 1.439 3663 Severe 3.2 0.44 2.30 4.04 0.139 2.318 1.523 3663 Moderate 14.1 0.89 12.36 15.88 0.063 2.401 1.550 3663 Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months Physical violence 4.9 0.59 3.72 6.03 0.120 2.703 1.644 3663 Sexual violence 3.0 0.47 2.06 3.90 0.157 2.775 1.666 3663 Severe 0.4 0.21 0.02 0.85 0.488 3.784 1.945 3663 Moderate 2.6 0.43 1.80 3.49 0.163 2.633 1.623 3663 RURAL Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime Physical violence 11.6 0.70 10.19 12.96 0.061 1.761 1.327 3656 Sexual violence 10.8 0.63 9.54 12.02 0.058 1.509 1.228 3656 Severe 3.1 0.36 2.37 3.78 0.117 1.575 1.255 3656 Moderate 9.1 0.60 7.91 10.29 0.066 1.610 1.269 3656 Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months Physical violence 3.6 0.45 2.70 4.46 0.125 2.106 1.451 3656 Sexual violence 1.8 0.28 1.29 2.40 0.153 1.599 1.265 3656 Severe 0.5 0.13 0.24 0.74 0.262 1.229 1.109 3656 Moderate 1.5 0.26 0.99 2.00 0.173 1.657 1.287 3656 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

215

7214 1.680 2.824 0.057 11.86 9.45 0.61 10.7 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card by and reported 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child

7.73 0.57 8.9 7274 1.714 2.938 0.064 9.98 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card by 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child

2.77 0.32 3.4 7253 1.483 2.200 0.093 4.02 child sexual abuse by non-partners non-partners by abuse sexual child

2.81 0.33 3.5 7319 1.555 2.419 0.096 4.12 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age of child violence sexual perpetrators of number

11.68 0.70 13.0 7319 1.766 3.117 0.053 14.41 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence sexual moderate perpetrators of number

2.59 0.37 3.3 7319 1.771 3.135 0.112 4.05 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence sexual severe perpetrators of number

17.09 0.93 18.9 7319 2.031 4.123 0.049 20.75 number of perpetrators physical violence physical perpetrators of number

8.67 0.50 9.7 7319 1.450 2.104 0.052 10.64 Women injured sexual severe violence severe sexual injured Women

12.57 0.64 13.8 7319 1.592 2.535 0.046 15.10 Women injured sexual moderate violence moderate sexual injured Women

17.42 0.70 2.369 0.037 20.19 18.8 7319 1.539 Women injured sexual violence sexual injured Women

2.14 0.31 2.8 7319 1.634 2.669 0.114 3.37 Women injured moderate violence moderate injured Women

2.39 0.35 3.1 7319 1.732 2.998 0.114 3.76 Women injured severe violence severe injured Women

1.71 2.6 2580 1.416 2.004 3.46 one or more child run away from home from away run child more or one 0.44 0.171

1.29 0.43 2.1 2580 1.509 2.279 0.201 2.98 one or more girls have run away from home from away run have girls more or one

0.33 0.12 0.6 2580 0.831 0.690 0.215 0.82 one or more boys have run away from home from away run have boys more or one

frequency of alcohol use alcohol of frequency 0.26 0.15 0.5 7316 1.701 2.893 0.268 0.84

9.30 0.67 10.6 7114 1.844 3.400 0.063 11.95 smoking habits smoking

45.48 2.18 49.8 464 0.939 0.881 0.044 54.15 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant while womb their in kicked and kicked who Women

6.42 0.72 7.8 6677 2.197 4.827 0.092 9.26 Women who are beaten while pregnant while beaten are who Women

0.76 0.16 1.1 7319 1.349 1.821 0.151 1.40 taking pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills taking

22.5 0.036 24.09 20.94 0.80 7319 1.643 2.700 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills antidepressant taking

8.2 0.065 9.23 7.13 0.53 7319 1.668 2.781 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills sleeping taking

17.5 0.040 18.92 16.14 0.71 7319 1.586 2.516 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 1 last in pain relief to pills taking

9.9 0.051 10.93 8.93 0.51 7319 1.450 2.104 The health situation is bad and very bad women bad very and bad is situation health The

