Overview of Cultural Resources on the Hanford Reservation in South Central Washington State

0010419

OVERVIEW OF CULTURAL RESOURCES ON THE HANFORD RESERVATION IN SOUTH CENTRAL WASHINGTON STATE

David G. Rice

Report submitted to Richland Oper at ions U.S. Oepartment of Energy

Co ntract No. RL- E-30-0043

1980 FOR.EWARD

In conjunction with the development of energy facilities ac Hanford the U. S. Department of Energy and the Washington Pub lic Power Supply Sys t em have funded studies of archaec lcgical and historical sites on project lands.* This report is a s ynopsis of significant cultural resources found in { connection with general De:::,artment of .Snerc;y c •J.l t u ra.l. resource ,. inventory studies and includes finds associated with construc tion work ac the Wa shington Public Power Suprly System's Hanfcrd Generating Plane, and the WNP-2 and WN ?-1&4 nuclear power planes.

[ This study is an overview of 13 years of archaeo logical inventory and site evaluation 'Nor k conducted by one inves t i gator at t he Hanfo rd Reservation , Wash ington . The results of this work in cl ude the following: lJ} * the inventory of 115 archaeologica l s i tes the identification of Juild i!1as and structur es of Jos s ible histor ic sign i f ic;nce

* the listing of nine ar chaeolog ic al and hi stor ic districts and s i tes on th e ~ational Req ister of Hi stor ic Places; one ;n ore district is pe !1 ding t he identifiotion of sites of im;J ortance t".l loca l Native Ameri cans

* the subsur face eva luation of one hi s tor i c s i te and two ~r ehistoric s ites; recovery of one site * recommendations for further ar chae".l lo9 ical inventor•; and site evaluat i on wo r k J

*~his work has been enabled by the provisions o f the federal ~ntiquities .:I.ct (Public Law 59-209 ) , the ~l acional Hisc8ric Preservation Act (Public Law 89-665), the Na~ional Environ ment a l Policy Act (Public Law 91- 190) , t he ~r=haeoloqical Consez:-vacicn Act (Pub lic Law 93-291), the :'-.rchaec:logical ~eso urces Pr otecticn ~ct (?ublic Law 96- 95 ), Executive Orcer 11593, and correspond i ng Sta te codes. TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWARD • i

:.IST OF FIGuRES. V

LIST OF TP..BLES xiii

H-,TRO!JUCTION . 1

E~iV!RONMENTAL SETTING . 3

Location and Physiography 3 Hydrology Climate . 4 '.:;eoloc;y . s Vegetation. Mammals . 1 1 Birds .- . 13 :ish and Shellfish. 13

ET~!-!CG?_;PHY OF T:fE H.. L:.J.\J"FO~.D ?..EAC:i

~:::'.C:fN!Gl..L .::..P?RC,J...CH . 39

Literature and ?iles 3earc~ ~rchi val Scudies. 39 Infc r.:ia :-.c I n ter·: iews. ., "\ Field ?econnaissance. ~-...1 Evaluation of Sices . Some Terms and Definitions.

HISTORY OF ,J...RC:iAEOLCGIC.;L WOR.'< .

::=::arl y Wor'< . 45 , ARCH;.EOLOGICAL suavEYS AT ri..~cORD . "'" ' :-iork Sponso.red by the Washinqton ?ubEc ?ower Sup;;ly S·:'scem Other Surveys . S-i Survey SarnE)ling Strategy . 56 ?atterns of Site Locations . 58 Future Archaeological Survey Efforts. 58

iii

-·----- · --t- ·, a-, ...... _ C~LTURAL RESOC?.CES AT HAN FORD. 59

Significant Finds . 64

Vernita (45-BN-l57A&B) 64 Historic War.apam Com~onent. 67 Cayuse Phase Component. 67 ?renchman Springs Component 67 Vancage Phase Component -, -,_

45 -BN- 143. -,I - Log Scruccure (45-:R- 266) 72 45-:R- 265. 73 E~dson Bay ~ouse . 79 Cobblestone Warehouse. 21. ¼?PSS Han:ord Generacing Plant (45 - aN - 179 & 180 ) 31

Ei.storic ·,Jar.a;;am C-:im;:onenc. Cay ~e Phase Component. ?rench~an S9rings Compone nt 85 Vantage ?hase Componenc . 85

-!S - 3N - 257. oS

Sym:hesis o: Loca.l ?re:--.L;tory 94

~!ATIGNAL ?.EGISTE~ SITES. 10 0

1 i I :-1..;:,fAG ::::-lDIT CJNS:i:DE:?.ATIONS . .L...l.. ~

..\?'.=E:NDIX A l.29

•• !"'• ··-- - .• ___._ _,. ,_ ,~ ...... - . ----~~-- - LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1. Major cultural and natural features on and around the Hanford Reservation. 2

2 . Geologic cross-section of the Hanford Reservation taken from the base of Rattlesnake Mountain to the White Bluffs 6

3. Areal extent of late ?leistocene flooding in the Columbia Bas i:1 8

4. Dauoe:Unire's (1970) steppeland ,,egetation zones in the Columbia Basin. 1 -,

5. Timing and intensity ( in numbers ~er day ) of contemporary anadromous fish runs. 14

6 . Lewis and Clark 's 1805- 06 map showing the Columbia Basin 1 - drainases and t~e location of the Sokulks - I

7. Wana~am et:rnic group location and villages .

8 . An 1850's view o f Old ?or~ Walla Walla (Fort ~ez ?erces ) a: the mouth of the Walla ~alla River. 29

Graph illustrating t~e decline of t~e f~r :race after :he e:trly 18JO's. 31

10 . ?reeman's ( _95~ ) ma ? of ear:v roads in Eastern ~ashingto n, including White 3luffs Road . 3 3

11. Areas on the Hanford Reservation where archaeological surv~ys were conducted b y ~=- Rice, 1967- 1980 .

12 . Gener:tlized cress-section of Einterland microen'lironments : 6

13 . Overview of the Vernita Site (45 -3N- 157A&B) looking west sou-ch west. 65

1-L Representative stratigraphic section from the Vernita Site (45- SN - 157A). 68

15 . Cayuse phase 9r ojectile ?Oints from Vernita (45 -3N-l5 7A) 7:J

16 . Cayuse ?hase s::rat=iers :rom Vernita (-'iS -BN-l.57;;) 70

V :igure __.__Paoe

17 . c'.:::enchman Springs project:ile pair.ts f::- om l/er:1ita (45-aN-l57A) 71

18. Frenchman Springs phase knives from 1/e::-nita ( 45 -BN- 157A). 71

19. 1/antage phase projectil e points from l/er:1ica ( 45-BN-157Al 73

20 . Vantage phase projectile points from 1/ ernita ( 45- BN - 157A) 73

21. 'lantage phase knives from Ve.:::nica (45-BN- 1S7A).

22. Vantage phase edged cobb l es frcm Verni:.a ( 45 -3N- 157A) ..,, ..,.

2 3 . Enamel ~are pot from 45- BN- 14 3 which con:.ained cac he o f reccangular scone sinkers . 75

2~ . Ename l ~are pan from 45-aN-14 3 which concained cache o f r ec:.angular scone sinKe rs 75

-, ~ _ ::,. ~ectangu'..:r stone s i nkers :rorn c aches a t 45- 3N- 1• 3 .

~6 . Gooved cobb l e nee ~eigh:. and rectang~lar s inke::- :::-oc .;,S -aN-~.;,3 caches. 7G

27 . Ch i?ped s:.o ne bifaces :.:::om a c ache at 45-3N- l4 3

~9 . Ch i pped s tone bifac es frc8 a cac he a:. ~S -3N- i.;, ~ .

29. Lateral ?iew o f the log st.:::ucture at East ~hi ce 3 lu:fs l anding

i<. .:. ·1er l a r.d

J l. Overview o f t:C,,e WP?SS Hanfo rd :3 ene.:::atin,; ?'..anc s i te ( .;,5-:: tl- 179) l eaking norcheast. 33

32 . Represe n= a ci ve s cracigra~hic sect i o n == ~m c~ ~ Han : o r i Generat~ng Pl ant s ite (45-BN- 79) %

33. Cayuse ph ase p::-o j eccile ~oints from 45-3N- l79 and clay ?i~e stem f.::: cm historic Wa na;:,am. :38

3• • Cayuse ~h ase net s i nkers from ~5-BN- 179 38

35 . Frenchman Springs 9rojectile 9oints and k~i:e from 4 S- 3N - l 79 . :3 9

36 . Frenchman Sp rings keeled sc.:::a ~er from 45-SN- 179 . 5 9

. .,. --,-- -- ...... -~ .•• •. -•-... -. _ _ ,..,__'C-,,...,_ ....~~ - ...... ~ ..• - - · - ··--··- - --- .•--

xii

37. Vantage phase knife, Cascade point, a nd Cold Sp r i ngs s ide notched point :rom 4 5-BN- 179 . 90

38 . Vantage phase edged cobble from 45-aN- 179 90

39. Plan view of the cons tr1.1c tion site Ear :.;ppss r,-lN P- 1 & 4 _?urnp - house and water i ntake system 91

40. The lower fragment wa s part of a Chinese ceramic rice bowl recovered from the WPPS S WNP - 1 & 4 water intake system and pumphouse . The upper piece shows the appearance of a complete specimen . 9 2

..a. Ex~osed n.eart:1 area recovered during t:..e WP PSS WNP - 1 & 4 pump house and water intake constructio n (45- BN - 257) 93

42. Correlation of cultural and natural units a.c 45- aN - 157 a~d ~ 45- 3N- 179 95

..;3, Sty listic reconstruccicn of projectile ;:cint fems il~•..1scracing the lccal culture sequence at Hanfo r d . Specimens are deri~ed :ram ~5- 3N - 157A a~d 45- 3N - 179 9~

~~. St·_,·!.istic sequence for the :'!iddle Co.!.ill':".bi3. re~i-J:--, s!:.owi:1g che connection between culcural phases and ?rajec':i~e 90: r.c

:'c r::1s e

Locations o f archaeological sites at Hanford where signi : icant finds have jeen made. 98

.:l6. r:!-.:-oded L; land _;rc:-.aeol:Jgical Dis-:.!."i.C4: 10 1

47. Sa.?age :sla.nd Archaeological Dis tric,:

48 . Han.ford Is l ari.d .::i.rchaeological· Jistrict. 103

49. Hanford North ~rchaeological District 10 .:l

50. Locke Island Archaeological District. l 'JS

51 . Wahluke Archaeological District . 106

52 . Ryegrass Archaeological District . 107

53. ?aris ;i.rchae•o1ogical Distr ic': .

54. Rattlesnake Sp r ings Archaeological Dis:rict :. og

SS. Snively Canyon Archaeological Distric': . 1 :..J' "

~ • --:-~"'~"'Mtt=,,....~---""-"'-'--':X:X:.•:.::•••:.:.• :...;• =-~=c.:.•~':::,:•••v~•~:::•:c.:.:~~•:...:•.::..••-=-~ •=-=-::•..::•~ :::.••·~-=::'.••••=--::.- .:..-:.:.•.:::-••..::•~:::~:,-:•.:..--:.~_:•:..:•• ~•••.:··=-•~• _•:::·:.."?: •,,..: ••-=-" - -~•-~111>!' ..... •• LIST OF TABLES

Table

Time a nd Geologic E•,ents, ? l iocene c.o Holocene Epoc:-.s, Pasco Basin . 10

2. Adult ;..nadromol!s Fish ? a ssage at P=iest P.a;::ids Darn and Estimated Ch i nook Salmon S9awning ~ear Hanford . lJ

3. Av.<:rage Annual Catch o f Columbia Ri•,e.r Sal mon by 5- Year Periods, 1366- 1940 . 15

-! . List of \vanas:am 'lillages and ?lace ,-lames . 19

5 . Arc:1aeological surveys ac Hanford (1967- 20) ~,!Q-

6 . ~ar:d:0~s Sarn?led in Arc:-:.a.eological Surve'_ls Conduc t ed oy 0 Dr . Ri c e 0:1 the ~an:ord Reservation l968- i980 . JI

Recoried ~rchaeological Sites located o n the ~a~:ord L Re servacio :1, _is.:ed oy -: Y9e . 00

8 . ?hys ical Descr i?ti on o f Sedimencs ac ':je Ve r ~it:a Sice ( ~::-:3N- l57A).

9 . St:::-ati.:icat.:.cn From ':he ..:..ZC :aul2.dozer C...:t ac Thl4-:-.b's nome sc~ad ( 45- cR- 26 5 ) 3C C l :'; . Phvsica;.. Jes.::!"i?t.:. on o f 5edimencs 3.t t ~e ~v7!? SS ~ar:=ord ~ e r ~ ~=~~ - g ?2.a~c ( -!S - 3N - i73). 0 1

ll . 3ices :rem -::-:.e ~a~fo .rd Rese.r~ation :ist:ed ~n ~:1e ~ac.:.o:1al ~egis ce.r o f ~istoric Places .

xiii

. ·· ·-·· ~• ., - -

rnTRODUCTION

This re?on: constitutes an overview of the cultural resources on che Hanford 2eservation in south-central Washington State. The purpose of the study is to provide an up-to- date des cription of che cultural re sources that will be useful Eor planning future conscruction projeccs and a.lso to guide the management of known sites. The Hanford Reaci1 0:: Columbia ~iver, which ::lows through t'.1e Hanford Reservacion, 1s t he last free- flowing segment of Columbia River in the li nited 3taces . !t. contains cultural resource val•.ies that are unique and of :1ational significance. This sciciy is limited to existing i.:1formacion relating to tne c•.1lt·.1ral resources of t:1e study area and emphasizes t:1e areas suc,eyed and t.:1e general locatior., known characteristics and si<;ni :icance of the cultural resources identified. As : u ture pro j ects a::-e i:n:?lemented f •..::-cher studies •,1ill be required to _?c:; v1.de det:ailed si ':e descri;,tions, and site-by- site e•,aluaticns and recor.u:1endacions bas e,:: u;on s ystematic surface investigations and/ or subsu:-face test excava t ions. u T::e ::ia;0r sources of information used :or t:-ie ;::-esent s:·.1d:, :ire derived fro~ the ?rofessi.onal l iterature :or the reg i o n and :re~ reco rds c hecks ac state archaeological de?ositories anri r ecord cence:.-s a= =::e ~ashingcon ~r:haeol cgical Research Center in Pull~a~ . Llni versicj c : : iShingcon in Seactle, and the 3tate Df:ice of ~rchaeology a nd ~istc ri: ~ reser~r.3.ti.c n :.n Ol yT:l9ia . Of e•=:..1.al i:n;,orc.a:1ce ~o ::-:is st:.L:d y ·.vas 3. i e- t~iled ;erso nal k~owledge of the scudy area of the auc~or, i ncluci~c his research ~ater:als derived :rem the 3mithscnia~ :nst:c~cion , Oregc~ rtistorical 3ociety , and t:,.e "1id- Co lum.bia .;rchaec l c (; :.cal So ciety.

~he conclusions of this study are based u; on c~e best availab l e i. n fo ~acic :'.. :-::e l e•.rel o f ~nowledge ~out the s~eci:i·: c·.1 i c·.1r;;. l r e s ources identi:ied, howe~e~ . is net great and is bound co change ~i=n o ngoing s~~dies. S1ilisurface excavations have been conducted ac o n::

O' e i 1.; h~ sites cu ~ 1:,f l.13 si~es ide~tified 3.t nanfc rd. C~ronoiogy a:--.C culcural sequence are wor~ed out only to rudimentary levels. Studies in site :unc~ion have onlj been suggested. Archaeclogi.cal sc~dies ac ~~"~~p ~ ~r 0 o nly at their inceotion.

l 9 I . I

S..

~,~. ~,~.:~'"Pr ~i~~~.,)k;,·•~;!V •--~ ...... _. . . .• { . .·. . . . . / Sand Dunes /

Juniper fo1esl

llanfu(lf lownslle

Columbia niver i N WNP-2 / l:~~:'. I

Iv Proposed Ben ....._ f1ankll11 Uam lt 30(}

Columbia - Hlvur

Snake fllve1

WA SIIINGION

Ito, :;o I loason llllls 0 ~xlmaleA,ea IJeS<:J II.J11

I' i ,1. I . Mo1 .i <1r c 111 I 111 · o1 I .11,d 11 , il 111 ·, 1 l ft • .t11u; I"-. IH I <1t1 d , u · (11 u H I Iii, • l/,1n/-o, ·tl l?t ••,a, · v.1I inn . r... -·. \t'•'! ·f .' ,, ; I• t~!r•:'~ 1,. , •"11. •1 ..... \l"l't ~ l•Uf ;_\~. .-,c:,;, II

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The U. s .,, De?artment of Enerqy's (JOE) Hanford Reservation occupies about 570 mi- in the south central ?art of Washington State in the heart of che Pasco Basin (Fig. l). The area lies between 46 18' and 46 l8'N. Latitude, and 119 17' and 119 52' W. Longitude. rlt the present time the Hanford Reservation is divided i:1to two parts separated by the north ~est-southeast trending State His~~ay 240. The l.00 Area reactor sites, cje 200 Area chemical separations planes, and the 300 rlrea laboratories are located to the north and east; the Arid Lands 2colosy ?reject, ad ~1.nistered joi:1tly ::,y the DOE an;:: Battelle-Northwest, is located to t:.e south and west. The Hanford Reservation was established in 19~3 by the '.-!an:1attan District of the U.S. Army Cc rps of Engineers and administered after 1946 ::, y the U.S. Atomic ~nergy Commission and its successors, the Energy Research and Development rtd.'tliniscration ar.d the Department of :::ner,:;y. It cakes ir:s name from c:1e earl/ t•,1entiecr1 cent:..1 ry vil.l.ac;e o f cia:1ford, but the ad.'tlinistracive ::enter :or Richland Operat.:..cns is located at Richland , ~ashington .

()

The study area discussed ir chis report is lccaced in the scu~h central :_:,art of \·ia snington St3.::e ;.:-. ::he ?Orticn o: -:.:: e C:ol·..:...-:-c::iia :L.·:er valley re:erred to as the ?as::o 3asi::. -: :1. e n.or~h '::,,·! t ~: e Saddle :-to un~a.i..---.5 ?..:-:C. 8ent.ine::.. ~a.~, =h.::-ougr. ·.-1hic:"·i ~:~.e Col:..H!'.bia ~i•.r er :lows. The ·,.; ester:: :::argi:c o : t:ie ?ascc- 3asi:1 is : o r::-.e·.::. ~y ~mtanurn !<.idge, ·lakirna ct.iic;e, 3.~C. ::he Rat:-clcsr~a k -= :-il.lls, s~ee~ :3.:.C.. roe~; r:.dges o f ar:.d land risi::g co an elevation o : ~p to 3110 :t 1~ above near. sea level (~S ~ ) . ?.i'ler at the southern limit o: ::he s:::udy area. T0 =~e so~t:1, ~all~la I c- c ~c of ~he Pascc aasin. The east2r:1 ?art of the study area ccns~sts oi -:he :'1!"':.ite 3luf:.s, Pliocene-?l2i3:.ocene i=.-1

1 ':'he ?3.s co Basin is a smal l ;;art o: tne Col ..:.rnbia 3asi:1 and lies a::: II ic:s base (?reeman, ?o::-rester, and Luphur 1945 ) . ':':-:.e Cvl'...i.rr.bia 3asi:1 is I the ::::-air.age course of tne co _1..:..,~ :.a ?.iver dra.ina;e s yscen and :.s com posed of thick ~iocene basalts ::a?ped with aeolian, al:~v:.al and lacust~i:--le sedimenCs. At it3 Dase in t:'le Pasco 3asin ~he ele-:; ac.ion o f ct:e Cclum.oia 3asin is about 3:JQ :t: MSL. I:1 general, ,,alleys ar.d shallow basins, wide terraces, and 3.-luv.i.al slopes have de~elc ped al.ona the course of the Columbia Ri'ler and its cri'.)uta:-ies. !:1 many areas t::-ie Colu..-nbia ?.iver valley ::.s sneltered and ti::;'."1t.'..::• enclosed :J "f

_____ ,, ·---:-, _._ - ,·-:-:.~ 1;..-:-:r:.,":".' , \ f i I higher lands. We.st of ~hei~-Colurnbia rtiver r•.1gged hills and ri.cges grade t into the Cascade Moun ta.ins. Channelled sc.3.blands forr:1ed by ancient i glacial period floods are ir.terspersed with pothole lakes 3nd broad s,lains to the east of the Colunbia Ri •ler ·✓alley, forming an ex?ansive arid steppeland Nhich extends into t~e rolling ?alouse Hills and ultimately joins the northern RC?.,_cky ~ountains in Idaho. The northern perip~ery o: the Columbia Bas{n is fo?:1T1ed by the Okanogan Highlands which extend into Canada. To the south, the Columbia 9asin includes the Umatilla and John Day drainages in north central Oregon and skirts the 9lue Mountains.

Hvdroloqy

Perhaps the most important environmental feature of the ~anford Reservation is the Columbia River, the only major water resource within the study area. The river ranges from 400 to 600 yd wide and from 10 to 40 ft. deer. The lor.g ter::i annual average flow rate is 120, 000 cubic f2et/ second (cfs). ?resent day l:::iw flow periods in sum.mer, fall, and winter may drop to 80,000 to 90, 000 cfs, whereas peak flows duri ng the spring runof: may r~nge :rom 160,000 to 33 0, 000 cfs (U.S. Governr:1ent 1975b ) . The maximum recorded :load ?eak is 093, 000 cfs : :::i r ~he ::oc ~ of 1948. The :load c f 189~ was che gre~cest : load o E the early his I I torical ?eriod, but its rate of : low ~as not recorded. Th i s ?Ortion o f t he Col1.:.-:m:.a rti·1er is significant as ti'.e last :ree-:l ow i ng st:retc h o f Columbia River in the United States ~nd also ~s the sin~l e masc im?orcant e nvir=~~ental element of che area throughout histOrf and prehistory .

Climate

The climate of the Hanford ~eservati 0n has been =eco ried s i nce ~91 2 and is characterized as mild and dry wi:~ cc2as~cna l ~ericds of hi qh wind

( U.S. Go vernme:,.: 1975b). T!'.e averace ::1axi.m-...:...-:i te~::)erat'.l r e:: in J u l 1, and - . 91 ,.., o"' d ~,... -o- . . . - . . - ..J .;~u.:;.:r y 1s __ o ... a:-1 .:,o. , : . , -..,nerea.5 :.:1e at.reraqe ::l..1:1.1mu r:i. te~t=,er3.c.ure in July and January is 61.0°F. and 22.1°r., res?ectively . The daily te~perature range is about 30°r. in July and abcuc 17°?. i n J a~uary. Si x winters in 58 of record show a total of _6 davs with :e~oeratu res - 20°?. o r below. SL.:..'n.rner :r.aximum temperatures vary f~om 100 °2. ~o l l5°F. Only two summers in 58 of record registered lvC~F. or above :or 11 consecutive ciays.

The average annual precipitation is 6.25 in. and 42~ of this prec i pitation occurs i:,. November, December, ar.d .;a:-:'.lary (u.S. Go vernment 1975b) Thuncierstor:ns average 11 days per year :rom ~pril through Sepce!":'.ber, often accom~anied by hail ranging i n size :rom 0 .2 to C.3 i n di ame:ar. ~ecorj rain=al l·in a thunderstornt was 0.55 in. ~n 20 minut:es on 12 J une l9G9. The area has a lightning strike fre~uency of one strike per ~6 1ears =or a struc~ure with dimensions of JO by 35 m with a height of 10 m and with a t!":understorm frequency of 11/ yr.

In the averaae 11ear about 200 da•, s are sunnv with 99% of foggy days falling between O~to;er and ~arch. P~eci?itatio~ :allows a bimcdal 2 'l!'"✓ e with 2. 64 i:1. falling in November, Dece!tl!)er, and January and . ·- :

~~---·-«• * o/..,... ..•... . ·. ·~! ... ·, . -~ ·: .· .. ------5

1.02 in. falling in i'iay and June. About 45% of or ecipitation during December through februa::y is in the :or:n of s now. Only one ·,1inter in eight can expect an accumu lation of as much a s 6 in. o: snow on t~e c rcund. The average m:.'!".l::>er of days with snow on the gro•1nd is five. _:;,verage re - ative humidity range s frcm 31.8% in Jul:/ t.o 80.4% in December . .-3 ,.;..--:uner dr ought.3 have lasted as lor.g a s 81 ::ons ecuti·,e days wit:1out ::1ea.s:.i.rab le precipitation. During the winter :nonths , sudden , warm , and dr-:' we s t •,1inds called "Chinooks " occur east of t he Cascades (U.S. ~ove:-runent. 19,Sb ) . Thes e chinooks have the effect. of rapidly me lting ;;r.ow and some ti.'11es result in temporary local : loading . Soc al e:

..:..verage r:lonthly wind spe eds ra.-,ge from 9 :nph in the su.'TllT1er co 5 r:iph in the wi:1.::er wi.c:h 1::1e prevaili:-.c; tNind direction ~~~1'i - NW (U. 3 . :overr.ment 1975b) . The sc:-ongesc winds, however , are from the SW. ~he hishest ooserved wind gust at the ~anford ~eteor0iogy Station was 30 m;:-h on 11 January 1972. Small , vi gorous whirl·,1i:-.cs _2.l~ed "cius: :_ ,., c.evils " of::en s;;iral dust into the air an a ver2.ge 0 f 6C0 ft; they :nay r~r.ge from 10 to 100 :t. in d~amet.er. Within a 100 ~i r2.di~s o f the ~ar.ford ~eteorology Station 14 tornados have been r ecorded since 1916 . T:-:e ::iaximum wind s9eed is esc~maced at 175 mph. ·.•;ind is arc :::var.:..:!o ;_e L ::"-= a.t.:.1 !:"e o f t::1e :-ia ~.:or= e:1·v :.ron.me!1t.

::eoloqv

The ?.3.s.:-o ~asi:-1 is .!.aca.ted w.1.~.i.:.:; : he CS>l'J...rri.bia 3asc.l~ P:.a :=: a. 1...:, ::r:e o : :he ~orld 's great.es= cont.i~entai a== umulacions o ~ jasal :ic ia7:3. ::ow s ( ~ .3 . ~overnmenc: 197Sb) . These Terciary lava ~lows are known :0::aliy ~:; =:1.e Col:..:roia ~i'1er 3asalt .:;rou;; and c:1e y are es::i::::a:ed to :::e 1:,: _~• :: '::: 1.ck . The mosr:: rece nc of chese basal : fio~s is ~no~n as :::e ~a~ :ma 3as;:.lc !:"v:-mc.c..:. o n ·.v hi .:h : -:) ~ .s rtat:l.es:--.:..ke >Iuun c..;.:. n. , '!aK.:.rr-.a ?..:.i s e, :.;:.:c.=.:1 1~-n ~idqe, Gable 3 u ::ce, Gable :-:c:.1.rit:.=.i:1., ar.d c~e .3 ::tdC.le :-!ou:-1::air.s t ~ig. 2. ) These ex9osed bas a -=ic ~pl~nds ~ere si?ni~icanc 1.:: ?re~:3cor~ :or ?roviding ridge cop trails ~o r travel, pi::nacles ~o r re i g ious observances (Relander 1956, Rice 1962b) , and s=one :ool lit:1.ic s our=es (~a:m and Hartmann 1979) :or 09a_ice, o~alized wood, acace , c halced~ny, and vitrophyre (~ice 1968b , Schmincke 1967) .

Superimposed u;;on r::he ·ia~:ir:.a Sasalt Fo r::iatio n is the ~ingold : o r:r.a tion (U .S. Government 191 5b ) . sedi~ents bec~een one and two cil:io n years old derived from t he aggrada :io n of the ancestral Colun'lb i a Ri 11er at an alticude o f 3.bouc l C·•JO :c. Socally t he Ringold ?o macion reser.~les lake ie~osits and sontair.s lar g e a~ounts or vo_canic -debris. T~ese are ~ani:es= :~ :~e ;~h~te 3lu :f;; ·1is i~le on t~e east. bank o : the Col'.lmbia ~i •.rer . Cnce the a.1cest.ral Col-..unbia ~iver inc:sed through '::1.e Eorse Sea?en Sills .lt: '.·ial l•Jla Ga;, ::::e ri'ler a!:oded ':he Ringold ?or.nacion sedimer.:s as it gradua l l y changes i :s course across tje Han:ord ~eservation towards :he ncrc~e 3.St and develo9ed a gently sloping land surface at an altitude c ~ 600 :: in the ,. )

. · • . . • . . · -· Gtac1ult . . . uv14 1 5tdunro1 s· : · ,j Cofumb1j Hr•t• , 600 ) 40(1' .i O> 200

F i g. ) fit!O]OPi C _ ~ cro~s - sec t i . . ll,e l1c1 s e or l{.1 1 t I J un of the l/ ,111fu1 ·<1 llp ' . fro111 Jont'~ tn I IJ esn.:1ke Mou11t., iri l o ti • -,s t.:rvdl 1011 Luken fro,11 · ' l t:<1cn 11 ( ·l 'J66) · te rJlitte Bluffs· . Ad apted

'I .. · ····- · ~-' ~ ...... 7

~esc and ~00 fc in the east. ?ortions of the u?9er members o f the ~:.ngold formatio n in the ~hice 3luffs contain faunal remains o: :c.::- c·,1si n<; ma:nmaJ..s a.1d co.1stit:.:te an important paleontological .::-e sot.: .::-i::e .c-1 s ca:.;;on 19 73)_.

The loess ?alouse Soils are poorly represented since a :na~ o r ·.;.:1.::::or.for.nit:y is present between the ,hngold ?or.nation and overl'j ing :::.acio.::luvial sedir:1en::.s {l; .3. ':;over:unent 1975b). 'I'!ie glacioflu•✓ ial ~~;osits are derived from both t!":e Col•..1.11.bia Rive r and the floods ,,1nich : '.) r.ned the channeled scablands d;.iring the late ?leistocene. 'I'hese :J..:::,ods of catast.::-o~hic magni tude emanated from ,::;lacial Lake Missoula ;:1d o~~er g'acie.::-- darraned lakes and re9eatedly scou.::-ed the ?asco 3a3in :~eating a widespread uncon.::o:::-:nity.

Ac le.1st two c: t:1e :::.cods •,1e.::-e of giqanc:.c ?ropor':ion, invc~ ring :.:: esti::r.aced 300 mi 3 o f ·,1.:i.c-=.::- ·,1ith a calc:.ilaced :naximur:i :::.o,.., ~ar:e !:Je : ·.-1 eo=n 9 ar.d 15 mi 3:· h.::- (3a~er 19,aa, 1978b; ,).S. Gove.::-:1menc 197:ib , 1·::J7Gb ) :' :--. e earliest :na:or :loading in c:1e Pasco Basin 9robably o ccurred :.,et:..;eer. 32 , JCO and l Q,000 ~ears ago, but: two of t:1e larges:: .::locds have been ia:ed ac becwee~ 13, 00J : a ~0 , 000 yea.::-s and bec~een 12, 00~ to 13,00C ~ea=s, .::-es9eccively. T~e ear~ier of ~:1 ese :loads rose ':o a~ouc _,2- ~ ~= above ~ea~ sea level a:-.d the :.atter to about: • CO Et above ~ean sea 2..:2 ~:e: as ::3. ::onse,~ue~ce :) : :--~yd .:- a.L!lic .::.a::irning at: :•i2.ll 1-1l::t 1-;a9 anC. Cu·~·:-:-

!.:-i.q ::-out c:-..e :lcods :cea.c:--"~e'= a :.e v·el c: 3..l:0 1.1 1: 7C 0 :'=, ~1-.:1: i.ce-:-a.::.=2ci. ~rra~ics and =~i.1 si!: de;csi:s are ::Jund c~ 1,2JC =~ above sea !evel.

•.::-e si!:s ar.d :i:-.e sanes : hdt =epresenc tex;ora.::-y _a~~ sec.i~enc3 a:::~u :-. .::. :::-'.e basi:: ,..,.,.--:·~:: : o al:it:1des of abot..t :. ,2~0 .:::.

