TH N N N T T T N.
N T D T T N T N L .
TH R D L N , L Z RD , NB.
F N RTH R
B
D RD DR N R P , . ., Ph. D.,
n ftvt tr nf Z tnl nd p r t v n t n th Vn v rx t f P nn tr n ^ nd
b r f th . . N t n l d f n .
Fr th R j rt f th . . N t n l f r R08, p H : 2 0,
th th rt R x pl t .
H N T N:
V RN NT PR NT N FF .
00. n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R DTL N , L Z RD , ND N .
r. . T. H rn d r n ll b rv d th p t b n nh b
t nt f th t, tr , nd l f th t rn Fl r d , r n
n n rth f r L rth, h ndr d l n rth f th th rn
xtr t f th t t . Fr th p nt r. " rd, f R h t r, N
r , bt n d p n f t n l n th. r. H rn d pp d
th nd v d l t r pr nt p d ff r nt fr th t f r
th rn t r , b t h v b n n bl t d t t n d ff r n . Th
l r t p n h bt n d r d 4 f t n l n th.
n t pr f r n f r lt t r th p d ff r fr th ll t r.
t d l t b r v n t d p t n. p n
b t n 4 nd f t n l n th n nt b l t fr nd,
Pr f r P , f H v n . pt t t th r d n rd nd b rv d
t nn r . t ll n t r d nd n t fr d t tt th r b
n pp n t j r tr n th t t l.
p n f th p nt t th N t n l fr
z tl n, n th t f n l , x . Th th n r t p nt
t th N r t r l t h h t h b n f nd n th P f t.
T .
. N R L N T .
N dr t j l (z t r h dr t th r f r rt l t d
b t pr x l xtr t nl . N t b l r . P r p t l pr nt
p th t rl f d th th pr t d, pr b bl f d th th
p r t l. N tr l , b th xt rn l nd nt rn l, bt r n n l. x ll
p l t n , p l t n , nd pt r d d t n t, p r d t pt r d
pr nt nd d t n t. T th n x ll r nd d nt r b n . t p
th l n h ft, r l ll , t r n t n n rt l .
V rt br l ntr pr l , r r l ph b l d l th h v
r n . N r l r h f d th ntr , x pt tl , h h h
n r p ph p r t fr b d nd fr h th r d nt d
pr d t n t. N t r th n t v rt br n r . rv l
r b . D r l r b n l ( . ., t b r l r h d d, rt l t n th
d p ph n t v r l p r rt l t n th t rn . N
r l r b . N t nt r bd n l b n .
p l r r h, h n d v l p d, n t n f pr p l , p l ,
pr r d, r d, l v l , nd nt r l v l fr ntl pr
p l . Th p l n t f d th th th r l nt . r
d rt l t n th th pl pl t l t rn . P lv r h,
h n pl t , br n th thr l nt , h h n l b l
l r bt r t r f r n. l d r t d b rd nd p rd.
Br n th l r lf t r l b , h h r n t l r th h
ph r . Th l tt r r l r r th n th th l , nd th r v ntr l
r n th xt rn l d f th r n l ( rp tr t . Th l
xp d b v ll l t r ll . r b ll ll, th t fl l .
r n N tnr l nt, X, 8 , p. 4 8. n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 6
P RT F N T N L , 8 8.
ntr l n l f p n l rd pr nt. Th p th l
h r t r f th n nd l n th pr n f th p t n, h h
xt nd fr th h r d t th h th f th l n . t n t
pl t n b rd . Th r n f h r n nf r t th t p
n th b n f h l x nd th pr n f l n nd l .
Th p th t n rv t ll d v l p d nd pr nt th
r f bv rt br l n l .
Th l nt r n l l ttl p l z d n th d ff r nt p rt f t
r , b t th t h d t n h d b t r t r d t r nd
n r ll r l r ll . Th d t r f th r t n r ll
x d th t f th pr d n p rt f th n l. ll bl dd r nd
p n r pr nt. d p b d pr nt.
H rt th thr h b r t r l nd n v ntr l . Th l t
t r v r n t tr n rt r , h h nd ff n
r t rt b n h d , h h b n t f r n l rt
r t n h d , h h f nt th n l rt n th ddl l n
b l th v rt br l l n. n v n . P t r r v n v ,
f r d fr th r n l v n nd tr v r n th l v r ft r r v n
th p rt l v n. t r v d, t th r th t j l r , nt th
n v n . P t r r v rt br l v n r nn n b l th r b .
x d t n t. T t nd v d f r n d t n t fr r n l d t ,
d h r n p r t l nt l . l th t pr h n l r n ,
h n l d n h th, n n h d f th b f th t l.
Th r v rt d t rd th l l r f h n n nd r
r tr t d b nv n t n b th ntr t n f n x l l . Th
r tr v r d b r v , th l p r t , h h, b nn n t
th b n th nn r d , nd t th p x n th t r d , n t n
nt h rt, n v n p n n nt th l fr b v t
r v th l pr h n l r n . v d t d t n t. Th v d t
n t f t b , h h, h n n t nt n n , ll p d, f ll
n nt n r p r ll l, tr n v r f ld . Th f ld r h ld n
pl b n l t b nd n h pp t b rd r. Th r n f th
f nt ll f d l t br n , nd t tt h d t th b d ll
b d l t f ld f p r t n
Th nt nt h r t r t ll d v d d nt ll r r
l , b nt n nt nfl t n . Th r n ll th t f
d p t ( n d , rrh n t d , b t th x pt n l. N
t , th r th n th nt n d. Th d r pt n
ppl ll t th xt n t, P th n rph t th nr nd
ph d . bd n l l n r ll d ff r nt fr th d r l.
Th nt nt f th h d d v d d n n t p nt pl t f
d f n t r l t n , h h r h l thr h t th v r b
d v n , nd v n b t n th b rd r f r nd ph d . n
n r l, t b b l v d th t th pl t h v r lt d fr th
f n f l , b th b l r th pr t v v r n f th
b d nd r l p l z d th n th h d pl t , b t l b n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l L N , L Z HD , ND N .
th t p f ff n t th th xt n t t p h v l h d f r
n t n , th ph n d n f th l h n h ph l n rd r ppr h d
l l n l h r t r b th P h l l z rd. Th B d ,
n n , r n z d th t pr t v f r , l h v
n r ll l h d nd f r n pl t . Th l h d l h r
t r z f th h h r t p f n , n l n l ph ,
ll th d n r t p d nt nd t d t h l t f
th d n r t r h v h d pl t , b t r r l f d.
F . .
D t l r x j N L N T L Nx. (f l .
t. N .N , . .N. .
F . 4.
D t l f l d l t p l p .
t. . 6 , . .N. .
R, r tr l pl t n, nt rn l n, nt rfr nt n l Prf, pr fr nt l P, fr nt l , pr l r
f , fr nt p r t l P, p r t l P, nt rp r t l , p t l Jf, nt l \lf, p t nt l J L,
nfr l b l JV", n l PL, pr l r l L, l r l , p r l r T, t p r l , ph l ,
n l P , pr rb t l P , p t rb t l Pr , pr l , tr t ( t JJr, r t
(■ t n .
Th n n l t r f th pl t xpl n d n th b v t f
tb h d f n d l z rd nd lnbr n n .
N T 8— 2 n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 8
R P RT F N T N L , 8 8.
2. D TR B T N ND H B T .
Th t r f nd n ll x pt th r t nd nt r t
r n f th rth. Th r n b r , b th n p nd nd v d l ,
n r ppr h th Tr p . Th r pr n ntl t rr tr l
n l , nd r n v r f nd f r fr h r , x pt n rt n n
h h l v n th n. n l nd th nh b t ll l l t th t ppl
f d nd h lt r, h th r n tr , n th rf f th rth, r
b n th th rf , r l n th h r f b d f t r. Th r
f r th r t r p rt rn v r , b t rt n l z rd nd v r f
n r h rb v r .
Th t , l th r r pt l , p h l r p r, nd
b v ll th r n f th r p bl f r t p d f t n.
n f th rb r l p l b th nd rf l r p d t , nd th r
t v r th r nd th r t ftn . h r p ll th
T d , r ft l z rd , h r l t nv bl h n r nn n , nd
f th n . f l z rd ( bl rh n h r d r ,
h l l n ll b d f fr h t r d ll n h h r h
xp rt r th t th r d l pt r th f h n h h th
pr . Th pr h n l p r f th P r p d n ll n n,
n bl n th t ll ll nd d z d l b nv lv n
th n th r l . rt n f th n h v n n f th r r bl
p r f p d, pr h n n, r ftn p d b th r , b t r
pr t t d b f r d bl p n b t n pp r t , h h n bl
th t nfl t rt l nd n th r pr , nd h h pl th n
th fr nt r n f d n r n l .
Th t xh b t l rd r f nt ll n . t f th
v f xh b t n f t, nd t th n n r ll n nn t n th
bt n n f d. Th t pp r t r n z th p r n th t
f d th , nd ll v r th r t d t f r t t f d fr
th h nd. v n nt, nd r th h d f L p lt v rn l , f
r d pt d b th p f r th p rp f t n pr nd nd r
H t r d npl t rh n , f t n pp r ntl nt nd d t n p r f r n
v n n th h h t nf n d.
. L F T N.
Th t r n n nd r thr pr n p l d f t n r b
rd r , f ll :
dr t b n rt l t n th x p t l p r t l b n n t l n th br n
n fr nt n r ll n p pt r d nd t rn t th th d nt n l r t
ph l n th nd l h .
dr t b n rt l t n th p r p t l p r t l b n n t l n br n
n fr nt p pt r d nd t rn pr nt t th th r t ph l n
tr n t P t x rph .
dr t b n rt l t n th p r p t l p r t l nd fr nt l b n l n
br n n fr nt n p pt r d r t rn t th r tl n ph l n
l H D . n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 2 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D L N , L Z RD , ND N .
f th thr b rd r , tb P th n rph xt n t, h v n
b n nd nd d th r t t . Th r nd ph d r
th bj t f th pr nt r . B th b n n r t t ,
f r r pr nt n l d xt nd , b t t t th x t n
l p r d f t th t th pr nt th r t t lt pl t n f
nd v d l nd p . Th t t nt , f r , pr v n l nd
d p nd nt n f t r d v r n p l nt l f r t v r f t n r
ntr d t n.
Th p rf l h r t r v n b t t r t r n r ll
d t n h n th r nd ph d r t n ff nt f r th t
p rp . J h nn ll r f r t pl d th d t n t n n nd
b b h n th t n th ph d th fr nt l nd p r t l b n
d nd t th b r n l x n n th r v rt br t , th l n
th br n n fr nt, h l n th r th d n t r, nd
th l nd rb t ph n d b n r r d t l r nt n , th
br n th t ll n fr nt. l z rd pr nt
d t n t ppr x t n t th ph d n t p n th tr n d rv t r
f th p r t l b n t th r d th r th nn l t nd th
nn ll d . Th r p d pl l r ppr x t n n th n
t n t r l n n f th p t l nd p r t l l nt , nd t n
n v r l n ph d nd r r n r .
h v p nt d t n th r p nt f d t n t n b t n th t
d v n , v z, th t th pr t p r l (" l" l pr nt n ■
th r nd b nt n th ph d . t , h v r, b nt n
th nn ll d nd ph b n , h v n t n l d d t n th d f
n t n f th f r r b rd r. Th d f n t n h n t b n d pt d b
th th r h rr n l r rd th p n r f th d
r t b n n th ph d d nt l th th pr t p r l f th
l z rd . p nt d t n th b v ( 8 th t th l nt n th
n h l th th p r p t l f th r , n p n n
h h n t r d th t th t t , b t h h h n r v d th
nt f v r n t t , n t bl Pr f r B r.
B r nd th r d n t, h v r, r th t th l nt n
t n th p r p t l, b t ll t l nd th r n .
l d t d nt f t th th f r r l nt f th T t d n t , t ., b
n d r t n f t tr t r n th P th n rph , h r t h
r l r l d v l p d th n n th r , nd h r t pp rt th
dr t b n n th ph d , h h t d n t d , r d nl
p rt ll n f , n th r . h v d th r l r
th n h r t f r h p n r nt .4 Th p r p t l b n
r v d d pl b t n th x p t l nd th p tr l n th P th
n rph n th nn r n th T rtr n n , tr t r
h h d n t r n th r . Th tr t r h t
■ n T d nn . Tr v r nn , Z t hr ft f. Ph l , V, p. 2 .