34.4 0.030 36.44 32.41 1.02 6666 1.758 3.091 ever had abortion had ever

3.5 0.095 4.18 2.87 0.33 6666 1.478 2.184 ever had stillborn had ever

21.2 0.039 22.84 19.62 0.82 6666 1.635 2.673 ever had miscarriage had ever

83.4 0.011 85.24 81.51 0.95 7319 2.178 4.742 Pregnant women Pregnant

76.8 0.012 78.57 75.09 0.89 7232 1.784 3.183 first sex forced sex first

11.0 0.048 12.01 9.94 0.53 7232 1.434 2.058 age of first sex 17 sex first of age

87.9 0.009 89.55 86.35 0.81 7309 2.138 4.573 Women forced sex forced Women

® (se/r) (se) Error Count (deff)

(r-2se) (r+2se)

(deft)

Standard Standard Estimate Design Effect Effect Design Variation Unweighted Unweighted

lower Upper lower

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Design Effect Effect Design Coefficient of of Coefficient

Interval Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Confidence 95% Table 18. Mongolia 18. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

216 Table 19.Urban

95% Confidence Interval Coefficient of Square Root Standard Design Effect Unweighted Voilence type, time Estimate ® Upper Variation Design Effect Error (se) lower(r-2se) (deff) Count (r+2se) (se/r) (deft)

Women forced sex 86.9 1.15 84.63 89.15 0.013 4.228 2.056 3655 age of first sex 17 9.8 0.70 8.46 11.21 0.071 1.983 1.408 3609 first sex forced 76.9 1.22 74.47 79.29 0.016 3.043 1.744 3609 Pregnant women 81.4 1.34 78.80 84.08 0.016 4.359 2.088 3663 ever had miscarriage 22.4 1.18 20.11 24.74 0.052 2.603 1.613 3274 ever had stillborn 3.9 0.48 2.94 4.83 0.124 2.035 1.426 3274 ever had abortion 42.0 1.54 38.95 45.02 0.037 3.188 1.785 3274 The health situation is bad and very bad women 10.5 0.72 9.05 11.88 0.069 2.017 1.420 3663 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 18.0 0.98 16.05 19.92 0.055 2.391 1.546 3663 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 7.9 0.75 6.42 9.37 0.095 2.824 1.680 3663 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 20.9 1.12 18.70 23.10 0.053 2.767 1.663 3663 taking pills in last 1 month 1.1 0.21 0.64 1.47 0.201 1.583 1.258 3663 Women who are beaten while pregnant 8.5 1.07 6.42 10.61 0.125 4.789 2.188 3282 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant 54.4 2.78 48.91 59.95 0.051 0.788 0.888 254 smoking habits 13.8 0.97 11.84 15.66 0.070 2.790 1.670 3525 frequency of alcohol use 0.7 0.21 0.28 1.12 0.306 2.413 1.554 3662 one or more boys have run away from home 0.5 0.17 0.15 0.81 0.347 0.710 0.842 1214 one or more girls have run away from home 1.9 0.62 0.74 3.16 0.315 2.401 1.549 1214 one or more child run away from home 2.4 0.64 1.13 3.63 0.267 2.116 1.455 1214 Women injured violence by any partner or non-partner in past 12 months Women injured severe violence 3.1 0.50 2.12 4.09 0.161 3.042 1.744 3663 Women injured moderate violence 3.0 0.44 2.16 3.91 0.146 2.454 1.567 3663 Women injured violence by other in lifetime Women injured sexual violence 20.7 0.99 18.72 22.60 0.048 2.171 1.474 3663 Women injured sexual moderate violence 15.3 0.90 13.55 17.10 0.059 2.297 1.516 3663 Women injured sexual severe violence 10.3 0.69 8.96 11.67 0.067 1.871 1.368 3663 Violator number of perpetrators physical violence 22.1 1.32 19.48 24.67 0.060 3.707 1.925 3663 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence 3.3 0.52 2.30 4.34 0.156 3.047 1.745 3663 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence 14.8 0.98 12.86 16.72 0.066 2.798 1.673 3663 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age 3.5 0.46 2.64 4.45 0.130 2.282 1.510 3663 Child violence child sexual abuse by non-partners 3.5 0.44 2.60 4.31 0.126 2.053 1.433 3613 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card 9.0 0.81 7.44 10.62 0.089 2.879 1.697 3626 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card 11.0 0.86 9.28 12.66 0.078 2.704 1.644 3581

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

3633 1.260 1.588 0.063 11.26 8.78 0.63 10.0 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card by and reported 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child

217 3648 1.206 1.454 0.066 9.60 7.41 0.56 8.5 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card by 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child

0.36 3.3 3640 1.233 1.521 0.111 3.99 2.55 child sexual abuse by non-partners non-partners by abuse sexual child

Child violence Child

0.37 3.3 3656 1.244 1.547 0.111 4.02 2.57 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age of child violence sexual perpetrators of number