So~e : lcod:ng con ::.~~ed :nee : he ~olocsne, bu: less ~v•-re-=-~~ ~n s c ale t~a::. l.n ec.!'2.:.~r :..:..::i.es \ :'!:",!:

;:,e!"iod, a.bout _; o:;G ::ec.rs .;.qo, a :iew erosi.onc.~ :·;c2.c Oe·;an \Vi-::' ~:'1e .±.n crease in strea._rn flottJ and t!'le .:'or7:lation of p:-e5enc ::.ocC. :,).:. 3. ~ :-: ::~~s and aL.uv:.al -::er.races. :-ia~ o r recer:t floods i:; :.jis conc:n·..1u.~ :..n,:_ ;.ic:e =~e : loads o : 1894 and 1948 . Alt~ough miner i :1 cornparison : o c~e ~:0ods a: the lace ?!~iscccene, -::hese :loods a::::-e che greates:: :loa ds ~ecorded in o:.ir :ime .

~he significanc~ of :hese :loads :or 3r~~aeology i.;; =~ :.:.ni':. cne :n.a:

------4 j --- -,- 9 ;

WASHINGTON . j I I Rathdrum I Prairie I I

,:'

I I

I, Snake nlver I

lleav1111 • Wall a Walla ------OREGON

/\n•:11 ex t1'11l nf litle l'lc: i ':. L() !'t:11 e floodi11q 0 10 20 3 0 40 IL--_ _._l _ __. _ _ .__..... I I in L11 c~ l'ol11111lii .1 II.s in . /\cJ.q, l.t~d fr11111 (111/la:,) ll. '> . C.ov1•1 · 111111•11l l•J/ 1> h . S e al" I ·•>•.,.• •·••'l'•,._ ,.,M•...,.,,,.-,.,, , ,,,,,_,,.,...~ 9

found from the edge of the Columbia River at about 350 ft up to a n 2 levation of about 500 ft c anr.ot be earlier than approximately 8000 years, and undistur:ied s ices found between 500 ft and 900 ft cannot ::,e earlier ::ha:1 about 12,000 years. sites found between 900 ft and 1,200 ft could be as early as 18 , 000 to 20,000 years, and s ites above 1 , 200 ft have no clear maxim~~ limits to their ages.

Following the deposition of glaciofluvial sedi~ents from flooding, che Colunbia River began cutting i i:s '.:Jase level ar.d grade to the non::h east at a race c f up to one ft/ y r (U .S. Government 1975b) . Several terraces were formed in the process o : the eastward shift of t :-ie river. 7hese are most apparent in the southern pa.rt of the Sanford Reserva tion about 1 to 3 mi sout:--,wes t of the lands leased to the Washington ?ublic Power S;.ipt'.)l y System a nd near t:1e ,ast ,lux '!'est ?acility ( ?:'!':) One terrace lies at an altitude of SOO t o 400 ft a nd anc~:-:er at 400 co ..;-10 ft; bot:1 parallel the Columbia Ri,,er ac a distar.ce of 4 to 5 mi . Recent aeoli an materials, colluviurn and alluvium cap ~~e previous sedi ~ents in varying thic~nesses.

~ft:er the eastwarj shi:c of the Colt.:mb ia ~iver t o its prese nt course, wind act i o n es:abL.. shed two sets o f dunes iu .S . Gc'1err.rne:--,t 19750). The :i.rs: set f:::rms a beli:: i:::1at extends f:::-om Co .:. d and '.Jc, C:::-eek •,alleys eas:::·,.r ard :o t ile Cc l'..l!:lbia River s out:-. o r: t'.-:e :12.r. : or.:. Townsit:e . T~ese i~nes r3.nge : o r fou:::- mi _es alocg t he ~es: bar.~ cf the ri..,e r. _; 5eco~C. g :-0 1lp o f d unes _:es ~ec·Nee!1 1::--'.e :': o :::-n ~= t:.e Yakima ~~?er a~d North ~ichland . 30th sets o f cu~es a p?arently developec. 40C C c:o :3000 :.,'e a.rs ago dt.:ri.:1g 1:::1.e ;.. _ci :::h e.:-ma!, -" --l'ri•·'" ; - ?eriod or c; reacer ·,.rarmch ar:d c. r·,r ness chan today .

At least four vcl::anic ash beds are known i:1 :he ?a s co 3asi:1 t hat 1. occur in i.a :::e ? leistccene and Holocene deposits (U. S . :ove r nrnenc !97~b) :"!'le earliest of these ~ecs , a dou.iJla-banded la1·er abo•..r t O. 5 in . ::: hi ,::k each, is assoc iated ~i.:::h the las : g lacial Lake ~isscula :!cod de~csit. I 30 th bands c : ash ~ere o riginally : '.-:ought tc ~ave ~~en e:ec ted f:::-c~ I : lacie:::- ?<::ak i.:1 ::he :;c r c:-. Casc ac.es ~ou<:: 12, 000 yea rs ago, :., u t i::: :-.ow I ap9ears i:hac the l o~er ba:1d o: ash wa s de rived :ro~ the erup tion o : ~t . St . Helens th •: ~as nearly si~ul:aneous ~ith that o : :lacier ?eak I (U.S. Gove rru;-,enc l 9 7Sb ) . T:-ie double- layered •1olcar.ic as['. is con:air1ed •..;ithin c'.-le crps:ermost part o f :he : :!. ood deposits to an alt ::.. cuc.e o f '3 SO co 900 :t ar.d above t~ac: i n a eolian sediments. 7hese volcanic ash la:_: ers a re sig ni:icanc i :--, ::hat they idenc:i:y t ·.e de?osits ar.d he::.. ::., hi:: of the l atest ma j or :load. The mcs t extensive ash bed in the ?as co 3asin is chat :::-om ~t. ~!azama (Crater Lake, Oregor1 ) _aid dcwn at ::..eas::: 6,600 years ace (Fry xell 1963 ) . The ~azama ash jed averages about 6 i n . t:-i i ck and .:.s cor:tained i:1 st:::-eam deposi t ed sands ::::ielow an altit'..!c.e o : a.bout • SO :::: o r in aeol .:. a:1 sedimencs above thac ele

TABI..2 1. Time and Gecloqic Eve~ts, Pliocene to Holocene S?ochs, ?asco aasi~ ( from U.S. Gover~me nt 197Sb :!I. 3-2-16) .

:.l,(. : 0 ')( - -,~ ) 31" (. _: •: ~I I'_ ' :1 f •. ;) ·: oo,~,. , .. :. , r, :. ; ,0-·. · ·- ~--~ -~) ._.:. ·. ~ , -. ,: 1·. :,

::.1. : 4Sl ) C-1: ) :. ·.~:. ·.:, ·> )~ ; . :.: ;- :. ; Ct;.: _,= :• . :. .~~- )" ·.; .::. if:,• , (f , ','. I •. 1 ' .' !. '.' .:, ; I , , ,:. ) ~ , , ._

~, , _·,·:7 :CJ, :-.• ·: :.\ " . :. =: t ,·.:..:.:·.,..a. !._ S l :.~ .._ · ·: :., ., ., ::, ·. 1·. g :. ) . •. . . ::\. =.·.: :~ ;c .:.:-.£l. )j ~::,:; ; ~~ ~ :. l · i; vol : ,: t ·. ; 1·.: .:.·.: s.. ::) i-. ~

~~ •_::: 11· '. C; ~ .. :. 1~ ~ ~ ~~ :., : ,_J , .:. 1. ,.: , 1',1AT£ .:.::; _. ·: :..:. ,_•• •:: .·. :. · ·:.:..:•.·.:: ~ ::;;c.i:., ::, ~ v: : ~, :·.. ·: ·• .:: :, .1:) •.-, ~ u I

? :. ! ! ' , ; •. ::, ; ._, ,,:J S \ I I :::~ c....,:• :£JS S\ ) : ..:. : :. )~ ~( Pw1 ,: rl_ 0C~ ~ ::- ; -y ,~ ~- .:. : ! l. t - I, .,xy 1 .,_ .i.-: t •: :-; :i c-..... , =css !3".."' 'J.S•: ~ : ;,11J!: _S ~c- ;~;-.: z ;;~• .1 l! '. :..; ~ ~

: _:..,JS ;;f';N :;;,_ :. ( _..:. _ _ .:.,t v1ss0 :..::. .:. .:. •, r, _!.!t[ S :c ~~ N[S 1

; E.:. ; s .i. i.. s :·1 1~rr:i ~,._ ..:. c: ; .:. ,._ ~~ .;; ,oos

-::~r 1•~v(~ UH ICi. : ·~~l L: PUFi , .,C 3>S :~1NC

~ISGJlJ fva.UTl 'J'i ••;O : .:::,.~1-..;. ~7 :_y 3~ C'N5 1'-t C ~NloYALS IN j i-f ,ssc.,;»n:o ~t GiON ; l'•G.. CJ,\i.R~l'!S

\~l:.i. lOi P·•t ~')c,crsT 3• SAI..! '.t"~\,t\,l fl ~ Cf ' ;.( ;-'SAL~ '" ~0005 ;~ ·.v1S c:Jr:#,Y..;. £L[?l"'A~ 3£ (; ;.•;,•,. J"-,G i..f .11"'1•( t :.'..:,.l u ?'.I FT A..HO \A OIJ:-lT AIN ~NO ~AQO G,\?I 1•1C~t~) i!IIG ;CA..C>..~1 C ~CT I V I TY IN TH£. CASCA0£ ~ANG:

l' b

------:1

The contempo rary vegetation o n the Ha n ~o rd Reservation con s ists ::: rimarily o f eioht k:r.cis o f s h r ub- step~e plant communii:ies •::: harac::erized ;~ the fol lowing plant s~ecies (U . S. Government 1975b, ir . 3-G-10- 14 ) : l) sagebrush, bluebun~h ~heat; rass, 2) sagebrushl cheatg rass o r s agebr:..:s h/ 3an~berg's bluegrass, 31 sagebrush-bicterbrush/ cheacgrass, 4) g reasewood/ ::::-.e:i.tgr::1ss - sal.tgrass, S) Winter::at/ Sandber•J 's bbegra~s, 6) th'j:ne ::,uci<·,,.hea;:/ 3a:1dberq's blL:eg rass , 7) cheatg rass - cumble mustard, and 3) •;1illo•,.•. The ~e st broadly dis tributed of these ?lani: communities on the ?. a nford Reser ,;.=.::ion a re the 5agebrus h/ cheatg.::- ass or sag ebr·.1 s h/ Sandcerg' s bL:egrJ.ss :=;.:.a:1c cormnuni t y , fol lowed c lcsel y by t::e sagebrush- bit terbr·.1s :-, / chea t gr .as s :-:ant comrnunit 1 . Willow vegetat ion is mostly l i~iteci to the r i?arian sec.ting of t he Co l'..h"!lbia River a. ,,•::. a long ?er:nanent S?ring cc•.1r5es in t!".e ~attlesnake ~ills . T~e contempo rary vegetation i5 markedly di fferent in ~: ant t vpe from the o rigina l pre- ~ur oamerican co~tact plant species. In ~ar::icular, cheatgrass and o tjer annual ~eeds were introduced cc the area :' .rom the ster;:es o : '.::u.ras i a in the lase ce:1 cur y . T·.1mbl.eweed i s ancc:-ier ~!ar. ·_; c : che changes in 9lanc cor:t.'Tl UI"'. .i:: 1.e s over cne 13.sc l~O 1ears have occurred because o f exte:1sive fires and overg razi~g by ::..:.•;escock .

T he o ri~ :. nal ::l.:in.:: com..~u:1iti.es in t: h e Col:..rrnb .:. a 3as i:-. r.ave :Jee!'"l The vegecacic~ =one which cha.rac ~erizes t he ~.rigi ~ai ?iant s~ecies o f t~e ~an : c rd ~eser~acion accord.i~q c:: Da!_:..=enmire i 3 ~::.e _;r~err:isia. r::-.:. de:"':.tac 3.-As~cs:··/ =::):-~ .: sr:.'=, 3a~e:J!:"·..:3;'1 a.~::

-- ..... -- • ~ 0 :~~ -~~ !_.!. • • ::; s-ac..:I_ . 1...,,..::: ... V-- -= .:,..;.-,;-:;...,- - ---r-us.___ ~L - ~u..., r.•--,...·•,r.-• • ~ -r~ss- - has :)e'==-- ~:e~-2:~..:.:---.eC. :: -:; :)e 2..:::ic'..lc _ _:t ) ; ., :n- ( Jaub-=r,~:..:-e l.~7·'J : il ) . c,: some i..:npor1:3.r,c:e .:..s c:-.e :";.,:: ::.:\2.: ::c,:c. :=~3.:-!':5 lit\.e ca:.-las , :...:c·...: 3e, :) i -:~1::!"r oot., -~ :.ld ca!"' :' ".)C: ~r.:::. ·,..r .:.:..:: rJr. :. o n ::..:-~ .:: .3.~1= i~ ~~is ~eseca:ic:1 =one , i ndicacing i:~at ~ative ~eo;:les whc cc~su2e~

·..:= •=·~ ec~!1oq :- 3.~~i-: 3. r...: :~is ts:-:.::a: 3ources ( ~elar.~e~ 2- 0': ,S; ?.os3 ::-o~ ) -: :-:e --~.i.=.nd -3.re as : :> i:::'= ::o!:"tr"°!',•iCSt o : :.~e C•:)1W7..C ia ~i·~·e:- s.nC. a.s :" a!' 3.3 :~:~ K:: :~::3s Va l ley c~r.cai~ed :~~o r::::.~c r oot dig~ing c .r ou~ds ~s ed ~.- ! ~dia~s i·..i:-:.~ ~ tie s~rir: c; a:--.-i early s:J.rn ...'ite!:".

::;v •,.: er:unenc :. 97 50, : I . 3- G- 1 3 } i:"!c~11de rabbits, gro·..1r.d SC: '..l i.r:--:=~s, r:-1i..:e anci si"'.re·.vs . Ot:s,e.r l-::ss :r,2cue,,t small ::ia.r:i.":1als a.re r .::.cc:,on , bea?er a~c:. ~uskrac, rats, ~i~k a~d weasel, bobcat and badger, coyote , gc~ier, ?Orcu- ~ i:--~e 3.nd skunk .. r;.ur.al :--emalr.s :-ecove~ ed :°::-:Jm arc:1aeologi::a..:.. sit.es i:---. :.~.e Ccl:....:::'..:Jia Sasi:i. re~rese:11:. : :1 e. :1bove apec ies, '.:Jut ai.50 incl:lde 3.n t.::= lo:::i e , bisc~ :3.r-.d :)iq-ho r:1 sr'.ee9 as ~a~•; e garrte marrmals i:n~crtant. ~o au~sis~ence .:..:1 :=·r-eh :. .-; :. c!:"·.:· (Jal..::uest l 'H2; •J s::, or~e ~95 3; '3;.:scaf5on 1972 ; Sc:1r0ec,l 19 '7 2; Irwir. anc :.'.oody 1978).

------l 12 t - -- -, i i I i• f !

lr I 1 t j '

\ \ I I I I I I l(

\ I I

KILOM£ T [lltS 0 ,o MILlSO~----,-~-..i...,_....1.. _ __.lO

Fig. 4. Daubenmire's (1970) steppel and vegetat io n zones in the Columbia Sas in. 13

~rds

T!1e primary native bird to the area of the Han:ord Reservation.~ :-:e sage grouse. ~a jor migratory waterfowl include Mallard duc~s and ·a.nada geese. At peak mig:::-atory periods as mar-.y as 70 ,000 :Jir-:::..s c.:se :te Hanford Reach of the Columbia Rive::- . Raptorial :Jirds include a :ariety of falcons, ha wks and owls . Osprey are occasionally oresent 3nd the golden eagle and :Jald eagle pass through the area in winter 1 u.s. Gove:::-nment 1975b, II.3- G- 18- 19) .

: i sh and Shellfish

Anadromous sa lmon and steelhead t:::-cut are the most iwpo:::-tanc fish ::-esources of the Hanford Reach of the Colurnbi3. :u·,e:::-; o ther spe•:ies of fish native to the river include minnows, s~uaw :ish, st~rgeon, sucker, '.:.rouc, and whitefish (U.S. Gove rnment 1975b , r:. 3- 7- l6 ) . T:-ie ti:ne a:1c. i ntensity of contemporary anadromous fish r uns is illustrated i n :ic. S and ~able 2 . Fish resources, particularly sa lmon and sceelhead , ?layed ~n in~ortant part in t~e economic li:e and seaso r.a i round o : histori c ilateau Indian ?eoples (Swindell 1942 ; U. 3. Go ~err.menc 137;a, II - 11- 20) . Lf'..,2.lJle ] indicates t'.,e average annual cacc:-i o : Col~-n.bi.a :<.i·,,er Salmon =. r.c. t!1e a.noun: taken by Inc.i.::.n.s. Eels ·,;ere a.l.:,o -: ai< en oy ::'.::cd.iccr1s a,,.:::. Jr.:.ec. Lt r smokeC. : or food. ?!"eshwater ~L!ssels o i at leas:: -:!,.·o di:":e!:"e:.t s ~ec i.es

0 w--::-re gathered.. • , . ac ~'-~•~-· es aF. - -'-'ow ~ac.0-. . -- '- t~e'-· .' -· ::,- ,.~al~ -l s are '--~m- " "·m o~. , .;t::,;:,~- --~c' - C.'-· - -•ens• • I oc pren1scor1c Indian ~1~ter v1lLage s1~es.

I 'J \ TAB LE 2. Adult anad r omous fish passage at Priest R~ pid s ;Jrn \ ... : and estimated Chinook sa lmon spawning near ~a nford (U .S . Go vernment 1975b, r~ . 3- 41 ; I I I I 'i•.:r.c -?r :: ; =•sn I ... , - .\ .J ; . ... . ,. . ) . I : , .:, ~ _,_.- _.,_ -- I I Cn 1 :-:co( 5d :.~en ,a.,1s ~8 . )18 .. o , .J . ... 32.: 35 I \ 0 f'!CJr--:vrc~ iJ 5 I :S~dw v:'jC:": d ; I I Svck. ev~ 5-1 imon :;o.071 123,;a5 !OS , ]Cd I ('2_ . ne•,d )

Cano 5dl mo n !l.,03 '3 , 379 I J.: l c I . ;5: •J I • : . : :5 . . . .: , (Q_. ,,succn ) Sc ee '. iie1C r --out I ), CO O ; , 35 -1 :o. : 21 I (Sd i~o ~d1roneri) I I I ~e !"' ICc!n ) MdO 71 5 239 JOO 7. i 5J I . ~2; Z, J7•J 3. : Si I ( AlCSd SdOldissimd) I

..;_ ..... ,"I Fdl I :hinook 1"dwn1ng ?2.S CG Zl .JOO 25.:oo 32. :co 27. -:co .J , ..J Vv ;,:co nedr ~dnford \0) I

~ 1sn JdSSdqe c,unts dre Fo r :~e er iod from .!-or11 :11 rautJ., 1)c :~:,~r . ~, ; ~d ·Jl t ~isn ;;dS'idqe 1u.roers f .- c~ r !eSC ~JO I :~<; =is:-t '-iS'i.i~e :'-? : or : s . 'j r .1n : :~. J• ~O . £on:-.1t1. ,.,.., _ {c } Acult f ~s~ :ds;J ry ~ ~u~o~rs From cnden sed J<11 l:, c i sn :.:iu~c Ji:::,or : :; . J.5. li-·, ~:-H; 1n e~r J:s : r 11:: . :- ,, ,.: :..1"·~. '. d ) ~dsed on J : Jn•ers 1o n 1 Jc:a, Jf , 1sn / cedd ~ I ·,,

I ·'.:;-

. ·= .- •&?::·'-•::.,~...... ,~·-~·~~~--- ~-~ ::.--: ~!'~ ~,...... #• -~. -· ~- . ------.J 14

J CHUM <-~ (/J COHO ! ¢ ~ ffi~ 8000~ i ccO 4000 r a ~ a: ;,~ :::iwz~ a ~1 FAUCHINOOK ~.... , ~ ~ SUMMER STEELHEAD

.;. SHAO 9 :

SOCKEYE ------U' <::;::=J SUMMER CHI NCOK ------SP RIN G CHINOOK

WINTER STEELH EAO SMELT

JAN FE3 MAR APA MAY .J UN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Fig . 5. Timi ng and intens i tJ ( in numbers per day ) of conte~por3r y anad r omous fish r uns . Adapted from ~a shi ngton _tate 1975 . ,.• , 15 ~

T.:2LE 3. Average An:1 •.ial Catch (Tho\.l s ands o : Pou:--.ds) of Columbia Ri ·..-er Sal~on by 5- Y-: a r ?eriods, 1866- 1940 (U.3 . Government, 19 7.Sa.,

r :-1.2, 22) a

?eriod Chinook Sli;e oack Si:.ver Chun Steelhead ~:)tal

3,264 3,264

l.371- 75 14,348 14,348

l.376- 80 25,024 25,024

i~Sl- 35 31 , 493

l2c6- 90 :2'.), 998 20 ,995

:...::9 L- 95 2-+, 148 2 , 371 L,- "'rl,..2-;; .... o - / 3,662 3~,ll~

-l 23,257 l,819 J,330 9S3- 2,1:J~

78~

.., ~ :2 3 , .2s:: I ..;_- _j 2,?3~ 2,1s..; 623

l. ? :'.. l - 15 20,-?22 399 3, ~72 1,399

30, --!37 3 09 ~, 519 :.,9SO ~:.., 2: 1

- ... .,...,. 22,Gl.~ .:.., :_99 CI~..) I 2 I 0 7-: 2,393

20 I 326 3, -~'? 5 ..! ' j = 2,.335 3 3, -~c G -- 1.. . 1 ::. ~ ., ---:i , l. ?3 l - 35 299 ..... , - ..J • .,, - ' ' .J .J..

~930- 40 16 , 2.s:. 1,896 1,90 8

l ·Average ~or.., ~ears. There are ~o 9ack ~a~a ear L901. ") -~verage ~o r -l years . There are no data ear 1391 and 190 1. 3 ?igures for 1893 and 1895 a~:.: . '1 ·?igures fer 1399 and 1900 o nly . 'l . :ii::xcli.1c!:.r,q : 1..!2.nault :{iver :il·.:.eb2:.-:: '

,. f i ; E:'HNOG RA?HY OF THE f!.ANFORD REACH . L ! 'i The earlies t histo rical people ~ithin the study area were Nacive J.mericans described by Lewis and Clark in October 1805 on their ex~edi ticn ::o the ?acific (Thw3.ites 1959, III: 122- 30). \-lh en Lewis and Cl.ark reached the :nouth o f the Lewis River [Sna~e River] they traveled upstream ,:;n tr.e Columbia as far as the c~:mfluence of the Ya ki:na aiver. Here ::-.e ~' c.escribed an I:1dian ?eO?le called t.~,e "Sokulks" who were o: mild ar.d ?eaceable disposition livi:1g from ::ish , root : cods, and occasional suo ?lies o f a n te lope (Coues 1393:~37- 42 ) . A map was d rawn o f the ~P:- er I I river based on acco unts o :: the Sokulks (Fi~. 6) ~nd a vocabulary wa s I, taken of c·,10 Indian q r ou~s , t:1e So kul'.< s and t:1e Ch .:..n napum . Lew i s and I Clark also noted tje pop~lation o: the Sokulks at about JCOO souls. t 5o~e sc:1olars believe : hat even before t he ti~e o f Lewis and Cla rk the I; r;c :'.::::iian iopulatio:1 ") :: :::'.e ?aci:ic No r:;.we sc s uf ::ered g reac r educ ':.:. 0:1 j·:· r·; i.:.seases intr oduced b y ~ur oamerica~s a:c~g t he ~orthwesc :~ast. : ~ :..= ' ~assible, t ~ere:ore, t:'.at tje Sokul%s re~o ~ted bv Le wis a~d :lark are - 1 ~ re~nanc: o f 3. la:--~er crou;; ( ~e i anCa :- 1;35-: ) . I

1 T:'"'.e his :.::r:.. cal S.:>}(·...:2.ks a.~C. CZ:i :;1:: a ;: J.rn Cesc:::-.:.;:)ed !:·: :.e,ti : S ~:1 1.::. .._ _:.3.~ ~~ .;.:-~ '.--.:~orNr. : .:,day as ~ne :-.: =.:1a.~a..m 3.r!.d "i3..k.:.:i.a : :1dic.~ ;ec;-.;,. es. :-::ese ? la. : ~a. ~....: I : ~d :a:i. s have been described j y eth~0gra9~ers li~e ~ooney ( 1696) a:i.d ?..a! i :..~2 6 , 19 39) . Ray ( ~939) ?laces che ~ana9am in che Saha;cian li:i.~~isc~= scock a l~ng wich che Yakima . Toge~her : he y belong : o a =~lturai ;ro~? : ibeled the ~o r:hwest Saha9tians whose ~oliti=al scr~ct ur e ~as based o~

\ ~ I :he ~1llaae ; r oup i :i.c rather chan upon tribal social orga~iza t .:.cn. ':'he I, .. :::- :..~c, :<.a y :'el:::, •,.;a..3 abs -== :1~ ::::-om -: he c:.:;:.:..irriC ia 3asi~. Lr.s :ea.C., ~a-.' I :_ 03? ) I .., .=:·.. ..- ·. .- :.l l .3.ge :::!"") t_: ?i:1q:s 80:;.ded r.:oqe::-':2!' t :~:- Q·-1st: -:ie3 ~= ~or.1..-:-,on '. :abi~a.t:, : - - ~·~= ~ =~s =~ms , ~~l ues, reli;ion, a~i. c~ some ex:e~c, d.:.~:..ecc o ~ ~..=.:,.c;Ja.~e . 2ay also :e l : chat incervil:..a~e ~a rri3ge 3eerned ~o 2reate a s=c~~ sense lar ge r ~~an t he ~illage, b~= ~re that never E~ ~erceded : ~e \~ ~i~~ace :n 9oliti~~l Lm?or=ance. ~3.Y 1. : :1 2,)) list:ed ::..·,., ·e ·.t :.~iaqes :0~ ::.:'".s- ~~ a.:--1.:: t_) ar71 , extendi~q :"::"" o m c:-\e ?!:°:.~st 2a.9 :. is 119sc~e2.m. :::--"~is ar:a 1 s . . . --t 1 1 -: :-.e ~0 r:~ Nes ~e r: n ~or~io~ := f ":•ia::a;,a..'11 cerr:. : cr·/ ' and •.-,:2.s 3.c::11. ~ -:ca 3.S an i ~=o~~le~: lis~ (?i~ . 7 ) ~nether lis:inc c f villaces and ;:Lace names i.s ~iven bv ~elarder ( 19561 who cbcained =~e~ ::rom t he :ew remaining I ,·iar: a r;:arn a t t:--,a t time ('I'able 4). '!':ie ethnograrhi.c ;,~·ana::am lived a li.:e t·;~-ical ::,;: :::1 e _;:; ec;: l es ::d ~ \ t:"'le Colur:tbia ? la ~ea.u . The :-1 anaparn ::ear ·.-,as di-:ided in:.o si :-..: secso~s . '!'~ese seasons Jere based no t o nly on the ;:eri~ds of t~e ~arc~' s r o tation a r ound the 3un , but on the arrival o f ani~als and the mat~r.:.ng of ?lar:ts used :JY the Wana?ams in t:'.eir seas onal rcunds. '!'he lis:irg o: t~e sea.sens ,.. q-it.·e!"'l ~, e::-e is o ne connected ·.-.rith the Jre~1le~ : ait:.:1 of s~cna.~l.:;. ( ~c:lanC: ~:- LlS-3: - ~- 73): --

~~, , - 0~~

~~~ ~ ~...- · 'l;..-....-JJT ..... ~~-- - I"_; F'"::~;:.. ...,~~:;;:,.. ¥ ~-:--~£_-&,>~. L_iJ4:.f.? :~ff"~ ... J-X! i ~ t .'..!..(+~ _:-,F.;S ~~ - \\ ~~ ~o •,,t JI. · ~~~

~~i I. , -(~~

~~U!v1i s ,111<1 Cl ii1 •k' s 18ll~- fH ) 111 ,1p --; 1tm1i11q lit( '. t:c ilt1111lii...1 IL.1s iri drai11 c1 ~:w s and lhe loc ation of ll,c '.)~~

~~Ir i ., I .. ',If I If If 11 It I If~~

~~(:::,/: , I 'f I .I f i i i~~

~~I ~~~

~~....~~

~~l. ::> imna' ' . ~ocaced on the west side of tje Colur:-bia ~iver at ?r.:..est rtapicis .~~

~~... ap 1 p't~l1.k. Abouc t~o :niles up r i~er ~rom no . l, on the s a~e s ide.~~

~~J. waya 'nwe. Abcut: one mi~e r-.o rth of r.o. 2, on the we s t side.~~

~~~.I tam~cs~'~ni ~s~uni. One :nile :-,ort:1 of !".O. 3 ' same s.:.. de .~~

~~:i . xa' t:< a mt:::anuw i' tac. . l One :n.1_e above no . ~·' ' sa.--:1e s 1. .::.e.~~

~~? :. o. 7 . ~anapam ec:1nic ~roup locatlo~ and ~illaqes : ~r ~~ ?a~ L93E ) .~~

~~.. •· --- -- 19~~

~~!'ABLE 4 . LJ.st: of Wana~am ·✓ illac;e s ar:d flace name s . t (~elander 1956 : 287 - JlO)~~

~~Name De scri_s:it:ion~~

~~l Wallt.!la Wa s the sout hernmos t Wa na~am ? illage.~~

?asco I s near t he old village the Indians called Ko s ith ( :It the poi.nt of 13.nci) . It was o ne o f the l ar~est vi.1.:..age s alone; : he Columbia and was on the :1o r th snore ac the confluence o : che Snake with the big river a mile belo~ che present: city o: ?asco . '.·ias fa.rnous as an eel. :isher :,, .

~~3 .:h.:.::1l.oot: Was the Wana9an name o : t ~e : :. rs: isl and in ': r: e Col;.i.rnbia. abo·; e c:1e ~OUC:1 'J : c:1e S:12.:<: e The ~eaning is unknown .~~

~~·12.llac;e s i:e . been fo r goc: er..~~

~~occu9ied by· :aznily ba::::s . Anhwas h bv :he ~ana9arns .~~

~~aesides being :he 2li : nc:.i. 3.n na.~e fo r ~enne-~~

~~?cs Pos A dwelling ~lace a shor: wa l'< u~ s:ream from the island , was ~here a variety c: w: ~lc w ; re~ tha: was us ec co make ?osc h, a ::ieci,:::. :-.e f·:: r co l d s and ch~lls .~~

~~2 On the east shore o : c:1e co:.•...un.bia., ,:.,..-as a c:--Qss~~

~~from the old •1il.:..age o f C'.-,acr::a ac t:--.e ::-,ouch J _ t:1e Ya.'~~

~~9 ;,ias a s:na ll islanc:. •J??Osice c:-.e :nesenc ci:•.: of Richland .~~

10 Wa s an ill- s::ie lling s pring eighc ::iiles - - :m ?asco, nea~ ~ic~la~d. je:~ee~ c~e c o :w:ici~ a~d Yak i ma ri vers . t 20 I T.;ELE: 4 . continued I No . Name De scription I 11 Chamna ~t the junc~ion of the Yakima Rive r whe r e ic i f lows into the Columb i a from the we s t , ·.• as the home village of the Chamna ?ams , al~ost f ident ica l with the War. a 9ams and s~eaking :.he 1f Wanapam language. Chamn a was t·,;el·;e miles J downstream f r om the Ho r :-, o n the Yakima ~iver, a f i s hing place since ancie:it times ca_ ed l wa nawi s h ( roe~ dam fishing ?lace} . fI 12 Richla nd Up s t r e am f r om Cham1;a , was called Ahow-ca (Sticks) , and the river at the ?lace was Towrr.owtowee (water 9ul.'..s down) . I': was a winter camp .