*Pr . . . d. ., X X, 8 , p. 22 Tr n . . Ph l. , X V, 8 0, p. 2 .
d Th r t V rt br t f th t, R pt. . . l. r. T r., ,
8 , p. .
4 r n N t r l t, pt b r, XX X, 8 , p. 8 . n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 80
R P RT P N T N L , 8 8.
d n n r f P tb n rph b tb xt n n f th
x p t l v r th p r p t l th n l n n th p t r r d
b t t tr r l t n t th p tr l n b n n th nt r r d .
Th r n b n d bt th t th P th n rph f r l n d t n t
fr th r , nd th t th r r bl n t th V r n r th
r lt f p r ll l v l t n r th r th n n nd t n f n r ff n t ,
pp d b v r.
Th f l r f v r, n, D ll , B r, nd r h t p r v th
f t d t th r nt f nf r t n t h t th d ff r n
b t n th ph d nd r r ll r . B l r nl h
r h d rr t v n th bj t, lth h n t n nt f th
tr t r f th p r p t l, b t n nt f th h r t r f th
d nt t n nd f th l b .
Th th rd h r t r h h h v p nt d t d t n h n th
b rd r f t th d ff r n n th d f rt l t n f
th dr t b n th th dj nt r n l l nt . n th r
t rt l t th th x p t l, b n l n nt t th th p r
p t l nd th pr t p r l. Th nt t th th p r p t l
n n f nt, n t th ll z f th t l nt nd th t th
th pr t p r l nl p rt nt h r th t b n ll d v l p d.
n n r t f bl r nt n . n th P th n rph nd
ph d n th th r h nd th dr t rt l t th th p r
p t l, t t h n th pr t p r l n th f r r. n
f th d r d d ph d , th T phl p d nd t n t n dn , th p r
p t l n t d t n t, th t th dr t pp r t r t n th x
p t l nd th p tr l. t ll, h v r, b n r t bj t th
t p t r r h n nv t t n b f r t n b n n th t th
p r p t l b nt.
x pt n t th r l n th r , B l n r h p nt d t th t
th dr t d n t r h th x p t l n th d n hl
d r ,2 nd h v f nd th nd t n n Phr n ph l .
4. PHTL N .
Fr th p nt f v th ph d nd P th n rph t b
tr d t t p n h h th p r p t l b n l r t fr
th br n th n n n th r , h r t h b r
r d nt. h ph l n ld b xpr d f ll . n
nv t t n f th D l h r f th r t ht ld nt r
t n r lt .
r . P th n rph . ph d .
n n t r, th b l t r l b nd l p r p t l.
Pr . Z l. . L nd n, 8 , p. .
nn. . N t. H t., XV , 8 , p. 6 .
* r n N t r l t, 8 6, XXX, p. 0. n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 4 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D L N , L Z RD , ND N .
8
Th n n t r l nd r pt l th th p l r h r t r
f th p r p t l n n th P th n rph . h th r t ld
nt r th b rd r r n t b rt n d. Fr t th r n
t p h b n d r v d b th r d t n f th p r p t l, nd t d
r v fr th r n l ll. Th ph d n rd r h r lt d fr
n nl r nt f th l nt, t th r th t x l n fr th
r n l ll f t h h t n v rth l r n dh r nt. B l n r
t th t th D l h r p th p t n.
Th t d pl n R pt l t nd n h h r h th r
xtr xpr n n th ph d . Th r , lr d p nt d t,
f r t, th d p t n t r d t n n th f th l b pp rt f
th b d , nd n nt n r n t nd n t r t th b d n th
r nd h n n t n nd, th n r n b l t f th p n
r rn f th nd bl , p r tt n n n r n th p f th
th, d th n nt p t f r ll n l r b d .
Th t nd n r n, f r t, n th v h rt n n f th
l b nd r d t n n th n b r f th d t , nd f n ll r d t n
nd b l t n f th l b th lv . t h r t r t f th nt r
b rd r th t th r b h v nl th t b r l r rt l t n th th
v t rbr , h v n l t th p t l r, th r d n th tr n th f th
p n n f th v r fr th v rt br l l n. t th b
f r t f rt bl , nd f n ll n r th t th b d h ld b p
p rt d b th rth r bj t n h h th n l r t , th pr
b n d nt l th th t h h h t n pl n th t , h h
h v l l t th p t l r r b rt l t n ft r l n p n n f
th b d n th t r. Th h n , f r , pl t d b th
t t l l f l b , n n n r nd n ll ph d . Th
fr d f th d t l xtr t f th dr t b n v b l t
t th nd bl b t th f n t n d n t r h n r t d v l p
nt n th r , nd b t l ttl r bv n th nf r r
ph d ( n t t . n th ph d n r ll t r n
n r d v l p nt, t f ll n th h h t v n f r
( l n l ph .
. H T R .
Th rd r t f r t rr tl d l t d b rr n 820,
b n l d d n t nl th r nd ph d . Th n pr
p d b pp l n 8 , b t h n l d d n t th r d l . Th
h r t r v d b th th r d f n t v th p n f
t nt r l , n ntr t t th r p f th T t d
n t . Th r n nt d th th v r n t l h r t r
h h d t n h th rd r fr ll th r . Th r nd ph d
r r rd d rd r b th r th r , n l d n D r l, n rd
n th th t f Br n n rt ( .
Th f r t th r t d f n th t b n t l h r t r
Pr d n , Z l l t f L nd n, 8 , p. 8.
8 V r h n t d r ph b n, rb r .
rdn n n F l n n. tt nR n d r R pt l n, n h n. n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 4 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 82
R P RT P N T N L , 8 8.
L tr ll . n 82 , n h F l N t r ll d R n l,
l p r t d tb t , nd r th n , fr th t r
t nd r d l , n nt f th l ht f x t f th dr t
b n , th d bl l ntr tt nt r n , nd th tr t r f th
f t. H f ll d n th ft r l n nt rv l b t nn , h
n 8 6 r v d th t nd r th n f tr pt t l ,
n l d n n t th t rd r r nd ph d . d pt d th
n th t f np r rd r n 8 ,2 n l d n n t th r nd
ph d , nd th rd rd r, th P th rph , h h h d lr d
pr p d n 80 f r th r d r pt l . Th rr n nt
r t n d n n p f th f l f V rt br t p bl h d n 88 ,
x pt th t th t r t pl d n t d f tr pt t l ,
nd ppl d t n rd r n t d f np r rd r. Th rr n nt
nt n d n th pr nt r . Dr. B l n r h d pt d th
t , b t dd d th h l n , r Rh pt l , t th l t f rd r ,
n r n th n b r t f r. Th h n n t d pt d n th pr
nt r . Th l d r t f th rd r t tt t d b th
r pr d t v t ll b th , nd p ll b th
h r t r f th l ntr tt nt r n, h v r ntl p nt d t.
R .
. N T .
. T L .
Th f ll n r f th t l f th r b d n
x n t n f th p n nt n d n t f th f
r p nd f th ntr . F r N rth r n f r pr n
p ll nd bt d t th n t d t t N t n l , pr v t
ll t n, nd th t f th d f N t r l n f Ph l d l
ph . Th h r t r b rv d d r n t d f t r l n r p ,
h h f nd t b f th r t t t x n p rt n , n r t d
n p p r h h pr nt d n th Pr d n f th Ph l d lph
d f r 864, p. 224. Th th n d f th h r t r h
b n n r ll pt d b b nt r t r .4 Th r r , h v r,
n th r h r t r h v l f n rt n t x n v l ,
h h r n t th n nt n d, nd h h n r rd.
Th f r t d r pt n f th t l f th r th t f v r,
h h nt n d n h n F l . Th n x ll nt
n , b t th n t p d v r d n h t r nd r t n
b ld n t nn , H ndb h Pr d n , r n t n f r th dv n nt f n , X X, p. 2 . r n N t r l t. l Tr n t n , r n Ph l ph l t 8 2, n th t l f th ll f R pt l . B l n r, nn. . N t. H t., X V, 88 , p. nd t l f L z rd n Br t h , , 88 , 88 , 88 . Th th r h dd d t l l h r t r f th bl ph r d , r pl t d , P p d d , nd D b n d . V l X, d t n f 8 6. n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 4 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D LT N , L Z RD , ND N . 8 r th t n rv f th bj t h ld b d . n 8 6 th Z t d r ph b n, b t nn , pp r d. Th nt f th t l f l z rd v n n th r r pl t th n th t f v r, b t t n pl t n n p nt , nd n t p t th r r nt f th pr nt t . Th pr nt t d d th p l r f r n t th n t f th p l nt l f th rd r, th r f r th d r pt n f h r t r d p f p bl . Th pr n p l n v lt ll b f nd n th r f r n t N rth r n n r nd n th d r pt n f th h d pp r t . Th d r p t n f th p l r nd p lv r h n rt n n r th th xtr t d n r t r nt n , h r th h v n t b n pr v l d r b d, nt n d n p r t ll tr t d p p r, h h h b n p bl h d. ll.—Th pr x ll r b n n l , x pt n th n d , n t d , nd n d (Ph ll r p. . t v r ll th n d n Phr n , nd n th d j t x l d d fr nt t th th v r b pr f th x ll r , h h t n th ddl l n . th h n d n d j th pr x ll r t ll ll r, th b d b n n rr r th n th p r r p n , nd pp rt n b t n t th. n th n d th pr x ll r b nd d p t r rl n h d b f r n h h t l r , b t nt n n th r f l , n l d n th H l d r d . n L p d t r t t pr n p ll n th nf r r f f th zzl . Th n l b n r n r ll d t n t, b t n th V r n d th r f d nt n l n r r d n l nt. n th h n l d th d n t tt n th n l b rd r, b n t ff b th j n t n f th pr fr nt l th th pr x ll r nd x ll r b n . n th n F l n th n l b n r f d nt br d pl t . n L p d t r th r pl t l t ff fr th n l b rd r b th x ll r , h h br dl n nt t th th pr x ll r p n . Rh n r th n l b n r h th n r , n ph xb . Th fr nt l b n r p r t n th V r d , H l d r d , n d , n d , n l tr p d , nn ll d , nd ph b d , nd n n d . Th r f d n n d n th n dn , d , X n r d , bl ph r d , h jl n d f, nd T d . Th p r t l r n r ll f d, th nl x pt n b n th n d , r pl t d , nd X nt d . Pr fr nt l r l pr nt, nd n nn ll d , H l d r d , nd h l n d th xt nd p t r rl t th p t fr nt l , x l d n th fr nt l fr th rb t l b rd r. L hr l r pr nt, b t th r f d th th pr fr nt l n th n d . Th j l n r ll pr nt, v n h n th r n p t rb t l r h, n n d , h r t pl nt b t n th ph b , nn ll d , nd n F l n , th pl nt l l nt tt h d t th x ll r xt nd t th pt r d p t r rl nd th pr fr nt l nt r rl , nd n l d th l hr l. Th j l xt nd nt r rl f r th l hr l x pt n th n d . Th p tfr nt l J rn l f ph l , V , 8 2, p. 22 . n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 4 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 84 R P RT F N T N L , 8 8. nt n nd n t f d th th p t rb t l n th V r n d nd d b t n th r f l t d t n t, th p r d f f n, n d ph r . p r l r b n r pr nt n V r n , Phr n , nd v r l n r f d . Tl b l n t th t nt r t , nd rt l t th nt r r th th pr fr nt l, th p t r r ( b nt n V r n th th p t fr nt rb t l b n . Th pr p t l nd v d d nd f r th p r r p rt f th d f th f r n n . t nt r r b r d r n r ll l l rt l t d th th p r t l, j n n t b r d nt l r d v l p d d n ph th th pr p t l pr . t n r ll v rh n b th p r t l, l h n th p r t dr t r h r pr nt. t nt r l v rr f d b th p r t l n th X nt d , th t l nt b n nn t d b v rt l l n f r pt . t n t v rh n n th nn ll d nd ph b , nd n th th rt l t n f r pl t tr n v r n n. Th p r t dr t r h n t pr x ll f pr f th p r t l, h h d r t d t rd nd p t r rl , h h r pr nt th pr t d l nt f th pr t v t l r . D t ll th pr r v n nd n pr f th p r p t l n t nf r r p t, t nt r rl , t p t r rl . Th r h h rt n d nd d pr d n th n l tr p d nd b nt fr th nn ll d nd ph b n . n th h l n d t d ff r ntl p d, n t n f p r r p t r r pr f th pr t p r l, h h r p rd nd r h th pr d d p x f th nd v d d p r t l. Th pr t p r l p n d f r h rt d t n b v th dr t b th nd n pr f th p r p t l. Th p n l f r n pr nt n th h l n d , d , n d , n l d >, X n r d , n d *, L rt d \ V r n d , nd n h . t nt n n th H l d r d , bl ph r d j, T d ^, nn ll d , nd n th ph b n . t p rf r t th p r t l b n l r f ll t r n t f th f l , b t t n r t r n th fr nt p r t l t r n n d j nd n l d >, nd n th fr nt l n D p r nd th h n l n d . Th p t l nd l p nd, n t n f p rt n f th x p t l nd b p t l. n n n r th nt b th r hl f d t t r t t b nd t n h bl . n f th n d ( , r p t th p t l nt r d d t v th pp r n f t nd l . n th ph b n th nd l tr n v r nd n v t th nt r, l v n th l t r l p rt n pr n nt. Th p t rb t l b n h n pr nt nd pr p t r rl t th pr t p r l, f r n th pr t p r l r h. n th n r th t th r h th p t rb t l b nt n , n H l d r , r b r d nt l, n nn ll . n th n r h d n r t n dv n d th pr t p r l b n ppr d t th p r t l, n l n n f r n pr t p r l , n F l n . n l bl n r f n d n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l D L N , L Z RD , ND N . 