0.63 9.5 3656 1.300 1.690 0.067 10.70 8.22 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence sexual moderate perpetrators of number

0.40 3.3 3656 1.338 1.791 0.119 4.10 2.54 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence sexual severe perpetrators of number

0.76 12.4 3656 1.389 1.929 0.061 13.91 10.93 number of perpetrators physical violence physical perpetrators of number

Violator

0.57 8.3 3656 1.246 1.553 0.069 9.41 7.17 Women injured sexual severe violence severe sexual injured Women

0.61 10.8 3656 1.198 1.436 0.057 11.96 9.54 Women injured sexual moderate violence moderate sexual injured Women

0.68 15.0 3656 1.153 1.329 0.045 16.33 13.65 Women injured sexual violence sexual injured Women

Women injured violence by other in lifetime in other by violence injured Women

0.27 2.2 3656 1.104 1.219 0.123 2.70 1.65 Women injured moderate violence moderate injured Women

0.28 3.0 3656 1.000 0.999 0.094 3.56 2.44 Women injured severe violence severe injured Women

Women injured violence by any partner or non-partner in past 12 months 12 past in non-partner or partner any by violence injured Women

0.52 2.9 1366 1.144 1.308 0.179 3.95 1.89 one or more child run away from home from away run child more or one

0.52 1.241 1.42 2.4 1366 1.539 0.212 3.46 one or more girls have run away from home from away run have girls more or one

0.18 0.7 1366 0.765 0.585 0.241 1.08 0.39 one or more boys have run away from home from away run have boys more or one

0.09 0.2 3654 1.096 1.201 0.373 0.41 0.06 frequency of alcohol use alcohol of frequency

0.39 4.4 3589 1.150 1.323 0.090 5.15 3.61 smoking habits smoking

2.35 38.2 210 0.698 0.487 0.061 42.84 33.52 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant while womb their in kicked and kicked who Women

0.48 6.5 3395 1.132 1.282 0.074 7.48 5.59 Women who are beaten while pregnant while beaten are who Women

0.24 1.1 3656 1.354 1.833 0.209 0.67 1.60 taking pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills taking

25.8 27.47 24.21 0.83 1.141 1.301 0.032 3656 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills antidepressant taking

8.8 9.83 7.68 0.54 1.166 1.359 0.062 3656 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills sleeping taking

16.6 15.10 0.75 0.045 3656 18.07 1.225 1.500 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 1 last in pain relief to pills taking

8.8 9.77 7.88 0.48 1.022 1.044 0.054 3656 The health situation is bad and very bad women bad very and bad is situation health The

19.9 21.34 18.48 0.73 1.060 1.125 0.037 3392 ever had abortion had ever

2.8 0.31 1.201 0.110 3.45 2.22 1.096 3392 ever had stillborn had ever

18.9 20.45 17.43 0.77 1.139 1.297 0.040 3392 ever had miscarriage had ever

87.4 0.90 2.692 0.010 3656 89.14 85.58 1.641 Pregnant women Pregnant

76.7 78.68 74.78 0.99 1.411 1.990 0.013 3623 first sex forced sex first

13.3 14.74 11.86 0.73 1.298 1.684 0.055 3623 age of first sex 17 sex first of age

90.1 0.81 2.723 0.009 3654 91.73 88.52 1.650 Women forced sex forced Women

Upper (r+2se) Upper lower(r-2se) (se/r) (deft)

Error (se) Error (deff) Count

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Estimate ® Estimate Variation Variation Design Effect Effect Design

Standard Standard Design Effect Effect Design

Unweighted Unweighted

Coefficient of of Coefficient Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Interval Confidence 95% Table 20. Rural 20. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

218 Table 21. Region-Ulaanbaatar

95% Confidence Interval Coefficient of Square Root Estimate Standard Design Unweighted Voilence type, time Variation Design Effect ® Error (se) Effect (deff) Count lower(r-2se) Upper (r+2se) (se/r) (deft)