~~lJ Shuwioa iiias an island f our a1i _ ~3 1..i~St!:'earn ::-cm 0 Ri c:--.lan c.~~

.. ' l-4 Seke!':'.a ~as eight m1ies upscream ::co• ?ichland and tn ~as a : avori~e ~ishing ?lace a:~er t:'.e sa!~on had finished s~awning . - .I.:) -~:1.i :c:ipa ( Dese :::- c A str etch al~~g che rive r je:.~een ?ich_and Sar.d ? _ace) and Han : o r d, wa s one o: t::e few 9:aces ·,-1he re ther e we re no ?ermanent ? 11.:.a~es.

l•) ~an fo rd Cal ed Chane~:. ' water ~hirls a :::-ound ) , was cne of the ?rinCL?al ~ana9am cam~s. -· ., - I ~,.:c~..vch t::h ( ·,v~ ce :::- .,; .; s hor~ ·Nay 1..:;>sc:-ea...n ==8rn :tan£or-d, ·.-1a s =-~ ·.;o :;o) incijencal camp. !twas one o f a series o f a.'..most cont.in~ous 11illages :::ie::·.. een ~a!"',::cri and White a:uf:s.

18 ?ouahoowosth (White Wa s a mining sice, ~?stream ~:::-om Hanf~::-d ,·:,wde ::- } where the Wana pams 9 r0cured face ?ainc :or t he /'1idwim::e r S;:irir. Dance ·,_;;,e!"'. "sun - t;.:r:-.s a.round ."

~~19 Tows hou;::-a ( Like :vas thr ee :ni ies ·.:i:,::,strea.m fr-::im Ha:-..:ord. Sage br1.1sh )~~

~~20 Wakwalckh (Like a ~as the ne x t vil _age . Sit=ve}~~

~~21 ?o~G:'.oow~cw (S~i.:..:.ed Wa s close by ~akwa _tkh . It is a ?lace nace ?owderi onl·; .~~

. -• ~- ~ , •-~~-:""'-.>-:=-:n.; • - '!:J:~y.· ' ' I 21 1·· ---i-- :. I' ¥" 1:: :'ABLE • continued I ii, i .f :-Jo . Name Descri[)t:ion i-t·" ,f: -: 22 Toho ke (?ulling 7ops Wa s a small village. Off Weeds )

~~23 Pitsumsum (Calki ng ~as a location U? st=eam :rom To hoke. o r Chinking)~~

~~24 Kluotkluo1.:rnin Wa s a small island. (:-lel t:ing Snow )~~

~~25 White 3luf::s (~acht ) Was an o ld heme site of the Wa.:.apa~s. one o f t:heir princi?al sedentary v i llages, ar.d was named for the White 3lu:::s alo :--.c; t:1e e.3.s t: bank of the r i'ler .~~

: G i ' 'low now !Make Orv Was ·... he.::-e t:h e Wana~am 5al:ncr. d r- ·1 :.::c: r- a c:-.: s Salmon I ·,1 ere ':Jui 1 t . Here =ellar caches ~ere d~s i:: which t:o sco.::-e :he fish, t:he : o r.; hem? ~e cs and sto r.e s i ~kers 3. nd ether fC ssess:.:r.s . l 27 :..J?o r.e 3or dering on Y' vow r. c ~ , ·N·as ~=..:-;: :: :-:-= :.:.:;:le:-? si1.:e and it was :: a~ed : o= t he =y~e o r =~r re:--t: in the ~i ve~.

~~~ •wat=h (: e ek Island ) Was ::ort:1 o f the ol~ Wiehl ~ar.c~, r. ear =he each :::iank . There ~as a n ex: er.si~e ;ra~e; ar~ on t:he island i:-- e arly days; =he l~s= j~r:al ther-e wa s Ln 191 2.~~

~~=~ Se:=-::=see ~as a 5maller island t: oward : he east: j a r. k .~~

~~] !) Wat:klim~c (Wa cer Was a small island coward t he west: bar.~ . so~~

~~,:overs Over) named because it i s ~:::, \.- e !"e d 3. t ~. ..:.. :..: ~. ·.•,i2.. :.e: :- .~~

~~31 ::~.a.t.•/Yina Th r ee miles from Wa : ~ li~?t:, was~ :is~~~g vill age .~~

3 :2 )locksiah (Ott-=:r ) Wa s the name c f t:--.e flat- to;: :.~ ed '..; a.:::i l e '.-!O ~'.1 - tain :-,ear the ri·:er above :·ih~te 3 L .:.::::3, nort:heast o :: Smowhala ' s d reac ~e~ntai~. : a:ac . It ~as o ne o :: t~e three ; ri:: cipa: ; iaces alc :--c a ~undred-~ile sc=etc~ c:: : he =i ~e = ~he r-e ~oys and girls we re sent o n che ir S? :=i= ~~es=s.

33 Wahl ~ke (Soaring U9 Gn the nort:-t :)a:1:< v f t!"'lt: C.:>lw~:.~, ·.. ; as i ::. Like 3 i rds ) later c:iay s a t cwn o f sma l l conse~~e~=e. was the name : o r- the r:.si.ng slo;e . j ~= k == ~m ~:ie ~i. ver . ~he ~ana9am na~e : e r : je ~l ace ~a~l~ke was ~an~ke (Go ing o n ?oo: ~ ~ H:li )

~~~~·-~'!.';'.l!-..U. _,,,,,, .-~'':"'": ~·· ¥ • _ .. ~ =---r.;~ 22~~

~~TA3LE 4. continued~~

~~No. Name Descri?tion~~

34 ~oolimooli (Little Three miles upstream from the islar.d, I Stacked Hills ) Watklimoc, was a dog-salmon fishing ?lace. I I I 35 Covote Raoids A mile from ~oolimool:, was ca-led Moon I (Water Swirl ?lace) and was the place were I Smowhala held his first Washac or Dreamer dance. This was held in a long house on the right shore. The Indians lived there in the winter because of the abundance o : dri::wood.

36 .::..:--.t.:.lcum Another large vi _ age, was '.l?S cream :rom :•!oon. 1 .;h n ub,h um (Sits Do·,m 'I'",..ro mi;.es from ,::O..ht::..lcum, was a su.Tu"Tler C" After a Wh.:.le ) where fish were ca~ghc and d ried. It ·.va.s located along China 3ar.

~~38 On a :lat aiona the h~~lside ac t~:s ~lace, 1 almost ::..n t~e s hadow c: several ja.sait s~ires, were burial 9laces of che ?i_ia;ers a cen:~ry a nd a :'1al: ac;o.~~

~acashmahloat (Raft Was hal: a mile upstream :ram the ?il_aged (Stuck) bur.:.als. There is a cave in the h.:. ils1de where the peo~le stcred ~ried salmon ~ecause it was cold and woul,:;, :< ee~ t:-:e ·:ea.r arct::-,:: without spoilinq. ~o

~~olace the men waited while che women wen: into G~ e hills co ct:g r oocs.~~

~~-l l ??:"iest Ra~ids ~ large village called ?'na.~~

~~~2 Watklocht (Holes in A salrnon-:ishing ?lace. Just upstream was Rock ) the small :.s lar.d called ~ ( Sun ~~an) .~~

.n Almuscl Almonwie Was half a ~i _e upstre~m and o~~osi~e the is - land, ~. T~le.re i s a na~!"o~.v !':3.ce i:--l ~1-:e ~iver, cailed Whale Chuce ~~ later iays. During the s9ring salmon ~un Nhen ~he b:~ Ctinook salmon came lea?.:.nq urs~ream ~hrou~h tb.e :ast water, s ome of : ~a~ NOuld i and e n the island in a shallow, scene de9ression where the Indians clubbed chem ~o deat~.

~~- 23~~

~~TABLE • • continued~~

~~:,io. Name Des c r i;H:i. o r.~~

Chal~ash Chilni (O ne Is the large island .:.n t he ri ver at ?' na ~egged Abalone ~an) (:Esh Wei::- J . It is or.e o f the t·... o !?r:.est Ra,?ids pro j ect dam sites. '!'he Sacred Island was the Wanapam island o f c reation.

, - ... :; Shopta.lok At ?'r.a, is a small cave marked by a single r~ck ~c~~t i ng, a ~ome oC t~e Lit~ie ?ec~le w:10 were mischievo us, e v il s 9 irits. It i,; t:1e lase s:il.lage a:..te o f ':he Wanapa.ms ,,;here t~ey ;ield t:1ei r ce ::- emonial :easts i n the last tule- mat long house a l ong the Columi::::ia .

:•le:;~ c.:r:..,e (?o i :: ts i :1 Wa.s a :nile 'J.,::st:!'."ea.m. '!'~e l ong- sac:!'."ed ,·iana ,::am che Ri ,,e~ ;,•Jhere Wa ce!."' c;rave ·_.,- ar::i ( Str3.tsa ) 1s :1 ea. r :: he !:"e o n 3. :Jlu .=:-- a grave ya r d now ~a r ked a. s a b~::- 1a l ; lace a nd =rocec ced b y law. L , -, ' (?la.ce o : c~e ~ h ~::-l ;: oo l )

~~Was ~~e ~ex= s i -e. (? lace ½he re Deer~~

~~T e~"'! ': 'J.::nama h ('.·ii. .:. lm,;s :-,a.:..: a ::ii le U;? s-c~ e a::1. . . . . :<:.. :1c. ·,..; r . .i. :: :-·i ::: e~~

~~~a~i. x:.e (Wa=e::- Dr oos ~ 3. S C ) ?::-ies t Ra~ i -::s .~~

Si 3ev er l y Ga ~ Is t :1 e gap i:1 Sadd : c >!ounca.i:"., c ~ ll.: d L~k::.sh :~. (A Kind o f Ga?) , ten miles u?s=~es..rr. :::-om ? ' ~a. The ~~me Ser.ti ne ~ 3uc~e s is sc~e= i ~es 39?i : e d t o t :,e g a p .

~~. --, 52 I~ues (Cottontai l ~l)o ve the hea.c:. o :: t :·,e r-1::..1.. e, s o :-; a ['.1.E d ?.abb.:.t ) be cause the ~h icecaps !:" y irv; f o r .::) Ve!".~~

53 Crab Cree~ (T~hosas , lows into ~he CoL '..!.":\bia :::-om ~he e ase alone {I ndian :-1er.1,? ,') the no rth : oot o : Saddle ~ountai~ . ~em? ;rew alo :1g -::le: st~2affi in suc:1 ;:-roC·Jsi.-:Jn t :"~ a.t :)e:c ::- e ~ist~ri c ci~es : ~dia~ ba~ds =~~gh c : o r ~o s ,; es sio n o : ~~e 9 r ~~~ds .

~~"'' 24~~

~~.. ~ T.:l.BLE 4. continued f { j ! No. Name Description t, 3~~

54 E Sut Lee (One Sided) Was the name for the Wanaparn ~am site. it is descri?tive of the location, the river I being flac on the Grant Count1 shore ar.d f sceep on the Kittitas side. This was a f ! camping place on trips up and down the =iver ! and up Hanson Canyon toward Ellensburg. t 55 Vano.ae At the bridge on the Ellensburg-Spokane hiqh It way, was called Panko (Small white :ood ~oo t ) . f There are ~any ?etroglyphs along the Columbia. here--9air;ti:1gs wh.:.ch the 'ii'a:-,a2a.ms say were made by the ~it~le People and ~he ~.c~enc People .

~~...r~~

~~t t ' l~~

r r'~ ~,.,.·-~,~~;'.~"'!'"~ ---.- -:-···------N"':~ --~::·-=··:·~~:·:·_'_-- _·_·~·::·~_-:_;-~-~,:~:··:.- :··-~'...~ ':~:'41Y,:_.•:··:~~:!:2""::.a.:~:-· ,?H::. :-•::·--£~:·=·· '."'.·:· ::...."""":::·'-·~~c,=,•·:~~:::~~.r:·~-:-!•~~a~a~t!¾-'!:"~"':-*c·":··:·_'_~c'·_~c··c·c"'-•... ":nrr- ·-·--

~~------25~~

~~....' Yekhu !':eelah. 3egi:1s with the Winter solstice and the 'tJa:1a;iarn' s winter religious dances. It is the beginning of the new year.~~

~~2. '!'z i :-,!:)uk. :cs meaning has been lost .~~

~~3. Refers to Crow Coming.~~

~~4. Hish :fish . Was named for a sr..all insect that gar.hers in swarms like mosquicos or gnats.~~

~~5. Shihtash . Refers co time to move out to the root ciqging places.~~

~~6. Yakahtash. Is :all :::.shing time. It continues until the cold weather and the sun corr.e back to tr,e beginning or: the :,Ja:".apan year .~~

The seasonal round of the Wanaparns is not well documented because cco ne of t.'.e detailed et:-i ncgras,hies dealt wi<::h the non-religious as;:ects J f these peo~le. In the spr::.ng afcer the fish runs the Wanaparn used :.. . : o leave the Columbi a ,h·,er ·.;alley in search of the r oot cro :,s ( 1.. i :<: e c amas and kouse ) which ~ould be ~aturing in the uplands west o : : he

3!1d :1 un~ vari.ous fs::ns o f ,; a!7'Le :Jr the i r st.:.rnrr.er sc. s :.ena~c2 ( jar.:: =:ia:..l -;a me suc:"l as :--a.;Jbit, ar:.C la~ge ~-=-~e :..::.c!.~d ir:.g de<2::- 3.:--.C ei:<) . :\J· i.~:--. :::-'~e ripening of huc~leberries (Sr= usA Whcrc:eberries l :hey ~o u! d : urn jack =~ the r::.~er r:or the jeginninc o : t he fal l fis hing time . rr :-. ese : :.s z-1

~s ually had e nough ;:ish to l as: : ~e wi nter. cne c: the ~c3c i~~ c ~~~~c ~:mes : o r t:-1e ~,:ana.~a.m, : 8 ~ .:..r. ·.,, c.s c :-ie :.:.~,e G;: t:1e winter s9irit dance. T~e bird Wowshuxkluh (~nockin~ o ff berries C ~ ~th a ?iece c f s:ick ) ~eg~ns t o si~g on the shor:es: day o f che ;ear a nd :.:: -::....::e ca l. ls ~~::. ::le :)i:-C.s, r~ocs, salmon, ;.r. C: a. .!. :. l..:...., i ::.q t :i 1 :-'. ;-s ::.~ begi.:--. grc·.v.:.~;.g so :~ie : :1 c.:.a:...s ·.vi l : !: av e ne~. ..; : ooa ( ~el.a.nd e !" :. ? SC) . ~ows~uxk luh talks fo r s~x rnc~ths ~~:il the s~n :~r~s arcund . ? uck ~~a h 1 :':Jc ~, a :-1ar..a~azn :-el!.gious ieade!", .!. der.=i:i.ed ~-I ow·s :-: ·..1 =-: :'- 1.. ·~r~ a.:: 3 1.:l. l.c:: '.-,( 5 c r1ole, which arri ves in the 3rea in late s9r::.~g. cne o f : he las: ~ig ra ~or:-; ~i.=-ds t .:, a r:-::.·.,-e :.~ ~he a.:-e :- \ ~e.!. a nC:er :.950 ) .

The ma jor eth::.o<;r.3.~hies o : : ~1e :·Ja na.?a.m are ·.vc r :-(s ;J v >1c or.ev { :. 396 ) , Spier ( 1935 ) , and Rela~der (1356 ) . Un ~o rtuna:el~ these wor~s ~r e 7r! ~aril; concerned with the Ghost Dance Religion and the religio~s leaders Smohalla and Co- t:aia-~in, noc ~ ~th the general c~lc~ral :raditi~r. s c : the ·,iar.apar:i . With res~ect to the teac hings of : o- taia-

~~I~• I I~~

~~I 1 - \~~

~~i i ! l t~~

-'"~ t..~ ~ A • •· •~..---· r :•~a ~ -~ - ,... ,. -:,, ,., _~~r~~~:-:·--~~~--: ~ -- -...- :"!i_if -~ ~: ...'.f:f.t!~ ¥~;:~ ~~~.. _- ::-4§+. $.U_t:t _. ._ _3W, ?:f'P-'._T ~~_,_..-,..~- HISTORY Of' THE HA.1iFORD REAC~

:::n Aug1..:st of 1788 the ship ivashington out of Boston, ca?tai:1ed '.:J~· ~ob<::!rt G!:'ay , reached the ~orthwesc Coast :1ea1:: t:\e :arty-sixth ~egree of no rth latitude, where she nea1::ly met disaster tr1 i ng to er.ter the mouth of t:.e "os,ening. " The C:ilumbia Ri·✓ er was not recog ~ized. Gray ci1::cumnavigated L~e glooe (a first for a United Staces •;essel) a:-.c. retur::ed to the ~or:hwest Coast to trade and ex?lore in '-,o• -'- - .I. • The 1792, after wi:1terL:g ar.ci e:

After ?ar~~~g ~ith the E~glish shi?, Gray sailed a l0:1g the coc.ai: :8 t~e south, 1::et.2!'TJ:.ned to 30l.?e -c :-'l e =::1...:es tio n :i f t he existence of che river. u, 3. sai~ ,;.r.,: c::-:n.rn2.dious ha.!":Jor, :-icr.,; ~:,,ot,..rr;, as Gra':'' .s :::::.::- bar, a:1d J ~ ::~e 11th of ~ay he e~cered h~s desired 9cr~, r~nning :~, with all sails sec, jec~een t~e jreakers ·- -~~c· ·..... - ~ ~eo:lr'! !"'\r,...... !"'\ ,, .-0,....:: . .------· 4 ,..., . ' ~10--v- C: -I'"'~ l .·,1 ..... i1 .. .::..C. - __ : :::,_;- .... 1.0 .... n __ ,~ .l~~~.:,.::,c.!J.,':': G~ .' _a_c_ ~ .. u

•\, •...... ,-,~,..,...... _.. ._,.._,, ,,,ov-, __ J I _.,;.,.\,,,I,.=i~..J ,--me_ ,-1,.., •• -,_ o =-nc'-or_.,,. . ! i- •l~ a -i ar-e- ":, r·- ·• rer o -=- :"resh t,;a~2r-, ten r:1il9s -3.bove i.~s ~1cut:: . ::e a::-:.e:-.va!" C.. , :,ee9ing alcng the nort~e..:-n bank, 2roceeded ·J:=, ::he ri·..-er :vr c:·;velr:•e ~ !:" :i:~ee~ :ni.les .:'urt:her, at "Nhi:::1 ~o.:.:--.~, having ta~en the wrong ~~annel, he turned jack and S?<::!n': a ~ee~ in ~::.in acce~~ts co ge t back ~o :: ~e sea je~o re leav:.:-:q the r i ·,e:--, Cra.:1 -;a ~... e i c. : .:1e . . . :came ~- ..!.S 5i"l .l~, the Coiumbia (SyDons loc2 :So) .

~~~~is ~as an i~9o r~anc ~ac~ in ~e ciis9ute ove r t~e Cn ited Staces-~anadian 0' jo·.:..:1:.la.r y .~~

2:xp.oration and cracie w1.c.:!. ::he I:1dians were par:3.rr.cun :: in ::::e :-:c rt:h ·,,;es ': in th<:! lace l 700s and ear1.:.., l.30Cs, ::.nd ':he Col:..:..-nbia ~i ·..-e r •..;as :me maj -:,r :-oute ini:o c:-te i:1terior . 'I'he :-eac:1 of t!"le Col1...1rnbia t:1at -::cr-.ce!":--i..s us •..;as, for the .r.ost par~, explored by !!le:: coming over la::i.,::::. from t:-ie :-,o rr:h and east o r comin; :rom '::1e ·..;est coast, EJri~ar .:.1 y :rom t::e :no~;::1 o : t:-ie Columbia.. In 1805- 06 Lewis and Clark ( E"i -; . 6) came cio•,1n :: he S:'.-J.k~ ~iver anc. u~ t;he Colc:rr.bi::. as :ar a.s the mout:1 of the 1akima, juc conti:rnec no :ac::ier nort:-1 alc!:.g t:1e Colurnbia (Coues 1893:635-544). In 1812. cnany e:ql.ore!:'s tra•:eled t::rou~:-, the C.Jlumbia. :1.i ver 'i a.lley. :•ii:.son ?._ ~uncled an expeci::ion over~and for t:1e Astor C~mpany, ~n i=~ oegan :.:: Oc ::o ber of l31C a:-:d ::-each9d ~he Col.u.c'.bia near C'ma ::ill.3. i:-: .:- a.r,ua1:::' 1312 . Javici T:-io~?son oft::~ ~orcjwest :cra9any also started ~~s :: in 1610 , ::. n ::::. 1::. ~o ~i: s o : beat:.:.~'; .~ ..~-:or ' s ?~t.ies '::.J.f;le dcfNn t:-'.!"ot.lg:1 C:a:1 ...~Ca a~:,ng c:1.e:

~~_~, 28~~

Koot2r.ai Ri•1er to the U~~ er Columbia (Glover 1962). His party ,:,assed through the Han:ord Reach on J u ly 3, 1311 . They passed t h rough t he Hanford Re a c h ahead of Astor's party and planted a flag pole at the mouth of the Sr.ake River in July of 1811. Upon reaching the coas t they found the As torians ahead of them, already settled in, having arrived by ship in March 1811 (Symons 1882:90; Glover 1962) .

~~Eight days after Thompson's arrival at Astoria, Mr. Robert Stuart, one of t!'le Astoria part:1ers, traveled upriver, arriv ing in t::e project area later that summer (?ranchere 1969 ) .~~

~~Gabriel Franchere, a n employee of the Northwest Company, noted during one o f his v isits to the area several years later:~~

On t.:, e 18th (April 1814) we passed the ?riest Rapids, so nained by Y!r. St o.1art and his people, •,;ho saw at t:.is spot, i n 1811, as they were ascending the river, a num ber of savages, one of whom was perfo r.:-,i ng on the res t certain aspersions and other ceremonies, wh i.::h ;1ad the air o: being coarse imitations of r.:1e Cac..'10lic ·,1orshi9 (?ra::chere 1969 : 344; Symons 1882: 90) .

Alexancer Ross and ~css Cox both pa ssed ~hro~~h the Hanfo r d ~each c::.a t sur:tr.'ier as well, on t~-:ei..r se9arat:e wa·/s :.1.;:> =i-:; e:- ( ?..os .s ..i.. 9:J4 :l42- 3; Cox .!.9 57). '!'he river ::, r ovided a ;na Jor par.hwa ·_i 'oetween r.::.e coast an.:i ~ ~e i~te~io ~ of B~i~ish Col~~ia, as Ne ll ~s t~e eas =e~n Ur.~ =eC s~~tes, Lfl and remai:1ed well traveled =hrough the :1isc ~ri= ~eriod. - Tr.e i,.,ar of .!.812 c::.c.:::;ed se'teral char:e;es i.n t.,e t::e!", " :,oir,tlr's Pacific ? 1.1 r Company, an ;..ne=ican ve:-.cure, fNas i:-~cor - -· ~orated i~to ~he Nor t hwesr. ?ur Company , a Sritish hol..::.ing, se=ting up t:1e competiti?e relations hip ~et~een that co• canv a:1d t::e Hudson's Sav

In 1312 :~e Sorthwest ~ur Company estatlished ?0 rc ~ez ?erces at t:ce mouth of :::::.e :ialla ·t1alla River as a head·,=::·.:arte:c·s fo r f:.:r t r a..::.i:--,g e3.::;c o: t:1e Cascades . :!:n ::. 821 the two rival -·: Qr:.pa ::ies mer;;ed, and : he 1- ~nlar;ed Hudson's 3ay Ccmpan~ alone teak on the ? ri vate ~a r=ies i:1.ter 1- ::,e com;::1:::itior. be:~een the f ur trading companids in the second decade o f t::e 18vC s had ar. cracted ac:ention in the ?Opulated centers in the eastern Cni:ed Scates as well as in Canada a nd England . With the abscrFtion of che ~orthwes : ? ur Company in 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company :1ad a virt ual monopoly o n che ~ur trade in t he area and e xtended its l i velihood in t:1e area ~or some time (Char.:::e 197 J ) . '!.'he Euroamerican s;os:ulaticn i.n c:1e Cclu:nbia Ba sin during r.~e 2eriod o f the fur trade remained very small and transie::.c, ;,owever. The 1327 re?Jrt o f tne Nez ?<:rces District o f ~:-:. e r!udsor.' 3 3ay :orapany incl~ded che area o~ the p resent- da y Han ~o r d Reservation. : ~a cn~y occ~9ied ~o;t wit~in ~he entire dis=rict at that time was ?or~ Ne z ?erces (?ig. 8) which wa s manned by one of ~icer, seven ~en, two wome n, and five cnilc.ren (:heh 1947:221- 23) . I

~~------( 9 r: !. 9 ;J~~

~~; tJ' . ' -'~f(f ·~~

~~' > '~~

~~.. --- .. ..:,.,.~~

~~•·~ -- .\~~

~~Fig. n. /\n 1850 ' s vi c·1-1 nf Old Fort \·l,llla W,ill a (Fod Nez Perces ) c1l the mouth of Lil e \,J,dl a l·JJ l l c1 l~~

~~& ·I ' 30 l~~

Access to the Pacific Northwest was almost entirely based on the use of forts and crading posts, largely held by che British, as way I stations. Old Fort Walla Walla, as Fort Nez Perces came co be known in the 1330s, was the closest trading post to the study area (Fig . 8) Agents of the United States, mainly officers of the Army Corps of Topo I g rapr~ical Engineers (Commander C. Wilkes and Ca?ta~n John C. Fremont, t for example), visited Old c'ort \-Jalla Walla in their ex;:iloraticns. When tra?eling through the area, these ex?lorers, as well as the other early travelers, went Nest by way of the Yakima or Columbia River valleys or north through the lower valley of the Palouse River and the Great ?lain of the Columbia to Spokane House, mostly by- passing the Hanford ~each (Symons 1882). I li Though the goal of the United States e:qlorations, such as the l e:

The .r.assac:-e of t::e ,•i11i::::iar.s in 1847 had ar. i::imediate ef:ec-:. on the whi :.e ;:,or,,.ilation of t:1e a rea (ctu!ly and 3rown 1372 ) . De:'::nses ·..;ere ;repared ac Old ~o rt Walla ~alla (Fort Nez ?e rces ), and ?ecer Ogden •.-1i;::1 16 men fr'.)m the Hudson's aay C::im9any ·,;ere dis:?atched t'.J st.09 ':::-,e ~ili.inss in the area. (:ose?hY 19651.

~he ~udson's Bay Com9any was still the ;najor Eurca~e:-ican ~ower in c~e C0Lunb1a Basin, but t~e boundary s2ctle::ent of 13-tS between r::-.e Ll ni. ':e3 s~a.c.es a.nd ·Gr-=at Sr:it.3.in esta;)lisr~~d ~he i.ntar:1acion~l :Jounda.:-·1 at the 49th ;:iara:lel . T!"cis ca.used some dis:-u9tio,, in the Hudson's Bay trade a.nd su9~ly routes :ron t~e ~=aser ~iver to ?ort Colvil~e, due to t~e sus:oms duties charged by che new Oregon ~err~tor~ e stablis hed ~n

~~t f (· i~~

~~------31~~

~~3000 0 w 0 < IJ: I- 2500 LO IJ: w > < w c::J 2000 l.l.. a 0-· IJ: UJ Ill ~ 1500 :::i z~~

~~1000~~

~~0-- 500~~

~~1825 1830 1835 1840 1845 1850 1855 YEAR~~

~~Number of Seaver Traded, Colville District , Between 1826-1850.~~

~~Fig . 9. Graph illustrati ng th e decline of th e fur tr~de after the ea r ly 1830 ' s . Adapted from Johnson ! and Chance 1974 _ 32~~

1348. ~his, coupled with the declining fur trade, contributed to the end o f Hudson's Bay Company activities in :he Columbia Basin . Old Fort Walla Walla (Fort Nez Perces) was abandoned in 1355 (Chance 1973) .

Between 1850 and 1855 small, scattered deposits o~ gold were discovered and attracted hundreds of prospectors, many of whom ?asse~ t:1rough t:1e ColuJnbia Basin on t!1eir wa y to Fort Colvile, the Simi lka:::~== - the Methow, and .ater on the Fraser . Treaties with the sou:hern p_a~~a: Ind:..3.n groups •..;ere established in 1853 by Washington Ter:-i. t ori al Gov~~-:-.--:.: Isaac Stevens at the Council of Walla ~alla , bu: this did not stop t~':: encorachment of miners upon Indian land.

3kirmishes with Indians broke out spo radically between 1353 and 1853, at ~irst with the Yakimas and _acer with the ?alus a nd S?okan '. Ssi2.awn 1917) . Col. Wri,; r,t, U.S. ,;rmy, le3.c expeditionar-1 forces a~ainst these tribes from Fort Dalles and ?a rt Walla Wal !a and s ubdue~ them, t hus making the area secu r e ~o r ~hi~e sett!ernen: (3ur n s ' 366) .

: n ~ie 1850s a few set~lers j egan to a rri~e in the ?aci~ic ~crt h west, b~t no t i~ che st~dy area with the exce?tion o f the : ong~ire par~~ in L353. :1ost o: t :.em car::e by sh1.;, a?:: d s::2.ye-:: o :--. the c::ias: ·.v;;ile o nl·:· a ~e w 7en~ured over land .

- T~e ?aci~ic ~ailrcad s ur7eys were c~nd~cted in 2.853 -5~ by :;i.e ..I.J• _::, • .::...r:ny ( ..:i::ibs 1853 ) . In 13 53 emi;rancs c~:wele-:. chrct.:s :-. iial:..3. :·iall .3. ov~= ~ac~.e s :?3.ss on t:hei::- ·.. va y ::.o ?1J.get: ~ 0 1.1:-:C. (~.:se?h·/ ij'jS:3l.2 ) . T ~e 173 ( lS3 3. csordi.!"'.g co ?;rke!'° :979::.2 ) ::1ernbe= I..c :-lqmi~e ?a=~~_/, ·.vi ~:-1 :. :-! e =:elp of ': he i-11...~sor,'s Eav Ccm::::a n·; , bui. l : a s cow a.nd c :::-oss ed :::-. e CoL:..rnb.1a ar: ¼al:u:a on : heir w~y to-?~;ec Sou~d (P.3.rker _979:12, 29~ - S) :(~~b y and C2.ttl e and horse ranchers began=~ ~ti:.ize : ~e a:-ea b~

.-1 C- Qt- '...' . v.=..:..::= :·, ::ro :;.=i:-:q ~ ~e :.:>~ urn.:::.:. ~ :use ::e10~.v ~'!:":.cs:. :\a;- i .:. s i.:-- ~s:5; {s :1 e l ~2:~ 1. 96~ ) , and Jo rdan ·,.;i :. l.:..;.r:1s ;)rought c attl e: t:.c -: :-.e :·Jb.:.':e al.~ ::s 3rea .:.:-1 :. aE l (?ar~~er 1979:13 ) . A. J . Sp lawn , ano cher 22.r~y secc:er, no r: ed :

I': was a noted range wi th its sand g ra.ss and sage. ~e could gather ~a t c ac~~e in ~inter and s9r~ng ~hen the~ ~e re ;oar ~n every ocher place . I bough t and irove thousands o f cattle :rom the White 3l~ffs =~nge t~ ?o rtland and Pugec Sound (S9la~n 1917:358 ).

~~3v no means was r2. nching the only ~o rm o f li~elihc od 9 :-ac:ice~ in t he area, but ~y ~ar i c wa s the ~ode. Settlement ~as s 9erse ~e 1 into che 1360s (Sc;ilawn 1917:259 , 273- 73 ) .~~

Th e ot:ier ma jor C.3."..:52 of de velopme::c in c'.,e -:::o.:. .::nbia 3as~n '.vas che d iscover y o f go id in :daho in 1859 .3.nd co the nc r~h in c~e Colvi~is J i.scr :.=:. c1:1c in : he -=:ari::iou District cf 3riti3h -::c L..1.nbia in t :-.e : 3~,,- s . ~ ~a~o r net~ork o f crails and ~agon roc.rls ievelc9ed ~n res9onse ~o ::he disco'ler y o~ gold (F ig . l. 0 1 .