8 th pr t p r l t h th p r t l nt r r t th p r p t l, th r d n th pr t p r l f r n. Th r l n rrh n t , l t , X n r , nd X nt dt . n H l d r th pr t p r l r d nt n th xt rn l d f th b f th p r p t l. Th r r bl p rd pr d t n f th pr t p r l n h l n h b n nt n d. H r th pr t th pl f th p r t n dr t r h. Th x p t l r pr d d l t r ll , h br n , th th p tr l n fr nt, th ll p r p t l. Th t n th p r r xtr t f th dr t . n th n l n r , F l n , nn ll , nd th ph b , th l t r l l n t n d n t x t. Th x p t l n l , nd th dr t l n th d f th ll. Th dr t n r ll nv x t th pp r p rt f t nt r r f , nd t xt rn l nt r r b rd r pr d d t rd t br l n t d n l n v t r n h, th th v rt l r l n f th b n . Th l n t lf r r l n v , t pp r xtr t b n pr d d l ttl b rd. n th n d th r n th r n v t , nt rn l t th l n, l r t th xt rn l. Th h n rr d n th j r t f th f l , nd n th V r n d nd H l d r d , nd n Phr n , F bl ph r , nd l t t nt n . n h l n, nn ll , nd th ph b n th r n xt rn l n h, th dr t b n pl r d, h l n F l n t fl tt n d n n nt r p t r r pl n . Th nd b l r rt l t n r r l b l b t n ll x pt r n , h r t pl n . n th b l b t n tr n r d, n th P r n Th d nt . Th pt r d b n xt nd f r rd fr th dr t , th h h th r n nt t n ll f r x pt h l n, t rd th ddl l n . Th p rt n n r ll r v d, b t n X n r t l nd r r d. Th r r v d n th b pt r d pr f th ph n d, nd th n d v r nd l n t d n l p t n th t t n n th ddl l n . Th r pr d d n n n l r pr t rd th p t r r xtr t f th x ll r b n , fr h h th r p r t d b th t pt r d. Th pt r d th n j n th p l t n . n f n r th b r f ll t th. Th p l t n r p r t fr h th r nd fr th x ll r , b t nd pr t rd nd f r rd t th l tt r. Th j n n fr nt h t rr p nd n h lf f th v r. Th nt rn l n r r t t d h b t n th v r nd th x l l r , nd t n t h r r l d pl th p l t n , vh h f r t p t r r b rd r. Th v r r p r t n ll f r x pt n h l n, nd th h v v r r . n d nd n l d th r fl t nd f t l l t th r, nd th h v th h r t r n n d nd n d . n f b r f th f l Vr t x nd r l th r d v d d b r v , h h b f r p t r rl , h h th h r t r n t th r l z rd . n th V r d h v r pr d d p t r rl n h d th f r t r t r d t n th n n th r f r . Th pl n f th p l t d fl r h n d ff r nt f l nd r p . Th , th v r n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 86 R P RT F N T N L , 8 8. h h h r pl n th n th p l t n n h d n d j nd n d , th p l t n rv n d n rd t t th pt r d . Th l tt r r n r ll h r z nt l, b t n h l n th r n b v rt l pl n , th r fr r nd d xtr t d nd n nd f tt n n th nn r d f th nd bl . Th d n t t r h th dr t . n th d , n d , nd n d j th nt rn l xtr t f th t pt r d d r t d f r rl , f r n d n rdl d r t d n l n h d f th p l t . n th ph b th tr t r f th p l t h r p t th n n th r l z rd . Th p l t n r n nt t n th ddl l n nd th r n p l t x ll r f r n. Th t , th p l t n n l nt t th th x ll r , th t pt r d b n t htl d d n b t n th . Th pt r d r n nt t thr h t th r l n th th th ph n d, nd th pr x l nd f h t htl d d b t n th l tt r nd th dr t . Th h r t r f th p tr l t b tt nd d t b n n h d r t nd r t nd th r l t n f th r n th lv . n n b r f th r th tr n f r n l d nt r rl b b n t , b t t n l d b th br n h h f r th nt r r ll f th br . Th p tr l d v d d nt t p rt b th d p n t h h f nd f r th p t r r b rd r f th f r n, h h b ll d th pr nd nfr f r n l p rt n . Th fr f r l p rt n d v d d n t f th f l b l n t d n l, l l r d , h l f r th p r r b rd r f r v h nf r r ll f r d b th ph n d. Th r v n t pr nt n H l d r nd v r h ll n X n r . t nt n n th nn ll d j nd ph b . n th n d t d n t x t, n r th p tr l n t h d b th f r n, h l th nt r r b rd r f th p tr l f r fr r t h h xt nd fr b v d n rd nd b rd. n th h l d B, d :, n d j, nd n l d (f l th p p ll t n th pr f r l p rt f th p tr l h rt nd b nd d b nv x nt r r b rd r h h r th p t n f th nt r r r l r n l. n th X t r , Th l , D pl , L pt l , nd ph b n (f l th th r t n , x pt nn ll , D pl , nd N t r th p tr l pr d d b nd th rv d b rd r b l th p r t l. n n f r n tl n f th r l r n l h h f r th b nd r n th th r p rf l b tr d, h n h v t r d th p rt f th p tr l p t r r t t "th r h d b d " n f r r t f th r . Th p tr l pr d d f rth t b nd th r d n th l f r f th nn ll nd nph b , r h n l t t th rb t n L p d t rn . Th r l t n t th p r t l d ff r , th d ff r n r lt n fr th r t r r l r d t n f th pr t v pr t p r l rd f nd th r t r r l ntr n f th p r t l nt th l t r l ll f th br n . n t f th f l t l ttl r n t d rv d t Pr d n , d f N t r l n , Ph l d lph , 864, p. 224. n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 6 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D L N , L Z RD , ND N . 8 t th p tr l nd n tb n , h r t d rv d, t d n t n nt t th th p tr l, n t th h rtn f th l tt r. n rt n f l h r th p tr l pr d d b nd th r d , nd th p r t l d rv d, th t l nt r n nt t f r h rt d t n , n th V r n d . n th T d nd n d th nt t nl ff t d b h rt d nd n pr f th p r t l. Th pr p ll l n t n th n dt . Th r d th nt r r b rd r f th p tr l n th P r n Th r d nt , nd t r th p t n f th nt r r r l r n l. Th br n ll f th br n , nt r r t th p tr l, nt n n f t n h h f n rt n h l . t r h r ppr h b t p r r xtr t th fr nt l, nd ht h n b pp d t b th rb t ph n d b t th h l v t t d b th f t th t t nf r r p rt n p b h nd th pt f r n. Th l tt r p t n th t f th l ph n d, nd th b n n d b P r r . B t th r n th r l nt, th p pt r d, p t r r t t nd d t l nt r r t th p tr l, h h h b n pp d t b th tr l ph n d. L v n th t n, nd d pt n f r th b n n t n th pr v n l n f p t pt , r r th t t t p ll tr r d t , nd n t br n h p rd nd n d n rd. Th t h r t r n d , V r n d , nd T d . Th p t r r p r r br n h h r d d n n n d nd L rt d nd n d ( l h l , nd t b l t l nt n n rrh r nd h l n. Th r n p t pt n H l d r . n th Rh n h ph l n n ph n d n th t l nt x t th n rb t ph n d, l n b t n th pt nd tr n l f r n . Th t t th r b h l th th l n l ph n d. Th p pt r d pr nt n ll L rt l x pt n th h jl n d B nd nn l t ( ph b n . t p r r nn t n r t h r t r t f th d ff r nt f l . nf r rl t r t n th pt r d p t r r t t t pt r d pr , x pt n n th n d , h r t p nt f tt h nt pp t t th t pr . n th f l t d n t r h th p r t l, b t th p r r xtr t r t n th p x f th pr f r n l p rt f th p tr l. n th r n n f l th r r thr d f p r r tt h nt. n t f th n nd r d nt t r h th p r t l nd d n t t h th h rt p tr l. n th th r p rf l t n nt t th th > tr l. n th V r n d , H l d r d , nd t n d t r h th p r t l, h h d n t t t th n p d nd n pr . n n d nd T d n p d nd n pr t t. n rt n n b r f n r f v r f l t d n t t r h th p r t l. h r bl ph r d , rrh r d , n , L rt , Phr n ( h r t r t n th r d f th Tr n t n R l t , 8 , p. 60 , n th D v l p nt f th nll n L rt l . n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 6 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 0 R P RT F N T N L , 8 8. . r t h l pr nt. . r t h l b nt. . nd r t br n h l. n d . L rt dfB. X nt d . . Fr p br n h l pr nt. . N fr p br n h l . ( n d b l t n l ll t . n l d . n n d . d . Z n r d t. h r t dr . nbl ph r d . ( n d r t ll tj r. p br n l . . N nd r t br n h l. . N Tr p br n h l . n d . V r n d . H l d r d . Rh n t r . h d n d . T d . n . nn ll d . rrh r d j. n n d . V rt br l l n.— x pt n th f l f th n dn nd r pl t d P, th v rt br l ntr r pr d . n th f l n d tb r nph l . Th z ph n rt l t n pr nt n th T d nd th l r r n d t, n l d n r d nt n r t ph t . n ll r n d ( l p r , Phr n nd n r n r ll th nd f rt l t n nt n . n d n f l th d l v rt br , r d v d d b tr n v r f r r t r n fr nt f th ddl , h h ft n pl t th b nd t th l n th f th d p ph . h tr t r n n n d n , r n , f p r , D p r , n l d , n d ( l t , T d (T p n b , n d ph r , L rt dr (L rt , nd n d ( n l , . n > p r , n l , nd L rt th n r l p n f th d l v rt br r d bl n th th r n r n d, n l . n V r n d , H l d r d , rrh n t , r t ph t , nd Phr n , th d l ntr r nd v d d, nd th n r l p n r n l . n ph r th ntr r nd v d d nd th n r l p n d bl . Th ntr r x v l th n n ph r , th t th br r r d l th n th d rt l t . Th r r t r l v rt br x pt n n r th th p t r r l b r d nt l r b nt. n f th , h v r, p ll th d n r t n r f th n d , th r d nt l l tt h d t t d p ph h h j n h th r d t ll . nt r tr r pr nt n th rv l nd d l r n n th l tt r, pp rt n th h vr n b n . B d th nt r tr th r n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 6 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D L N , L Z RD , ND N . r nf r r pr f th rv l ntr n f r , th h p p ph f n. Th h v b n nf d th th nt r ntr b B l n r, nd h v b n r n d t p ph b B r. Th f r t d r l v rt br th t n h h f r t nn t d th th t rn b h p ph . n n r th ll d v l p d t rn th n b r f v rt br nt r r t th f r t d r l ht, x pt n th V r n n l t ( v r nd V. r , h r t n n . n th xt n t D l h r f th r t p r d th rv l v rt br r t t d b n t n b r v nt n. Th n b r f r b tt h d t th t rn d n h th th r d t n f th l b , fr th n r l f f r n h d t n , nd t t l d nn t n. n h p ph r "x ph d r d" d th n h d , h h v tt h nt t t p r t h p ph f r r b . Th n h p ph nt t n f th nt r r p rt f th f fth h p ph , nd t n t d t n t n n r , , r l . n H l d r th f fth h p ph h n t rn l nt r nn t n, nd th xth nt n . n V r n th f rth, f fth, nd xth r nt n . n n r th th t pp nd l r h p ph th r l l ppr d n th ddl l n n th j r t f th n r , b t n n r f d pr d f r th r p r t d, ft n d l . Th r p r t d n t n d t l t t , n P t r , r t ph t , nd l p r . Th r r d l p r t d n D p r , nd t d l n r l nd Phr n . rv l r b r pr nt n v r n n b r , nd th p t r r n r n r ll t l n t . n r t n n r nd f l th r b p t r r t th tt h d t th t rn h v th r h p ph f d n th ddl l n b l , th n t t t n r f bd n l r b . n th n d n rt th r r t h r b . n th n l d tb r r f r nd f v p r n th P l hr d B th r r v n t t n. n th h l n d nd n d th r r v r l p r . Th r b f L p d t rn r r r bl f r th pr n f p t l r pr h h h n d t n t p t l r rt l t n. p l r r h.—Th l v l pr nt n ll th f l x pt th h l n d , nd n rt n n r th d n r t f r l b . n h n r t th l t p rt n f th p l r r h t r n, nd t th nl l nt pr nt n F l n ( n l tr p d . t l . Th f r f t pr x l xtr t v r n th d ff r nt f l . t pl n th N t r , r pl t d , r d t , , D pl l , nd Th l , nd xp nd d nd n r ll p rf r t n th th r p rf l h r pr nt, x pt n d n r t n r h r t pl ( Pl t , f . 2 . n Tr h r nd ph t pr x l nd d l t d, b t n t p rf r t . Th p l v r n f r fr l n t t h rt nd d . t pr nt "Pr d n , . . N t n l , XV , 8 4, p. . n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 6 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 2 R P RT F N T N L , 8 8. pr p l r pr n n f l nd n r . t pr nt n n nd N t r , n th l t n d ft n d rv d nd n t , nd n L phnr , n r d nt . t pr nt n L pt l n d ph r , nd n v , h l n th r n v t nt n . t nt n n r ll n r d nt , D pl l , Th l , nd L pt l , b t t pr nt n l t x tr t t. t nt n n l h pt l . Th r d xt nd d nt r rl t th t rn , nd t n r ll d pl r n t n t nt r r nt r r b rd r. Th r n t r l d b th pr r d, h h xt nd t th ddl l n , nd nl p rt ll r n t t ll f d. Th r r t r d r n t n n t n , x pt n b n th t rr tr l n r r ntr , l p r , nd Phr n , nd th n l d . Th r r l t n V r n d nd T d . Th d n r ll h v b t n , b t r t x n x pt n. Tl r b t n n n d nd n d (t n T l , nd n n n H l d r d nd h l n d . Th nt r l v l v r h r t r t l nt n th r . t nt n n h l n d nd n n r th f r l b r d nt l r b nt. t pl pl nt n H l d r n d nd d n r t n r . n th r f l t L tr n v r l b n h d , h h b nt r r, pr d n th " n h r h p d" f r , r d n, pr d n th " r f r " t p . t n h r h p d n r d nt , n , nd Th l , nd r f r n D pl l nd L pt l . n N t r t r f r , th th l t r l pr d t th b . Th t rn br d brh b pl t h h rt l t b t nt r l t r l b rd r th th pr r d nd r d, nd b t p t r l t r l b rd r th th r b . n n r th ll d v l p d l b t pr n p l d ff r n r n n th n t r f t f nt n ll h n pr nt. n th d th r r ^ t , nd n t n d th r n . x pt n r th n r P l hr r l , nd D p , h r th r f nt n ll . Th r n n n th n l d . n T d nd L rt d t pr nt, b t n n d t tl b nt, x pt n b n th N rth r n p f . Th f nt n ll nt n n n d j, D pl l , l d r t d , Th l , nd L pt l , th th x pt n b v n t d. Th n l d n f nt n ll fr ntl n l d b th d n l b f th nt r l v l . t n rl d v d d n p f l p r . Th p lv r h.