Women forced sex 87.0 1.60 83.81 90.10 0.018 3.133 1.770 1394 age of first sex 17 9.6 0.95 7.71 11.46 0.099 1.421 1.192 1360 first sex forced 77.2 1.69 73.82 80.49 0.022 2.213 1.487 1360 Pregnant women 80.9 1.86 77.22 84.56 0.023 3.148 1.774 1401 ever had miscarriage 23.2 1.62 20.05 26.45 0.070 1.837 1.355 1243 ever had stillborn 4.1 0.66 2.79 5.37 0.161 1.370 1.170 1243 ever had abortion 43.7 2.14 39.47 47.90 0.049 2.316 1.522 1243 The health situation is bad and very bad women 11.1 0.99 9.12 13.03 0.090 1.401 1.184 1401 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 18.7 1.36 16.06 21.41 0.073 1.702 1.305 1401 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 7.7 1.04 5.68 9.78 0.135 2.123 1.457 1401 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 20.3 1.56 17.20 23.34 0.077 2.102 1.450 1401 taking pills in last 1 month 0.8 0.27 0.28 1.34 0.333 1.263 1.124 1401 Women who are beaten while pregnant 9.0 1.51 6.02 11.96 0.168 3.448 1.857 1243 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant 57.7 3.40 50.93 64.42 0.059 0.444 0.667 95 smoking habits 16.3 1.34 13.62 18.91 0.083 1.759 1.326 1326 frequency of alcohol use 0.9 0.31 0.33 1.54 0.328 1.420 1.192 1401 one or more boys have run away from home 0.3 0.19 0.01 0.64 0.722 0.626 0.791 456 one or more girls have run away from home 2.3 0.87 0.57 4.02 0.381 1.552 1.246 456 one or more child run away from home 2.6 0.90 0.80 4.32 0.350 1.463 1.210 456 Women injured violence by any partner or non-partner in past 12 months Women injured severe violence 3.1 0.69 1.71 4.44 0.225 2.248 1.499 1401 Women injured moderate violence 2.7 0.59 1.53 3.87 0.220 1.877 1.370 1401 Women injured violence by other in lifetime Women injured sexual violence 21.6 1.33 18.95 24.19 0.062 1.465 1.210 1401 Women injured sexual moderate violence 15.7 1.22 13.30 18.10 0.078 1.572 1.254 1401 Women injured sexual severe violence 11.0 0.94 9.10 12.80 0.086 1.266 1.125 1401 Violator number of perpetrators physical violence 24.6 1.84 20.95 28.19 0.075 2.556 1.599 1401 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence 3.5 0.72 2.11 4.96 0.205 2.148 1.465 1401 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence 15.3 1.33 12.66 17.89 0.087 1.910 1.382 1401 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age 3.6 0.64 2.38 4.90 0.176 1.633 1.278 1401 Child violence child sexual abuse by non-partners 3.5 0.61 2.35 4.74 0.171 1.458 1.207 1361 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card 9.5 1.12 7.25 11.67 0.119 2.034 1.426 1383 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card 11.6 1.20 9.22 13.96 0.104 1.904 1.380 1348 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

219

865 1.223 1.495 0.126 12.25 7.38 1.24 9.8 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card by and reported 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child

1.21 8.8 865 1.253 1.570 0.137 11.15 6.40 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card by 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child

0.78 3.9 867 1.185 1.404 0.199 5.48 2.39 child sexual abuse by non-partners non-partners by abuse sexual child

Child violence Child

0.84 4.2 867 1.240 1.538 0.202 5.81 2.50 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age of child violence sexual perpetrators of number

1.38 11.8 867 1.258 1.583 0.117 14.55 9.11 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence sexual moderate perpetrators of number

0.73 4.0 867 1.095 1.200 0.184 5.38 2.52 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence sexual severe perpetrators of number

12.23 1.95 16.1 867 1.564 2.447 0.121 19.92 number of perpetrators physical violence physical perpetrators of number

Violator

1.23 8.3 867 1.308 1.710 0.148 10.70 5.88 Women injured sexual severe violence severe sexual injured Women

1.45 12.5 867 1.290 1.664 0.116 15.38 9.67 Women injured sexual moderate violence moderate sexual injured Women

14.36 1.70 17.7 867 1.310 1.717 0.096 21.05 Women injured sexual violence sexual injured Women

Women injured violence by other in lifetime in other by violence injured Women

0.76 3.0 867 1.306 1.707 0.252 4.52 1.52 Women injured moderate violence moderate injured Women

0.68 2.8 867 1.212 1.468 0.241 4.20 1.50 Women injured severe violence severe injured Women

Women injured violence by any partner or non-partner in past 12 months 12 past in non-partner or partner any by violence injured Women

0.97 304 1.054 1.110 0.368 4.55 0.73 2.6 one or more child run away from home from away run child more or one

0.78 1.7 304 1.056 1.115 0.462 3.23 0.15 one or more girls have run away from home from away run have girls more or one

0.54 0.9 304 0.973 0.947 0.572 2.01 0.05 one or more boys have run away from home from away run have boys more or one

0.12 0.1 867 1.024 1.049 1.005 0.36 0.05 frequency of alcohol use alcohol of frequency