~~~ --·- -- 33 ...~~

~~.~ l l . .,;_. ' ·.I ., l ,",. ': T; ' I I ,· j ,_-.... --~~

~~I " ' ;~~

~~I i' I :? - i 'i~~

~~I I \ , .~~

~~Fig . 10 . Freeman's ( 19 54 ) mao of ear ly roads in Eastern Jash 1nJton, including ~hite 91u f fs ?c ad . 34~~

ferries and 2ermanent enc.3.ITl~ments were established i n the 1860s with the growing necessity :or c rossing the Cc.'..umbia River by travelers, miners, and freighters. The storehouses of an abandoned militar1 de pot .3.t W!lice alu:fs (S:rmons 1382) ·,.ere occupied soon a:ter their a.!:landcr-'1lent by o ne Themas Howe who est.3.blished a ferry across the Columbia at that I locatio n in 1861 (Rice 1976 : 4; Parker 1~79:13). By 1863 Howe was gone, but A.R. Booth came to White Bluf:s and operated a trading post, way station, and ferry. Things looked good for the early settlement at White aluf:s; the Caribou Trail intersecting white Bluffs was the end I t point of river travel for many miners and the beginning of their over bnd travel to the gold fields. In 1859 the steamship "Colone l Wright" j ; took a load of mine?:"s and their supplies to ?riest ?.apids on their ·,.ay to Simi:kameen in the northern Okanogan . The Portland Oregonian repo?:"ted ! on ~arch l, 1366 : 1 , A second Sacramento; we are infor~ed that a company has '; been fcr.':led at the Dalles who intend putting 25 heavy :.;ceigr.c teams on the ~ortage :rom \fnite Bl·..:ffs to ?er.d Oreille at once and ir.c:::ease the n'.1."!lber as '. .Je see another ver: ir.1portan-:: lir,k in t:-ie communications ·,1i th :-iontana supplies. We have ever looked upon ~hice 3luf:s as a scarcir,-:; point in tnis great crade , :1.:-,d ·,1e ha•,e ,.o .::cube t::a::, :::el'_,ing on che merits oc: the :::-::; •Jee a.::;c.,-e , ·,.;i:'..:.. con ci:1Le co ?ros~er, .3.nd it ~ay become ir. ::i~e t he Sacra~enco of ::he Coli..unbia va.:.::.ey .

Al:::eady a hocel and several stores have been escablished t here. The 9ioneers of t he town , 3coc~ an.:i Nevison, have aLcead1 ?Ur::hased a ,,-e:::·f extensive st:oc~ o: ,;ocds . The t::;wr. ~s to be ;:,:::oE)e.rly suc:e1•ed, :-,o;.· :: :iat _::;e?:'manency l.S no longe?:" a ~acte.r of col!.!:lc.

Betweer i6~8 and 1368 the Caribou Trai:.. whi =h i~::ersec::.ed t::e s cu=y a:::ea a: ~hi::e 3 luf~s too~ rnar1 mi~ers ~=cm ~al:..u:..a nor ch i~c::; Ca:1ada c'.,rc uqh the o:-:anogan ·.;alley (?ic; . l ,J) . .".n a.c:: ounc :?:" om c::.is :,::eri::id 2.. s cited by Vic::2?:" (1370 : 577) and describes not only the area , but the Chinese mi ners who a:: the ::.i~e inhabi:ed it:

? !:'cm :·1·a1iula r:o ~·i hit:e Sluffs, t:le :-iv e~ is 3mcoc~ :nC.. dee9, of~ering no obst:::ucticns whatever to navigat~c~. ~rem this last named :,:ioint the ri·1er cannot be :1avi,;ated furt:--.er until we reach C0lville . 3ecween :: hese two ~laces it: makes a long detour, so chac , fellowing its :: curse, che d istance from one poinc to the ocher ?O int is about: 350 miles. The stream is so broker. by ra9i.ds c:1e ·,.;hole wa~, that boats cannot run u~on it. The bars aior.g the ?:"~ ver ha ve lon,:; been worked yielding smal: ?ay; bu-::: t:1ey are r.ow almos~ abandoned by the whites, who ~re l ooking ~0r ?:"icher mir.es, and in their st=ad a:::e come g reat numbers or: Chinese; some :~om o ~:go~, but t~e ~ ~eacer ~umber =~cm 3~itish C::ilLl..tbia . It is believed t:.at t::ere are :1ow· about one thcusand o f these ~ersons working or. ~he ?:"i ve?:" between ?r:est: 's ;a?ijs ar.d Col~i:ie. The~ 3 re 3a~~ : 0 be ~ak ~~g ~=a~ two : o ~i~e 0 r SLX dc ll3rs ;,er da v (~ic t or lB ~J :577 ) .

~~-· 35~~

.,. !:1 the 1860s wagon r oads were es t3blished between ~h1:e Bluffs and .~ ~ort Col?1~le in o rder to supply the gold mines . Steamships cra~ersed ::1e Col.·.tmcia ::rom ?ortland co 'tihice 3 L:1ffs carryi;;g su,;:; li~s :or the ~i~es. Pack cr3ins carr:ed these goods from W'r.ice Slu:fs to the mines 1 n Idaho and ~ontana, including an attempt :o use camels becween 1• 65 and 1367 (~ewis 1928) . ~he ~ullan Road from U.5. fort ~alia Waila (c,,= ar Wall.a Walla Cit·:·) to fore Benton , :--tor.tana, was -:o;;st::;.icced bet·..reen : 3 5• -GJ). Th~s route by?assed the rapids o f the Colwr~ia and : he miles of loose sand between White Sluf:s and Per.d Orei!..le (H arris 1972:ll; '.·!t.:Lan !363). Whit:e 3luffs lost out to Walla :valla Ci::·1 as ::he main su~?l.! route to the gold mines.

~he only Indian- lvnite incident along the Hanford ~eac:1 was che ~urier o f 3l.anche and :orenzo ?erkins at Rattlesnake Sprir.;s by I:-idian renegades L.eeing :ram the C:matilla-?aiut:e ·..ra rs i.:1 July of :.87S ( Ru.c.y ar.d 2rs~~ 1965). The Perkins were White 3lui~s horse rar.c~ers who were ::::1 t!"'.eir ·,.;ay co "!a:Cima where .'1rs. ?erkins ·.vas to dei..i1:er- her -=~ilc.. ~~en :1aa r:n~ ct t:1e murders, the people oi ~akima ~ere 3~re c~a: ~hief :-~03:::S o f :::1e ·:ol•.unbias had jeen res::ior. sible a::d : r:ac :-.e ·.,as ?re;.::ar::1<; C:-li.ef :-1oses a!:.d General !": c- 1.-;a~d, a:'':e!:" ex- ...... - _....., - ... c,,a::~:r.; se~era~ ~essages, me~ a -: ?riesc -~ - ...... :l. .... :::ee i: .:. :11 ~awa rd goc 35Surances ~jac :1oses' peo:)le had :10 ~ r::1~ ?er:,.:.n s' tr 3. :-"• .,:: : ~-:e

:-: owari :t~·;.!"~~. :=:---. .::ec :~e : :1d .:..an3 res~o~si~~e fo r +:he J":u rde:--s, ::: 1.11: >~c ses c:...:.-i ~io t =e:: ~is 13::~. and ~any o~ his ~eo~:e :ater wen::~ :~e :~:~::~e ~eser'la-

~~Ano:~er !ndian leader who ~ace his jc~e along ::12 :-:anfcri Reac~ ·.,.:as .3:r.c:,a.:.. :..a.~~

:.... a:.: ~ : : ~e :ac ,:.s (;.100:1e·~-' ~3 ?6 ) . ~~ ~~ ~e ::o s~un :~e white ~a~•s ways a::d re::~rn : o :je ~ l~ ~a~3 . ~i3 ~-::li;icc.s :ol1..s:l'.v'inc:; :Jecame -s. re:°:..1g~ :or :::lose I:-:C.1;.r.s esc3.;:i~;. :::e ·..... · .J.::-s a~d :~e reser~acions. ~or t~is reason c~e I nd ian agen t a:: Ya~i~a ~om-

·_..,· ..1s s-::. = in l38~ t o get SmoC-. a.!.l a. t::i :;o t:J 2. rese~u 3.~.:..c~ ::. 1...1c. ~le ·;~i oul.:: :~c c go ; ~~e remnancs of the peo9lw ~ho fo:lowed :1i~ stil:'.. r e side ~ear ?r:esc Ra~i.·~s (Relar.der 1956) . Sr;-;o hai :'..a. a:-,d :1oses, ::::ouch jo:~ i:c:;:or<:an:: ! :1c ian ~oi: tic3~ leaders of the time, never did get alo ~g a~d ~er~ o n c~~osi:e si-:ies of t:""12 901.:.tic.3.l soect~·.. .lffi, exce?c t:1at :iei~:1e.::- one -,..,ar..tcC. ~is ~~c9le co : e a~e the area.

By 1370 ferry s~r~ice iiminished. scat:ered for the most ;arc, though there were enough ?eople f o r :he fc ~ndi~g of ~akirna Cou~cy '" 1865. These ~ec~:e wer! ~oscly ca::cle and ~o rse ranc~ers (includi~g ~~~cz, ?~rkins, and s ::awn).

~~show a~ c::is :i~e. wo~:ci soo n exc~~si.ve:; ~n:lr~e :~e lreas o ~ lease .:;a:-::.:: ai.!:"·;a.C.·· c ::: mri1on in :~.e .;;.~ea (C·.;onc l~il7; ? 3. r-:- ~-= !'." i.-:~--;:;i\. 36~~

The winter of 1880-l •,1as particularly bad. Cattle were unable to find the dried bunch grass under up to four :eet of sncw. Thaws in the late wir.ter caused a crust of ice to form over the snow, which c~t the animals' legs as they tried to move through the snow. Nearly \ I 80 ?ercent of L~e cattle and :rom 10-20 2ercer.t of the horses were ) lost :rom exposure and s':arvation. When S?ring came i:he stench of l d<::!ca ying cattle was unbelievable (Splawn 1917: 332-32~ ) . ,•lost stockmen ! recovered their losses, but as more settlers arrived range land became i limited. The winter of 1886- 7 suffered the same upon die ranchers I (Parker 1979). 1 i The need for some t~e cf irrigation s ystem became clear if the f needed winter feed was to je grown . Each fa!."!!\ had its own system, r. I and it was soon discovered that with water the soil could produce much mere than hay. The influx of settlers after the turn of the century f and the .ie!Ildnd for ::core and better water s ystems causec. the develo:,?rner.t I of schemes en a larger scale (Parker 1979). i i .I Ir. 1892 the ·{akima Irri~acion and Improveme:1t C.:)mpany ( fJ .:. &I. ) •.... ·.vas f o r.;-:ed, and proposed co :: ·-lild a s ystem o: car.als and irriqa1:ion ditc~es from the Yakima ~iver no rth to che Priest ~apiis a~d eas: : o ::-ie ·::olumbi=. ih<1er (Parker l379J. 'I':1e ccm!?any we::.t !..nt•.:) recei·:ershi?, ho·.ve~, er, i.n :~e l ace 1390 s, :n1t. d.:.d st.:cceed i:1. :;egi!""1~i.1g svm: c.3.na.!. building :n the area, and se: :he s:age :or =~cure irriga:ion de veioc :nencs .

~~A si.lr.".r.1ar:' of wha1: t==.e ,! .::::.&I. ac::om;:>lished :Nas ~ade bv ?ar~~~

':'he :irst Y. I . & • : . anc. ;:,ec.!::le1: :er ditci1es ·.-1ere ?iar.ned : o i rrigate the east slope of ~ai::lesnake =.nd ~ere evide:-.:i; part:; buil:, :or bci:.h ~rs. Harris (1972 ) and Van Arsdol ( .958! said t hat traces o : :hem c an st:il be seen.

~~T:1e second Y.: .&.I. dit=h. headed at t:1e Horn of the Yak ima, is si:.ill i :-. use o n tr,e south and ·.ve sc bank o f the r1ver, and belongs to the Columbia !rrigaticn Jistric:.~~

The +:..'1.ird ditc:i., ·,1hic:1 :1elson ~ic:1 nae. the con.r:ract ::o buil.d from t:i.e Horn i:o c~.e C2lwnbia, ·..;as evide:-,t_y on the r.crth and east side o f che Yakima, and ma y have been the one referred to as the ' old :1orne d:tch' in t he 1904 Columbia Courier. T:1is ditch is only in use at the extreme west e:1d. At one time it ·,1ent through ;:he ne•,; cicy o: Richland after t:-ie ~overnrnent takeover in 1943 . This section was filled in and grassed over, and houses we re built over its :or.ner course . But oart o f it =an be seen :rorn ~ighway 2~J o n che Vantage c~:-of:, atout a mile :re m tcwn.

~~i' ..:· ...._..·~ -~-~-- -,..,... .~ -:·~-·~~"l'"~~~--A\iP .,.,~lf.?c~~..~ ':?.~-"§"-...~~~ --,.\f,5~:s:.":.,*#¥»"• ··-c-d:¥ "· ~' -' . B.¥-k?LAWWW---"~ "~ ~?"'!_!!'!IJ ___ 37~~

The fJu r th ditch i~por:anc to the e a rly :own of ?ichlan~ was one under :ielson ?.ich ' s pri? ate owr.ership . It head1:: at the Yakima aeveral ~i l es below the Horn All bu= the E!intest traces o f this ditch are gone (Parke r 1979 : ~9)

~hite aluffs revived operation of a fer r v i:-: the later part of the 1soos and by 1900 ran a horse- powered paddle ·..;heel ferry ( P.uby and Srown !?74) . A cable ferry was established at Richland in 1394 and b y 1903 •...-as carrying a la.::-ge number of people and supplies up the ri 11er. Steam s:: i9 service up and dcwn the Col 1.unbia, though uns c hed1.1 led, was constant s~ortly after 1900. Irrigation ?rejects, though still 9rivate for the ;:-,::st :;;art, ·,;ere brir.qinc; more and more acreac::e under irrigation. The ,::::;lumbia Courier bega:: 9ublication i:-: :

~~~ov:ng Ln , :ar~ers were bringing : c r:h better cro9s, and op~orc~ni ties =~r :he i~9=c~e~ent of the area existed and were :ajen ad?an cJce o: t ?=.rker- 1379 } .~~

~~e :-!anfo r:i I:::-!:":..gaticr. anC. ?ower Com;:any was ::Jr.7",ed ea r 2.~.. .: .:. n :_ 3 ,: t; and water was :lowing thrc~gh the syst~rn by l9C8 . : ~ou=h i:s servi:e ~as s~oraaic, it and i:s s~ccesscrs ;rovided the area ~i:h ~acer ~nti: 10~3 when the Han:~rd ~arks ~as estabi:shed.

:!: 1..:.it .:a.rn~[:~ , a:i.d r: o 3. ie.s~er -=x-=~r-.t , the dev-=lo~mer.1: of :::.;:.::.s:=.. :JL -:.=.c:.. c:: . :° .3.:-:ne!"s d..:.d ·,.; e Ll. a.r.C: ?r:":)Cuce :::-s:n -::1e ~anford :=:ea. c:1 coo~ ~r:zes =.c r-:,;is ~a.!. :"ai!:"5 ::-lrol!~hc·J.t. :.:-:-= C::,l. :~:nbi.3. Sas:.:1. .~n ~co~c:7t.1::a.l slowdo'.•;n :::-~lo·"'·:.~-; c.::---.e ? i~5t: Worl.:i ~"a:c s:'..1:-tced t:1e 3.~'2= 's g:--owch, anC :~~ 3:_ ::P.Y ~ec:,ver·:· c f : :"":e area ~as pulled dow~ by t~e major de?ression o f =~e early 1930s. 7~2 ccsc o~ water ~as a major o bstacle to the continued develo9men: at ~an~ : .:.r.ns in t=-te 1-?.: 0 s a~d 1~3Cs . ?or this reaso~, many :ar~ers d~c:: :~eLr res ;.;l:ed in ~:1e disc-:Jvery of :1at•_trJ.l C:as .:..:: ~:-.e ?~2..~:!.e s:--.ake Hills .:..:1 1912 . I :1 s?i:e o f man y ?roblerns encour.;:ered in : ~e earlv oil and gas fields, a :--e-=sona.ble ~uan t:i:.? of -;a s ·.va s :1~oa~ce•.::, ur:til the '.vells ran dr:• in 1941 (Parker 1979) .

Automobiles became ~ore and more Erequent. Sy t~e late 1920s :ne steamers goi:-.g u::=: 3.nd down the Coi.L:.H'bia were .:; o ne . and ;:he horse ::c 1,.ered :erries of t he ear!y !900s gave wav :~ larger gas or diesel ocwered :er ries •..;hich ·,;ould ca. rr:.r ::-ars . :·iooc.en :Jri,iges ·,.;e re b~il,: on t:i.e 'la~i.::ia 2i~e r sou;:h of ~i::-~13.nd, but were of:er. ca~en ~u: ~1/ ice~ams dur.:..~~ : he 3ri-~e; ~s ·t.-ere lo~t: 1:1 l9C3, 1906, l.38":, ~9!. •~:, 1..917, an~ l. 'J 2:J

~~------· 38~~

~~7he towns of Hanford and White 8luf::s grew signi:icantly in t'.:1e early part of the twentiet~ century. The following census figur es are reported by ?arker (1979):~~

~~Cen s us figures : 1910 1920 1930 1940~~

Hanford 369 429 429 463 White Bluffs 323 387 672 501 Richland 721 1042 76-! 576 :' Whole County 7937 f f Hanford ' s population leveled off, while ¼hite Bluffs ' continued to grow, I and between 1920 and 1940 ~ichland's population declined. •. ~ 3y the end o: the 1930s, c'.:1e status o f the three ma~or t:iwns in t'.:1e area had stabilized. Han:crd, White Bl·..i:fs , and E<.icnland ·,;ould ccn::.:.:-.ue as sr:iall farmir.g communities, dependent on lar::;~r cities li:-:e '{akir..a, SS)ok.ane . or Walla Walla. ':'he smaller ha.mlecs o f Cold Creek, ,:er,.i-:a, :'litchell, Waut:imia, :iave::, _;l larc, :<-i'rerland (Cress •,.-ell ) , :-.rar.luke . ar.c L< ~ulia wou lj remain c.epende~c on the towns of Hanford and ~hite 3lu:::s :or s:::;,ecialL:ed services s::ch ::.s r:i.edica.i. needs ::ie~·onc. t::e -~er:e!:'a~ ?ra.c-:.:.- 1: i.one rs of t:1e ar'=a.. T!1e .: e-.::ond ~Vor ld ~-J ar s t:a.r ~ed. .:.n :. 3 ~ l. and, 1 ike ·: c::e :- s~al l towns, -:he towns of : he Hanford ~each sen c their sons ::o ~ar.

The residents ~ere gi~en notice early in 1943 ::hat: the Sanford ::nqineering ;·lork3 was bei,1g es::ablished by :-!ar.r-,ar:::.an Dis-:r:.ct:, :.:.s ..=l.r".'.1 1/ C:irps of ::ngineers , and that a.i.l people would ~ave ::o ".'.love out o f a large area including che towns of ~hite Bluffs, Sanford, and 2ichland. ~an~ :a?:u1s :,JOuld have t o ':Je abar:•:ior,ed, while ot:1ers c:Juld ::ie :armed but t:1e land would be bouqhc by the ;overnrnent. 2esicents o f ~an:cr:i , White 3luffs, and ~ichland were ~i~en 30 days co lea~e i?a.rker 1~73 ) .

~~T~e ~anfcrd ::ngineeri~q ~arks was ~he site of d ras::.:. c c~an~e bec~een~~

1943-~S. 1:otal ear~:l ~ov~::1; ac i'lan.Eord ::.201...: r. ted :.:> :: ?i.!..:..~•.::--. -.:ubi.: '_la:-C s; 780,000 cubic / ards o: cor:crete ·;1ere laid; .;, Q, J1JO :: :J ns of str·1c ::·.Eal 3ceel ( e xc luding !"aiiroad a.r1d st.:.i~l ess sceel ) , l00 ,C1CO, JOO boa:-(: :~e c: o f _,_:_:1!Je!' , and 8,500 ? ieces of ~ajar :cnst:ru ction ~qui~ment were used on t::e job (Van Arsdol 1958).

~~The site of the former r.anford townsite contained 1]1 :nen' s ::iarracks~~

( t otal ca~acity 24,319), .::; t. .,cme~•.; :Jarrack s ( ~or:a.l .:a;:aci.t·.,.· 4,480), 32 :J doubl c huc:nents and 340 sing le :rntrnents, ::iaki,,q ::1e ::'.)ca l :co11sing •.:at=a. bi li ties of the· camp 39,050. A cra.i.ler camp •;1as escaolisr-ied at Ha nfor-::. •;1hich at its ?eak held more ::han l"'.7 , 000. The total available ::ousir.g oi Hanford at its peak wa s ~or about 54, 000 (Va n ~rsdol L9 58). A::ter :he ~ar and all the constrac~icn that went wich it, workers l eft the area, a~d in the spring of 1946 bids were let ~or t~e dismanc:.:.~g o~ -:::e ~a.nf~rd i c.c rNr: s i c.e . f i I

~~Il L :"EC:!NIG-1.L .::...P?ROACH~~

~~~he methods and ~rocedures employed during t~e course or ~r. ~ice's scudies ac Hanford include the following:~~

~~Literature a~~ Files Searc~~~

A review of ? ertinent local and regional arc~aeolcgical, ethno gra;nLc, and historical licerat~re ~as conducted in conjunction with all ~ield sc~dies at ~anford. Libraries consulted include: 5uz=al~ Library, Cniversit·f a: :·lashingtor., Seactle; :,asnincton S tace '...'rii·:ersit"f I..i:Jr3.ry, ?~ll:nan; Uni·✓-ersi.t·~· of Id.=.r.o L.i.:)rar:/, >!03cc:,·,;; '!ak:.ma ~eqio:i. a.!. :ibrary; ~ic~land ?ublic Library; and the Oregon Histori=al 3cc:ety Librar~, ?o rtland. Arcnae =iogical sice record ::: les were c o ~s u lced ac ~:1e \·i a.sh:..:-: c: r::Jn .:l.r-::haeoloq!.cal Resca=-:::1 -=-==--~ter, ?'-11..::.:"tla:1; ~h-= ·:i :::.:e •=> ;: ?='..! :::,li..:: .:;!":-:'°".c.ec~oqy, rJ r.i·:e~.3i:.~· o = :~!a .= i:.::--.<;-r:Jn, 3ea::-:le ; ~~. e ~-;asni.~~S"-::,:1 State C:: ::ice c :: Arc~aeoloq y ani ~iscc r ic ?reser?ati~n, Cl~~?ia; ani c~e S~okane O~::ice ~f ~he 3Jreau o f :and ~anage~enc, U. 3. ~c ~~ r -~a-~

~~These ~easJres wer~ ~ncer-~~

at ~he a :-:: ~1·/es af :~1. ~ De ;a.~:...--:1er1:: o: _J._r:.:::1.rv9ol -~·; ·/, s~l:.:.Z--.. scr.i.a~ : ::.s::1.:·..: ci0n , ~'1as:",i.:-1gton, : · . C .; t. :"'1e Ll . :3. ~ra.c:i.or.ai ~.r.::!-1i·l es, :'4ushi~:;:.or., and the Crecon Hiscorica: 3oc iecy ~~3 e~m , ?sr~:and . 2 1.J.bl ic :--ec: ~ r::s incl.udins deeds , ma;s and tract noces or che Ge~era: Land Office ~ere ~X3 ~ined 3t the Franklin Cc~n. ~y CQurthouse , ?asc~, ~ashing=cn and t~e Richl3nd O;eracions Office, J .3. ~e~art~enc of ~ner~y. ~ich~and, ~-iashington.

~~I:1 fom.an c I :1 te r--:.1ie'.vs~~

Persons ~nowledg~able of =he 9re- Hanfori ~eser?acion c~l~~ral resources are rare because c~e large r cart cf che st~d! area has been closed to t:1e ::u.bli.c 5in.ce i9~3 . ::ro rn the relo cated oid- ci~e settler3 ::roM t~e ~re-Han.ford 2eser?a ticn. : -:>wns of rfa:-1:'Jrd a~.i:. :-:~ i::e 3~'...lE:s. .~cr.r.: :.:1-:se ~--: eo~le ~ a r:-·_.- .;:1de~~:, r:, _;r =h.i.e 3,:-rden, 3nd :-!ai::ic :•J:.ehl ·.ve~-'3 ;-ar~ic ·..:. .:.::.!" L·:· C-121~:1..:.:. i.n :::::--: ·. .. !.".:~ :-;g l 40

_;nother source o f informa tion ·.-1as derived f r om N. G. c uller, Real £state Specialist, Richland Oper3tions, U. S . Department o f Energy . :-!r. culler was a:,soci3.ted ·,;ith the establishme:it of the Han:ord Rese:- vati o n by t:-ie Army Corps of Engineers ir! 1343 ar.d has •,;orked t here since I er.a:: time . :-ie :-. as ;? rovided important: historical background, maps, and i -~e,.eral informac:.ion about 9hotogra9hs and real estate ;iroperty at Han fo rc. ~!r. fuller has also :nade an effort co reco rd and preser; e ~ia cive .=vnerican t sites o f religious importance. In ~arch 197~ Mr. Ful ler took a grou? o f ~anapam and Yaki:na Indians into the Sanford Reservation to identify and li mark areas •:Jf r~ l i g ious concern to them. These areas have been monitored I J and rrotected by the Government up to the ?resent time. His actio ns are consistent wich the provisions of t.'.e Native ;..merican Religious =reedom Act . I

l; ? ield Reconnaissance 4 j i' ~rchaeological :ield wo r k characteristica:ly involves detailed surface l ' exarc.inat i o n o f stuc. y areas , o f t en fellowed :::: ':' st..:bsur:::!ce excavac:.ons . 3Ct'.1 l the surface and s ubs u rface excavations ~3y ~ose Scu7pli~g ?roble~s. gies ~ay ~ar y, however, a c cor ding to =a~y :ac:~rs. C L' !n cje ca~e o f s u rface reconnaissance i : ma y be ~ecessary : o em9:cy Sar.t;i!..1:-ig ~-:~ h:-1· ::ues i .: ~:-'.e ? r o~osed stu·:i'/ 2.!"':2.3. ::a..nr.o~ :>e _::r-a.c~i,:a..!.:.·/ covered in i : s ent1re:y . Su=face reconna ~s s ance ma y be at 3n~ :e~el o ~ \ cove:-3ge (i .e., l J %, 30% , 30%) and ~ay ~o:low ~hol:y ra~dom, stra:ifie~ I I I I 'T'q•"\ O :'l __ .,.,_. blocks o ~ area and/ or linear transects to cover t'.1e grounc.. __ .__._._;,:_ I -··- I i.3 guided !:) ~: e:roac:-les a:::-e li:."", L-: 2d ..... , -:: ,:;:.C.i~!.0 :--:3 .:: I ~.. ;e.::c~e!', ·.: eqet.atio:i., a:1d a :iailable ~i=:e a:-,C. c o sc. \ I On the Han f o rd Reservation i nc.iviiual 3rc~aeolocical s ur~er ;r8~ec=s I since 1972 ~ere c f smal l scope requiri ~g no sara~ling ?rocedure fsr s ur~ey \ since all sur~ace areas ~ere completely examined. T~e s;ec~fic ~roced~res I : o l loweC c0r:-es;ond to !

T-.vo early reconnaissance studies (~ice l.9'33a, l.963b ) •,;ere exce?t:i'J:-.s ~'J che abcve because of r::leir large ga~:-3.~1-":i~ ~~ea. T:~ ese ·.~er~ '' c~:1 - ::-0 lled- e:-: c lusive surveys " following Ki ne;' s ( 1·?78: 33- 35 I c.e:::.1i;-,olcq·:·. This refers t o a surve v ~he re there ~as ?rior knowledge~ = =he e c~~cqra~h~ . ::; ':!olo~·_;, -~:-.d '.1i~ -_ ::; ~ , o f ::1e s:: ~\j~: d!'e~s, b1.,;.c ~:1 3.~ -:e~tai~. 1rea3 ·.ve::-r:: ~x -

--~··---•-\,. - . 45 - ,:;R-316 (?ice 1969), 45 -3N-1• 9 (Rice 1969), 45-BN-157 (Paqlieri and Rice 19;6; Den Beste and Den Beste 1976), 45 -3N- 179 & 180 (Rice 1973), and 45 -3N-2 57 (Rice 1973). Subsur:ace testing has been conducted at one historic site, the loq structure (45-fR-266 ) at East White Bluffs (Rice 1976) .

Case studies ~eed to be ~repared for assessme nts of site signi:i car.ce and determinations of eligibility :or the National Register of Historic ?l.aces (U. S. Governme nt 1975a). To date , only one case study has been prepared, that :or the log str~cture at ~ast Wh ite Blu:fs Caice 1976) . Nominations of many sites at Hanfor d have been ~ade to tie ~ational Register of Histo r ic Places, however, on the jasis of finds from intensive surface reconnaissance alone because of the exceptional preservation of scme sites and their hypothesized =~nctional connections \ I as "site complexes ." I I

~~Some ?e::-ms and Definiticns~~

1 1 ! :1 exarni:i.:. :: ~ t. f: e l..:.. te !".3. t ..1re of ~iie s c :..:.Cy area it r~as a.9pa re r. ~ cha= di:initions of an 3rchaeological site ~ave changed, even in recent times. In H. ~ - Krieger's ( 1327, ~928a l ti~e a site ~as de fined ~s an 09en cam~ - 3it'2, house ::i i: 1 .r :. J..~age, ~Jc:, a.!"-: r'Jck5:'.e~=~~, o r ~i_!r:.-3.l . 3·_: t:':e =iwe o ~ ?i=e's (:3633 ) st~dy. additional site t~~es recognized i~c iuded :is~i~?

?arcicularistic ?rounds l n scne cases being based :.:?on t~e 8ccurrence o f a single prc~ec:ile ~ol~t ~c :.:nd on tje sur~ace rsmic:1 and o thers :9:E) _n the 0pi~ion cf t:-iis ~ri:er sites should n0 c be de:1~ed on the bas1a or isolated sur:ace finds, b~c should rec: u1re a scraci~ied conte~c, i f :--10 c. a:-1 ::.c .:: urrti.:. l.:. :.1. c:ir. ·:> f s:.1.!. +: 1..1.ral na te ri 3.l.

. . . ~ . sci.2:11:.:.. :ic .:i :..3:::.;;_:.:1e :;:-es~ons iblc analyzi~g, and 1~cer;reting the unwr1:ten ?Crt1ons of t:1e ~uman historic a~d prehiscoric 9ast, : ~us concributing co o:.:r ~n~er standing of the ?resent a nd to our abiiity co ?re~are : o r t~e -· future .

~~Art.:.:act: a ~aterial ob~ect made o r :ncrii fied in whole or in ?arc by hurnans. sices are aco~e tool 5, Oone im~leme~~s, shell or~a~e~c3 c c textile fragments .~~

Culc~ral resources: oojec:ts and areas ::nade o ::- :nodified ";;;y :1:.:r::ans -and tne da~a associacec. wi:h t:1ese artifacts and :eatures. ':'hese resources rest in o r on the ground 0r :hey may be submerged . Any alteration a f cne land surface destroys :he associated in- f -:) r:nation a.nc enda:--.:::-ers t:1e .:trci:acts : ~er.is e.'.. •; es. C:..i.!. :. ·..1:-3.l resources may be historical 0r ~rehistoric in character and

~~0 the : are ::i:-ocectec. by -:ar1ous laws.~~

~~:/':,,,...~~

~~------~ 43~~

Cultural resources assessment: an evaluation o: the arc~aeolc~i=al ::,2s 0:.ir:::es ;..:rese:--.t in ar. area, ':hei::- scient:.fi::: anc,'or h"...:...':laru.stic .... (he::-i:.age) signi::ic ance, and the level of labor requi::ed t o ·~",. . ; rotect or ?roperlJ i~vestigate them . f . f Feature : an area in or ,'Jn the ground .,.,here e•,1i. .:ie:1ce of ;1ast hurr,a n ac::i?:t-r can be 5e:en o r detect:ed. Among the :nose :reque:--.:. :."·'· :eacures at archaealcgical sites are fire ~its, stora9e Jits, burials, ho~se floors , and ~ost holes .