— t h r t r t f th r th t th l d r t d p rd nd p t r rl , nd th t th bt r t r f r n r ll d v l p d. Th l tt r r nl p r t d fr h th r b l nt r rt l , h h t nt n l lt. t pr d d p t r r t th h n tr n l r pr , nd l fr ntl nt l r n n fr nt f th p b ph . Th p b f r n l pr nt. Th p t n l pr pr nt n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D L N8, L Z RD , ND N . x pt n n d , b t t r d nt l n f r , Phr n . Th f ll n t bl h th f r f th p b n t nt thr n r f d ff r nt f l : . P b n t n t n t n l . . P t n l pr nt r r l n. 2. P t n l pr d n l t , Dr , n , D p r t, n l , rrh n t , T p n b , n d ph r . . P t n l pr n r t b l n , L rt , (r d nt l . . N p t n l pr n ph ln . . P b n t n t n bt r v r p n l . . P t n l pr d n n , l r , r t ph t , H t r t. 2. P t n l pr n r t b l j , Phr n , r l , l p r , H l d r , V r n . . P t n l pr n n (Phr n , r d nt . Th r t b r h n ll f th n r h h h v nd r b rv t n x pt V r n . n H l d r nd th r f r t ll. Th nt r r l b.—Th h r h l n ll r , h l n nl pr nt n p l r t . Th pr x l nd xp nd d n rl n n pl n , nd th ddl p rt n f th fl tt d xtr t f r th v l h d. Th n t d t n tl l t d, x pt b th pr n f rt l r rf , fr th r t r nd l r t b r t h h p th n l f th xp n n. Th h ft b tr n t t. Th d t l nd h fl p d b th nd l b t th r r p n d l , f h h th nt rn l th r pr n nt, x pt n h l n, h r th r nt n . Th nd l n t f n xt rn l r b nd d nt rn l r ll r, h h n r ll b nd d t th nt rn l xtr t b t b r t , h h , h v r, nt n n h l n. Th ln rt l t th th d n r ll r, t xt rn l d b n b v l d b th xt rn l r b. Th h d f th r d rt l t th th xt rn l r b, h v n h ft d fr t pr t v p t n n th nn r d . t r lt fr th th t n pr n t n th r d r th ln . Th r h rt l r n n, x pt n h l n. Th ln nd r d h v b t n l h r n th rp l rt l t n, t th ln l ttl th r t r. Th n t t t n f th rp v r n f r n r , th d v l p d nt r r l b , th pr n p l d v r t b n d pl d b th h l n d j. n ll, h v n th pr x l r thr d t n t l nt —th r d l , nt r d , nd ln r ( p f r , th l t t r nl xt rn l t th ln nd d r t d p t r rl . D t l t th r d l nd nt r d , nd b t n th nd th rp l f th N T 8— n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 4 R P RT F N T N L , 8 8. nd r , n l ll ntr l . Th r r f v rp l , h rr p nd n t t rp l. h v f l d t f nd n n f th n r t d p l n f th rp l f d t th r r nt n . n h l n, n th ntr r , v r h h n th t th r n nln r , nd th t th ntr l nd rp l r f d nt n l r nd d n p , t h h th t rp l r rt l t d. n ll th n r l r th t nd n f th fl x r f th d t r b n d th p l , nd th p nt f j n t n p d b l r fl t d b n . Th n b r f ph l n l r r bl n f r . Th n b r n h d t, n n th th p ll x, 2 4 . Th l x pt n n th n r th ll d v l p d xtr t h l n, h r th n b r r 2 4 4 . Th n d ff r l fr th r f r n th h p f th t rp l . N r ll th r l ndr nd bp r ll l n p t n nd n t d n n nt nt b t n h l n th r fl tt n d, th xp nd d xtr t , nd d v d d nt t b ndl b f r ^ thr th n nd t th t, n bl n th thr nn r d t t pp th t t r r nd br n h f tr . Th n b r f d t n r n r ll , b t r d t n t pl pr nt n v r t n fr 4 t , th p t r r l b ll d pl n l r d r f d n r th n th nt r r, lth h n t l . P t r r l b.—Th f r d ff r fr th h r n h v n d t n t h d, h h r d ff fr tr h nt r. Th f r r n t h ph r l n l , b t h t pr d, nd v l n t n. Th tr h nt r n th nf r r nt r r d f th h d, r n th p t n f th l ttl tr h nt r f th l n f r. Th r n r t tr h nt r n r th rd tr h nt r. Th nd l f th f r r n t ll d nn d th l , nd th p t ll r r v r pr nt d b h ll n v t th t l t r l r d . P t ll n n , th x pt n l r d nt , , f r x pl , n V r n . n h l n ll th pr n nt f t r f th f r r t n d d n, th tr h nt r b n r pr nt d b r d . Th f b l r l nd r th n th t b , nd l r r d t ll th n pr x ll , th r v r f h t bt n n th t b . Th l tt r h n r t. L th rp , th t r v r n f r n th r , th l p rt nt d f t n b n xh b t d b th h d n d . Th r r t f d pr x l l nt , h h r pr b bl t b l nt r d nd f b l r . Th r nl d t n t n l l d r n N rth r n n r , b t tr f th t r n n V r n . t r th r th n b t n b n f th pr x l r , h h f t nd d r th n l n . N ntr l , nd b t t t r l , th th rd nd f rth, th l tt r h th l r r. Th nd t t r l pr j t l n d f t. , t ppr x t th t b l t h d f r d b l v r d t n t b n , b t h d n t d r b t h. n h l n th r n l pr x l t r l l nt, h h n t fl t t n d n th r l z rd , nd th rt l t th n l b l b l r n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D L N8, L Z RD , ND 8N 8. t r l , fr h h th t t r l r d t . Th ph l n n b r, l th f th nt r r f t, 2 4 , rd n r r , nd 2— h t l n d . 2. D T V T . Th l nt r l n th r n t v r h hl p l z d nt d t n t r n . Th r n l b d t n h d t h nd ll nd l r nt t n , th f r r b t l r ll nd th nt t n b th r r p t v l d ff r nt d t r . Th t h l pl , nd rv d t th r ht t th p l r , th h n f th rp nt f r n r th rv v r l ht. Th ll nt t n f r d h h f r l p ph l d j t d t d f th l v r. Th d r r l pl , b t n r ll pl t d, fr ntl h hl . Th l r nt t n r n t b d t n h d nt l n nd r t . Th l tt r n tr t d ff t t xtr t fr l , h h h n r f th h rt n n t l h b r d t l b v t, nt h h nt r th v d t , ll t th xtr t f t p p ll . Th l v r n t bd v d d x pt t t d t l b rd r. t f r d ff r n th d ff r nt p rf l nd f l , nd t r l n t nd r n t f rth r p t r r t th h rt th rp nt f r n r n h. Th ll bl dd r l t t d t r th n t j t r r b rd r, nd n t t d t n fr t. pl n nd p n r pr nt. . R L T R T . Th h rt n t t t d f r p t r rl n n f r , n t v n th rp nt f r . Th r t nd nt r r rt b n fr nt f th l rt r t. r t n n fr th r ht rt r t. nt r r bd n l v n j n n th r n l r v h n n r th p t r r b rd r f th l v r, nd f r n th th p rt l v n th p t r r v . Th v n p thr h th l v r, r v n n r h p t v n . T nt r r rd n l (j l r nt r th n v n th th p t r r v . 4. R P R T R T . Th r h v t l n , x pt n th n l t , h h h v b t n . Th r t t d b h nd nd h d f th l nt r n l pp t t th t p rt n h h d t l f ll th h rt, x pt n n th nn l t , h r th l n l v ntr d f th l n t r n l f r p rt f t l n th t l t. Tr h th r th t v r ( n F l , d. 8 6, p. 8 d r b d t n t t b l nd flbnl r n h l n, d f r th (p . 24 , f . 2 . Th r n t r pr nt d b B l n r (Pr . Z l. , L nd n, 8 , p. 8 . Th r , n f t, n t d t n t t r l l nt , b t r th p ph f th t b nd f b l , h x t l n J l d r nd th r n r . Th t b l nd b l r r f d nt n l l nt n th r r . n r t d n 20 08 08 2 : 8 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 6 R P RT F N T N L , 8 8. br n h , h h, h n pr nt, r ll v r h rt, b t r l n t n th Th l . L r n l rt l nl p l z d t th t r n l n h h f r p r f h ll l r t n d , h h b nd th r l tt d . . R N T L T . T t n l , t t ll nt r r t th l . v r p n rr p nd n p t n. v d t tr v r l pl t h n pt , th n npl t b rd r , nd th f nt n ll l ttl nt r r t p t n f v r r f nt v n ll v d f r nt nv l t , dh r nt t dn . dn p t r r, tr l r t r h rt. r n r bl dd r n r ll pr nt, b t r d nt l n nd b nt n f f r , , f r n t n , th T d . Th l tr tt nt r n r h p n pr nt h v r t f tr t r , h n p r ll l t th rr p nd n p rt n th n . t , h v r, r r l p n , n r ll th n th ph d , th nl p n f r b n , f r h v x n d, th r n D pl l n nd n r ll d t ph . Th h h r r h v th p l p rt d f d n th ph d b th pr n f l l . h r h r t r t f th Rh pt l nd P h l . Th N t r p th f t r . Th D pl l , H l d r t d , nd Th l h v th r n fl n d, th fl n ft n p t d r r p nd th r n. n th L pt l h v l n nl n th T d tl tr n v r , nd n th n d tl l n t d n l. n v r n r t r n l p p ll r pr nt. Th r n b pl r b f r t , r r l b l b t . h v n t t th th n n ph d h r th l p r t b f r t nd th r n nd v d d. Th tr t r f th h p n h v n t nt t t v l . n th ph d , th v l d ff r th th h r t r, b t t v r fr n r t p rf l . ( . T NT R T . Th n l d th d r l, th , nd th r tr t r . v tt nt n t th r r p r t n l br n , h h pr nt n d r bl v r t f tr t r n th r . f ld p nd th l nt r n l fr th d n d r l l n f r n th d r l nt r . N th r nt r b nd th n l, x pt th t h, nd t n dj nt p rt n f th ll nt t n , h h h v th r nn t n . Th l v r, n th th r h nd, h v r l nt r nn t n , f ll : t v ntr l f h ll n l h t nn t n t th th d n v ntr l l n , b t n r r n t n t b f r t p t r rl (Tr h r , r v n d bl (T l . Th h t, r n f th , nt n d l n t th nt r r bd n l rt r t th ^v ntr l ll, nd t l n th ll d t t th p l r p rt f th ll nt t n . h b rd r f th l v r n v b v , n d pt t n t th l n , n th t p h r th xt nd f r p t r rl , h h th l rr n nt. Th d n p rt n f th l v r n v b v , ll d pt t n t th t h. Fr th l ft h nd r d th pr d d h t r nt r xt nd t th t h, f r n th tr h p t nt r . Fr th r ht h nd p r r n l nt r xt nd t th r ht d r l b d ll, f r n th r ht h p t n r t d n 20 08 0 00:22 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l D L N , L Z RD , ND 8N 8. nt r . Th thr nt r n d r b d r th nl n h h r n v r ll pr nt h h b nd th l v r. Th f ll n h t r pr nt n v r t p : n r ll th r ht h p t nd th tr h p t v ff h t t th r ht nd l ft l n r p t v l , n t t t n th r ht h p t p l n r nd tr p l n r nt r . h t n ll ff fr th tr h p t t th l ft b d ll, f r n th l ft tr p r t l nt r . Th fr ntl r pr nt d b n rr b nd, nd n ll , n V p r , t j n th ll nt t n j t b nd th xtr t f th tr h p t h t. Th n t r pr nt d n th p n n d r . n H l d r d t n t h t xt nd fr th l ft b rd r f th l v r t th l ft b d ll, f r n th l ft l t r l h p t nt r . n P l hr nd n l th l ft l n , n t d f b n tt h d t th tr h p t nt r , tt h d b h t t th l ft b rd r f th l v r, f r n th l ft h p t p l n r nt r . n V r n lv t r th r h rt d n tr h p t h t. n V r n , n t th nt r r p t n f th l n , th h v n h p t r tr nn t n . n n r n h v b rv d r ht h p t p l n r h t, th r ht h p t nt r t n th r ht l n n t r . Th l tt r xt nd l n th p l tr p f th r ht l b f th l v r r . . Dl F P R T N F B , TH LL TH F LD D PL D B TB N8V B8B T N N R T B DDL F TH L V B. L, l v r T, t h RLt r ht l n LL, l ft l n , p tr p r t n l f ld LB nd RBT, l ft nd r ht h p t v ntr l f ld H . nd J, , , r ht nd l ft l t r l h p t f ld RB, r ht h p t B, tr h p t X2TP nd RB , l ft nd r ht h p t p l n r f ld . t th n t l nt r n n n r . n Tnp n b , Dr rn , nd th r th r ht h p t xt nd tr n h t t th r ht b d ll, f r n , th n ll tr n tr p r t l f th l ft d , nd f d phr . n n n r th r ht h p t h t nn t d th th t h, p ll t t pr x l p rt. B d th h p t nd tr nt r , th r r th h h n l th nt rn l n t l , th r n r bl dd r, nd th rp r d p . Th n t l nt r t t xt n v l fr , nd l nt r rl , p ll h r t pp rt th d f nt n ll f th v d t. Th r n nt r f th rp r d p , nd p h nl n th h r th b d pr j t fr l nt th bd n l v t , fr ntl th . Th t nt r tr n v r f ld f th p r t n h h l n th nf r r ll f th p lv v t , nd h h n l th r n r bl dd r h n t pr nt. Th nt nt f th r d v d d nt l f r t v r t f tr t r . f th r f d, nd n h r tr v r d b n l ( n dt . th r r pr d d nt t p , h h r n h th d b v r h rd p d r , h h b f r n r t d n 20 08 0 00:2 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 8 R P RT P N T N L , 8 8. d bl h rn p n. n th p t r r p rt f th nf r r f f th th h n n n r th l f n r r r l t r r d pl f t , nd tl f r np d b x pl , h h pr j t b nd th n r l l v l. Th f th b t n n rt n, b t t pr b bl n p rt nt d t th n l n nt n n t . h ld n th rf . L z rd h h v n th r nd r t h n th th h , h h r n t l v t d b v th r nd n n t p , b t rv th pr n p l p nt f nt t fr h h th th r l p . Th tr f n r h h l p n tr fr br n h nd tr n . l r r t n fr th pr n l l n d (L l , t . , nd n n fr n L rt d r d nt l tr t r f th h r t r f nd n n f th bd n l l (P r d t r . n ppr x t n t th tr t r h v n n th pr n l l f n d lt l f l p r h rr d f x . H r th p d r r tl th n d b v th ddl p t r r p rt f th l , h t d p pr n n th tr n, l t n tr pr n l "p r ." p t th t th n t r f th tr t r l r t th t f rn n h h r V rt br t . h n th t l f l z rd r fr t r d rt l n r d d v l p d fr th ntr f th l t v rt br r n n , n h h l nd nt nt pp r. Th l r n t l r t th f th n r l t l, b t r bl n r ll th f n , h v n rh b h p . t , n v r n d nd n d , r f tr n v r pl t d v l p d n th nd r d , h h d n t x t n th n r l t l. rd n t B l n r th n l n L rt d , rrh 8 nr d , nd n l n d B r pr d l f th n r l t