1.05 7.7 849 1.151 1.324 0.137 9.80 5.64 smoking habits smoking

50.85 4.09 59.0 54 0.606 0.367 0.069 67.11 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant while womb their in kicked and kicked who Women

1.35 6.8 805 1.520 2.309 0.199 9.42 4.12 Women who are beaten while pregnant while beaten are who Women

0.42 0.9 867 1.351 1.824 0.492 1.70 0.03 taking pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills taking

24.4 27.28 21.48 1.47 1.010 1.020 0.060 867 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills antidepressant taking

9.61 5.78 0.97 1.075 1.155 0.127 7.7 867 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills sleeping taking

16.88 12.03 1.23 1.031 1.063 0.085 14.5 867 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 1 last in pain relief to pills taking

0.143 7.5 9.66 5.41 1.08 1.202 1.445 867 The health situation is bad and very bad women bad very and bad is situation health The

23.5 27.37 19.70 1.95 1.303 1.697 0.083 805 ever had abortion had ever

4.0 0.998 0.173 5.36 2.64 0.69 0.999 805 ever had stillborn had ever

18.9 21.45 16.35 1.29 0.937 0.879 0.068 805 ever had miscarriage had ever

88.4 92.03 84.76 1.85 1.697 2.881 0.021 867 Pregnant women Pregnant

74.9 78.82 71.04 1.98 1.341 1.799 0.026 866 first sex forced sex first

16.1 1.324 0.089 18.89 13.23 1.44 1.151 866 age of first sex 17 sex first of age

91.0 93.80 88.18 1.43 1.467 2.151 0.016 867 Women forced sex forced Women

(deft) Upper (r+2se) Upper lower(r-2se)

(se) Variation (se/r) Variation (deff) Count

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Estimate ® Estimate Design Effect Effect Design

Standard Error Error Standard Coefficient of of Coefficient Design Effect Effect Design Unweighted Unweighted

Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Interval Confidence 95% Table 22. Eastern region Eastern 22. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

220 Table 23. Central region

95% Confidence Interval Square Root Standard Error Coefficient of Design Effect Unweighted Voilence type, time Estimate ® Design Effect (se) Variation (se/r) (deff) Count lower(r-2se) Upper (r+2se) (deft) Women forced sex 89.9 1.19 87.55 92.25 0.013 3.157 1.777 2013 age of first sex 17 13.9 1.07 11.79 16.00 0.077 1.907 1.381 1997 first sex forced 75.9 1.57 72.86 79.03 0.021 2.683 1.638 1997 Pregnant women 86.2 1.35 83.52 88.84 0.016 3.092 1.759 2015 ever had miscarriage 21.7 1.20 19.36 24.09 0.055 1.580 1.257 1860 ever had stillborn 2.6 0.46 1.66 3.48 0.179 1.572 1.254 1860 ever had abortion 35.3 1.57 32.19 38.37 0.044 2.002 1.415 1860 The health situation is bad and very bad women 8.6 0.72 7.16 9.99 0.084 1.334 1.155 2015 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 18.7 1.10 16.50 20.83 0.059 1.605 1.267 2015 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 8.1 0.78 6.59 9.65 0.096 1.635 1.279 2015 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 21.9 1.03 19.84 23.91 0.047 1.255 1.120 2015 taking pills in last 1 month 0.9 0.16 0.56 1.20 0.184 0.608 0.780 2015 Women who are beaten while pregnant 7.0 0.76 5.48 8.47 0.109 1.648 1.284 1860 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant 37.8 3.91 30.07 45.62 0.103 0.847 0.920 131 smoking habits 9.7 0.82 8.08 11.32 0.085 1.522 1.234 1967 frequency of alcohol use 0.3 0.13 0.10 0.60 0.362 0.922 0.960 2013 one or more boys have run away from home 0.5 0.30 0.05 1.08 0.594 1.294 1.138 734 one or more girls have run away from home 1.9 0.70 0.51 3.27 0.372 1.947 1.395 734 one or more child run away from home 2.3 0.77 0.81 3.83 0.330 1.898 1.378 734 Women injured violence by any partner or non-partner in past 12 months Women injured severe violence 3.1 0.46 2.19 4.00 0.149 1.421 1.192 2015 Women injured moderate violence 2.7 0.43 1.83 3.55 0.162 1.453 1.205 2015 Women injured violence by other in lifetime Women injured sexual violence 16.9 1.11 14.76 19.14 0.066 1.769 1.330 2015 Women injured sexual moderate violence 13.1 0.92 11.33 14.95 0.070 1.486 1.219 2015 Women injured sexual severe violence 8.9 0.90 7.18 10.72 0.100 1.989 1.410 2015 Violator number of perpetrators physical violence 16.7 1.26 14.21 19.16 0.075 2.285 1.512 2015 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence 3.1 0.57 2.01 4.25 0.182 2.158 1.469 2015 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence 11.6 0.90 9.87 13.40 0.077 1.572 1.254 2015 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age 4.6 0.51 3.60 5.61 0.111 1.195 1.093 2015 Child violence child sexual abuse by non-partners 4.5 0.50 3.54 5.52 0.111 1.168 1.081 2007 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card 9.3 0.88 7.60 11.05 0.094 1.826 1.351 2012 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card 11.2 0.98 9.30 13.15 0.087 1.917 1.385 2004