Historic archaeo~ogy: the study o:: archaeological sites 9erti~e:1t to reco::ded hisco::-:.: .,.,hid: cor::-.cines histori-=.3.l arcr:ival research, or.3.l hiscor:,', a:--.d arc:1aeology co clari:::., acd doc;_;_.':le:1t hiscoric events and ?Laces.

Intensi·/e archaeological surr/ey: an on- the- gr::i 1.rnd sur::ace sur·:'=' '! and testing o: an area s ~:::icient to ?er~it deter~inaci.on o:: the nt.:.r:-.::er ar:d ex::ent o: c•.11:.ural r,:,sc 11rces ~reser.::, t::-teir scie:1ti:ic i~~or~a~ce, and the cine ::actors and cos:. o : preser~inq c~e~ ~r

~~of .in ~es ci; acion is ~ost 3?9ro9r.ia=e once a s~ecific re1:on e r area tc je af::ec~ei has been iecermined or che :hoice has been~~

~aticna~ Re ~rsc~r of H~stor~c ?laces: Jepar:~ent o f :~e rncerio :: (~eri.tage :cnser~ac:on and ~ecrea~ion 3~r~i:e ) , c f archi:ec:urai, ~:s:or~=a!, ar =haeo~oqi=al, 3nd =~l~~ral s::es e r iis:ric:s are nornina~ed : o :.~e ~egis::er b~ :he :5t.3.~e :lis~:ri.·: ;::::-e32r".'a.c:.o:,. of::ce!"'s -::r~ i:i :J'.' :eG.e::-3.:. :=.<;e:-:c:.2s a;1d a.re ev-11..uat:e·i 3.rid =-~?:::-overi :Jy ::-t e ~; ~::. :Jn -:!.~ ?.-=s~.5 :.2!"" 3:2.:: . :3.:.c e s ~~SC·?,: en c:1e :·~a:::.c::..=.i Resiscer ::) :::- ·,.;f:i.c:1 3...-~ ~ 0 r-~r:,,--.~ci , _

~~? rehiscor!c archaecloqy: recons::ruc:ed b y inference ::rom sites, ~~=r··~Q~, and ar:.:fac~s recovered from sys::e~a:.:c sur:ace obser~a:ions 0 r si:e exca~a t.ior.s.~~

Preliminar~ ar~~aeological ~eccnnai5sa~ce: ,:,xamina:.ion o f selected ;or~ions of the area co be a ffec:ed, ade~u-3.t-e co as3ess t:1e qe~~e~al na~;_ire e> f :::'le ~r,:::1ae-:)lo~:..c..;.l resources ?rcbably ~rese:1:. .3.nd assess the ~~~bdble i~~ac: of a prcJecc and to esti~ate the cosc o: ~i:igaci~g t ~a c ~~9ac~. This leve l of investigation is appropri3:e co ~re~:~1nar~ ;Lanni~g decisicns ..

Site: any area or location c c=~cied as a resiience or ~:i.lized b~ huznarls : o r- a SL!f:':...::ient l.er.g~:1 ,.)f cime ::o .::;r.s~.:-'...lc~ :'e.3.:'...l:--2s, c~ Ce?csi: a ~l.il!"~~~ ~~ ar~i:ac~s.

~~l"'°·:~.,;_. ~ . _., _.___,. ~ • --- - <.;··• · •. ·.··,..- .... _..,. --"'."" ··--~ 44~~

' Site complex: geographically associated sites which are o~ the same general age, which are :unctionally dive::-si::ied, and which may have been used concomicancly for dif::erent pur poses :Oy a sir.qle group of 9eos,le. :-1osc ofcen Columbia ~iver site comFlexes are clustered around the :cc~s of a winte::- village and include such things as scor~ge 9ics, I c~ches, rock art, burial sites, a.nd sweat lodges. The site complex is hypochesized to correlate with ethnographic I settlement 9acterns. f l 1 I 1 i '

~~C LI~~

~~C HISTOP.Y OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK~~

~~;;,3.rlv Work~~

~rchaeological investigations within the study area ~ere first initiated by Harlan I. Smith of the U.S. National Museum in 1.903 with :iis survey of the Yakima ~iver valley and adjacent areas (Sr.1ith 1905). sased u9on heterogeneous collections at the National ~useurn, Smith set about to establish the cultural boundary between The Dalles region of ::he lower Columbia and the Thompson River region in Canada, t:'N"O areas i~ the ?acific Norw~west known for their antiquities at the turn of the t·. .,rentieth century. Smi t:h' s methods were antiquarian, employing compari sons of artifacts and art styles in rock art without st:rict regard for archaeological context and with the little realization of great time .:iep1:h. Open camp sites, :-:ouse pits, graves, and rock art si::es were L recognized site ty?es, but: these were not s ystematicall~ described or excavated . Smitj ( 1310) observed from his studies that: the culture of C :he 9rehistoric people of the Yakima ~alley and adjace:1t areas had strong ,, similari:ies with the Thompson River region with evide:1ce f~r mere limited co!""!tac:: ·.-·1. :h t:,e ?l.at:-is and The Dalles of the lower Col.ur...bia, but: alrr.ost ,o contact ~ith the ~ashingcon coast. He cited as e vidence for these :1c :-::-1 er.1 ties c:ie ::ollow::.ng traits: •.inderground house si:::!s, c~ular :,>ipes, er.graved Dental.f.~;[1 s ~ells, t:he circle-a!""!d-do': c:esi,;r. mot:if, anc: ::-ock s_ide graves. Sr.iic:-: concluded t::1ac his st'.lc:ies see::. "::o ;::-ove ':hat: the ·lski:na 'Ialley ;..;as ir:habit:ed !::l y sieo9le havi::<; 3. c ·..:.l ': u::-e ·N"hich ;,re•.riously ha.d :::een unknown to science" (Smith 1905: E9 ) . :':-:e ar:ti,:;:ui :: ~- o f :his cult..:.re and its antecedents was unknown to :mit:h.

:·i .~. Holmes' ( ::. 919:1.'..7 -lS) overview of the Colwn.bia-:":-:,se:- area cu;: lines a t::-aic- l ist a : material culture elements ':y~ical o: '::-:e area. ':'hese eler:'.ent:s, :::ased u,:cn collections at: c:1.e ~.S. Na ::.:. ::o:;J.::. '.-!t.:.seum, :i.S ·..,rell as '::-..ose mentio:1ed i.:1 I.)ublished works such as Smit:;. ( .'..9 0 5, :910) , I cou;;le-i 1.vic:1 seog::-3.;::hic features o:: the Colur..bia-::raser •:alleys all•owed ~olrnes to disting~ish a distinctive geographic area o f c~l:ural ada~ta- t.:.on . r.e h as.:ened to ?Oi:1t out that a c.e-cailed stud-1 o : t:1:..s :-eqion would require i::s separatio n into a-c lease cwo ~ir.or en °1 ironment:s, jut that the blendings o: ~aterial culture were intricate. T:1ese :1.ave 2rne::-ced in later studies (~ay 1939) as the Canadia~ o :- ~o rtr.ern ?lateau. J.nd the American or So uthern ?lateau. In Holmes' time c:-.e:-e was :co ce:-t3.ir: evidence of t~e ?resence of distinct cultures earlie:- chan those of historical times. He did observe, however, that una~ c~enticated :inc:s o f su2;:osed geologicall·! ancient: human n~mair:.s wer-= ::--22or ~ec. .:.nd '::iat.. i:: "geologically ancient m·an did occu~y t:1e concinent, t:,.e •:alley o f :::1e CoLunbia ou;-ht: to ::ie a ·1ery ?romising :ie_d :or t he :::iiscove:-y o f the t:he recorc." U'!ol.r:1es 1919: 118).

I.1 1926 a regional arc:.aeological surve y of the mi-.::d.i.e Columbia ~ive::- •;alley :::-om ti1e mout.h of the Yakima aiver to t:1e co:.:lc:e:1ce of tt":e Ck ~noa an River was 2onducted by H.W. Krieger (:927 ) . wi~~ ?rivate collections cbtained ::rom ~embers of the Columbia River Archaeological Society. T:1e spec~~ens he examined came primarily from burials and surface finds at Indian village sites. Krieger's survey a?pears to have been motivated by the need for identi::ying archaeo!ogica_ village and burial sites before the destr~ctive activities of orchardists and farmers obliterated tha~ from rec~gnition. He undertook excavations at eight sites including a ;,rehist:oric ,,illage and cemetery at lvahluke (45 - Grl-306) on the east bar.!< of the Columbia River in Grant County adja ce:nt to the White Blu::s . :f t '.,e region, but '.

~~l ,. /.' & j I~~

~~I'L I ;..,CHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AT nA."ffORD~~

Fig. 11 illustrates the areas where Dr. Rice's archaeological surveys have been conducted at Hanford. The letters and numbers listed on the map in ?ig. 11 are keyed to specific projects and finds outlined in Table 5. The narrative discussion for particular archaeological survey pro jects :ollows below.

The first archaeological survey work withir.. the study area in recent: times and the only COD~let:e survey of the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River was conduc':ed by the National ?ark Ser·.rice tRice 1968a) for the ;,,.rmv Co rps of Engineers (C .S. Gover:unent 1969) in conjunction with the pro~osed 3en Franklir.. Dam nor:h of Richland, Washinscon. Between 21 Cccober 1967 and 28 January 1968 a.'1 intensi•le arc:-,aeological :::-econnaissance was c.3.rried out over the entire area of the pro9osed reservoi:::-, about SO miles (River ~ile 348 to 397) :re~ Wooded Island to Priest: Rapids Dam to an elevation of 400 ft msl. Unde r the direction o: David G. Ri ce members of the Mid Columbia ;,,.rchaeologi·:3.l Societ'( were divided into two !:)oat: crews ::>f up to six ~ersons each and ~~o !and crews of up to seven persons each (Rice L 1969). Seth !:)anks .. of ~:::.e Colu.'7lbia Ris,er and a ll islands ·..-ere exa:ninec by the survey crews ar..d subsequently reexamined by ~ice. !ndi.,1id-..:a.l ::::ew

transec:s parallel : o : ~e river. Only areas containing co~centraci~ns of occupat:ional debris like fire-cracked rock, flaking detricus , jone, she_ll, unusual rock a:.ig,-e.enc:3, house,:;its or ju:::-ials ,..,.ere recorced as sites. The masc ccti:non :ypes of prehistoric si:es reported ·..; ere C?en campsites ( 37), fisting stations ( 39), ho:.1sepi cs (:22 ) , ar.d burials ( 14) ~any cf these sites showed e vidence of multiple use, such as a house~ic site ccmbir.ec -..,.ith :::u:·ials. Further research is needed :c f ur:her refine sice f~nctions using techni~ues t hac range from anal~sis of artifac: categories present at: a sice to det:ailed analyses of edge-wear on lichic tools. Potent:ial hi.5torical sites were noc repcrtec. with one exceptior. , a log scructure at ~ist White Sluffs (45-FR-266). The lack of concern about historical si:es ~as t:rue because most structures and builcir.gs

r...,e~e p!:'ei1iously rerrx:,ved 'ay the A.r7:1y and :cemainiz:<; dilat?idatad s:.r1..:::-: 1...:~es dated from the 1920s and 1930s a~d were oucside che scudy area. ~inC.s of isolated indivi~ual artifacts were not recorced as sices. .3 i ,:es ·.vere :narkec:. on maps from t:he 1910 sur·.re'! of the up!?er C:)lu..-:-J:ia ?.iver prepa-::-ec:. !:)y the Army Cor?s cf Sngineers (scale 1 in. = _QQO ft ) and lacer re?or:ed on aerial photogra~hs (Rice 1968a ). The !'esulc of ::~is survey ef::o!'t: was the d:scovery of lJS ?!'ehistoric aboriginal sites in the most t~orough and i::tensi,:e archaeological survey i:1vestigat:ion c f its ti::ie Er:r:: ::he Columbia 3asin.

:'est excavatiar.s are r:iade by ::he :-tid-Colurnbi.a r\rchaeological. Socie:::· at Locke Island (45-CR-302A), Wahluke (45-CR-2068), Ryeg::ass (43-3N-l49 ) , and u~stream :::om Co•/o::e :l.apids (45-GR-316) in orde!' t0 decermir.e che de9t~ of de?osics and charac~er o: fill (Rice 1969 ) . Resulting :inds have ~ever been re9orced : or lack o f fu:1ds. r. .i ~