p . Th th r h th t n th T d n n phth l , h h h n d l , th r pr d d l f th n t l r bl th f th h l d f r T d j, h h r t t ll d ff r nt. n D p , h h h rrb n t d l , th f th r pr d d t l r n d. L z rd h h l v n nd d rt t h v th l t r l l f th d t pr d d nt p n . Th pr b bl d n r n d f th ld n th n t bl rf . h tr t r pp r n th n d n Pt n p , f th fr , n th n d n Vhr n pl l , n , nd n th n d n , n N rth r . Th n nt r t n x pl f h pl .2 . N RV T . Th br n f r b d t n h d t xt rn l f r fr th t f th ph d b th l p t r r xp n n f th pr n ph l n, th h ph r h v n b t th dtl p t r rl th n ph l n. n th ph d th h ph r pr d l t r ll b h nd t b d r th n th n ph l n. Th rh n n ph l n B l n r, Pr d n , Z l l t f L nd n, 888, p. 6 . • p , r n N t r l t, XXV , 8 4, p. 4 . n r t d n 20 08 0 00:2 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R0 0D L N8, L Z RD , ND N . n r ll h r l n t th n n th ph d , h n t n f l nd r p d n l nd d t l h ll b lb. n th n n l , nd pr b bl n th r n d , th lf t r pr n t l n r th n n th ph d . Th v ntr l f th n ph l r d t n t fr h th r, nd th b d r l p r t fr h th r, x pt t th b . Th r b ll ( p n ph l n d n t d ff r t r ll fr th t f th ph d x pt n th f th n df . n n f th n r h v b n x n d th r n r pr nt d b t r v r n th f rth v ntr l n t d f n , th l n b r n v rt br t . Th p ph l r n r , h l t rnd nt l n ph d . t xt nd t th p r r r n l ll, nd t nv t n br n ppr d, t p n l , t th p r t l f r n. t p r r xp n n nt n v r n nt f p nt, rd n t th t p , nd l r f ll , f r n p l tr t r th n v t p rd. Th tr t r h b n pp d t b n r n f p l n ll d t ht. t pr nt n v r nd t n n t b r f th r , b t r r l r d nt r n ll. n f r th r n x l n rv nn t n th th br n. t n t nl l th t th r n nt f n r n f p l n h h f n t n l n f th xt n t pt l . Th r v r l r p r t l f r n n th Pl r dt , nd h v f nd t t ll l r r n th P r n t l 8 r n f l f th D d t d . n n b r f R pt l l r d n b d h b n d v r d l b th p ph —th p r p ph . t r bl th f r r, b t r r d nt l. Th l nd l ph t f th nt rn l r nd p rd br n h, h h d n r n t xt nt n th d fl r nt f l . n th n d t xt nd t th n nd t r n t n n th r d b h nd th d t r t . Th t ll d th f l lt l r t th t h h p th t l t . Th pr t b r n n th n f th r pt l h x t d n t l ttl r t , nd th f l n r th r t l t d th n ll d b th n l d f t d r t nn t n th th r n f h r n . . T T B L T N . Fr th nt r f lt pl t f f r f t p l r , n p r thr r — n t rd th rp nt b ph b , n t th p rt ll d r d d t p f th , nd l tl thr h th h h t r p h l r , t h l n. n th f r t , th pr l d d v l p nt f th p r r p rt f th pr t f ll d b d rv n f th p r t l b rd r, th l r tt h nt f th p t l l r t , nd h rt n n f th pr t p r l nd p r p t l. F n ll th p tr l, th th p dj n n nt r rl , b n t r tr t f r n v l , th rb t ph n d d v l p d, nd th rt l r nd n l r p f th nd bl r r pr nt d b b t n p th l ll d pp r . n th l t d r t n, th p tr l n t l n t , n r th r n t nd n t rd n r t d n 20 08 0 00:2 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 200 R P RT F N T N L , 8 8. r pl t l r f th r n l v t . Th f r r n f th p tr l d r t d n rd n t d f f r rd th p r t l f nt n ll d n t d n h, nd th pr x ll r b n n t f r r l rl d r n r . Th nt r l v l nd l ll d n h n l n th nd d pp r, nd th pl n l b ll r nd ll r t xt n t n. Th b rt l r tr n th n th nn r r th r th n th t r ll f th nd bl , nd th xt rn l d r t n f th r n d r v r d. n ppr h n th , th b n f th p l t r n t b th nn r nd r xp nd d, nd th rt l r p f th nd bl l t. n th f ll t p th f t n f th l ht t d r pt n, nd th f l nd b nt br n ft n pr nt n pl t d p t f b n t th th p r t l nd t rn l f nt n ll d pp r. Th p r t l r n t, l, n t d, nd th r d n t n ( n r pl t n rl bl t r t n , f th d n r b l r nt f th p t l nd l . Th r t p r l l p l r t th b rd r. Th f ll n n p f th pr v l n h r t r f th b rd r . Th rr n nt d pt d n th r n n r l th t f t p bl h d n 864, b t h v b rd n t d th d v n h t d ff r ntl . Th n t h fl n d tr b t n th d v n f th r p th n pr p d nd r th n f Pl r d nt , nd r rd n th f l r n th th th r thr pr r b rd r — P h l , N t r , d ph r . Th d tr b t n t b l h f v dd t n l b rd r , nd t n n r dd d, th v r nd th n r . Th f r r f th b d n h r t r br ht t b B l n r n h n th l f t n f th r ,2 th l tt r d n r b d ff r nt t t n f th h r t r d r b d n th r b v nt n d. Th n b r f b rd r th l v n, nd th f l th br n b r t nt t . F r th h r t r f f v f th f l nd bt d l r l t B l n r. l h r , th rd r nd f l f r n n t b rr n d n l n r r . Th r r thr l n h t r n l r p r th h l t dff , th n dr , nd th n d r p t v l , nd b t n th t f th f l n b rr n d. Th b rd r d f l r f ll : . P tr l n t pr d d nt r r t r l r n l nd n t rt l t n b v th th p r t l lf t r l b n t nd r r h d. H p n tl l nl t . D t , n l d n t p d l , n pp n r p f t nd thr b t n tr l rp nd t r r p t v l t p p ll , xtr t h th d n l v l Rh pt l . D t ll d r t d f r rd l v l pr x ll pl nt r l v l n h r h p d t n p p ll , n t h th d P h l . Pr d n , d N t r l n , Ph l d lph , 864, p. 224. nn. . N t. H t., X V, 884, p. . n r t d n 20 08 0 00:2 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l R D L N , JZ BD , ND N . 20 . P tr l pr d d nt r r t r l r n l, n t rt l t n b v th p r t l. r. l v l pr x ll xp nd d lf t r l b nd r r h d b fr nt l. T n p p ll r th h p n l l t N t r . . l v l pr x t l pl lf t r l b nd r r h d b fr nt l. V rt br pb l n B pr t p r l r h t n p p ll . r pl t d . V rt br pr l pr t p r l r h nt r l v l n h r h p d t n th h p n fl n d Thb l . V rt br pr l n pr t p r l r h t n p p ll nt r l v l pl h p n fl n d HXL DB T D . nt r l v l r f r t n p p ll h p n fl n d D pl l . l v l pr x ll xp nd d, lf t r l b n t nd r r h d. V rt br l pr l n t n l h p n fl n d r pl t .. L pt l . . P tr l pr d d nt r r t th nt r r r l r n l, rt l t n b v th th b rd r f th p r t l. lf t r l b nd r r h d b fr nt l n pr t p r l r h, n r p l r r h, n r t rn rv l nd d l nt r ntr t d th th ddl f th ntr nn tl t . Th xt t f l f th D l h r d pr b bl r pr nt n th r p r f l , b t t h r t r r n t ll n n. t f r nl n n fr th r t b d f r p . Th n D l h r ( n r r bl f r th l r n b r f rv l v rt br , th r b n n t l th n v nt n n th r . . PH L N T R L T N . Th d r d t n l t nd n f th r h v b n lr d r f rr d t , p ll xh b t d n th r d t n f th l b . Th h b n t d th l dh n t l f n th r nd, nd lt t l th l f b n th th rf f th r nd. n d nt ll th th h b t th r h t pl r d t n n th ff n f th n f ht. Th l d h v d pp r d nd th p d r h b th n d v r th rn , nd h lt t l d th h r t r f th p d r f th th r p rt f th h d nd b d . Th r n h n l d v r th rb t, th t t t l bl nd n h r lt d. Th r d t n r n l t n f l nd n r f rb r l h b t . N b r f th Rh pt l , N t r , r d nt , r n d pl n f th . Th r f r t n t l t d d r n th D pl l , h l th r v r n n th L pt l , nd n v r l n th T phl phth l nd ph b jn . v th f ll n t bl h h d pl t n th d r d t n l r f th l b n th r p t v f l n h h t r . l n l d f n f ph l d r l pl t . n r t d n 20 08 0 00:24 T http: hdl.h ndl .n t 202 njp. 2 0 0 2 P bl D n, l d t z d http: .h th tr t. r pd l 202 REPORT OV NATIONAL MUSEUM, 189S. SVS -0 fl i i 1 g 5 i u a .5 I a « 8 5 g o P- • a »3 5 & -5 & i ai •< O I? 2! -q o 6 8 0> S - 7 s ^ h g - © H S O H m - o o t'3 - 3 13 2-T « -f. n S : ; : = g ; ; ■ *- 9 a 1 ; '; , o x >, : © 5 1 =? -* 5 « 3 o -» CO "11 i ^ % 1 -= 2 « « ■& .2 => 5 o £ •= : 5 S 3 Generated on 2013-08-09 00:24 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 203 i ! « i » a £ ': — : o : 3 2 ~- 1 e. g a % a ,3 » ^ J3 *© "a - p. £ s ?, i • JS > a « u — 9 e_ a a 1 J H 5 1 Acontias . Typhi ae- on lias. § g 2 0 3 ; .5 S 5 « c c - ! i i j ! II \ ) 1 & 1 ■ i 1 c O K tx \\ - : -. : - - B i i s r - i * I & i a a H - e3 s E .2 « : - a, >. C P. »H 1 t 3 m Generated on 2013-08-09 00:24 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google c r. c ; * '•mi- ■ r ~ * V e ! < 3 1 -. : =• - 5 ; i x : a t i ] > f - £» a 204 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. Comparison of Diploglossa.—The degeneracy iii this series is tolerably consistent in the order of its progress. In none of the genera are fore limbs present, and in three of them hind limbs are present. Notwith- standing the universal absence of fore limbs, a scapular arch, is always present. This region shows, however, successive stages of degeneracy, as follows: In the three genera without posterior limbs the sternum has costal articulations; in the other three, none. In the genera with costal articulations the number of the hitter diminishes regularly: in Maneus, three; in Opheodes, two; in Pygopus, one. Of the three genera with costal articulations, the interclavicle is present in two; in one (Pygopus) it is wanting. In the other genera it is present in a much modified form and position in one genus (Ophisaurus). Clavicles and coracoids are osseous in all of them; but the procoracoid is osseous in only two genera (Opheodes and Pygopus); while in the third genus with costal articulations (Mancus) it is cartilaginous, as in the genera with- out costals. The genera with costal articulations are also the only ones with osseous scapula. So we observe a certain order in the loss of parts. Thus, the part to disappear first is the interclavicle (to reappear in Ophisaurus); second, costal articulations and osseous scapula; third, sternum, which diminishes in size until greatly reduced, as in Anguis and Dopasia. As regards the pelvic arch, reduction of its elements precedes the loss of limbs. Thus, Mancus is the only genus where the pubis and ischium meet (or in the ischium, are connected by an osseous hypogastraid) on the middle line. In Opheodes, where the posterior limbs are much as in Mancus, these elements are separated below the pubes widely. In Pygopus, where the limbs are better developed than in either, the inferior pelvic elements are rudiinental and widely separated, being merely processes of the ilium. In the genera without limbs (Ophisau- rus with a minute rudiment) this reduction is carried still further, the inferior elements not being distinguished from each other or from the ilium, the entire arch having a lateral position. Miiller remarks of these parts in Pseudopus, Ophisaurus, and Anguis, that they are "zwar sehr iihulich." The order of degeneracy, then, in the pelvic append- ages in the Diploglossa, is, first, reduction of inferior pieces; second, loss of limbs; third, fusion Comparison of the Leptoglossa.—In Chalcides we have nearly normal scapular and pelvic arches, while the limbs are very much reduced, though not to be termed rudimeutal. In the next stage of reduction, where all the limbs are present, but rudimeutal, the two arches show a considerable degradation, which is more marked in the scapular than in the pelvic. The pelvic elements remain much as in Chalcides, but reduced in size merely. In the scapular arch the sternum loses two costals, and the interclavicle loses the transverse processes. The clavi- cles become simple, and the ossification of the scapula and coracoid is reduced in extent. In Propus, where the fore limbs are much as in Generated on 2013-08-09 00:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIAN8, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 205 Evesia, while the hind limbs have disappeared, the scapular arch has many points in common with Evesia. Thus, the clavicle and interclavi- cle are simple, and the sternum has only two costals. The scapular and clavicle are much better ossified. On the other hand, the pelvic arch displays a great reduction. lu Anelytropsis, appropriately to the absence of fore limbs, there is no scapular arch. The pelvic arch is greatly reduced; but, curiously, there appears an element which resem- bles a corresponding element in the snakes. This arrangement is quite different from auythiug observed in the other Leptoglossa or in the Diploglossa, but is not without parallel in other Sauria, to be described later on. The reduction of the scapular elements proceeds in the Leptoglossa on much the same lines as observed in the Diploglossa. The early sim- plification of the distal end of the clavicle is peculiar to the Leptoglossa as it is always simple in the Diploglossa. The late stages of reduction of the sternum seen in the limbless Diploglossa are not exhibited by any of the forms here described, although they probably exist, since we have the Anelytropsis, where the scapular arch is wanting. On the other hand, the extreme reduction of the pelvis seen in Proptis, where the ilium only remains, has not yet been observed in the Diploglossa without posterior limbs. Observations on Annulati.