2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

1686 1.051 1.104 0.078 11.13 8.15 0.76 9.6 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card by and reported 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child 221

0.69 7.9 1701 1.059 1.121 0.088 9.25 6.52 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card by 15) (< non-partners by abuse sexual child

0.51 2.8 1687 1.269 1.609 0.183 3.76 1.76 child sexual abuse by non-partners non-partners by abuse sexual child

Child violence Child

0.50 2.7 1703 1.268 1.607 0.183 3.72 1.74 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age of child violence sexual perpetrators of number

10.34 1.19 12.7 1703 1.475 2.175 0.094 15.03 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence sexual moderate perpetrators of number

0.47 3.2 1703 1.106 1.223 0.148 4.08 2.23 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence sexual severe perpetrators of number

11.26 0.97 13.2 1703 1.182 1.397 0.074 15.07 number of perpetrators physical violence physical perpetrators of number

Violator

0.71 8.1 1703 1.073 1.152 0.087 9.54 6.74 Women injured sexual severe violence severe sexual injured Women

11.06 1.09 13.2 1703 1.331 1.773 0.083 15.36 Women injured sexual moderate violence moderate sexual injured Women

15.06 1.16 17.3 1703 1.264 1.597 0.067 19.63 Women injured sexual violence sexual injured Women

Women injured violence by other in lifetime in other by violence injured Women

0.50 2.8 1703 1.251 1.566 0.177 3.84 1.85 Women injured moderate violence moderate injured Women

0.41 2.8 1703 1.016 1.033 0.144 3.65 2.04 Women injured severe violence severe injured Women

Women injured violence by any partner or non-partner in past 12 months 12 past in non-partner or partner any by violence injured Women

0.57 1.5 619 1.142 1.305 0.368 2.65 0.42 one or more child run away from home from away run child more or one

0.55 1.3 619 1.203 1.447 0.418 2.41 0.24 one or more girls have run away from home from away run have girls more or one

0.12 0.2 619 0.657 0.431 0.574 0.45 0.03 one or more boys have run away from home from away run have boys more or one

0.11 0.2 1703 1.152 1.327 0.700 0.38 0.06 frequency of alcohol use alcohol of frequency

0.58 4.2 1666 1.193 1.423 0.140 5.30 3.01 smoking habits smoking

29.94 3.17 36.2 98 0.649 0.421 0.087 42.52 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant while womb their in kicked and kicked who Women

0.63 6.8 1567 0.989 0.978 0.093 8.00 5.53 Women who are beaten while pregnant while beaten are who Women

2.0 0.223 0.44 1703 1.301 1.692 2.82 1.10 taking pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills taking

27.9 30.15 25.59 1.16 1703 1.066 1.136 0.042 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills antidepressant taking

11.54 8.48 0.78 1.067 1.139 0.078 1703 10.0 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 1 last in pills sleeping taking

1.196 1.431 0.062 1703 18.1 20.30 15.90 1.12 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 1 last in pain relief to pills taking

9.9 11.32 8.48 0.72 0.993 0.987 0.073 1703 The health situation is bad and very bad women bad very and bad is situation health The

1.140 0.045 26.7 29.09 24.38 1.20 1.068 1558 ever had abortion had ever

4.18 2.12 0.52 1.179 1.391 0.166 1558 3.2 ever had stillborn had ever

18.1 0.97 0.985 0.053 20.03 16.21 0.992 1558 ever had miscarriage had ever

2.024 0.014 86.3 88.65 83.98 1.19 1.423 1703 Pregnant women Pregnant

75.8 78.42 73.17 1.33 1.278 1.633 0.018 1683 first sex forced sex first

15.28 11.25 1.02 1.238 1.533 0.077 1683 13.3 age of first sex 17 sex first of age