~~.,!... 48~~

~~_j G~ F L. '- / ' ,--l E L. / G 7 D D~~

~~0 K~~

~~~B L i • 4 5 7 : r- : A . ...., 0 ....-~ N 1 -, 2 L ~. ··- p "\.O,a 0 T~~

~~(l I 200 E u I~~

~~' r-"I V ~ Jj~~

~~L HH Q '1.,_G GG A i ~ ~ ~ ; , .__J ·- --~ LJ Areas Surveyed ;--; ~ DOE Energy Facilities 0 1 2 Miles Scale~~

~~Fig . 11 . Areas on th e Hanfo r d Re serv:: ti on ':,here archa eo logical sur veys ~2re conducted by ~r. Rice, 1967 - 1900 . 9~~

'l'/\JlLE C_, . ( I 1)1 , ) - HCJ) . ·-·- ···------··------·--·- ·· ------·- --- ·- --···-· ------··------/\n_; a Exc-1 1ni11ed (na me or geoy1-ctpllic .l ocaLio1,) l.oca t.ion in Fi.CJ. 11 Uctle of Surve y Sta-vey f-'i11ds/Notes ·------

l. Ben Franklin Reservoir /\rea (H o Ll1 A Oc t. 1967- 105 sites (Rice 1968a) silo relines a11d a 11 i s lc1nds i II Lia:: Jan. lS1 6 8 C(, lurnlii a River from WoodeJ I s . to L'ri e:s t Hapid:s t o e ]evation 1l1J1) ft: ) ., ll a n f o rd \-.J orks Survey as b e l o 1v Ju11,2 l9GB 26 sites & 3 l oca liLies Oct. 1968 (Hi ce 19(,Bb )

~~!3urli11gton Railroa d riyhl-o f-w.:iy ,0 45-GR-325 ( l 1. 5 mi in a line para lle l to iJnd south of State llig llw a y 11- A)~~

~~L>. 1-'~~

~~C. U.ioluyy Ouildi 11•J Sile 45-BN-106~~

~~d. Burial sites for solid & li.quid was t es a ll 100 & 200 None & low level radioacti ve waste c1reas , JOO area II, J, M, L, V, W, CC , DIJ~~

~~C. W,1u,r cou 1 i nq p,) 11 rL p & Q 45- 13N-174~~

~~We ~;t b .:i nk uf Culu111bi~~

~~y. S llift.ing d1111 t!S .locality Z & A a dj;ic0nl Small, scattered camp sites i11 shifti11g context~~

~~It. WL:sl L>a11k t e lTclC(!S of Lilt~ Co ]11111l, -i.1 L 2 t o :u 45- BN-145, 45-BN-176 & 45-BN- 178 Hi v er f1·0 111 lla 11fonl Lown ~ i te Lo \fo I ti ll k e r C! tT y~~

~~i. C~ibl e lrntl:(_! l oca lity T Sca ttered flakes & rock piles~~

I. C<1 hl e Mo u11L a i11 l oca lity 0 Sca ttered tools & rock piles r 'J'l\b L t:: :) . C,) J\ t .i !1 U<.: d 9 ------f.oca ti.0 11 in fj q . 11 Di:t t e of S1u:- v ey Su r v e y Finds/No t es ---·---·------·------•--···------·------k . X 4 5-BN - 170 & 4 5 -1.iN - l 71

~~I . Sr11 v e 1 y Canyo n f I & .J ,) 4 5 -BN-172 & 45- BN- 173~~

~~m . Ra ttle s 11c.1 k e Mo un tain r id~~

~~11. Eas t Wld t e Bluffs l a 11 d i.ncJ ] 8 . 45-FR- 266~~

~~o . Qu arry & l e rminus ot U111l J 1,u111 Hi d~~

~~J . \vl 0 L' SS WNP -2 nuc l ear p r o j e ct s ite A/\. l\U~~

~~-1. ~vPf'SS 11 ,rn fo n'i Ce n era ti11q P l .a11t ]l No v. 1972 45-0N-179 & 4 5 -BN- 180 (Ri c e l 'J 7 :~~

~~5 . WPl'SS ~'/Nl' - 1. & 4 nuc l e a r pro j ec t ,.; j te Al\ Ma y )')74 45- BN-113 & 45-BN-114~~

~~6 . ll i.1 11 f l)rd Pn>j ec t C l ean - up a s b e l o w Md y l'J74~~

~~ii . Well s , o r c h ards & h o me s teads 0 11 2 t o 3 De teriorated c o 11c r et e f o u11cl a t.inn China Bar~~

~~I.>. Allard Pmv~ r l' L:111 t B Co n c r e t e r emains of power house~~

~~l(, No n e~~

~~u. Cc1s we ll s & llo rncs llic.td ci l o 11cJ 1100 ft CG Re ma i11s of h o mes t ead r o d d~~

~~e. E .:.i s t Wliitc Bl u f f s t·m vn s it'" 16 l.O lllO F Ba nk, s c h ool h u u s e & humt.: slea d~~

~~f . 1 I tu Hl 45-FR- 26 6; log struc ture~~

~~q. Miss l e s i"J o K Co n c r e t e f ounda tion~~

~~11 . Mi s s i e s il o E Con c r e t e founda tio n~~

~~i. S.:.i dc!J e Mo u11 t~~

j . Mi ::.; :; I e s i I o lJ Fn und d t i. o ns llil!.-- -••.,.,1,_,..,_ __.._ti1,...... ,..-..--•- •------•-~--- .. ..,,.• ·••·.. -;., .. - ...... _._ ...... ,. ,. . ~-,.,,.,,, . .. .. , ..._ ... ., . •• ...... --L...... , .. . . ·- ·•·· -• -· .. ..-, •· ·· ,.. _...... --·,, ..,,·--- •-"- ... - •...... r•-•...,_., ,..• .,... ,,,.,,.., ,u_ ,,_, ___u..,•""• •------•--~--•

~~'l'I\H I.I:: '.> • <· u 11 I. i 1111,: d ------·------·------· ------I.O co1 ti Cl ll i I\ I-' i~~

~~L.c,c: ... it. I 0 11 i 11 I·' i ']. I I. IJdl t..: c, I :::; urvc,y Survt:y Fi 11~~

-· · ·--·· - ···- -- ·- ·· ------··-·------·---·--··-··-··-·-· ·· ··· - -·--·--·····.. ··· ---- · ··-·-- ·- .. -· . .•.. -- .. ··· -···- -· ------·-···------·------·---···------·--- llo use fou11ctations & loy barn k. 4 Concrete structure ) . 5

~~6 Foundatio n&. fra me remnants Ill. Scl1uol l1ous e Foundation&. wind mill n. 7~~

~~') Foundation (). School l1~~

14 Farm equipment: l . l·' drm s ite
as l,e l,)w J1me 1974 Vl "/. 11 ...111f 0rd Projec t Clean-up .....
l 2 None il. Log s truc ture (45-l·'R-266) East White Bluffs ferry 11:l No ne c. 11 :,nfoL·d f e rcy 21
:! :) Remains of homestead
~~l; ~-Jt.'! l l p1·eserved structure
45-BN-178 f. B l c.1c k. sa11d d11n es 20 to n
l ~i 45-BN-143
,]J 45-BN-172 & 45- BN - 173 ll . S11:ivt..:ly C :rnyo 11 IT °' & X 45- BN - 170 4 5-UN-171 l{, \tl. l e:,1u k .:, Sp r i IVF; 45-FR-265 i. 19 9
'l'/\Ul.E 5. Co ntinued
Ared Examined (n'-' rn e o t· qeoyr.1pl1ic loc ...Jt ju1i) l.ucc1L i <> 1\ i11 F i
3 45-BN-157
l>. Log slruc ture at Eas t 1-.Jhite 111 45-FR- 266 (Rice 1976) Bluffs lc1ndi11y
SI. Hanford Project Cl ean-up as lw l ow
cl. llomcstec1d c l ear i11 CJ ,tl \v e s t l Se1, t . .1975 Rock ca irns in o r c hard & rock em! of Cit i 11 a 13a r line d pits
b . Cobblestcme workshop G No v. 1975 Measurerl drawinqs made
LO. Exxon Nu c 1 ear I e.ise l a nds fl,. June J •rJ G No ne
11. Lci nds .leased Lu tile St..ite of UB June 1976 None wa~hiuyton as waste disposa l s .i t~
1 2 . Areas for se i ~; mic t.renc lli1HJ st udi e s AA June 1976 No ne f o 1· WPPSS WN P- 1 6. 4
l"J. L.l <..! 11 ton Co. PUD fc:eder ea"'c,111 L: nt 'l' Oct. 1976 No ne
14. 100 K A red tre n c h 10 Oct . 19 76 45-BN-151
I '.). l l<.,111es tE::ad N Oc t. l976 Remains of house & out-buildinys
1<, . \~ '-' I L o n ll111t a n11rn Te rrac e s Moy 1
17. We ll on Mat:t: c1wa 'J'en:uce C Ma y 1977 None
18 . An11y Guard Stat.i.on u Mcty 1977 Null~
I 'J. ~ it e (J f "llu,bc,n Bc1y !louse " 1.7 M<.1y 1977 Glass & J u11ilier
:w. W..trtll \✓ a t er l >l"lliec t: .:tl"l.:! ,.I L 5 M,1y 1970 No ne
._, I l>, ; d I ~ > i Lt~ y M,1y l~~
In 196a a s, reli:ninary reconnaissance of t.-ie Han:ord At0mic ',Jerks wa s conducted by Washington Stace Uni versity (Rice 1963b). Between 17 J •.1ne 196a and 16 Oc tober 1963 sel ected portions of che nanford ;..comic ~orks were intensively examined. Many sites reported within the proposed . sen franklin Darn Reservoi r area were revisi-:ed and :nonitored for d is f c:.ir:::,ance and new sic.es along the river were re~orted as far as North E<.ichland. In all, 26 additional sites and three localities were r e pcrced (R ice 1968b). In this study both historical and ethnohistorical sites were reco r ded. Sites of significance were found at ~attlesnake Springs , Snively Canyon. and in the vicinity of White Bluf:s townsite. T~e localities identified are lar1e and complex areas o f topographic i:1tegrity (shifting dunes. Gable Butte, and Gable :--1o untain) ·,1hich con tain cultural material, but which reC::u i re more detailed stuc.y co isolate and precisely locac.e archaeological sites. Isolated finds were not re corded as s ites, but were the basis fo r suggesting localities when several widely scattered :inds were made. Ait~ough reconnaissance of tne Han:ord :vorks wa s not toe.al, suffi cient ar:::haeolo9ical r!late r ial ·.-.1as =~:.ind to demons t rate t hat i~portanc. s ites exist in tha t ~o r-:ion a f c~e Cc lurn.bia. Bas in awa·:' :rom t:ie river. They are, hcwe •,-e r, :ew in ;-,urnber 0wi:1g t o limited ~ater resources.
7r-,e ;:iost exte:.si-✓'e A.EC ? rogram :-ias been the Ha;,.:orc. ?roiec-': Clea;. - lf' ..:' he ;ur:=,ose :Jf ~~.:.s ?r-:>g ra.m ·.vas to :.--educe or :-eT.ove ~o ce;d: i.3.l ':1a.z2..!"is to _:;ersonal sa: ecy :~at existed on : ~e ground surface o f t~e Hanfor d ~crks i :-. antici_:;atio:1 :) f i:-:creased ? ub li-: access :iy O? er.i:1r,: o : che ri·,;e r. :-ia ~ards incluc.ed O?en ~alls , abandor.ed rni ss l e silos; : al~en buil:iings, 3 :.::-:..!c~u.res, 3.nd :r-:,ot .:ei:.ars; ope~ (:i_un9 s, crash he=.~s, a.r..d :"'·a st~ ~i.3;:osa~ .:i .!.-eas. Th~ conc!:"ib'..!~ion of :. ~ e Ha:-::ord ?rojec't Clean-up ?rog :=:- am : o ~istoric ?rese r v a tion includes:
~~l . Ar-:haeo logical monitoring o: the burial of :allen s:r~ctures, trash, and ~aste :nac.eria l s in or der t o avoid di scurta:-:c-e o r daf:",aqe ~c ~ ~chaeological s~ ~e s.~~
2. T~e ::-ecove ::- y anc. salvage :)f aoanc.onec. :arm i;:; _:;.:.eme:-:ts a:-.d ::ia chinery :ram t:.e : or:ner si:es o f ?re-Har.io ::-:i ?.e ser·,a;:i o n :1omesc.eads and far.ns and transfer of chese :inds :o the historic Ol~sc.ed Ranch (a. ~acional Regiscer s ite locaced :-:ear Ellensburg, Washi:1gtc:1J in coope::-acian ~i : h ':he Washin9c.on Stace ? arks & ?.ecreation Comrni3sion .
~~3. The stabilization a~d ?rese~vation o f the ~l~ard ?owe ~ nouse at Coyote Rapids.
4. 'I'he evaluation c f a log scructure ai: i::as t :·fnite aL.1:Es ferrv landing (~ice 1976) .
5 . The e val~ation o f a vandalized archaeological s i ':e at Verni~a (45 -8N-l.5 7a) (Der.Beste and Den.aeste 1976, ?aglieri 3.nd Rice 1976) .
,1. 6 . The architectural recorc.ing o f a cobb les co~e warehouse near ,_ \ 'e:r:iir:.J. 3::-:.dge.
~he 09~ 0 c ~ ·Jr: 1. t.y =o :71on .1. ':-:J !:" ~ ~e -:or:::ii:. i.0:1...... ~ ~: :'.OY.t:: =-.r-::1 aec l.oc; ic 3.: s:ces i~ ::-elac~on :o ercs : =n and ~ani~li srn.
----~-- 5.,.~~
I:1 1eneral, these activities have led to the identification of a few cult~ral resources that may be el1gib:e for nomina tion to the National Register of Hi3toric ?laces. Case studies need to be ?repared fo r many of these finds in order to de termine their eligibility fo r listing on the National Register . One case study ha~ been com2Leted for the log scruct;..ire a:: East White 9luf:s la.-iding (Rice 1976).
Wor'.-;. Soonsored bv the Washinaton Public P0wer Suool·, Svstem
I:1 November 1972 the Washington Public P0wer Supply System (WPPSS) provided for an int:ensi'le archaeclogical survey of the ?reposed nar,ford No . 1 nuclear ;iowe r ;,lant ?reject area (? i9 . 11 , item 11) . T:ie survey cove.ced the totality of the ;iroject area and resulted in the discovery of two archaeological sit es , 45-9N- 179 and 180 . These sites were evaluated between May 18 and July l , 1973 (Rice 1973) in accordance with an agree :nent between WPI?SS and the State of :-iashing::on, Thermal Power ?Lane Site C: valuation Council (now th-: Snerc;-1 fac1.li'::_: Site Evaluation Counci.:.) and uncier federal ..\nti.c;:uities Act ?er::iit . These exca•rations com~:cise t!1e ::.i.rst docwnented cul:: u.re sec:uence fo r tr:e Hanford :
.- i·,:1en the '.-iPPS S :!anford '. !o. l project si::e ·.-1as ::-en a..'llec. t:-.e :~a:1for:: Generating Plant (2GP) in 19 7 • and the No . l reac::or assigned :ca si:e adjacen t: to ·,~"N:::-2, anocher intensive a.c::haeologi::al s:.:::-•:e y ·;;as c::- r.ducted .:..~ :-I a. y 2.97--!- ( ?ig. !.l, item.:...;.,.). 7h.:.s =~r·;ey 1:---.cludeC: -~e a.dd.:..r.:. o:-ial land ieased : or t~e ~NP - 4 reaccor s ite. The survey ::onsi.s:ed cE a se::-ies of l:..near :.cansect3 alo ng an east- west axis f::-c~ t~e reactor si.:e :o :~e ri ve r and :hen a series cf nor::h-south transec::s 9ara llel co che ::-i ver co an elevat:..on of 400 ft ~SL. Tje surve! ccve.ced che : otal s u::-:ace of :~e ~rej ect area, buc encounce.ced only ::he hint of a ::-::haeolcgica: :n.1c2ri =.~ alone; the edge 0f che Col'..! ITtbia ~i·ler :er-r=..ce 3.nC =.d~cce:--. t
debicage ~ere o bserved along ~ind deflated sur:aces on :~2 bank. Scatcered, isolated cobble im?lernents and :ire- cracked rock ~ere noted on t:1e ~ater eroded beach sur~ace. No densit; o : cult~ral ~aterials or ~n situ :eatures were found :;jat would ~ar::-anc :naking a si::e des:..gna- tion i.n the 09inion of this writer. Even t hough the observed c~lcural :nacerial ,;as highly cif:'..lsed and out of •: onc:ex: , t:--ie rea_uesc •.-1as :nace :or an archaeologist to be ;ir-:sent at the WN? - i&-+ water i:1ta.'
Ot!1e r Surveys
Archaeological surveys at Hanford concuc:ed by 9ersons other char. Dr . ~ice are l.i::iited. _;,ey i:-.cluc.e surveys :): 3onr.evi_ie ?01.,er _;c. mi:1is tration c.::-ansmission line corr:..dor3 from energy : acil.i.:ies ':o 3?A s•...li::) station3 . Re cen t studies jy o t:1e.cs : or BP A 1:1clude s~~th, Cejelacker, 7 Scke.cc: and ~i :kel 1976 ; Lynci 1976; Jack3on a~d Hartmann 197 • 3uc1ey reassess1:1g t:1e archaeolog:.cal reso·..:rces .J f c:1e 1J::: :::, e:: ;-\•:'.:ar? t{eser·..,o .:..~ ~ocl :c~ ~:-".e ~:...=::1y :or?S .J: S=1~.:.~e-2!:'"s i: o:..:c:-':eri '..: ~o:--:. ~~:--: -: E :::-le :-:..1.ntcrd ?csc!:"·,·.3.c 1....,r: tC.l.-2:velanC , Coc~!."an, G1.:;iqcr , 3.nd :-i a. mr:ia.c-: 1";176 ) .
• • ... · t•-- 55
In 1978 H.S. Rice. 3tratton and winde:nan conducted an ar~haeological reconnaissance and historic 3urvey of the ~00 ~rea at Hanford ( the ?ast ?!ux Test Facility ) . ~heir study failed to note that the area wa s ~r2- •::.ousl:1 s urv':!yed b y ?.ice ( l96ob:7) and b'f Smith, Uebelacker, Ec ke~t ar.d ~ickel (1976) , the latter st~dy identifying 45-aN-229. The historic sur-,ey nei:;lected to :nentio rt ::he pas5age of t;ie Longmire pari:y through or ad:acenc to the area in September 1853.
Studies fo r other aqencies located ad:acent to the Hanfo rd Rese~va tic.1 include Dancey ' s I 197 3) sur-,·ey of po rtions of the Ar.ny' 5 Yakima ?iring Range, surveys o f oil and gas leases and inventory surveys on adjacent Sureau o f Land :"!anai:;emenc properties (Haranann and Galm l975, 1976a, 1976b; Randolpn 1980 , and 5urveys of the 3ureau o : Rec l amacio n' 5 colwnoia 3asin ?rojecc (~ . S . Rice 1975, Stratton 19751.
U J
~~-~·
'.
- ·· ..... -~· ·"'--· 56
Survev Sarno ling Strategy~~
At che present time the archaeological surveys conducted by Dr. Rice } (Table 5 ) on the :ianford Reser:acion cover about 7 1/ 2% ( 43 mi 2) of the I tcta area administered by Richland Operations ( 562 mi 2) . This 7 l ,' 2% i ! sample af?proximaces a strati:ied random 3ample : o r the Han:orc. Wo r ks as f a ,,:ho le. Following Dancey (1972), the strata ,,.,hich comprise che sample .i include a variety of natural settings characterized by l a~dfo:-rrs (Fig. 12). I I These landforms ic.clude: ridge crests, saddles, slopes, upland :lats, I l benches, canyon bottoms, alluvial flats, islands, dunes and basaltic knolls. Ta ble 6 indicates the approximate area surveyed for eac:--. i lar-.dfo r:n in :ig . 12 and the weight of the sampling. C'.lltt.:.ral mat.;;:.:.als ~, have been found :rom each landEorm tY7e. I n general chey appear to . support Dancey 's ( 1973) :inding from the ·cakima :iring Range thac i?i :. ' house vi llages are restricted :o alluvial f oodplai:-,s . New types of t sites and ass cc.:.ations are noted, r.owever, such as r,cssible spirit ~uest v~gil sites associated ~ith ridge c rests and basalci= knolls ( ?ice •C l968b : 4•; Galm and Hartmann 197?) . Rock alignments resembling for~.:. :.:.cat.:.ons repcrced by W. C . Smith ( 1977) a r e ~~aracter.:.scicailv =~u~d en stee; basalc.:.c s lopes (Rice l968a :l3; Randol?h 1980:3), b~c ~ere i.:·1-:2:r~ ~2 t-:d :i.s '.:Ju!:"ial s 0 r h 1..;.z1c.ir.g b!.incis. '::"l e l.ac:-<. a f 3y s~2r:-.a:::.2 ar~i. :act: co~l.ec::.:.on and contr olled corr.~arisor.s 0: ar:i:ac:: a ssem::ic..::.qes ::-re c l'..lcies : ·..:rc:1 er : :.:ncticnal a ssiqr-'7ents o f si::ss ,,.,ici1 l 2.ndfo rms at: chis :. i:ne .
f- < _J lJ...
w a _J f- z 0 < 0 __J < f- _j < w Li.. (./') ci. <:( a.. _J w 0 => _J 0 u.. a.. z 0 <:( _J ::i::: _J __J u (/') a.. < 1 z nr , ::::i w > =, a::i _j __J I I I I <:(
~~1 I I I I I 11 l l I l l r :..:; . ; 2. ·:;ene r.:i.l i =ed Crcss-Sec<::ion ~ r ;-i;.. :-, :er ..!.a:-.c: :-1icroen·1 i::-or.men cs (2ance,: :.. 97J:3l) .
. J'.~ . 57
L'3.n d :' :,rms sc.1..TTI;,~ed in :3.rc ~aeo~og:.. cal .s :.i r·,. eys •;ond1.lc1:ed :):, Cr. Ri~e o ~ cte Hanfori Rese ~'lation 19 67- ~3 80 .
") ~~s r ox. ~rea s~rveved (mi~ l % o f ~rea 3 u r ve~ed
.=-.1.lu·✓ ial c'!.a.ts 15 25 , r_;?la nd flats 10 2:
3 . Is la:1C.5 3 12
...' Se!:c:1es 9
:; . ~ ~ne s 2
·~ . 3asc1l::ic :
C 3.r::_,-o n 3o t. :.orr.s
2
.... . 1-:::
.-' e ·:
:- ) ~:~r~xi- ~- A 2 ~c e~c c f 2xc:~sion area s .-:.:.s::osa .:.. .:;1. -:-= s , : ·..1el3 ~ rocess.:.:1~ 3.r'~a.
.i ) .:..~:=,r-~~:i::1a:2 t:.)7:.3.l are=. 3.',:3..i~3.ble : o r : ;..::!:"1::-':e~ a=·: ::aeo~·.)g.i ..: .;..:.. :.:--.· ... e:--~t8 !:"/ 3:.l~":e~t = 31.) 6 J1ir.. \ 9 0 %)
-·~•· ·.....Jj ,.
.. 58
Patterns of Site Locations~~
Based upon the occurrence of sites found by survey to t:1is date it is apparent that most of t:1e archaeological sites (107) at Hanfor~ are found alon~ the lower benc:-ies, islands, and alluvial flats o f the Columbia River. In these settings the site density is approximately 4.5 sites/ mi 2 . These sites cend to oe long and narrow, followi:-.g '::1e n.•rer bank, and occur at rapids or eddies where both fish reso urces and drift~ocd for r fires must have been more plentiful. Away from L~e river habitation sites are much less common and are directly related to the availabilit: of water resources like springs or small streams. When sites do occur they are very small. S i te densities away from the river are approxi rnatelv l site/ mi 2 for slooes (1 ) and canyon bottoms ( 2 ) and about 0 .5 sitesi mi 2 for dunes (1) a~d upland flats (4). Archaeological localities including basaltic knolls, saddles, and ridge crests are kncwn to con tain cul.tural featu res (~ice 1968b:44), b i.: t it would :Oe 2remature at this ti.-ne to suggest a site density . The positi•re correlation -Jf ;:re- nistoric si::.es "N' ith water resou!."ces is bus f3.r sustained. Even hist.:,ric sites at Hanford are directl: tied to ~acer, whether b y deep ~ells o r by irrigat.:.on canals. ~here :" o re, the assllI:l9cion that r,vacer .:.nd cu.itural. ,.. material tend ::. o =a-o ccur appears to :Oe a valid one for t his e:1vi:::- on :nental se:::.ir,g.
1. .
? 01t·.;re a.rchaeologic3. l s u:::-'1ey work a.t Hanfo r d si:ould b e dir':!,.:c:d towards t~o cbjeccives. i s t he ~eed Eor s u=vey and ':!Va. ~uacion o f areas i...r-n9a.c~ed by s ;:,ec i :ic p ?:- o j ect.s ·."be!1et, e ~ a:1ci :,1h ere 11e !::" '::le·/ :na. ,_.,. a. rise. '!.'hese '< i nds of sur,.- e ._, s s no uld be i.n r.er,si'.:e ar,c i.:1·.-olve s L:b -
1 .-:: 11 ..... ~ ~ro r.=.5c ing. Seco r.cl , :.s tt:e need fc~ : '...l!:" -:...\.-i.e ?:- i::t.re:; r:. -:J !."'./ ~L!!:' .re:,' :'Gr remaining •.1nsurveyed :.:ortions o f t h e Ha:1.::::> r d Kese.:::-~/3.tion . : ::. is s :.:.g -
?ar-:ic·..1l.1rl. y i'.:!",?Ori:.a.n:. in asses3ing 9 re~i. 3c.cric ~1LL½l~~~ act:i 1i :.t.ies :;.t,.;a.y f::-om t:.e Col'..:.T.bia Rive .:::- ar.d the '/ have c:.e widest :::-ar,ge o : :ni.::::-:::> erwir0:1- me:1ts represented at Hanford. :ike the ocher resour.:es on the Arid :ands E.:o loqy ~eserve ic i s anci.:i9ated that t he archa.eclogica.l sites ~ill be smal~ and delicate. They need co be i denti f ied je.:'Jre tjey are ciist.:.i r=ed .
J&a. , r. CULTURAL RESOGRCES AT r.ANFORD
To date 115 cultural resour ce sites and distinct subareas of sites have been identified and recorded on lands administered by DOE at Han:ord. These sites are listed ty site number and t 1pe in Table 7. All of these cultural resources have been recorded and filed in the records of the Washington ,;rchaeologi.cal Research Cencer. An exhaustive inventory of available site data on a site specific bas is was pre9ared for the Hanford Reservation and adjacent areas (Rice and Chavez 1980), but has a li~ited ac;ency disc.::-ibucion. Out ::; f these sites 49 have been determined eligi.ble for listing on the National Register of ~i.storic Places and another 10 sites have been determined eligible for listing by the State ~istoric ?reser::ation Officer and are now ;:,ending (National Register sites and districts are discussed in anccher section).
With che exception of ewe sites (45-3N-229 & 230) all recorded sites are constituted by accumulations o f organic debris, fire-cracked rock, artifacts er by clearly discernable .features made by human acti 1;i:1 . ay Lr t :.,·;:e, SJ~ of t:--.e sites are O?er: carn9s (a.::-::haeologicai or ethnogra;;,h1.c), 26 % of the si~es ar~ .fishing stati.ons, 1~% are open camps contai~ins house9it de9ressions, 6% are ce~eteries, and 1% are :laking :lcors . This distribution o: site ~ypes c loseiy :its the ethnosraphic descripti~n o: seasor.al usage :or the area and s~ecifically suggest:s that: ~est: pre ;-l ist·::>ric ;-1c:.T.ar-. activit:1r ·.,10.s ::ec:te?:"ed around the fa ll fish r ·.i::s a:-:c: ·.,1i:1t:e?:" •.: illages . In gec',eral, mcst o : the :.mown habit:at.ion sit:..::s .:l.re s:-,.3.llc·.,1 , , b~t scattered over large continuous areas suggescing in:ermit:t:ent occ~pa ::on by gro~ps of band size over a period of seve.::-al centuries. ?ew sites :1aving scrat: i .fied occusaci.ons have been idec:ti:ied so one of the :irst ?rc ble~s for investi.gati• n deals with cult~re hi3tor:, in ~ar:ic~lar t::, .:iei:e!:"mi~'1e a ~oc.;. l 5e•~~e~ce v f c·.ilt·..:re t:y?es. ~;znon-:; : :l e p !:"e !'"'1 .:..3: ori-:: cultural resources i~e::tifie,::., :1c·.,1e 11er, subsur:ace excava:icr.s i:a':e 'ceen conducced at only eight: , incl~ding 45-GR- 302A (Rice 1963 ) , 45 - GR-3053 (Krieger 1928b, ?.ice l.969), 45- GR- 316 (Rice 1%9) , 45-3R-l49 (Rice ~%3 ) , 45-3N-l.57 (Ps.qlieri and Rice 1. 976) , 45-BN- 179 (Ri~e 1973 ) , and • S-3N-257 (Rice 1978 ) .
:ew historic sic.es ;1a•1e '::)een recorded at Hanf0rd and onl:' o:-.e. a log st:ruct~re at East White 3lu :fs landing (45-FR- 266 ), has been :esced and evaluated in a case study (?ice 1976) . The foc~s of hiscoric act:?it:.y at Hanford was in the vicinity of Hanford and White Sluffs :owns i:es and at old ferry crossings. Over :he past 37 years most pre- ~anford Reser vation bui_dincrs :1ave '.:)een remo'led or demolished i:1 ,::>rder to -::,ro•;ic:e soace and security :~r the n~clear ;:ewer :acilities ~uilt between 194 3 and :963 . Therefore, very few buildings remain today. ,;mong che remairiinc, ':Ju:.ld iric,s the ones that should ~e evaluated include che schools at Han:ord and Whi ~e 3lu::s, the ~llard 9cwer 9lant, and the Sruggemann ccbblestone warehouse ac aiverland (near Ver~ica Bridge ) . Other historic structures cjac should be eval~a~ed incl~de the Hanford irrigation ditch, and t~e Wahle ?erry .:;i te4
59
0 ======"""'"'"'""""""--..™-,.. ,,, •.,,, ...... ,,,,L ....IIO-AA!l!na•="" -"'' IJ!>•W-JIIE""•~:!!!-. 1!11$[111:S-.;1.i!:-. ..:.~ :..- -.i., -::}- 60
T;\BLZ ,. Rec o r d ed ar chae ologic a l s i tes lo cat ed o n th e Ha nfo r d ~es ervation, l is t ed by ty?e ( =sites had oeen t es t ed ;§ = i scl a ted ?rojecle point)*
v
~~·-~ (/) 'l) .;.J ;'j
W!f:41 !£..-5 ... ,,.,., l+t -~ 7-:;o-:~•~._~.., ~ ~ :---~--:1e'~ ~ ~ f ' ;; f9' t<~ "'f"""!~_., ~~~ "II'- ~ ~~-:...... ,,.,... ~ - --~ -- ~ ~ - - 61
TABLE 7. continued.~~
.u... ,·' QJ {J J.J :;, rJ1 .... ,.. Q 'Z' \.j ,...., Ul QJ .... \.j Q ,.., C ::.. Ul .c ..J .:..; 0 ...,; l) .... CJ e Ul itl .;] 0 ·n ...,; w ~ Ill J.J ..., __. .,..., .... ::J C :..J :... (/1 C:... C:... = './1 ::0
~~.~ •, _ Site Nt..mber Site Type ;,;.~~
-l5-3N-14l X 45-BN-142 X X X X -l5 -BN-l43 X ..;S-3N-l~-l X X -Ei -3N- l-l5 X X 45- a:~-146 X X X -lS -SN- 147 X X -l5 - 8N- l-l8* X X V -l5 - 30i- l-l9 X X -- -l5 - 3~r- 1SO X :< -lS - B~i- 151 :< -l5 -3N- 1S2 :< X -- -lS -3:-! - 15 3 X X -l.5 -2:J - 1 54 X -lS-atli -155 X -l5 - 3)i- l56 X I 4 5 - 3 ~i - l S 7 a " X X X X ~3- 3~: - 157:0 X :< ,- ..;S - 3N - l62 X X ..;s-aN-~6 3 X :~ X I ..;S -3N-l.64 X :< X -l5 - 3N- l.65 X • 5- a~; - 166 X X ..t5 -3N-l67 :< X X X 45-3N-l68 X X X -4 5-3N-l69 X X 45-3N- l7O :< •'~ -lS -st:-1. 71 X ..;S -3 N-l. 72 X ;( -l5 - i3N - l73 X 4S -3 N- 174 X -l5-3N-175 . X X -l5-3N- 17G X :{ :< X -lS -BN-l. 73 X X -l5-3N-179* :< X 45-3N- l3O "" X 3 0
,IC, ,I- .I- ,1- ,I:.. .I- .r,. ,1:.. J- ,1 _ ,I . ,I - . ,1 _ •~ -~- .I- ., -1- .i- .~. ·"- .i~ .1- ,I s .I>- ,I"- ,I - ,I . .I- ,1 ,. (/) Ul U1 , n V1 U l Ul UI UI Ul V I V l Ul Ill •- V1 Ul U1 VI lll Ul V I Vl v , IJ1 Vl U1 Ul Ul u, Ul lfl 1)1 v, V1 Ul Ul I I I I I I I I I I ·I- I I I ·"' .... . ,-J ·- ·- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C) (.- ) c, C) G) C) (;) 'TJ .... ,,, rt c, Cl c, Cl Ci ,:1 Ci ' 'I , " J "J ''] 'lJ ''l "I lJJ OJ l>J llJ llJ OJ OJ OJ (lJ OJ co ID ii; :;u :,.1 :;u :;JJ :,_J :::,.J :;JJ :,, :::,. J ~, :,_J ;> ) :>J :;JJ :,J :;u ;A) '.\.l : \.l :.u :.u '..l.J :AJ ;.c) ~! 2 z r / ,..,~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I z z z z z z I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I :.:-; w w w w ,,, ,...., ,,, ... , (...j w l,J w 1, J t-J 1,J ,,, ~~ w w I J IJ I J IJ I J 1, l 1-J N 1-J 1,J N N 1-J N N N N I-' 0 CJ 0 0 0 0 (J\ ,,. (i, Cl 0 0 0 0 0 0 O"\ er. r,~ Cl\ V1 ln Ul Vl l,J t J I J 1-J N 1-J I J 1-J N N --..J C, 00 - 1 0\ 0\ V1 w N ~..) ~) I-' a, l.., J ~ ~ en V1 f• J 0 co --.J , ) 0 (J) --.J o, V1 .I>- w 1-J I-' n c: n, () 0- Ill ,.. ~- '° ,.. "" ·"' '° ,Ql,.;)1'° (l) " 11 () 0 :J n ~ - ::i C /1) Ope n Cl. X X X X I X X X X X X X ;;..; X ;..; ;..; X :..< X X X X ;..; X X I X X X I X X ;x; Ca1nps i te
X X I I XX I Ho usepi ts
Ethuoyrdphic Campsite
....(/). ,1 (l) Fishing X:,.; ;..: I ;..; :,.; XX Stdtion
Fl a ki11y Floor
llistoric X Sile
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I J I.D :.,..; .... lkHI S <.' J>i t::.;
~~<}) Et w L ,J h11 <.H Jl"d t,l 1i (; Cdlll( • '.; i le ' ,lfl .. U t r-r (I) 1-'i ~;11 i.11q 1-- ;,< ;,.; :-<: ;..:: ,';! SL.it.ion 'U (D
l"l a ki 11
·1 lli s t or i c { l .J Site~~
~l , ,, Some recent structures associa:ed ~ith the Hanford ~eservation ~ay have :uture historic value . ':'he l OC-B & C reactors, :or exa.-::ple, a,..,, t:12 ·,.orld ' s oldest pluconit.:m product~on reactors. DOE should car.sider ;: rog rams such as the Hiscoric Americ.=.n 3uilding Survey ( ::I-,3S) or t!"le Historic A...~erican Engineering ~ecord ( n.:\.ER ) for significant: Han:ord Reservation facilities.
In general, the condition of the cultural resources at Hanford is II exceptional. Most of the :< nown sites are along t.he CoL.i.m.bia River and 'j are 51..l;Jject to erosion b y flooding a."ld by fl uctuac:ing water le1:els. Whereas natural forces have desc:royed ~any sites in recent years (the f flood of 1948), natural erosion of sites by water and wind is not a ! 1 serious problem. By far the gr eatest problem affecting the preserva i tion of cultural resources is their destructio n by relic col:ectors. ' S.:..tes along t:ie .civer upstream from Ve!'."":'lita 3ridge, 5i-:es on ::he ba.c ac: ~asc: White Bluffs landing, a nd sit!s between Richland and the old Han:c.cci townsite are all open to gene~al ?Ublic access ~nd ~csc o f these sites are badly disturbed and s hew incr2asi~g signs of 'landalism. S it:es ioca t'=: •:: on the riyht bank of the Coli.:.::ibia dcw:-is tream of ·,e:cni ta 3ridge to Richland and sites o n the Wa h:uke Slc~e becween ~er~i:a and :he ~hic:e aluf:s are Aithi~ a fenced area close~ c~ ?eneral ?Ublic access since 1942. ~os t of t~ese sites a.ce i~ ~er~ geed undis:~rbed condition , b~: .... ::.ea.~l·l Sl.'er? ea.rl: hi..5t.O!."i.c durr.? and ~-..o:r:es::~:1d E=,r .:.\•·: :--:as ~ef?~ Cu,:; ~u:. :Jy :loc :.l.e co2..2..e,::~crs arrlc~g Har.for=. c{eser - ✓-acior: em~~-:i/1=-2s. ::"'. .s~i:.e o: these ~roble~s, the Hanford Reservaci~n con tains the best ~reser7ed exa.m~les of :o.:.. ·..ll7'~.La. 3asin ri'1e!:'i:1e si~es i:.:1.a.~ :10,.v exis,:.
The Archaeological ~esources ?rotec:icn Act o : 1373 (?~ Li :: Law I I 96- 95 ) s hould p.covide a basis :or better ?ro:ec::icn o f si:es being I I Ci . va ~dalized ac Han:o.cd. ~he ~nauthorized ex:::ava:ion of c~l t ura l :cesou.c:::e I I I I I I I \ _... ~hi5 legislation also ~r~vides f~!" t~e confidential ;ca:~s of in:or~ation conce:cni:-ig the nature and l~cation of ar:::haeolcgicai si:es un der 5c.bc~a~te~ r: o E C~a~te= S of Tit:e 3 of the Uni ~2C 3~~~es CJCe.
DO E s~o~sored archaeotcgical ~erk a: ianfcrd has r~sul~2d :~ a :1L:rr1ber o f finc!s cf :regional ,3.rc'.1aecloq ica1. 3. r.i :lis:.0 :r-i::a.i si. -~~. :.. ::c2::..:2. These .3.~e Crie:"l-/ descri~e,:i :!.n the .:cllc"""Ri.n:; exc~ts.
Ver~ita (45 -BN-:S7~&a )~~
3et~een 1974- 76 archaeological t esc: 2xcava:~ons were -~- ~crrp~ 3C t:1.t::: ~le ~r:i::.J. si:e ::::: c~e :O!id - •:.Jl'--ill'.bia _:\r c::aeol•~~:.::al Scci.et.·_: ~rlC:e:- ~:1 2 di=ecticn of D:c. Ri=e. T~e site is loca:ed ~r. ~~ina 3ar ~ear ~e:c~i :a 3ridge (?i;. 131 a~d ~as :ong been va~dal:=ed jv relic c2 lle =:: ~~s. 7~e 5~r ~3C2 c f : he s i te was ~er~ jistur~ed. ~ ~e ~~r~ose o f ~~e ~x=~~a t 1~n ·.. .-ct ·k •.,.,-as :: o :le ':. -~~~ .:..;---.e i : ur.Cis t~r:JeG. a.rc:-..a~c~o (;i.=ai ii:::~os:. : s :: -:: :-:--.a :.:-.ed ;:: :::r:e ::i :-=' :. :1c1r: s:tv :_:ld ~ e s:.3.0i.l..:.zed anC =.=~ c t:2 c :ed.
~~,.:,,.· ~-:... ~ . .. , .. ..- •.. , ~ . . .. ' 9 I I 8 9 0 '}
..... '. : -~,I < • -... : -. _ .... ~·~-•-·:. - ,• ,·- • -'S · -·· - . . .. -•:~ ~.- :. ! } - . . , , •· . _·+-~ -~:-··-t . -:·· _,,,.. -~ - -~,. •.... ~ .
..,.,..,.. I - , •
Overvil:I~ nf l11 c Vl '. niil d S ile (~ ~i- llr-1 - l'il/\&I;) l1w l..i11lJ 1-1c~s l ~uutll 1·1es l (arrov1 indiotes F i0. 13. l\1 ·e,1 I\ uf Lil e ~·it.e). lli11L Lrnu111 l~~
Area A of the Vernita site refers to the mainland southbank of the Columbia River across from and downstream from Jaeger ' s I s land . The site area was found to extend farther downstream t h3.n o r iginally reported in Rice (1968a) . Tr.e surface of Area A was r iddled with holes and screening tailings as well as sluicing holes and trenches wr.ere artifacts we~e hydraulically mined using river p~~ps (Paglieri and Rice 1976) . Historically, the area was the site of the Jaeger t homestead (Den Beste and Den Beste 1976) and was also occupied season ' ally by Wanapam Indian 9eople until 1943 (Riddell 1978). ~hese recent f histo rical features were untraceable at the time of archaeological in l l ; vestigations except for a concrete building foundation. An .:\.EC bull ; dozer was requested to strip 0 .5 to 1 . 5 m of distur~ed material away I from the downstream end of Area A. An excavation g.:- id ·,1a s esr.ablished at the base of the trench and along the existing s urface to the south. Excavations were concentrated in this area .
Areas perta ins to the portion of the Ve rnita site located on Jaeger's Island, a high- water island on China Sar. "-2C bulldozer cuts through dune deposits on the east end o f the i s land fai~ed to disclose archaeological material . ~he heavily disr.urbed and deflated cultural deposits at the cente.:- o f the island were found co =ontain no undis C turbed areas. for t:1is reason work ·.-1as :: oc'..!ssed upon .:..r=a ,;. T;;is work was based ~pon scar.tered s hovel tests along a~d ad~ace~t ~o the bulldozer ts. fig. 14 and Table 8 descrioe the stratigraY-
The ccr-.ti.gu.ot.:s exca·1at:.o:1s ~~rried out. .!.d Ar~a. ~ cc,nsist.er:. o -: r:-.,.:o t ~enc!"'.es pa.:-al.:.~1 t.::i -:~e :=>lurnbia Ri·✓ er. :'he :irs~ o f ~.:1ese -:!.:-e :1c:t'=s (an average of 50 ft lo~g and 10 ::t wide ) was ?laced alcng the base of disturbed jeposits i:1 t~e .;;.:::c julldozer c~t. Tje second trench (an average of 35 ft long and 10 ::t wide) was ?laced sligjtly f arther U? ' "" stream on higher ground i:1cludi:1g ;:artia.:..ly c.ist·...:.rbed s;.irface sedimer.cs. e ther test ;its ! 5 ::c by S ::t) were placed adjacent co =he cor.r.iguo~s trench excavar.i0ns.
C i . - S .
t:-
to r 67
Excavation techniques were by trowel, shovel and screen (3 / 8 in. mesh) in 5 ft by 5 ft blocks taken down in arbitrary intervals of 6 in. through horizontally stratified floodplain sediments. All lithics, s~ell, faunal remains and artifacts were retained and catalogued. Pl acement of the test blocks initially was designed to determine the extent of cultural deposits and their degree of disturbance. When sur face indications and test excavations allowed the definition of a poten tially undisturbed segment of the site, the qrid pattern of excavated blocks was filled in to form the two trench area excavations. These were excavated to cobble gravel (an average depth of 7 ft below the ori ginal ground surface).
The results of the excavations in Area A include the identifica tion of house pit and open midden deposits of several time 2eriods. Three major distinct prehistoric occupations and one historic occupation are defined on the basis of stratigraphy , chronology, and artifact con tent. These have been assigned to phases previously identified for the .\!iddle Col 1.1Il1bia region by Melson ( 1969) and include components repre senting the Cayuse, ?renchman Springs, and Vantage phases.
Historic Wanapam Component
r- T~is site was the Wanapam seasonal camp of taks' sah (~iddell 19~S) occucied ~n til 1943. The historic c omponent was represented oy semisub terr~nean house structures, sheds, caches of =~sn~ng ac=out~e~ents ~sed '-;; y earl:.,· twentieth cer:t:1ry Wanapam. These have been va:-.c.a.:...:.ze r: o ·, er che ? ast 2C years and are not t=aceable tcday.
Cayuse ? hase Component
~his component o f the s i te is the most badly disturbed and, chere~c r e, the ~e st ?Oorly ~~?resented. It i s defined on the basis a :: ?~r=ially in- tac= house 9its and associated ~idden deposits. The 9rincipal associations include dark stained silt with concentrations of =ire-cracked rock, mussel shell, lithic debitage, and =ragme~ts of deer and antelo 9e ~aromal bone . .::..rti=acts include cobbl e hamnerstones and choppers, '.
?renchrnan Springs Component
This component ls represented by less intensive occupation including sporadic features and isolated f inds in sand unstained by orsanic debris. aepresentative artifacts include a variety of knives, scrapers and pro~ec tile 9oints (?igs. 17 & 13). The cc~ponent is net dated, but i s thought to date bet·,.;een a:Jo •Jt lSOO B.C. and the t~r:1 of c:he Christian Zra ::ased upcn stratigraphy ar,d the Middle Columbia regional sei:::i.:enc e ,:-le l son l ':l69) . 0 9 l 9 ;_~... ,v
-.-,: ·:; ,(. '·., ,. ~6' ~!,,,~~
28 27 26 25 2-1 ___ 23 22 21 ... ' -----···----_J . I ____L . I I ·-rl ·- -·- - · . ------.------~.. . L I. I I ' " l '- \. . '_J 'j s~ • •• • -<--- -·-. . - ··, /~:::...~~-/~l ;- -...... · · - - . , L t . - · - o - -.,. --·--- -:..., ..,.. .- ~ - - o O Q "" -.. <) Q O 0
------0 0
~~.) · - -... ✓ --- - CJO . - --- ~-----·__...---,------\. ~-- - ~1 - ·------. ·--~----- . · o V - j .t
FilJ. 14. Represe11t c1 tiv e s lr c1 tiljr<1pltic sec tion front the Vernita Site (45-l3N-1 57 A) . L = di s turbed. Nu111b en ~d unils corres pond to s trc1tct described in Table 8 .
...... , .. _,, · ·· • . .. .. ~ - -- , ... _ , ______,...._~, .., __ ,.., _,_, _____ , _,.111111'!!1 •,·•.
__ . _ _ ------TABLE 8. P'.1ysical description of sediments at the Vernita site ( ~5-B~-157~ ) Profile taken off ?lane Lin Block L-M, 25-26, by David Ric e i Keo Boresor., 17 November 1974 .
STRATG'M DESCRIPTION~~
l Original top sur:3.ce - very fine medium ::ircwn ( 2 . S'lR( / 0) silt; massive; cult:.iral material present incluc.ing small (! t.:ant.ities fire-cracked rock, charcoal, and organic material such as shell and bone; krotovinas present, rootlets prese;; =: slightly plastic, slightly sticky, weak blocky structure; occu;ational material slight; few rou:ided rocks a:.d small pebbles; correlates wit:. Cayuse Phase, contains storage and house p.it :eatures in o ther ?arts of the site; thickness 40 in . ; marks !Jase of d.istr.i=utio n of shell; smooth clear boundary to:
2 Very fine light brown (l0YRS,.3) silt, weak b l ocky structure, sligh tly plastic, slightly sticky; krocov.inas ~resent ; small r ounded pebbles l in. -'.iia.meter ::::-ecuent; l a.c qe :-e e ks a'.::-se nc; c ultural ~aterial sparse, correlates with ?renc~Dan Sp rings ~hase and other possible unidentified phases; c~.ickness 28 in.; smccch c.i:f~se boundary ~o:
~~~ediurn-:ine ligh~ brown (l J Y?S / 3) sand; rna s s:?e ; loca.'.. i =ei; c'..llcural rna=erial ?resen=: slight crgani:: sca i ns ; rocjs absent., chi:::c.ess 8 i:L ;~~
...A /·1edium-:i:.e yel.'..ow-oran<;e ( l 0Y~.6/ ~) sa.r.d, c :,:i:::.ize,=. bl ccky st.cuccure, non-st.icky , no n- ~lastic; c ul='..lral rnaceria.:. ? resenc ; correla=es wit:1 e.it.her Lace Vantage phas~ :: r ea rly ?renc~ma n - S~ri..nqs ; :er.v :-ocf:.3; • in. -::lickness; smo o -: :--: ·:lea .:- :Joc. ;: .::2..:-:· ._..) . 1- 5 ~ .. ~eC.i~11-::.~e, l i::;h r: b!"C '.v:-: ( :. ( 1 YR.5 / 3 ) sane ; .s a ::·te as .=e s8r...:. ::,r-2vi0 u s unit; c:1:~~ness 7 in . ; srncot.h c lear boundar~ ~ ~ =
. ~ ' ~ 6 Ylediwn-Eine, :::-eddish-ora~~e sand; ox~c..:.zer::., present including Elakes , a=ti~:1ccs, dark brc wn i l 0YR5 1 2) o rganic st:ai:1; t'.vo J.eaf-3 {1 a.;:ed C!:'""Jptoc:-? s;:,:t.:.l i :le ;;o i n cs ~e covered; ge.r.e.cally few roc~s. krctovinas absenc; o xi dation suggests i:1 situ :.e2.rc:1s; l a .rc;e :narrunal bc;-:,es 9 resent.; c:Jc ~elates ·.v.:..t.:i Van:.age :=:•ha.3e; average ;:hi.. -:k~ess 0 i. ~. ; s:no o ~:i clear boundarv t o :
7 ?ine li~ht yellow ( l 0Y.% / 4 ) silt; massi? e, ol cd;: '.:· sc.c·.ict.u.!:"e , slightly ?J..asc.ic, slightly stick·:', non- c'..ll t".1ral ; ~ro covinas absent, rocks absent, thickness 3 in.; smooth aoru?t bou~ca.!:" y ~o :
8 ~ounded ~o sun-rounded cobble to ;ebble ~:- ave!; litjclcgy basal~; i:i.ter-st.:.tial :il_, l i;hc ye l l. av; ( l OYR6 14 ) :i~e s i .:.~; blocky , ~~astic and sticky ; no:1 - cul tura: ; j a se ~ ~ e~cavatio n ; uridete.r:r.ined t::S.i c:-~:-iess .
~~• •·$'- -.J:- .. .,_--~,..,,. , - _._... .,,..-:- ~.--- ··,-- ~ 70
I f
Ii !
Ii i i i i
Fig. 15. Cayuse phase project~ie points from Vern i ta ( 45-3:·l-157A ) .
. ··.. ~,· ~- . .. _ ... · ,·. ~, · . . /:•.;- ._ . . -~-\ - , ~--~: ·· .r,~ ~.:_/ ·
--- ~ I -, ,_
- - 1, Frenchman Sp r ings projectile points from Vernita (45 - 3~ - 157~ ) . -· Fig. ' I •
1: ;: jg. ' v . frJc;-. '/er1 i ta 72~~
Vantage Phase Component JI t This corr.ponent is re:.=,resented by a series of in. situ, dar)< or~anic t stained sediments compris ing the basal cultural deposits at the site. l Some of these dark stained layers may p r o,:e to be house floors. ,;ssociated ! 1 materials incl 1.ide shell midden , fire- cracked rock features, ::-agr:!enc.ed deer- elk- anc possibl/ other large marmnal bcr.e, 3.nd li thic debi t3.ge. Re 1 presentative arti;:acts include edge ground cobbles, cobble choppers and hammerstones, ~nives, scrapers, and projectile points (Fiqs . 19-22). i D1.ac;nostic projectile points include classic lea;:-sha9ed "C.3.scade" ?Oints and Cold Springs side- notched points characteristic of the "Cold Springs Horizon" (Butler 1961) and the equivalent: o: t:1e late Cascade phase in t:he lower Snake River region (Leonhardy and Rice 1970) . The component has been radiocarbon dat:ed at 2903 a . C.±117 yr dendrocorrected (~SU- 15C9) Th:.s is a unique componenc in that roost reported Vantage s,hase O?en camp components i:1 t:-:e !1iddl.e Col:.i.rnbia region ;1.::-e represented by c:eflati.on surfaces and do not concain preserved in situ ::eatures or organi c ~at.e::-ial.
45 - 3N- 143
0 :1e feat.'..lre included t·,.ro enamelwa:::-e ,? Ot3 ::.:..12.ed •,;ii:':-, c2ct2tr.:;:..:la::-
These are i2.l'..lst.rated in ?igs . 23 - 26.
1n t he cune ieocsit (?igs. 27 & 23).
T::e signi::icance o: :::Cese features Les i:1 :: hei.:::- associat.io :1 ',"i :::, the :: iscor.:.c Wanapam Indian people ~ho acc~~~ed che area seasona::! ~n::il 19~3. Swi:-.::::.e:..i ( i942:249 , 282, 289) repcr::s i:.:,ar:. '.-Janapam _;)eople '.".ac. sal:mor: :: ishing camps in this area du.ring t:1e :~ll ari.d c:..crled ::1an y of t:'.e2.~ ::::elongings adjacent t.o c:hei:::- camps in the :1ighe:::- ;r::,•.rnd ".:lf t::e :::-.:. ':e:::- :::a;-,:.;_ represent the conti:1uity of historic and ?:::-ehisto ric act.ivities ca:::-:::-ied out by the :-Janapam people and t':-,eir ancest.•:::cs ::.t t:-ie site.
~~Log Scruc~u:::-e (~5-fE-266 )~~
(?.ice :.968b J . ~:1e si.g:1ificance of i:::e s.:.te ·,vas, howe ve!"', 5.'.1.i;r..a-:..:.:. T~e :..og st:::-uccure ~as located ac the ;eogr::.?hic site o:: an 1853 ~i:..ic.ary ie~ct 23.rnc u sed d:.i:r:-ir-.-::- t;l.e 'fak0.a i:r:Gian :,;·a!:" , :Ju e :.-: ·N2s :1oc ~ r.o~N:--: ·,,./ r~e:~. -=!:" 73
I j
...
Fi g . 19 . 'ian.:a;e pn a. se cirojectile points from '/ernita ( !15 - 3i'l - 1S7P,) . 74 TI I I ! I I f J ,,.- . f ,~,. . I.,J''i ;._-.., ·,:/... ,-'fl' t . \ . ,~ ' . ;. l ; . -. -.},i"·- ' :,, ~"'~ \- . - .· lSJ.:.~ .,.. .~ . .·< ·· ... l / ::--"·>\·· # • -;,. - # • . f. , ~ , -'.4:J,. "\ .. K: . ;. :
rig. 21. Vantage phase kni-tes from '/ernit a ( 45 - 3N - 157A) .
I I' i l ! I l l I c- i g. 22 . l/a.nt 2.9e ,J hase edged cobt·les fro!'r. 'J -=rn i t1 ( -E - 21 1- 137.:, : i t .b___ _ _J p f 7 5
Fi •] . 23 . Enamel ~are pot from 45 - aN - 143 Nhich contained ccche of rectangular stone sinkers.
~na:n e l ·11are :::n from 45 -3.'!-1d3 ·. ~hich ,::::;nt.:.ir-:ed cach e of rect~ngular s tone sinKers . 76
I • ...
. ~- , j : -. ~ • . I ; . . ,... ,. , ·: .. -. _... . l ._:_-;(
,· fig. 25. Rectangul1r s tone s inkers from caches at 45 - aN - 143.
~~~ ·, ·. ,,;. I I I I I I
Fi g. 26. Gr ooved ccb b1e net weigh t ~nd rect1n3ular sinke r from 45 - 3N - 143 C3Ches .
. . .. r-.~..- .. ,- r-----...- •.. ,.-...... I
77
. I .J ' \ /,. ' ... :.. ..~ ·
\ .,,. "" -~.- ' \
2 7. Chip Je~ stone bifac2s fr om a cache at 45 - 3N - 1i2.
-Y" ...... -. JI , , 78~~
or not the log structure dated fro:n that pe::-iod or was consc::-ucted later. A case study was prepa::-ed (Rice 1976) in conjunction with the AEC Clean up ?::-os::-arn which assessed the hiscor:-ical signi::icance of che structure using the techniques of historic archaeology and oral history.
The structure was :ound to relate to the early settlement. of White Bluffs and daces from about l900 . It was ;.1sed '✓ ar.iousl:; as a blacksmi t.h sho~, e~uipment shed and chicken coc~. An architectural analysis and measured drawing (?ig. 29 ) of the log st::-ucture was completed by Karl Ii ?oenke ( 1976). 'I'he interest of the Sen-c·:rn CoLL,ty ?arks De:::ac:-~ment and the Fn.nxlin County Historical Societ:,1 lo::d co the reccr.;rnendation :or f remo•,ral of the structure to tr,e Tri-C.:. ties at ':oli...:.r:lbia ?ar'<. I I 45-F?.- 265
This :;, reh.istoric -arc:!·1aeological site 'tJas reccrded d 1.iring :.he ~ro~osed 3en Fran:din Reser10i.::- survey (Rice 1963a) . ':':ce site was l acer .identi::.ied ... ':,~/ ~•1::-s . :i. L. if'li-ahl (personal ccrrunu."1ica,:i:;:-: 1975) .3.s t:le l ocati on of ~he T!-\u.c:-;::; r.cmescead esta.l::!.isr.ed early in r::1e t '.ve r1ciet:-, century . Ju.ring cr:e ~:.. .:c ?:--:>jec-: Cl.ean- 11p ?:-o:ra.~ ::he::-e was a :-.e~ ,,:. -: c ::il.!r:t :::-e~.r-.a:--.t..5 of ac old ~a::e ::- collection sy stem. ~jis ;resen::ed a~ 099or~"J.~i:7 i~ : u~e 197 ~ to .... exa...-ni:-.e : ne subs:..ir;:ac2 sedi2encs at ::--.2 s.ice t:"..::-0,.1-:;:: ;-:ic:-.:.:0:::-:.:-.::; c;: tr.e bulldozer C'.lt.
~able 9 describes :he st.rati::ica:icn e~sou~ce.red at ~5-?~-2;3_ ~l=::-,_oug~ nc ~ac2r1al disg nos:ic o i a ;ar:icul3: C"J.l :"J..re e r :i~e ;e::-iod tj ~as ;:ound i: is sleac:- :_::-,_at : :1ere is~ ~el: ;re3e.r~ed ~~1..=~= cD9cnent s.i:e
~ - 3 ~ o: :lood silt from the : loads of ~39• a nd ~~48. ~ddit.ional exca- ·:a;:i.o!1 ·.vor-k shot..1. i.d be c::,r.duc~ed to C.e:i~e :..:"1e -=-~e 3-~C. : ~nca~i.G:--.al cr:a~ac : er o : c::-,.e si:e in a case reoo r-c su~~or~.i~g i:s no~i~a: icn :o : he ~a tional ~egiscer o : Historic ?laces.
P.i.;.dson Say House
_:;. wcod :r~me str-.ic':·1:e c alled ":-fudsc:. 3a.v :10 ·.:se" by t:--.e early twer1t:i2r::1 cent:.!=! set-:le:::-s ·,•i .3.5 loca.~2d on c:'~e 2as1: Oa.:1:<. o f t=:e C:Ji 1.!..rn.b:.a Jiver a~ White 3luf:s -a~d.ing. The site ~as s u~erim~csed u9cn t~e ~ re- his:oric site o : 45 -FR- 266 . ,:,cday ~~e:-e ~s no :.~ace o f t:le ~•1.:.~C.ing . :!:"o• 3.l:o ut 1900 to 13~ 3 the struc-:1.l!"'-: r,.;as 9art ~= t:le :vi.e:--'.2. ~:nn~st~.3.C:.. ~ccording to local lore the s-c.::-ucture was an earlier .remnan = o f an 1860s mining ec:-a settlement ~escribed by S?lawn ( l?L -: 221) . T~e :-i~dso:1 3ay House was thougctt to have been a warehouse Eoc:- goads during t~e gold .r·-1s:1. ':';;.e name deri·,es from an .~.rne.r.ican ac Whit::: ,H 1.if .:s wj_-,_ ,J recei•;ed goods by sce2U1ler and then sent them cy :_:,ac:.c era.ins t0 t:--1.e g.:,l::: ~ines in t he Col~ille District under l icense ~ith the ~udson's 3ay Cc ;-:i pany (a:ter the ::::o~ndary settlement of 13~6 t he 5udson's 3ay C0m;any sont.inued ca os:e.rate i,, :he Un ited Scates f::ir a n:.:m::er of ·: ears ) v- .. ---- 9
~~-✓- - - ~ -- -.
~~~~iE~-:___ ·.:,..--_=·--~_:==-="'-'.~=:.= · :_~--~ - -
~~.,~ -- ;s. =-~ - - L--- - 1,Yf' °-"' ~- "'i -..- == - - .. ~~~ ~:lllttillt7-~------=-""" ·-- ·- --- . ------.
1 nclin9. JI - te 1)1uf f s 0 F ,I'.:> I. v i I J\ddpU~
•,,,, .,,,.
.~ -.~ .. , 80~~
T~..3LE 9. Stratification :rom the AEC bulldozer cut at Thumb's home stead (45-fR-265). A cut 7 m wide at 90° to che Colu.'1\bia River was made extendi~g 10 m inco the river bank and sloping downward t owaris the river co a depch of Sm. The :allowing profile was taken at a point 3 min from the river bank.
ST?J,.TtJ:--1 DESCUP7I0t,
l ?ine gray flood silts from the floods of 1394 and 1948; some historic material 9resent; t~ickness 20 in . ; smcoth r' clear boundary to: I 2 Dark brown band of cultural material concaining fire-cracked rock and larqe ma.'Tlmal bones, mussel shel_, and caches of o;:alized wood flakes and nodules; t'.'1ickness 15-13 in.; smoot'.:1 Il I clear boundary to: l l I 3 Fine yellow sandy silt with spo:::-3.dic cult'..lral ::-,ac::::-ial in cluding fire-cracked rock and :lakes; krotovinas ?resent; 10 thickness 36 ir.. ; smooch clear bour.dar-1 ::o: I I I C' . '4 Dark brown band o : cultural ma::erial ccr.::aining :ire-cracked reek and :lakes; ttickr.ess 12 i~.; gradual boundar: ::o: \ ..c - ?ine yellow sand! silt with b_cc~y struc::~re; ?las::ic : sticky; non-cul::ural; chickness 108-120 in.; smooth abrupt bc~ndary ::o:
~~6 ~ell rounded s~all =obb l e gravel wi::h ~any small ?ebbles; s ome .., gravel c:::-acked .i:1 :·..;o, but r.o fire-cracl
e C 81.~~
I:1 l.975 an inr.e r- ·✓ :..ew with Mrs. ::LL . Wiehl of Yaki:na, ·,vashir,.~ ::.on, re·:ealed t:H~ lcca~ ior. of "H'.ldson aay House" and a :ew rnotcgra;:;hs 0f the structure. ~rs. ~iehl stated that Geo rge Borden added ?art o: ano ther- house to the original scrucr.:.ire al:lout: 1900. In >la y 1'377 t:-ie re was an op9ortuni t:/ u:1der t:-:e A.EC Pro ject Clean-up Program to cry to find ;; subsur:ace remr.anr::s o f ':he old struc-::ure. A series of tre :--.ches 75 ft ·,,· long and 8 ft: wide were cut to a depch of 2 ½ :t. Only pieces of o l.d l •J.rnber ·,1e re encountered. In one location the r-emains of a ;:-r-i'.'Y 2 ::t by 3 ft were exposed, conr::aining only ?ieces of broken bor::tle and 9late ;lass . It ·,1as .:::onci L:cied that any subsurface remains of Euds::m 3a'/ House were destroyed ...,hen the concrece appr oach to the Whi :e 3luf::s ier='.r la:1di:1g was buil.t .
Cobblestone Wa.::-ehouse
.; •,1ell pres e~: ed cobblestone warehouse :,1as ic.enti::ied in 1974 duri:i.~ ':he ;l.E C ?!:'cjec~ Clean- up ?rog!."'.irn at ~he ~re-Ha~:o !:'S. ~eser·.r a:::.or. o r c :-:ari site cf .?.i'fe.::l.and. The orchard •,1a s parti::ular.i.·/ :: -3.!'.1o us : o r its peaches and was at i:s pri:ne :rom about 1325 to 1943 . T:-ie sole r~maining ~ sr::r-..:c: ure a': :l.i•,erland is a c-:i:O.blesr::::ne ·.,arehOl.:se (Fi,~. 2 ·')) . :·!.:. r ,11 l er reca.:.:..s ~~at the s:~uc ~•..:=e :,.;as 9roba.i::.l.y bu.11:. :Jv a j1a:: r-~ a:ned >1e~.::".I' :rem Ya k :~a and ~as la:er ac::::uired by ?au l Bruggeman.
~~7ie struc:ure itsel:: ~as buil: in 1922 using local ~o b b iest:cnes
~ c o~.:::.::er::e ~a:.::1x.
rhe s i gni::ican::::e of tje scru.::::ure lies in the :act: : ji: i t is cie sole remair:.i.ng e:,a."np:.e 'J: a ?re-Han::ord :<.eser ,,ati-:ir. ar::::hi :'=c-=. ,.1rct l :,01.ise ?allen reGains o:: other cobblestone houses c:: sirn.i.lar design were
me:-'.c.ll ~esour::es .:":-c rn -:;rave.!. des::osi ts of ~:1e Col 1.l...~ia r{i ··.r er. : :1 .:..s :'eatu!.""e - ~a:<~s i : :..:.::.i,::ue .:.:1 :::e are:.~~
.;.:cchaeoloc;:.c=.l ~. .;ork s;,onscred ~y tie Washington ?1.J.;:l:.c ?,:•.~..-e~ Su~~ly Sj s:em at 3anic r~ :-ias also resul:ed in several finds c f regio nal ar::::haeo - l og i cal and h iscori=al significance. The :ollowinc; 'crieflv surn.rri.arizes these finds.
WPPSS Han!ord Generating ?lant (45-BN- 179 & 180)
An a r:::: ha.e0loqi cal sur,ey o:: t:~e ? r oposec: :c!anfo rd Ne. 1 :-.•.iclea.r ?Ower- ;,lar.t ·,.;as ::cr::J. 1Jc~ed by Jr. Rise i:1 :Jovemt.er 197:: rest.:.l:i:--.c; i:1 t~e iiencificat.i.8 n o:: 43-3N- 179 & 130 . These sites ~ere e vai~a:ed jy :est ex-::a.vatio:1 ce~·,,e-=n >!a. ~.r and J ·.1ly J.?73 ( Rice 1972 ) . The si:es ~~~ lcca~ed
~~- • ..< ,· · . - • ... ~;;- , ..._ , --- ~ ~;:..~ _- 82 I
i i I t
North Elevat i on I I' I ! t '
:✓ es t El ev at i on
•...... -...., . .. _.. )
0
(GJ I• ,. I I I I
Fi'J. 30 . Plan vie1:, .1nd elevat ions 'J f the ccbblestone ·.v arehouse at River land . Dr aw n b/ : verson, ~oenke and ~eJv~r , 1975 .
_1'!!.,______9 8
_ ... :,;; · - :a:so-'l•. . - ·------
-~•:.·
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w w
i' ~-~~
F iQ. 3·1 • Overvi ew of the WPP SS ll anford Gene1·a tin<) Pl ant s ite (/\5- l3N-179) looking northeast. The s ile i s i11di c aled lly L11t! ,HTow. tJS - llN-llJO i s indi ca t ed at tlie base of a rower lri1r1 s111i ss ion line t.U1,1e1· . Til e \Jl1itr~ Blurfs c1 nd t.ll e S,Hicll e Mountains lie in the distance.
;·
' . . , ,
J I
The surface of 45-cN-179 wa s pa rtially cove r ed by fill and debris from the Ha nford Generating Plant constructed highe r on t~e terrace, I but. othe!:"Wise it was ·.1ndis:•.1r bed. The si::e area •,1 as cleared and the:. I t·,10 intersecci:1g trer.r:::.es ·,1 ere crridded out, one 2 m '::Jy :S :n trench rarallel to che river, and anotjer 2 m by 6 m trenc h perpendicular co t~e river. The placemen: of ::jese trenches was guided by the greatest density of cultural ma:eri.al ex?osed in ':he r iver bank . T-,10 a..::.dicional l 2 m by 2 m blocks were excavated to fill in che g r id . ~ig. 32 and ' Table 10 illustrate and des cribe the s tratigraphy at t~e site. I i Exca vation t e chni~ues ~ere ca rried out by trowel, shovel and j screen ( 3/ 8 in. mech) i:i 2 :n by 2 m blocks taken down in arbi t=a=-:- ; I level intervals of 10 ~~ t~rcugh i o rizontally bedded floodplai:i sedi- r -~0 1 1 ment.s . All lithics, .:::,, . ._ -- , :aunal remains and ar::i.:acts ·,.;e=e =etained and catalogued.
The site of 45- BN - 180 consisted of two housepit depressi0ns. One of these was trenched (1 ~ by 5 :n) across i::s diaceter and excavated to cobble gravel, a dep~~ cf =~o mecers. :'he onl·1 finds i::1clud1:::d uci- Li.zed fL,kes , a chopper, =- ·:obole spall, ;;. hopper morca= base, a:-.d;;. large :1urnbe= o f salmon bo:-:es . The si.::e :--,ow ser-,es as ::he ::ooci::c; : er a SPA po~er c.ransmis3ion ~i~e =owe= (Fig . 31).
dis~in== prehi3.::oric oc=~?acior.s and one ~istori= occ~~acion ar9 defined on t~e basis of st.racigra?hY, chronology a:-:d a.rci::ac:: co::::enc (~ice 1;7:) :~ese occu?ations have bee:: assig:1ed to ~~ases ~=evicus.:.y designa:::e~ :e r tte :1.i. \-.::il.a ·:clu.":lbia ::- esicn '=,y ~iel5or. ( .l.36? ) a!!C com~rise c::::tr;01.~:-~::3 .. cf the Cay:.isE:, Frer.chrna:1 S?r i;-:gs and '!a:1tage ;hases .
The ::.cc stratig.ra?hi= ~nic at the si=e 2c:1tained c;iass beads an~ a -:l::.v ?ir:e st:erri ~efJresent.::..:"'.S ~:-:e !'list:>ri:: oc::·J.;>a ::..1 or1 of '::'le Wana;:a.m ~ec~ :. : . T~e si=e i s located just -~ ?Sc.ream ::rom ::'.le ?l::.c2 callee Noolimool.i. (:.i::.:.:.e
T.1.is com?onent is the best re~resented occ:.ipation ?rese::t at the site. In St.rat:.un 3a a hot:.se:2i:: floor and storage pit were encountered. Strat'.lln Jb =epres ents 09e:-: earn? dei::lris dis tincc ::ram and ;:::;arciall:_, unc.e.r lying the hous e?it occupa:::ion . The cultural de?osit contai:is :ire- cracKed .rock, dar k stai ned silt, ~us sel shell, ~ithic debitage, and :aunal re mains. ?ish bones were also pres ent. ~e~.resentacive arti:acts i;-:c lude cobble cho99ers and net ~eights, ~nive s, scra?ers, ;erfo=ato.r s, a:id ~rc j e c::ile points (Figs 33 & 34 ) . The jas e cf :::his ::om;:oner.c a,: 45 - 3N - l 7 :i -..,a s r=.diocar~on da,::ed =.t .;. D. 88±36 yr de!'.::iroccr=ected (WSU - 1421) . '::1 e hous epi,:: ;;.:: ~S - 3~- 180 is also assigned ::.o Cayuse phase. 'i;:f.,'. BS ...... ,;;,. ·.It
~~Frenchman Springs Cor:i~o~ent
The com~onent 13 .: c ntained in a sand unit un s :ain8d oy organic~~
debris and contains ~o :eac~res. Fire- c=acked rock and bone are rare . ; ... 7:1e cor:iponent is re~resented oy distinctive stemmed i:;ro ject::.le points a..,d cobble irnpleme::ts t?i·;s. 35 & 36) . The lack cf orgar.ic material :J :'.'ecl:.1ded r:.ciiorr.e:ric st•1:::.ies. The age of the coc:;:onent is thought to :::-ange bet·,1een a.oout 1500 3.C:. and t:-ie turn of t~e C:1ristian Era based !..!pen stratiy-=ar;h:· a::d the Middle Columbia -regio nal sequence (Nelson 1%9) .
Va ntage Phase Component
~rtifacts representing the Vantage ~hase were ~iscovered mixed in c:-,e basal gravels at • S- 3t!- l 79 . Cultural material included only L .thic debitage and artifac ts. No o r ganic material was ~resent, nor were there a ny c~l t ~ral feat~res. ~'ien :ire- c:'.'acked :::- ock was s9o radic or absent . T:lis ·.Jc::u~a.~.:.c n. :-e:=- ~t:sen~3 tie ::-ernnanc.s o : a _as; : oncent.:-3..t:e c a'...lse d ~y ,,;2. t e r de:lation . T·,·:;: i .:al ar::ifacts include ?roject:i l e :_:a ints c ::.a=ac !:eristic :i f t:-ie '' C::;L:: 3~ :::-ir:g:; Horizon" (Bu t:le:::- l?6l ) , ·N·r.ic :--. em.oody lea: sna.?ed :1!Y::. s i c e - no :.:::--.ec ::ir::1s, and edged cobbles ; :=- .:.g s. 37 .; JS) . :':-,e c:lr o r. 0 _os-1 o :" t:': i~ c ::n~cr-.-=~1= is '..!nk:---. ow:-:, ::~c ~he a:::--:.:.= ·3. C~ c ::,nten t c 8m~a~9s c. .:.~:cc~ ~/ ·,.;i~~ ~:"'.e ·/ e:-:r. i i:.3. 3i.':e ( ~5- 3Lr-~5 7A ) ·;'an::1~e ? :-'.2.5c= c::, ~ ~0:.e.::.t, ·,..;:1.:.. :.::-1 ~as been daced ac ajc ~: 2?00 3.C., and :he ~anca;e ~ha 3e co m?On enc at the So urccug~ Cree~ si:.e (~5 - YK - 5 ), whi::h has prod~c~d a s:.::1i:ar da t e (De r n ,
19 70) .
:: 1...:.r:..~ g :::--.e .:- cns -:~·.: c ~i.·'.J n r.i.cni t c !"'.::..~ g :or ~:1e :-:? ~S3 :-.:-: :P- 2. ; ~ :-• ..if~r ::~_ 0 t.: s e wa:e= ::.ntake :.n Au;~s= ~37~ =~o i:ems a ~ cu:::ura l sig~ i:::.=a~ce ~ere =~und ( ? i g . 39 ) . T!°'.e ::.rs::: i s a s:nall :=s.,:;ment: of a. ,.: :ci:-,e se : eramic ri·:e ::: cwl. s :,- scem. It i s i l : ~st:::-a:ed i n ?ig. ~C along wi:~ a .: ~mp lete s ?eci~en. The ~ind was a be a c ~ ::.~d and i cs signi~icance 9r ~ba~:1/ r ela ces : o C~ :. ~ese ~ini~g of t he :::-i ver bars duri~g che l d60s (Vic: cr 1S 7G:5-, ) . The second =~~a was a buried ~ea:::-~h feature enc ~un tered l.3-1 . 5 ~ ::: elow t he sur~ace ~ta cobble beach a : : he ~ater in:a~e site . T~e ~eacure cons:.sted of a dense concenc:'.'acio~ c ~ 2C5 fire blackened and cracked r oc ks ].Sm by 0 . 75- 0 . 90 ~ in area. T~e ~eature contained small :::i:s o ~ ~ussel s hell and ~o iled :ragmencs o : s~all maIT'.I!1al tcne , c~ree fla~es and :~ree cobble tool s . :t is i.1..lustra;:ed ~:1 ~::.g. 41. C!1arcoal ::::-cm ?:.'le heart;, ·,1as s 1.:bmit.ted f ".J r radiocarbon analysis resulting in an .age of A.J . 1600±38 y r dendrocorrected (:'X- 3331 ) .
._.._
~~---- -~--_,u, _ .• f'),.,, , I,,!!'" ~~.:--·• '·•t'-''... • ·- - .,. .:.:. • .- ::-. ~ l ~ ~- ~ -- 5( ...... • $ ~ ~~~~~_,. •.-. • ------. _, .-- -~------86
II i l i
.Ii 41 N 4Q N f 42 N 3 9 N i !' i t j t I !' ,..
-
? lane 73 E~~
Fi g. 32. Rep r es en tative strat igr aphic section from th e Ha nfo r d Generating Pl ant s i te (45- aN - 179) . L = di s t urbed. ~umbered un i ts correspond to strata descr ib ed in Ta ble 10 . -
87
~~TABLS iO. P!lysicai descri?tion of sediments at t:1e WPPSS Hanford Gener..'l.::ing P lar1t ( 4 S-BN-179) . Profile t.3..ken at 78 m E, 42 r.1 N, Oavij Rice/ G. fielder, 7 ~une 1973 .
S~RATTJM DESCRIPTION~~
1 :-loderr1 qravel and brown sand ( 2. SYR6 / 0 dry, 7. SYR4 / 2 ·,1ec ) derived from Hanford construction os,erations since 1943; gravel ranges from l = to 1: cm in diameter and is mixed with fi:1e to coarse sand; abru~t smooth boundary to:
2 Moderatel-_, fine brown sand ( lOYRS/3 dry, l OY?.3 / 2 wet ) mixed ·,1ith a few ccbbles; cultural material incl~des fire- cracked rock, shell, ciarcoal, flakes, bone, historic and prehistoric arti f.:tcts; abn.!?t smooth boundary to: (Histo ric ·i'ianaparn )
Ja House and storage pit fill consisting cf compact massive ri:1e dark brown sand (1CYR5; 2 dry , 10Y?.3 / 2 wet l ; ir1trusive i nto Stra::·..!..r:i Jb; small.er ;:article size than 5::ratcL.T, 2; some ;iec::,les prese~t; cultural material inc2.udes fire-cracked rock, shell, c~ar~cal, flakes, bone, and p rehi storic artifacts; abr~pt to cle=..r · .:..::-regular bouri.da:-·:" ~c:
3b C~mpact ~assive fi~e br~wn sand (lJYRS/ 2 dr-_,, l 0Y R3 / 2 wet); smaile~ ; -ar~icle s:.ze c:-:3.z-1 5trat·J.i.11 :2; ~=o~:J v i:--.. c.s ~rese:-:;:.; some ~ebb.!.es ?!."'ese!1t:; c·..:l : ·..1 .:-al ::i.ar:e:::.al .:..:1 c lc.C. es : ire- '.:::-;.i:'.<:ed rock, shell, charccal, E!~kes, bone , an~ ~retis::oric ar':i f::.c~s, ':;r_: ~ :---.01: a.s -:oncent=aced as i:1 St.:-ac·~"TI Ja; 3..br1-1pL ·,.;a ,,,--! bour.dar-:,· iue to m.i:
4 ?ine yellow sand 12.JYRE / ~ d~-, lCYR3 / 3 ~et ) ~anganese concrei:~cns :J::=-2ser:c. ; pcss.:.!)le er':'sional disconf:;n.i-:~' ;; r~se~:: alc ::.q ·.:on~ac:: ·t1:::~ S:.:-3.tu.--:; 3b ; c~l-:u=-al mac:= r:.a. l inc:·..:C.es 3. :-2,,..; :"la.:
5 Well rcund~d cobble ::o pebble gravel (average size 10 c~ ) ~ixed with f.:..ne yellow sand (:..OYR6 / 4 dry, l OY ?.3 1 3 ·.ve t); heav,! :nanganese coating on ::,ase of pebb:..es and cobbles; lit.:,oloqy ;,r~-narily :Jasalt, but some disincegraced granite, schist, shale, and silt-stone ?re sent; cul::ural material incl~des fi re-cracked rocks, fla~es, and :=; rehi sto ric art.i fac::s ; r-.o ::icne, she 11, or c:-iarcoal ?rese:-,c; abr-1j;: i: smooth ::ioundary to: (Vantage r;,hase)
6 :•Tell rounded large cobble to ?ebble gravel (ave.rage size 25 -35 cm diamecer) ·.vith compact r;,ea gravel and ::ine :'ellow silt (lOYR6 / 4 c:r1, :i_ ,)'£?.J ' 3 wee ) filiir1g i::terstitial s~aces; a t:1i:1 silt lens overlies tje gravel along the to9 contac:; lit~oicgy same ~s St~acum 5; heavy :nanganese coat:..:i.g3 , mari.y 2.3.~~e, frosted ::-ac tured :obb:es s?lit in ~al: o r a:o ng edges ~n s~:~; c~ltural ~a:er:a: i::cl~des some eire-cracked reek, :_a~es, and ~rehis::oric ar:i::ac::3 ~: ~ng :he C~? :on~ac: of : ~e g .:::3 v2: and :: o a de ?tt o f 10 c~ into c~e grav~l; ::~ bone, ; hel:.. =r charcoal 7.:::es~n:; base 88
. I
~~:=-ig. 33. C2.yuse ph~se projectile : oir.t-; fro.n u.S - G:~ - 179 a:1d cl :iy pi;:ie ste1 frcr.1 his toric ·.ianap2.m.
------1r
..!:' ! i '
... ~ir; . 35 . ~renchman So r inqs projectile points and ~nife from 45 - 8N - '179. -
------90 l t f t I I l i' I N 1c I t l I f
I! ,l' l ;l
N 1:
Fig . 37 . Vantage phase knife, Cascade ooint, and Cold Spr ings side- notched point frcm ~5- BN - 179 .
I
V~ntage 2~as2 ed;ed ccbb le fr cm 45 - ~~ - 1 79. I F~g . 33. I l L _ 91
I 13000~~
\ \ \ I ', I I I \ I I \ ' ' I ' ' I I I I I I ,_ (l) ·' 12790 a:> :::::::::::: HEA ATH : 0 1 • :•. \ -: . umo -:-:•...... , ...... ~· .. .. •.. ·.·.·.•.· .·.·. x-···················· • H • :•:-:-:-:+:•:-:•:•:•: •:-:P1oeline Trench :-1r:-:•:•:-:-: -:-: •.•.·:-:-:•:-:-:•:-:-:•:- : ouse : ::::· ::-·•· •·.·.·.·.·.·.·• -~ · •. • • -• .-.-. ~ -· · · · • • • • · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · ...... \ \ J 2690 u0
1- 0 0 t.() t.()
LU- LU
~~Elev. (ft.) Cross-SectionaJ View _ Tem~ary HEARTH RICE oOWL Earth Dam (phase 1)~~
~ig. 39. Plan view of the construction s ite for ~PPSS WN P-1 & 4 pump house and water intake system. The hearth de s ignates --•'"; 45 - BN -257, the r ice bowl refers to a Chinese ceramic . Numbered coo r di nates are in Hanford 3rid (ft ) .
-- ,,,. I I 92 I I I l
\ l l l -__ -- _- - --· _ - -·:·· ···· ·------·---- II I I .. ,-" II I
I
\ -- I I~~
Fig . 40 . The lower fr agment was part of a Ch inese cerami c r ice bowl recovered from th e j PPSS ~N P- 1 & 4 wa ter intake system 1nd pumph ouse. The upper pi ece shov,s the appear ance of a comp l ete specimen.
l t
~~Fig. 41 . Exposed hearth area recovered during the WPPSS WNP-1 & 4 pumphouse and water intake construction (4 5- GN-25 7) . Laura Ki ng ('.~?PSS ), lPft, Jonathan 3ergt, ri gh t.
- • - - •h. ,. ,,• - ---• • - :- . - .-• , ...... •_. .. _ .,. _ __ , •••••~:,t,. 0 _,,.,.. _ ___,.., 94
S1mthes i.s of Local Prehistory~~
Following the identification of cultural resource sites, the first task of an archaeologist working in a predominantly unknown area is to establish a local sequence. In order to accomplish this stratified sites containing superimposed occupations representing different time ?eriods are necessary. Few stratified sites are ;:>?:"esentl 1· known at Hanford be cause of the deflated character of many sites and the small number of test excavations. Out of 115 sites and site segments identified on the Hanford Reservation so far only eight have been tested (Table 7). Of the eight sites tested only two have yielded substantive results: t.~e WPPSS Hanford Generating Plant (45-BN-179) and the Vernita site (45-BN- 15 7A) . These t•,10 sites provide the present data base for the establish ment of a local sequence at Hanford.