91.43 87.01 1.491 2.223 0.013 1703 89.2 1.12 Women forced sex forced Women

Upper (r+2se) Upper lower(r-2se) (se/r) (deft)

Error (se) Error (deff) Count

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Estimate ® Estimate Variation Variation

Design Effect Effect Design

Standard Standard Design Effect Effect Design Unweighted Unweighted

Coefficient of of Coefficient Square Root Root Square

95% Confidence Interval Confidence 95% Table 24. Khangai region Khangai 24. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

222 Table 25. Western region

95% Confidence Interval Square Root Standard Error Coefficient of Design Effect Unweighted Voilence type, time Estimate ® Design Effect (se) Variation (se/r) (deff) Count lower(r-2se) Upper (r+2se) (deft) Women forced sex 85.6 1.09 83.49 87.77 0.013 1.277 1.130 1332 age of first sex 17 6.2 0.63 4.96 7.46 0.102 0.915 0.956 1326 first sex forced 79.4 1.19 77.01 81.72 0.015 1.155 1.075 1326 Pregnant women 82.1 1.27 79.57 84.58 0.016 1.465 1.211 1333 ever had miscarriage 19.3 1.59 16.19 22.46 0.082 1.954 1.398 1200 ever had stillborn 3.0 0.52 2.01 4.07 0.172 1.111 1.054 1200 ever had abortion 17.0 1.35 14.33 19.63 0.079 1.544 1.242 1200 The health situation is bad and very bad women 8.6 0.82 6.99 10.23 0.096 1.147 1.071 1333 taking pills to relief pain in last 1 month 12.2 0.97 10.32 14.12 0.079 1.159 1.077 1333 taking sleeping pills in last 1 month 7.4 0.74 5.96 8.86 0.099 1.053 1.026 1333 taking antidepressant pills in last 1 month 22.7 1.33 20.07 25.31 0.059 1.344 1.159 1333 taking pills in last 1 month 1.1 0.38 0.37 1.89 0.340 1.759 1.326 1333 Women who are beaten while pregnant 7.0 0.78 5.44 8.53 0.112 1.135 1.066 1202 Women who kicked and kicked in their womb while pregnant 43.5 4.69 34.16 52.77 0.108 0.760 0.872 86 smoking habits 2.5 0.45 1.59 3.38 0.183 1.112 1.054 1306 frequency of alcohol use 0.1 0.11 -0.06 0.36 0.715 1.021 1.010 1332 one or more boys have run away from home 2.1 0.51 1.10 3.13 0.243 0.596 0.772 467 one or more girls have run away from home 3.5 1.06 1.44 5.59 0.300 1.532 1.238 467 one or more child run away from home 4.7 1.05 2.65 6.80 0.223 1.149 1.072 467 Women injured violence by any partner or non-partner in past 12 months Women injured severe violence 3.5 0.51 2.51 4.52 0.145 1.027 1.013 1333 Women injured moderate violence 2.7 0.53 1.69 3.79 0.195 1.422 1.193 1333 Women injured violence by other in lifetime Women injured sexual violence 13.4 1.02 11.41 15.40 0.076 1.183 1.088 1333 Women injured sexual moderate violence 9.2 0.94 7.34 11.04 0.102 1.408 1.187 1333 Women injured sexual severe violence 8.6 0.87 6.93 10.36 0.101 1.282 1.132 1333 Violator number of perpetrators physical violence 10.4 1.06 8.34 12.52 0.102 1.606 1.267 1333 number of perpetrators severe sexual violence 2.7 0.56 1.55 3.76 0.211 1.622 1.274 1333 number of perpetrators moderate sexual violence 7.5 1.03 5.44 9.50 0.138 2.047 1.431 1333 number of perpetrators sexual violence child of age 2.1 0.39 1.30 2.83 0.187 0.988 0.994 1333 Child violence child sexual abuse by non-partners 2.0 0.39 1.29 2.81 0.189 0.989 0.995 1331 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) by card 7.5 0.75 6.01 8.97 0.100 1.068 1.033 1313 child sexual abuse by non-partners (< 15) reported and by card 8.4 0.82 6.79 10.00 0.097 1.137 1.066 1311 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

223 2.1 2015 1.322 1.749 0.199 2.98 1.30 0.43 Moderate

1.10 0.21 0.23 0.7 2015 1.265 1.601 0.347 Severe

Sexual violence Sexual 3.24 1.49 0.45 2.4 2015 1.317 1.734 0.189

Physical violence Physical 5.50 2.70 0.71 4.1 2015 1.606 2.579 0.173

Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months 12 last in other by violence experienced have who Women