When a comparison is made between the geologic units and the cultural content of the Vernita site (45-BN-157A) and the Hanford Gen- erating Plant site (45-BN-179) many correlations can be made. To begin with, the geologic setting of both sites share ~uch in common. The sediments are basically similar and their mode of depositicn on alluvial ~lats is shared. The stylistic artifact elements between both sites show scrong similarity and the cultural feacures at each site are d i ,1 :..ded i.nto three distinct components. Fig. 42 illustrates the cor=elation of cultural and natur3,l units between the sites. Fig. 43 is a stylistic reconstz:-uc- tion of diagnostic ?rojectile point forms from both sites which com?rise a local c~lture se~uence. The projectile ;,oint forms that constit~te the local se~uer.ce at ~anford show strong resemblances to the scylistic se~uence escablished ':Jy Nelson (_969 ) at Sunset Creek (45-~T- 28) in tl"le :-!ic:dle CJlumbia z:-egion (:i;. 4~).
C:iltures are made up of more than projeccile for:ns, buc t:iis exerci se is useful to show how the findings from one archaeological site make up ~he ?ieces to a more complex re~ional 9uzzle thac can be ?ieced tosethez:- . ~o je sure t~ere are missi~g pieces. : o r ins~ance, cje ~ ur~ed ~ ea~ s = (45-3N- 257 ) contained no stylistic projectile ?Oints, nor did che house ?it site at 45 -3N-130). ~evercheless, these s:..tes can be oz:-ganized into a ::-egional framework ·.ising methods of controlled total comparisons. The chronology provided by radiocarbon and t::e fu:1ction of the heart:1 as an earth oven allow the site occupation co ':Je placed with other occupations assigned to che Cayuse phase. In the case of 45 -SN- 180 the associations of salmon bone in a housepit structure allows its assignmenc to the Cayuse phase in t:ie Yliddle Columbia z:-egion where many ocher occc.1rrences of chese elements are known, ;:,ut in cultural context and with radiocarbon c:-i.ronology.
Archaeological sites at Hanford where signi=icant finds have ;:,een ~ade are located in ;ig. 45. Whereas 45 -BN-15 7A and 45 - BN - 179 ha·.re provided the basis for a local sequence at Hanford it is clear that much more archaeo logical test excavation evaluation needs to be done. The collections ob tained from Wahluke (45-GR-306) need to be restudied and placed into modern context since the t:..~e of Krieger (1928b). One of the largest remainir.g ?ithcuse sices in the Columbia aasin is located at Locke Island (45- G~ -302) Limiced tests Jone by the ~id-Columbia Archaeologic~l Society (Rice 1969) suggesc that the 5ite ~a'l ~e9resent a Qu ilome~e 3ar ~hase cam~cne~c of great
l 4 9 )
45-DN-179
45-BN-157
-----Dlaturbed
·i i '°lJ1 '
~~! f \ l ·~., I :I I l i -i Fig. 42. Co rrel a ti on of cultur·al and ncttur al units at 45-BN - 157 and 45-BN-179. (Scale: ·1 in = approximately "l.5 111) 9 )
~ ~ N 0 0 Ol ~ 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 OJ CD Ill Ill 0 0 0 0 0•
Vantage Frenchman Spclngs Qullomene Bar Cayuse • I
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Fig. 44. St; l istic se~uence for the ! iddle Col umbi a reg on show ing the co nnect ion jetween cultural pha ses and pre ec~ il e : • int for~s. Adapted from Ne lson (1969 ) . 9
Sactdle Mo1111l,1i11 ~
W a hluke 45 Gfl 306 / Wloile Sand Dunes / _,,,. Or lgiual S1, earn Cow''° Dlults 01 Coh1111llia llive, 45 (HI -- - ·- locko lslantl 45 Git 302 Juniper Fo,es t ·-···-- 45 rn 206 \ I . Ve111ila . it.i. _; ·' 45 ON 157 ·'· r. . '"-: , Columbia Gal,lo Ule . GiJlilu MI. ltallle:;i1Jke i N Si,rlnys \. I
45 UN 257
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Appro•lmalloo Of Original SIIIN{HON Slream COUf9801 Colurnbla Rivet
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size and complexity. The future study of the site may throw light on the history of the Chinook salmon spawning ground on its west shore.
These things need to be determined, but =~rther researches should be ;, g .1ided, !?erhaps along some of the lines o: inquiry suggested in the 1 next section.
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NATIONAL REGISTER SITES l t j I In rest=ionse to Presidential Executive Order 11593 ( 1971) , Richla!ld l C~erations, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission began the nomination of l I archaeological sites recorded on the Han:ord Works (Rice 1968a, 1968b) ! to the ~ational Register of Historic Places. The importance of the I National Register is that sites determined eligible must je evaluated by c'.-.e Advisory Council on HL;r::oric Preservation and the State P.istoric Preserration Officer prior to land modif:::ation activities aE:ecting such sites. This ?rocedure is called a Section 106 Review and was estab lished by the National Historic Prese.::-vation Act. In effect, the Section 1C6 Review authorizes the expenditure of federal funds for mitigation of adverse ef:ects to eligible sites, if necessa.::y .
In all, nine National Register sites (2) and districts ( 7) are listed for the Hanford Reser?atian (~ederal ~egister, Vol. 43, No. 26, 0 Part II ) . These cult~ral resources include the ~coded Island archaeo logical dist~ict, Savage Island archaeological district, Han:c r~ Island site, Hanford ~orth archaeological district, Locke Island archaeclcgical district, Ryegrass archaeological district, ?a.::-is site, ?.attlesr,ake S~ri.:-,qs discrict, and Snively Can'./On dist=ict (Fi-:; .C:6-:5. The speci::ic a.::-chaeological sites contained within each ~aticnal Regisce= dist=ict are listed in Table 11, thei= known cha.::-acte.::-istics are desc=ibed i~ two arc::aeological =econ:-.aissance =eports (Rice 1968a, 1968b) . :'he nomi:1a : I tion .:;f the ilahluke district: is 9ending. : I
"'"' In addition to the abo•,e sites and dist.::-icts, 45-aN-157 (Ve.::-nii:a ) , - 45-aN-179 (Hanford Generating ?lant), 4:-f~-265 and 266 (East White 3luf::s bar) , and a complex o f sites at Coyote Rapids (~5-SN- 152, 45-GR- 312-31 ~) are ;rehist:Jric :ult~ra~ rescurces that appear t o be eligib ~e fo r l isti~g on che National ~egister based upon their po te~tial co contr:bu te to the knowledge of =egional ?rehistory. In recent j ears the National ?egister staf:: has i:1sisted upon suppon:ing documentation c f '::he si~ni.:icance ,.:- of National Register nominations. 3ased U?On this requirement a limited ., ; ,;;; arnot.:nt of subsurface test excavation, no more chan 3% oi the total site !,,·" area, has been excavated on other federal pro;ects in order to determi'"e I ''- J t:i.e character and depth of fill of cultural resources identified by sur r I face reconnaissance. Case studies based upon the findings of test exca ! i vations have been prepa=ed to accompany reviews for tne determination o f I eligibility of the sites :or listing on t:ie ~latic r: al Register. Case i I studies of ~~is kind have been prepared for the ~anford Generating ?lant i (45-BN-179) (Rice 1973), but not for o't:i.er sites. ! i I In most cases '::he archaeological district nominations were patterned I l after clusters o: sites called "site complexes" (Rice 1963a; Nelson 1973). A functional. relationshi? between 9rehistoric sites wi':hin a site complex is hypothesized . ~hese relationships are 9utative and ~eed to be tes=ed and :irr'::t-.e= defined. Basically, t:i.e di:::erer.ces in site : •.rnc'::ion :1eed to '.:)e de.:ined and ::hei= hy?othesized connecti,::m wi=n ':he er:ie.::--;e.ice o: the winter village patter~ established. 101
- ---..---- . ------' _,,c. ~---:- · - i , , : ~ - - I \ \ ~ : \ ::;;,,' . f "-t_ -~· ... l i ~ I •· .... I -.. --..:-' ,_,.,;-_. i c:; l : _ ·.· j ·.- 1 :~~"~-~'"' ;: ; ·, _ ~34 \ . : ~' '. ~5; ·.:;· ' . \~-'.· ~ •. J I ·, ) ~ ._.... ' ,' ; •. : ) i .? 1· "-_ r·-, ..... \ I ~ ~ , •. ( • ;'i- . _,~ . , ,' ~r ... ~;-~: ~ . ······---· .' = --.. J '> '• . ) __.. \ \.., 0 I, • . .... f \ :•••••• ••-:...... ~ t t • _J .., j 1 f i.... ✓- - ?,2 l ~ - •• ..=.;:.:.-...--•. -.- ---~-, ; , t ';.-- 1 I •• -.--=--\___ ---....., : . :;;, /,· . ) ~ - ', -_,-\?'-_ . • j I I -· '·. '. ~:-l- ' - I .r·· \ .. , -::: · ,_. I - ' . IS\; 1": : .• I . •~ • • _, ;-' r"/ , '._ , - \ - ' - -_. -, ' \. --.:..~~J . .,,..-.:::.c-- j ! /. ~ ~,("I .. ._· 6 :-i_ :· . i ,s ~ ~-- .--:;) 4-_ i--.... I ~..-.2~-~: t ,= 1. · 111_, 1 :~ ----~ , -"?_:· : ( ··Ll...:'"" - -- ~, ~-:.,.,-'" , _. ;::,v~~ I(• . - ( .:,.,--'l _; '...-, ·- • -- 1 ~ I ( 1 'I i)\.:..• •· • ; : ,/:,~, " 100 IS'!',,.,~,'&.; ,,.-__..-: -_,..,.,::;.:"' .i ...... ,,. --,...... __ ~ • ,-.... ,,, ,:.....- ...... _ _ (',, ,.,. · ' / ~-~ ,- ,' / ,..-,• ,...,,,, -, ~-- I :.:>-:2,) ;:; o ·
~~Fig. 4E. \~oded Island Archaeological District. 10~
HANFORD QUADRANGL.:: W ASH l,'< GTON 15 MINUTE SERI ES 1-0POGRAPHIC)
SAVAGE rswrn AR.CH::.:OLCGICA.L DISTRIC:' . :2 RICHLAND, WASH • ;:3..._
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Fi g. 47 Savage Island Archaeo1ogica1 District. J r f 103
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Fig. 48. Hanford Island Archaeological Site.
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HANFORD QUADRANGLE - ' WASHINGTON ·, _...... - l 1!5 ~!NUT':: SC:R IES (TOPOGRAPHIC) l : --- .""'- ~ 4 0 i '- ,- __; .-..,_,/ ·' SCALE L52 500 ~ I ~ " . I ~ i l HA1fFCRD NORTH ARCHEOLD:i:CAL I D:STRICT RICHU.ND, WASH. . ~. -. ... , UT~ RE FERENC ES : 1 · ~
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Fig. 49. Ha nford North Archaeolog ica l District. 105
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Fig. 50 . Locke Island Archaeo1og ica1 District .
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Fig. 51. Wahlu k e Archaeological District ( pending ) . 107
~~I =- ~?-\SS -~F.. C:"":;;OLCGICA:.. !5 J:S7;tIC:' RIC:RLUfD, wASii.
9 ;.. _ .• f
Fig. 52 . Ryegrass Archaeologica l Distr ict. - .;f:.. l I 108~~
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Fig. 53 Par is Archaeologica l Sit e. 1 09
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?ATTU:SNA:<:E S:~..2-IGS A.?.CH~OLCGICAL DIS7?.IC7 :t!CRLAND, WASH.
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Fig. 54 Rattlesnake Springs Arch aeological Di strict .
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Fig. 55 · Snively Canyo n Archaeological Di strict. 111
Table lL Sites from the Hanford Reservation listed on the National Register of Historic ?laces.
?rope.::-ty General Location
1. Wooded Island District Ri7er Mile 349 to 351 • 5-3N-l.07-112, 168
2 . Savace Island District River ~ile 357 to 361 45 -3N-116- 119 45-:'R-25 7- 262
~1 . Har.ford I s lar.d Site River ~ile 362 . S 45 -3N- l21
4. Hanford North Distric~ River ~ile 365 co 368 45 -3N- 124- 134, 178
5. River ~ile 37l co 373 ~5 - 0N - 137- 140, 176 45- GR-302,a,b,= 30 3-305
' ,. 6 . ~ahl~ke Distr ict (Pending) River ~ile 374-377 45-SN- l-H- 147 45- •~R- 306a,:::,,:.;
7 . ?::egrass '.)iscricc River ~ile 380. S co 381 .S 45 -BN- 149- lSl
u.0 ?ar.:..s Site River :-1ile 387
9. Rattlesnake Sorincs District ,;..rid La:i.ds ==colOg'/ Reserve
45-3N-l 70 & 171
10 . Snivelv Canvon ~iscrict Arid Lands ~cology Reserve~~
45 -SN-172 & 173. n-•~,-. t. i j 4 i 112 1 ! 1 No historic sites are presently listed on the National Register 1:' wit.i.in the Hanford Reservation. The known historic sites that may be eligible for listing include the Allard generating plant at Coyote I· Rapids, the Hanford irrigation ditch, Hanford townsite, White Sluffs i ii townsite, Wahluke ferry, the log structure (a blacksmith sho~) at East :; ' White aluffs landing, Richmond Ferry, and Arrowsmith. Of these historic I : places within the Hanford rteservation only a few have any remaining trace. I n the past 35 years most pre-Hanford Reservation structures have been removed or demolished by the military. The historic sites that still hold some promise for historical archaeological studies include the Hanford irrigation ditch and White Bluffs townsite. The only historical case study that has been prepared was for the log structure at East White Bluffs landing (Rice 1976).
There are several structures of potential historical sigr.ificance at Hanford that are less than 50 years old, the general minimum age for determinations of eligibility for the ~ational rtegister. The most im- 20rtant of these sites include the 100-3 ~ C reactors, but other early Hanford Reser1:ation sites may quality. T:1e DOE should consider the listing of these sites on the Historic American Sngineering Record (HAER), L. a program that recognizes ?roperties of cur tir:-.e that have made important contribucions ~o engi~eering. In additicn to this program is ~he ~ist~ric ..l.merican ~uilding Survey (H..:;BS), a program that recognizes recent and historic buildings of arch~tectural signi:icance. ~tis ?Ossible that some pre-Han:ord Reser,at:icn structures ~ay be suitable :or listing under t:1is progra.rn.
The major significance of t:1e ~ational Register sites and others eligible for listing on the National Register lies in t:1e fact :jat they coml,)rise the last intact sites and site complexes in the Columbia Basir-. and they are ~ey cultural resources to the reconstruc:.ion and inter?re- tation of ?lateau 2rehistory . :n addition to their scien:.i:ic va lue , most of the 9r2historic sites have been ;?reserved fr'.:;m dest='..:c':ion o r vandalisn by ~irtue of cheir situation on t he Hanford Reservation whicj has been closed to publi c access since 19~3. The significance of these particular cultural resources is :urther magnified by che detailed technical st~dies conducted at Hanford regarding local geology, soils, aCi1Jatic and terrestrial ecology chat can be related to the cultural resources. These facts present an unusual opportunity for multidisci plinary scientific research. The best way to maximi::e the significance of the National Register sices is to maintain their long- term research value through preservation and selective study racher :.han to implement total, one-time, short-term data recovery through site salvage operacions.
The prehistoric cultural resources of the Hanford Reach are of major im?ortance to C;lwnbia Plateau prehistory. They are in one of the last remaining areas -,.,here site complexes are preser~, ed intact and may be evaluated in terms of their functional relationships. ~any of these cultural resources document the settlement pattern of the ethnohist:oric '.vanapam Indian ?eople and, therefore, may provide im?<)rtant clues as to site functions. The cultural resources on t he Hanford Reservation are l ocated in a ::one of ecological tension in which minima: fluct~aticns in precipitatio n may bring about major changes ~n Local env1roent 113
(Gustafson 1972); therefore, these sites may be critically important in determining the impacts of changing climate upon prehistoric peoples of the area and also a means of testing putative models of paleoclimates. The prehistoric sites on the Hanford Reservation also contain cultural and environmental rnaterials which are of great importance in interpreting t..'-1e cultural history and process of the Coh.:mbia ? lateau. In particular, these cultural resources comprise the missing links between the prehistory of the middle Columbia, the lower Columbia, and the lower Snake River regions.
Specific research inquiries might include the following:
What is the chronology and culture sequence on the Hanford Reservation and how does it compa.r-e with adjacent regions?
What evidence is there of the envi.r-onmental impacts of the Ther.nal Maximum (Eypsithermal) or of volcanic ashfalls upon the 2rehistoric inhabitants of the area?
~any sites thought to be winter villages are located on islands. Me these sites actt.:.ally ·.n.nter villages, and , if so, why are they located on islands?
~faat was the econonic base of the prehistoric inhabitants?~~
There are no tributary streams t;;at enter the Columbia .:(.i •1er in the Hanford Reach. Hew did the lack of ::r:.bL:.tary streams affect b~e settlement pattern of prehistor:.c peoples and their seasonal round of life?
Why are most 9rehistoric sites widely scat-:ered, :Jut rarel'f stratified?
How do the :.dentified c~ltural resources relate to the historic ilana?am ;:eople and their patter:1 of life? What are the :1e .r- itage ,,alues of these resources to the contemporar1 Wanapam peosile?
The ?asco Basin was frequently flooded in _?rehistor:.c times. ~hat has been the i~pact of flooding u9on the prehistoric li:eways of the area? How has flooding affected the ?reser vation of cultural resources?
What is the historic pattern of land use by C:uroamericans at Hanford? What part did the Hanford Reservation lands play in the historv -of fur trading, mining, Indian wars, ranching, river transportation and orcharding?
What is the history of the Chinese along the Hanford ;(.each of the Col'1Ill.bia River? I i
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
The ba sis for the Department of Energy's management of cultural resources stems from the National Historic Preservation Act, which established an expanded National Register of Historic Places in cluding districts, sites, buildings, s tructures, and objects signi ficant in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture; and Executive Order 11593, May 13, 1971, "Protection and ~nhancement of the Cultural Environment," which requires federal agencies to locate, inventory, and nominate, and protect properties under their jurisdiction to the National Register of Historic Places. The Archaeological Con- servation Act autl"'.orized =ederal agencies to budget funds for these purposes.
' . In response to these legislative changes. Dr. Rice contacted Rich- land Operations, U.S . Atomic Energy Co!TUI'~ssion (.u..EC) in ~ay 1973 re ;arding sites identified by his previous intensive archaeological recon naissance studies cjat might be eligible :or l isting on the National Register o:: Eiscoric: ?laces. In June 1973, a tou;:- ·,:as cor.d'..lct:ed of :na:or archaeo~ogical sites by L. ?erkins and? . Rhoades, .:'l..EC, and D.G. Rice to establish the •r:i.L.dity o:: the re:=orted sites. T:-,is resulted ir. proi:ec- i:.:.ve sign-pcst~:ig o: FeC.eral A..n1:iqt:ities Ac-= ?lacarC.s near :-:iany cult:...:ral resource sites a:--.d increased week.end security :::iacrolling o f site areas ~~lr.erab_e to vandalism by relic col~ectors. In December 1973 a ~eecir.g was held in Richland, Washington, which included ~.T. Brighten, Assistant ,.,, :-1anager for A.dministration, .!l..EC; Charles ?. 2ohan!"!.on, National ?ar!< Ser:ice archaeologist; and D.G. Rice. At this meeti~g the ~xecutive Order 11593 re~uirements were discussed and ~ichland Operations .zu:c made a commitment co i niciate ~orninaticns to the National Register to i:heir headquarters a~d discussed the :;,roced'..lres ':.c oe followed. :,rominatior. ·.var!< commenced im mediately and was coordinated by N. G. ?uller , AZC , and D. ~. Rice, resultinq in the listing on the National Register cf Historic ?laces o f ~ine archaeo logical district and site nominations (U.S. Gover;,me!"!.t 1978) . ~hese include the following: Rattlesnake Springs District (May 19 75) , Ryegrass District (January 1976), Wooded Island District:: (July 1976) , Han=ord Island Sice (August 1976), Hanford North District (August 1976) , Locke Island District (August 1976), Snively Canyon District (August 1976) Savage Island District (August 1976), and Paris Site (November 1978) . The Wanluke Discrict i s pending nomination to the National Register.
Another aspect of Executive Order 11593 requires federal agencies to apply protective measures to sites t..~at may be eligible fer the National Register identified in the course of an agency undertaking (cf. 36CFR Part 800) (U.S. Government 1975a). In May 1974 Richland Operations .:\EC '.:)egan to :::ircvide for an archaeological consultant to identify and evaluate cul t •~ral resources affected ":)y land leases, ease.r:ients, special use ?ennits, and the Hanford ?roject Clean-up. The Hanford Project Clean- u::::, ?rograrn became the means of i.mplemen ting i:wen tory survey work.
~~-~--t' . RECOMMENDATIONS~~
Recommendations for further archaeological work at Hanford fall into several different categories according to various federal resuire ments established both by Congress and the Executive Branch. In partic ular, the recommendations made below reflect requirements codified in 36C:R Part 800 (U. S. Government 1975a, 1978). Specific recommendations include the following:
1. Preliminary archaeological reconnaissance studies need to be made over approximately S06 mi 2 of the Hanford ~eser'1a- l, tion that have not yet been invent~ried for cultural resources. The lands included in the A.::-id Lands Ecology Preserve ccm~rise a larae ::,art of the area to ::ie surve•1ed. It is recomrne:1.ded that ~n ~verage of 10% of the remaining area, about SO ~i 2 , he surveved each vear over the next 10 vears in order to be .. ~ .. - in compliance with Executive 0 :::-der 11393, "P:::- otection and 2nhancement of the Cultural ::::nvironment." The intensity of stud1• should be at least at the level of a ?reliminar! r-e connaissance which f)rovides fer thorough on-the-ground c:::iver-age, but no subsurface testing. The sampling design should include a variety of microenviron.~ents, perhaps following the model of Dancey (1973). In order to avoid problems of extensive vege tati'le cover it is recommended that the i nventory recor.r.aissance s~udies be conducted becween Sep~embe~ and A~ril, if possible.
2. Intensive archaeological su.r-,eys need to he made of pro j ect areas where a ground-altering undertaking is contemplated. Such undertakings include :and exchanges, special use 9er:nics, easements, land leases and/ or constr~ction ?rejects. In addition to the examination of obvious large-scale construc- tion areas is the need for examination of borrow pits, concrac tor access roads, and machinery staging areas which may be of seconda.ry impact. These intensive archaeological surveys should be made on a project-by-9roject basis in order to be in compliance with the National Envirorunent.3.l Policy Act and Section 106 of the National ~istoric Preservation Act. Tje intensity of study should 9rovide for complete and thorough surface examination of all project lands as well as some systematic subsurface testing.
3. Past and on-going archaeological inventory reconnaissance studies have identified numerous cultural resources. The majority of the identified sites in accorcance with ~xecu~ive Order 11593 are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places in seven district and two site nominations. An additional nomination for the Wahluke archaeological district is pending. Ot."ler
115 116
prehistoric cultural resources that are eligible for listing on e National Register based upon their ?Otential to contri- bute to our knowledge of regional prehistory include the following:
a. 45-BN-157 (vernita) b. 45-BN-179 (Hanford Generating Plant) c. 45-FR-265 and 266 (East White Bluffs landing) d. 45-BN-152 and 45-GR-312-314 (Coyote Rapids)
Known historic sites that may be eligible for listing on the National Register include the following:~~
a. the Allard generating plant at Coyote Rapids b. the Hanford irrigation ditch c. the Hanford townsite d. the White Bluffs townsite e. Wahluke Ferr:, landing L the log structure at East White Bluffs landing g. the cobblestone warehouse at: Ri 11erland (3ruggemann' s Orchard)
Case studies summarizing the significance of these sites i~ rela tion to the National ~egister criteria need to be 9repared. In some cases limited subsurface test excavations (r.o more than 5% of the surface area of the site) need to be conducted in order to pro~rly assess the site. When t.'1ese case studies are pre pared chey should be submitted in support of ~ational Register nominations to the 3tate rtistoric Preservation Offi cer (in t.'1is case the washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preser~ation in Olympia, Washington) for comment and to the National Regiscer staff in Washington, D.C. for review.
4. "Ni t.r'\ t.1e rec en~ ;,as sage of the A.rc~aeo l ogical Resources ? ro tec tion Act, which esta..ol~shed ?enalties now in effect in order to prevent destruction and vandalism to cl!ltural resources, there is a greater need than ever for DCE staff surveillance of known cultural sites and on-going surface altering projects. The ability to identify a cultural resource site in ~~e field and to know when a site is being disturbed or destroyed is esse~tial. DOE should strongly consider retaining a "cultural resource specialist" at: a GS-9 or GS-11 level to carry out this func!:io ri. A person of this experience could also car~ out and/ or coordinate the inventory reconnaissance st•..idies discussed in recommendation no. 1 above.
5. Regional.Indian peoples including the Wanapam and Yakima groups have identified sites of religious significance that are located on the Hanford Reservacion. These presently have been identified as tradit.ional ::emeteries, but pocentially could include spi:-it quest vigil sites or ocher ceremonially significant sices. The Native American Religious Freedom Act ?rovides for Ir.dian 9eoples to identify sigr.ificanc =eligious sit:es on t:~e ? ublic lands 117
and periodic visitation rights may be required. An anthro po~ogical study of Indian place names on the Hanford Reserva tion and controlled inter;iews with Native Ameri~an groups may hel? to identify the extent and location of significant religious sites. This would be t:i.e basis :or der.ermining Indian concer:-is and would be an important factor in future land use planning in order to avoid intervening licigation.
6. For structures less than 50 years old, such as 100 B & C reactors, alternative programs to the National ~egiscer should be =onsidered. These include the Historic American Building Survey (HABS) and che Historic American Engineering Record (HAER}.
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Victor, :ranees Fuller 1870 The River of the West. Hartford, Co nn.: R. w. Bliss and Company .
Nashington Public Power Supply System 1974a Snvironmental Impact Statement, Nuclear ?rej ect No. l (Relocated) . Riehl.and.
1974b Environmental I~~act Statement, Nuc l ear Project No. 4 . Ric~land .
1975 Applicaticn f e r Washington State Site Certi f::. c atio n f o r WP ?SS ~uclear Project No. l. Richl and.
Washington State, Thermal ?ower Pl.ant Si te ~, aluacion Council 1975 Draf~ Environmental Impact Statement , Washington ?unlic ?ower Supply Sy stem, Projects WNP-1 and WNP-4. Ol ympia.
ADDENDUM
R.oenke, Karl G. 19 76 Architectural Description of the Log .3tructure at Whi t e alu f:s Landing: Appendix l in University of Idaho Anthropological Research Manuscript Seri.es No. 25.
Rice, g_s,, D.H. Stratton and G.W. Lindeman 19 78 An Archaeological and Histori c Survey o f the 400 Area, Hanfo rd ~eservation. Report submitted by National Heritage, Inc., ?ull~an . APPENDIX A
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CQLLECTIONS FROM THE HANFORD ~SERVATION
Additional sources of information regarding the archaeology of the Hanford Reservation may be found by consulting the known collections gathered within at area. These collections and their ?resent loca- tions are listed as follows:
1. Archaeological collections gathered from the Hanford Reach by pre-Hanford Reservation settlers. These specimens are housed at Sacajawea State Park Museum near Pasco, Washington.
~~2. Archaeological collections gathered from Wahluke by H. W. Krieger in 1926-2~. These artifacts are stored at the Smithsonian Institution, ~useurn of Natural History, Washington, D. C.~~
3 . Archaeoloqical collections gathered from the 'i-ias::ingt::n P•..lblic Power S~?ply 3ystem Hanford Generating ?lant ( 45-SN-179 & ~5- EN - 130) a:-.d the 'rlN?-1 & 4 water ir.cake ( 45-BN- 257 ) . These speci:7iens are concained at the Laoorato.::-y of .;nchrc?o::.::c;y at the uni·,ersity of Idaho, '.1oscow.
4 . Archaeological collections gathered from the Hanford ~each at the time of the Sen franklin ~eservoir survey of 1867-68. These speci~ens are stored at the residence of ~r. Nick 0. ?aglieri, 1427 s~pcrtail, ~ichland, Washi~gton 99352 on be~al~ cf the Mid Co1'..unbia A..::-chaeol::,qical Society.
S. Archaeological collections gathered f.::-c~ 'T ernita (45-oN-157) ~y the :-!id-Columbia .:..rchaeological Society . These s9eci:::e:-.s a..re stored at the residence of ~1r. !Cer:neth DenBeste , Route l, 2. ox 211 , ~oxee, Washington ?8936 on behalf of che ~id- Cclunibia Archaeoloqical Society.
6 . Archaeological collections gathered from the log st..::- ucture at East White 3luf:s landi~g (45 -:R-266). These specimens are con tained at the Laboracory of Anthropology at the University o: Idaho, ~!oscow.
7. Archaeological collections from Bonneville Power ~dministration powerline corridor sur-Jeys at Hanford 1376-BO (including 45-3N- 229 & ~5-SN-230). These s9ecirnens are curated at the Washington .:i..rchaeological Research Center, Pulb,an, :-1ashington.
129 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for their support of this project in its various aspects . Without the advice, assistance and participation of these ~ersons this undertaking would not have been possible. The responsibility for the completion of this work, however, lies with the author alone. U.S. Department of Energy (formerly Atomic Energy Commission) M.R. Carrothers J. Peterson P.A. Craig P.G. Rhoades M. G. Fu 11 er F.C. Robinson F. J . 1'1cH ale F .R. Standerfer L.N. Perkins J. ',.Jhite 0 '. ✓ ashington Public PO\•ter Supply System Gary ,'.l.yres K.A. Chit·.-1ood National Park Service C.F. Bohannon P~ul J.F. Schu~acher :1i d-Co l umb i a Archaeo logical Society Ken DeriBeste Charlotte Jones Lois Den Beste Nick Pag l ieri F0r~er Universitv of Idaho students ~ichael Satovsky Lorelea Hudson Jonathan Bergt Thor,ias Iverson Keo 3oreson Signe Johnson Edgar Bryan Lee ,"la gnus on Jana Charters Duane i·1art i Marc Chavez Kelly Murphey Fred Cl ark Joe Randolph 1 George Fielder , ~egan Richman :~ary Giddings Karl Roenke Danlin Hori, Lee Sappington Mary Horn Robert M. Weaver
130