12.83 9.56 0.83 11.2 2015 1.180 1.392 0.074 Moderate

4.11 1.95 0.55 3.0 2015 1.439 2.071 0.181 Severe

Sexual violence Sexual 14.34 10.75 0.91 12.5 2015 1.237 1.529 0.073

Physical violence Physical 17.90 13.24 1.18 15.6 2015 1.464 2.143 0.076

Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime in other by violence experienced have who Women

CENTRAL REGION CENTRAL

4.12 1.22 0.74 2.7 867 1.345 1.808 0.276 Moderate

0.85 0.03 0.21 0.4 867 0.924 0.854 0.471 Severe

Sexual violence Sexual 4.64 1.43 0.82 3.0 867 1.402 1.966 0.269

Physical violence Physical 3.7 0.214 5.28 2.14 0.80 867 1.239 1.535

Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months 12 last in other by violence experienced have who Women

14.25 8.81 1.38 11.5 867 1.273 1.622 0.120 Moderate

5.30 2.46 0.72 3.9 867 1.100 1.211 0.186 Severe

Sexual violence Sexual 17.13 11.21 14.2 867 1.610 0.106 1.50 1.269

Physical violence Physical 18.38 11.39 1.78 14.9 867 1.468 2.154 0.119

Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime in other by violence experienced have who Women

EASTERN REGION EASTERN

1.33 0.59 2.5 0.236 3.64 1.410 1.989 1401 Moderate

-0.10 0.30 0.5 0.618 1.06 1.607 2.581 1401 Severe

Sexual violence Sexual 1.63 0.64 2.9 0.222 4.15 1.433 2.053 1401

Physical violence Physical 3.46 0.81 5.0 0.160 6.63 1.378 1.898 1401

Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months 12 last in other by violence experienced have who Women

12.32 1.21 14.7 0.082 17.09 1.279 1.637 1401 Moderate

2.14 4.55 0.61 3.3 0.183 1.273 1.620 1401 Severe

Sexual violence Sexual 13.90 1.16 16.2 18.49 1.183 1.399 0.072 1401

Physical violence Physical 18.73 1.70 22.1 0.077 25.41 1.530 2.340 1401

Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime in other by violence experienced have who Women

ULAANBAATAR

lower(r-2se) Upper (r+2se) Upper

Design Effect (deft) Effect Design (se) Variation (se/r) Variation

Voilence type, time type, Voilence Estimate ® Estimate Design Effect (deff) Effect Design Unweighted Count Unweighted

Standard Error Error Standard Coefficient of of Coefficient Square Root Root Square 95% Confidence Interval Confidence 95% Table 26. Region 26. Table 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia

224 Table 27. Region

Square Root Standard Error 95% Confidence Interval Coefficient of Design Effect Unweighted Voilence type, time Estimate ® Design Effect (se) Variation (se/r) (deff) Count lower(r-2se) Upper (r+2se) (deft) KHANGAI REGION Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime Physical violence 12.4 0.90 10.60 14.14 0.073 1.269 1.127 1703 Sexual violence 13.3 1.05 11.21 15.33 0.079 1.625 1.275 1703 Severe 3.0 0.45 2.12 3.89 0.150 1.184 1.088 1703 Moderate 11.7 1.07 9.62 13.82 0.091 1.874 1.369 1703 Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months Physical violence 4.1 0.65 2.80 5.35 0.159 1.836 1.355 1703 Sexual violence 2.0 0.40 1.16 2.76 0.206 1.448 1.203 1703 Severe 0.2 0.11 0.04 0.46 0.428 0.775 0.880 1703 Moderate 1.7 0.39 0.96 2.51 0.226 1.531 1.237 1703 W ESTERN REGION Women who have experienced violence by other in lifetime Physical violence 10.1 1.02 8.05 12.09 0.102 1.544 1.243 1333 Sexual violence 8.4 0.97 6.51 10.33 0.115 1.626 1.275 1333 Severe 2.3 0.44 1.44 3.17 0.190 1.130 1.063 1333 Moderate 7.2 0.97 5.32 9.14 0.134 1.869 1.367 1333 Women who have experienced violence by other in last 12 months Physical violence 3.6 0.51 2.62 4.61 0.140 0.982 0.991 1333 Sexual violence 2.6 0.55 1.54 3.71 0.210 1.585 1.259 1333 Severe 0.4 0.22 0.04 0.83 0.559 1.652 1.285 1333 Moderate 2.2 0.51 1.22 3.23 0.230 1.609 1.269 1333 2017 National Study on Gender-based Violence in Mongolia 225