—The wide diversity between the pelvic structure in Ch'irotes, as compared with that of Amphisbcena, emphasizes the evidence furnished by the scapular arch in favor of regarding it as representing a family distinct from the Amphisbamidas. Even with the pelvic elements of Ghirotcs before us, it is difficult to be sure of the homology of the corresponding part in Amphisbcena and Rhineura. It can only be one of the two inferior elements, or femur. Against the latter supposition, which is suggested by the structure of the Anely- tropidffi, its anterior position is strong evidence. For the reason that it approximates closely the vent, its claim to be ischium is rather stronger than the supposition that it can be pubis. It is homologized by Fiirbringer with the iliopectineal bone of the snakes. General conclusions.—One conclusion is obvious, and this is that degeneracy of the scapular and pelvic arches follows degeneracy and loss of limbs, sooner or later. More special conclusions may be expressed as follows: I. Anterior limbs have disappeared more generally than the posterior in the Diploglossa. II. The limbs incline to degenerate and disappear more nearly pari passu in the Scincida'. III. The anterior limbs have a tendency to persist longer in the Teiidre and Amphi&bienidaj. Future research may not sustain this proposition. IV. The degeneracy in the scapular arch is delayed long after the degeneracy and loss of the anterior limbs. V. Degeneracy of the pelvic arch precedes the loss of the pelv ic limb. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 200 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. VI. The order of degeneracy of the elements of the scapular arch is (l)limb; (2) interclavicle (generally); (3) costal attachment; (4) sternum. VII. The order of disappearance of parts in the pelvis is (1) pubis and ischium together (generally; see Amphisbcena); (2) limb; (3) ilium. The conclusion that the rudimental condition of the arches and limbs is due to degeneracy is supported by paleontologic evidence, which shows that the ancestral orders of the Eeptilia (Cotylosauria and Theromora) had well-developed limbs. Similar evidence shows that the Sauria and Ophidia had a common ancestor; but, as already remarked, whether that ancestor was a Theromor or a Bhynchocephal remains uncertain. Within the limits of the Sauria the series of affinities expresses in some degree the phylogenetic succession. We can express these in a tabular form as follows: This phylogeny presupposes that the superfamilies in which the petrous bone extends in advance of the anterior semicircular canal are of later origin, or were derived from those, in which this is not the case. It must be borne in mind, however, that this difference is of very ancient origin, since in the Permian epoch the Cotylosauria have the petrous bone developed forward, and the Pelycosauria have it much abbre- viated. The Pythonomorpha of the Cretaceous also have the abbre- viated petrosal in strong contrast to the existing Thecoglossa, where it is produced. Nevertheless the Pachyglossa display such affinities in many directions that they are probably ancestral to the other super- families. The dentition of the Agamida; is quite identical with that of many of the Rhynchocephalia, and with that of the Chameleons as well. It is a modification of the primitive rhizodont dentition which prevailed during the Permian. The pleurodont dentition is another modification which points to the Iguauidse as the starting point of the families which also possess that type of dentition. The intermediary position of the Diploglossa between the thick and thin tongued lizards 1 pointed out in 1864, and its tendencies toward the Nyctisaura also are unmistakably seen in Xenosaurus. The Kycti- saura have degenerated in the characters of their vertebra;, for I do not believe this character to be of primitive origin, or to indicate that the superfamily is related to the Permian Pelycosauria, which have similar vertebra;. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 207 The Rhiptoglossa (Chameleons) form an extremely specialized type, modified from the Agamidse by loss of parts and modification of the feet. Their cranial characters are in some respects not a little like those of the Laramie Diuosaurian family of the Agathaumidae, but this resemblance does not indicate affinity. Finally, the Amphisbseni- ans (Annulati) are a group of whose origin it is difficult to learn. They may have come oft- from the common ancestors of the Sauria and Ophidia, but their resemblances to the Annielloidea render it possible that their point of origin may have been later in the scale. Their den- tal types differ quite like those of the Pachyglossa, and it is therefore clear that they were not derived from a pleurodont type, but like the Pachyglossa developed a pleurodont type independently. The dis- covery by Baur of this superfamily in the American Oligocene shows it to have been contemporary with the Diploglossa, which I discovered in the same horizon. In any case the Annulati show a nearer tendency toward the Ophidia than any other group of the Sauria. IV. HISTORY. The suborder of Sauria was first correctly defined and distinguished from the other divisions of Reptilia by Owen in 1841, under the name of Lacertilia. Previous to this date the division which included it was either too comprehensive on account of the admission of the Loricata, or deficient by reason of the reference of the serpentiform lizards to the Ophidia. Indeed Laurenti in 1768 included lizards, crocodiles, and salamanders in a division which he termed Gradientia, for which reason this name is not available for any natural division of animals. Brog- niart in 1799 first proposed the term Sauria, but included the crocodiles, as did Daudin (1802), Dumoril (1806), and Oppel (1811). Merrem in 1820 first separated the crocodiles from other reptiles under the name Loricata, and retained Oppel's name, Squamata, for the order as now generally adopted. The contents of the Squamata were, however, very incorrectly arranged and no progress was made iii correctly distin- guishing the Sauria from the Ophidia. Wagler in 1830 included the scaled reptiles in three groups, Lacerta>, Serpentes, and Angues, excluding the crocodiles as Crocodili. The Angues includes both Sau- rian and Ophidian genera. In 1834 Dumoril and Bibron issued the first volume of the Erpeto- logie Generate. The crocodiles are included in the Sauria. In 1841 Owen proposed a system of Reptilia based on studies of both the extinct and recent forms. He did not recognize the order Squamata, but regarded the lizards and snakes as representing orders, using the names Lacertilia and Ophidia. For the crocodiles he employed the name Crocodilia instead of the older Loricata. It was reserved for Johannes Miiller to distinguish more exactly than his predecessors the Sauria from the Ophidia, his only error being the retention of the Amphisbienia (Annulati) in the latter. He wrote in 1837, and employed Generated on 2013-08-09 00:26 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 208 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. the terms Sauria and Ophidia for the two divisions. Stanuius in 1856 gave the first clear presentation of the contents of the Squamata in their natural relations. He embraced under the Sauria the three divi- sions, Atnphisbamoidea, Kionocrania, and Ohamseleonida, which are the forms now generally included by authors in the suborder. As regards the contents of the suborder, Wiegmaun first gave in the Herpetologia Mexicana an intelligible system based on structural characters. His work formed the basis of the later ones of Dumeril and Gray. The sharacters employed by these authors were, however, external. In 1864' the present writer published a synopsis of the osteological characters of the Sauria, and proposed a system based on them. I used the names given by previous authors for groups where, as is usually the case, the characters of the skeleton coincide with those indicated by the tegumentary structures and tongue. In 18961 rein- forced these definitions by characters derived from the penial structures.2 RHIPTOGLOSSA. Rhiploglosei Wiegmann, Horp. Mex., 1834, p. 13. Dendrosaura Gray, Cat. Liz., 1834, pp. 5, 264. Chamaleonidea Stannics, Zoot. Ampli., 1856, p. 7. Rhiptoglossa Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. l'hila., 1864, p. 226. Chamaleonoidia Gi xther, Phil. Trails., 1867, CLVIII, 1867, p. 626. Kliiptoglossa Houlenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIV, 1884, p. 120. Petrosal bone not produced anterior to the anterior semicircular canal, and not articulating with the parietal above. Olfactory lobes not uuderarched by the frontal bones. Digits including metapodials. in opposing groups of two and three about a centrale carpi and tarsi respectively. No clavicles. Tongue papillose, with sheathed extremity. Hemipenis calyculate. Many other peculiarities characterize the lizards included in this superfamily, but they are not such as appear to me to characterize a division of such high rank, but to pertain rather to the definition of the single family which it includes. Some authors think that the Sauria should beprimarily divided into three divisions: the Channeleonida (= Rhiptoglossa), Kionocrania (re- maining Sauria), and Ainphisbicnia Bouleuger divides the Squamata. in to four primary divisions, of which the Kliiptoglossa forms one, and tbe others are the lizards, Pythonoinorpha, and the snakes. These views are due to the importance attached to an aggregate of characters, each one of which can be shown to be of no wide systematic value in the Squamata. Thus the absence of epipterygoid characterizes forms not widely removed (some of the Leptoglossa) from those which possess it. The interclavicle is absent in the chameleons, but it experiences great reduction to extinction in some other groups. Other characters will be mentioned under the family definition. ; Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, ism, p. 224-230. - Idem., 18'.K3, p. 461-467. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:26 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 209' Boulenger,1 in enumerating these characters, includes "vomer sin- gle" and "a supratemporal bone present"' as of such importance as to require their separation as a suborder. The character "vomer single" is, however, an error, as the "vomer" ( = maxillopalatines) is paired as in other Sauria. What is here called vomer is the inferior spine of the premaxillary. The supratemporal is homologous with that found in nearly all other Sauria. But one family of Khiptoglossa is known, as follows: Teeth acrodont—that is, rooted in alveoli and couasined with their walls; external nasal openings bounded by the prefrontal and maxillary bones only; no epiptery- goid; usual cranial arches present; vertebra procoelous; a sternum; no inter- clavicle; no osseous scales Cham-eleonid.*:. CHAMLELEONIDvE. Came'Ieoniens Cuvier, Rogue Anim., II, 1817, p. 50. Prendentia Merrem, Teut. Syst. Amph., 1820, p. 161. Chamaleonida; Gray, Aun. Phil. (2), X, 1825, p. 200. Chanueleonoidea FirziNGBR, Neue Classif. Rept., 1826, p. 15. Thecoglossce WaGler, part, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 163. Chamaleontes Wiegmann, Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 13. < amcWoniens or Ch6lopodes Dumkril and Bibron, Krp. Gen., Ill, 1836, p. 153. Chamalontes Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 41. Cliama leonidiT GRAY, Cat. Liz., 1845, p. 264. Chama leontida; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 226. This family possesses numerous peculiar characters besides those of the superfamily to which it has been referred. Some of these are found also in the Agamidae. They are as follows: Coronoid bone produced posteriorly on outside of ramus. Articular present; separate from angular. Spleuial reduced, more frequently wanting. Subarticular small on outer, much prolonged on inner face of ramus. Groove from splenial to mental foramina not closed over Meckel's cartilage. Premaxillary nearly always separated from vomer by maxillaries. Pterygoids not touching body of sphenoid or reaching quadrate. Parietal single, receiving the gomphosis of loosely attached occipital segment internally. Frontals united. Sternum without fontauelle. No angular process of mandible. Abdominal ribs present. The viscera present the following peculiarities: The observations are made on Chamaleon basiliscus and G.planiccps. The liver is adjacent to the heart, and is compressed, so that the vertical diameter much exceeds. the transverse. It is two lobed, the left lobe much smaller in every way than the right. The gall bladder is entirely posterior to, but adjacent to, the liver. The alimentary canal exhibits stomach, small 1 Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., Ill, p. 437. NAT MUS 08—14 Generated on 2013-08-09 00:26 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 210 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. intestine, colon, and rectum. The small intestine is short and little plicate, and the colon is short and has a csecum. According to Stannius, the lungs are digitate at the extremity and along the inner borders. Wiedersheim states that the proximal part of the lung is shortly divided longitudinally into three parts, each of which has a separate connection with the bronchus. The mesenteries include the usual hepato-ventral, epigastric, gastro- hepatic, and right hepatic, the last including the right lung. The left lung is included in a left hepatogastric, a feature seen in few other groups, notably as the Anoline Iguanidas. There is also a left hepato- lateral, from the liver to the left body wall, having a direction diagonal to the long axis of the liver in G. basiliscus. The greater part of the surface of the hemipenis is coarsely calycu- late, generally in a transverse direction. There are remarkable papillae at the apex, which differ in the different forms. In the 0. partialis there is a kind of membranous apron proxiinad of the papilla;, Avhich presents an apex proximad opposite to the sulcus spermaticus. In the C. vulgaris and G. gracilis the papilla; are erect, laminiform, and trans- verse, and serrate on the edges. The principal pair have a few papilla; in front of and behind them, and in the C. gracilis there is behind these, on each side, an oval body which is composed of three serrate laminie packed obliquely together. In the G. gracilis the proximal lamina) are low and have a margin of acute tubercles, and each serves as a collar to a much larger papilla. The latter is largely free and tongue-shaped, with the apex proximad, and its flat external surface is covered with three or four rows of conic papillae. Bouleuger thus summarizes the general characters of the Chameleons: Tongue cylindrical, extremely extensile and projectile, sheathed at the baso, club- shaped and viscous at the end, with .in exceedingly elongate glossohyal bono. The head usually forms a bony casque, ornate with crests or tubercles. The inter- orbital septum is present, and a sma 1 columella cranii distinguishable. (This is not the columella (epipterygoid), but the postoptic Cope.) Premaxillary extremely small, edentulous (sometimes. C); orbit bony all around, the pre- and postfrontals often joining to form a supraorbital roof; a pair of supranasal fontanelles, bordered by the nasals, the prefrontals, and the frontal; latter bone single; parietal fora- men, if present, pierced in tbo frontal; parietal single, often much narrowed and compressed, forming a crest,*and meeting posteriorly the extremities of a pair of bones, the suprateraporals, which on each side connect it with the squamosal. (This should be paroccipital. C.) In some species the parietal in the adult may be much expanded, and form a bony slab from which the supratemporals are no longer to be distinguished. Dentition acrodont; teeth compressed, triangular, more or less distinctly tricuspid. Palate toothless. Eyes large, covered by a thick granular lid pierced with a small central opening for the pupil. No tympanum. Body com- pressed; neck very short. Vertebral procielian. Abdominal ribs present. Limbs long, raising the body. Digits arranged in bundles of two and three; in the hand the inner bundle is formed of three, the outer of two digits; it is the reverse in the foot. Tail prehensile. Head and body covered with granules or tubercles. Physiologically as well as anatomically Chameleons stand by themselves among reptiles, as is evidenced by the mobility and independent action of their eyes, the projectility of their tongue, the slow and deliberate movement of their limbs. The Generated on 2013-08-09 00:26 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 211 changeable hue of their skin, first noticed in them, is a peculiarity shared by many other lizards, and to an equal if not stronger degree by Calotcs. Abont one-half of the species occur in Madagascar and neighboring islands, the other half in Africa; the common Chamseleon is Mediterranean, occnrring in Europe, however, only in Andalusia; a species inhabits Socotra, another Sonth Arabia, and a third India and Ceylon. Synopsis of the genera: ClawB simple; scales on soles smooth; tail at least as long as the body. Chamwleon Laurenti. Claws simple; scales on soles spinose; tail shorter than body firookesia Gray. Claws bicuspid; scales on soles spinose; tail shorter than body. lihampholeon Giinther. Siebenrock1 has described the osteology of the Brookesia supercili- arts Kohl, which he shows possesses a number of peculiarities which distinguish it from the species of the genus Chamaleon, and, in fact, from all kuown genera of Vertebrata. From the fourth cervical verte- bra to the eighteenth caudal, inclusive, the zygapophyses of each side are connected by a longitudinal osseous bar. This bar gives origin on the dorsal vertebrae to a transverse process which is above the true transverse process and more prominent. It is called by Siebenrock " aecessorischer querer Fortsatz," which may be classicized into epidia- pophysis. Further, the prezygapophyses are connected by a bony arch which is fused on the middle line with the neural spine, on the dorsal vertebra;, from the second to the ninth, inclusive. In the cranium the frontal and parietal are greatly expanded. The former reaches the orbit, excluding the pre- and postfroutals. The parietal excludes the occipital from view when seen from above. There are teeth on the prem axillary bone. In the genus Chamceleon the prefrontals and postfroutals exclude the frontal from the orbit. The vertebra* are normal. In spite of the peculiarities of the Ehiptoglossa I supposed that they were derived from the Pachyglossa. Many of their characters are pres- ent in genera of the Agamidse, leaving but few to be accounted for, as of later and separate origin. Of the latter kind are the peculiarities of the external nostrils, and metapodials. The characters of the premax- illary, mandibular composition and scapular arch are nearly approached or imitated by some of the Agamidai; and in some of the latter the epipterygoid becomes much abbreviated. PACHYGLOSSA. Pachyglossa Wagler, Natiir. Syst. d. Amphib., 1830, p. 144.—Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 43.—Gray, part, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1st ed., 1845, p. 5. Slrobilosaura Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1st ed., 1845, p. 5. Acrodontapachyglossa + Pleurodonta iguania Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, pp. 225, 226. Petrous bone with superior plate not produced anterior to anterior semicircular canal, and with a longitudinal wing only. Vertebrae procoe- ' Sitzungsber. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CII, 1893, p. 71. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 212 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. Ions. Clavicle simple proximally. Interclavicle anchor-shaped. Pre- maxillary undivided. Parietal single, receiving the loosely articulated occipital inferiorly. Frontal not underarching olfactory lobes. Tongue papillose, the apex not retractile. As to the visceral anatomy, the following points are characteristic: Liver short aud contracted proximally or semipyriform, the posterior border more or less emarginate by one or sometimes two notches; the right lobe more produced than the left, and terminating in a narrow strip which reaches the reproductive cells. Gall bladder partly exposed on the posterior margin. Alimentary canal with stomach, small intestine, and rectum well distinguished, and also a short colon adjacent to the rectum, which frequently presents a short proximal cfecum. Corpora adiposa free anteriorly. Kidneys posterior in position; a urinary bladder. Ven- tral mesentery extending to posterior border of liver and beyond it to a fold of the small intestine. This superfamily embraces the most vigorous branch of the order and includes the largest species, excepting the Thecaglossa. Its point of contact with the other superfamilies is through the Diploglossa, and especially the Zonuridse. In my first system of the Sauria I divided the Pachyglossa, as had.been done by others, into two superfamilies, and associated one of them with the Chamaeleoniditi, and the other with the Leptogloss and Diplogloss superfamilies. This was because I had discovered numerous osteological characters which appeared to justify this arrangement. It is, however, clear that, as various authors have shown, the Chamseleonida1, represent a distinct superfamily. I am of the opinion also that the points of agreement which I have dis- covered in the anatomy of the acrodont and pleurodont divisions of the Pachyglossa are more important than the differences, and as these points are of the exact grade which define the superfamilies, I return to the system of Wagler and Fitzinger, pointing out at the same time the various osteological characters in which the pleurodont division agrees with other lizards and differs from the acrodont division. These two divisions or families differ as follows: Dontition acrodont; that is, the shanks of the teeth inclosed between two alveolar walls, with which they are frequently connate Agamid^. Dentition pleurodont; that is, the shanks of the teeth attached laterally to the inner side of tho single and external alveolar wall Iguanid.k. In the Agamida? the premaxillary bone is nearly always separated below posteriorly from the vomer by the intervention of the maxillaries. The coronoid bone is produced posteriorly and not anteriorly on the outside of the mandibular ramus. The splenial bone is of reduced size aud is most frequently wanting; and the articular is much more developed on the inner than on the outer side of the ramus. The groove of Meckel's cartilage is not roofed over between the splenial and internal mental foramina. In all the above characters the Agamida? agree with the Chamseleonida;. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CKOCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 213 In the Iguanidae, the prem axillary is very seldom separated from the vomer on the palatal face. The coronoid bone is produced anteriorly and not posteriorly on the external face of the ramus. The splenial bone is well developed, and the Meckelian is more or less roofed over. The angular bone is much more developed on the external than the internal face of the ramus. In these characters the Iguanid;e agree with the majority of the Diploglossa and Leptoglossa. In neither family are the temporal fossae overroofed with ossification, nor do any of their members exhibit osteodermal plates. The Againidae are restricted to the Old World. The Iguanidre inhabit the New World, Madagascar, and the Fiji Islands. AGAMID^E. Iguamenn Cuvier, part, Regne Anim., II, 1817, p. 29. Atcalabotce Merrem, part, Tent. Syst. Amph., 1820, p. 39. Slellionidw Gray, part, Am. Phil. (2), X, 1825, p. 196. Pntuitoidea, Draconoidea, Agamoidea Fitzinger, part, Neuo Classif. Rept., 1826, p. 11. Agamida Gray, Phil. Mag. (2), II, 1827, p. 57. rachyglossa Wagler, part, Syst. Amph., 1835, p. 141. DendrobaUe emphyodontes and Uumivagce emphyodonten Wiegmann, Herp. Mex., 1834, pp. 13,17. Iguaniens acrodontes Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., IV, 1837, p. 375. Gonyochephali, Calotae, Semiophori, Octocryptae, Lophura, Dracones, Trapeli, Stelli- ones, Leiolepides, Phrynocephali Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1843. Agamidas Gray, Cat. Liz., 1845, pp. 5, 230. Agamidtr Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 227. Agamidce and Uromasticida: Theobald, Journ. Linn. Soo., X, 1868, pp. 33, 34. Agamidre Boui-ENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XIV, 1884, p. 119; Cat. Liz. Brit. Mns., 2d ed., 1,1885, p. 250. The following are some of the osteological characters of this family: Teeth in alveola, coossifled with them in adults (acrodont.) Premaxillary generally separated from maxillopalatines by maxilla- ries, small, undivided. Splenial small, or more frequently wanting; Meckelian groove open; angular and surangular distinct, the former small on outer, much pro- longed on inner face of ramus. Coronoid produced posteriorly on external face of mandible. An examination of twelve genera of this family shows that the vis- ceral characters agree in general with those of the Iguanidae. The liver is bilobate posteriorly in Galotes and in Uromastiv; more conspic nously so in the latter, where the posterior border is deeply emarginate. In Amphibolurm barbatus and Megalochilus auritux the border is trilo- bate; in the former the middle lobe is more than usually distinct and lies superior to the right and left lobes. In these two species also the ventral mesentery is bifurcate to the proximal end of the liver. In the A. barbatm the cystic mesentery is short, and the urinary bladder is rudimental. In Megalochilus the small intestine is rather short. The Generated on 2013-08-09 00:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 214 .REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. Fig. 7. InilANII)^?. JM ANA TUBERCCLATA I.INN.KUS. Fig. 8. [(iL'ANIDiK. PHTMATDBU8 I'AI.I.UMA MoLINA. Fig. 9. IdUAHID*. Phrvnosoma COBNUT™ Harlan. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google •saavNs a&v 'saavzn 'sNvniaoooao VIZ AVH!) KIHIIHHOII HUO-IOJV '3TUIIVV1IV EI 'SlJ Generated on 2013-08-09 00:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 216 repokt of National museum, 1898. colon is generally present, and the caecum is quite conspicuous in Draco, Stellio, and Agama (aculeata), and less so but present in Lophnra, Calotes, Uromastix, and Phrynocephalus. The mesenteries present the usual sheets, hepatoveutral, gastrohep- atic, left gastropulmonary, right hepatic, which includes the right lung. I have noted the following modifications: In Agama colonorum the left gastropulmonary has become a right gastrohepatic by its continuing to the liver, a character observed in Chamccleon and the AnolinaB. There is also in this species a left hepatomarginal. In Megalochilus auritus there is a right hepatoventral, as in Phrynosoma. I have had the opportunity of examining the heinipenes of a rela- tively small number of species of this family. As already remarked, the surface is generally calyculate. I have not found terminal papilla; in the genera Uromastix, Agama, Liolepis, Pkysignathus, or Calotes. The general construction is, that opposite the sulcus spermaticus is a strong longitudinal welt. Near the apex this welt becomes adherent to the side on which the sulcus runs, dividing the organ into two apical Fig. 14. lOUANID^l. CROTAPRYTUS WI8L1/.ENU IiAIRD AND GlRARD. portions. The sulcus bifurcates and passes along the base of this par- tition. In TAolepis there are two welts inclosing a smooth space between them. In Calotes cristatellus there is a lesser welt on each side of the principal one. In all the genera the basal part is smooth and it is sometimes thrown into longitudinal folds. Boulenger makes the following general remarks on the Agamida-: Tlio chief character by which the lizards of this family are at once distinguished from their allies is the acrodont dentition. The teeth may usually he divided into three kinds, viz, incisors, canines, and molars. The latter are more or less com- pressed, frequently tricuspid; regular canine teeth are present, one or two on each side, in most of the genera; in Uromastix and Aporoxcelis, however, these enlarged teeth are absent, and the anterior lateral teeth wearing out with age, a toothless cutting edge is left between the molars and the incisors, which, in these two genera, unite in the adult to form a large single or divided cutting tooth. The skull is less depressed and moro strongly ossified than in the preceding fam- ilies, and postorbital and postfronto-squauiosal hone arches are well developed; in LyriocepkahiH, as in several Iguanoids, another arch is formed by processes of the pne and postfrontals which unite surrounding a large supraorbital fossa. The pre- maxillary is single, the nasals are double, and tho frontal and parietal single; the pterygoids are usually widely separated and constantly toothless; the os transver- sum is strongly developed; a columella cranii is present. Dermal ossifications on the skull are constantly absent. The fore limbs are well developed, and, except in Generated on 2013-08-09 00:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google OROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 217 Sitaita, which lacks the outer toe, pentadactyle. The clavicle is not dilated, and the interclavicle is T-shaped or anchor-shaped, frequently small; the sternum usu- ally presents two foutanelles, which however, are missing in LyriocephaluB and Moloch, the latter genus being especially remarkable for having the sternum divided longitudinally. The tympanum is either exposed or concealed under the skin. The eye is small and the pupil round; eyelids well developed. The tongue is thick, entirely attached or slightly free in front, not, or hut slightly, nicked anteriorly; it is more free, pro- tractile, and more distinctly incised in the herbivorous genera Lophura, IJolepis, and Uromaitir. Femoral and pra'anal pores are absent in the majority of the genera; it is a remark- able fact that they exist, at least in the males, in all Australian genera but one (Chelotania, known as yet from a unique specimen), whereas they are missing in all others except Vromastix and Liolepis. There are no symmetrical plates on the head or on the belly; and ornamental appendages, such as crests, gular pouches, etc., are frequently present, either in the males only or in both sexes. The tail is usually long and not fragilo; it is prehensile only in the genus Cophotis, and some Pkrynoce- phali have the curious faculty of curling upward the extremity of that organ. The digits are usually keeled inferiorly or denticulated laterally. The shape of the body as well as the scaling vary considerably, according to the genera, and in adaptation to the modes of life. Generally speaking, ground Agamoids have the body depressed, and arboreal compressed, but a division of the genera into terres- trial and arboreal, which has hitherto been almost generally accepted, must be given up as impracticable and unnatural. Most Agamoids are exclusively insectivorous; Lophura, Liolepis, and I'romastix are horbi- or frugivorous, while some species of Agama havo a mixed diet; again, a systematic division into insectivorous and herbiv- orous, as has been proposed by Theobald, would bo as unsatisfactory as that into terrestrial and arboreal. Leaving out the strongly specialized genera Draco and Moloch, all the forms pass very gradually one into another in different directions, rendering a sharp generic division, and, still more, a serial arrangement, a matter of great difficulty. The Agamidaj inhabit Africa, Asia, Australia, and Polynesia. They are most numerous in species as well as in genera in the Indian region. In Africa they are represented by only three genera, viz, Agama, Aporoscelia, and in the northern parts, Vromasti?. Four species extend slightly beyond the limits of Asia and Africa into southeastern Kurope. They are absent from Madagascar and New Zealand.— Boulenger. Fig. 15. A.iAMiDj-:. Liolepis bellii Gbat. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 218 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. Boulenger defines the genera of this family as follows: I. Month large; teoth erect in both jaws. A. Incisors small, conical. 1. No true prxanal or femoral pores. a Ribs much prolongod, supporting a wing-like dermal expansion. Draco Linmeus. act No wing-like lateral expansion, a. Body not depressed. * Four toes only ; Sitana Cuvier. ** Five toes. t Tympanum hidden. Fifth too short, not longer than first; no dorsal crest Olocryplis Wiegmann. Three parallel longitudinal folds on each side of the middle of the throat, curved and converg- ing backwards, forming a U-shaped figure. Ptyclolamus Peters. A dorsal crest; scales small; no fold across the throat nor in front of the shoulder. Aphaniolis Peters. A dorsal crest; Bcales very large, subeqal, irreg- ular; tail prehensile Cophotis Peters. No dorsal crest; a large rostral appendago, at least in the male Ceratophora Gray. No dorsal crest; dorsal scales small, intermixed with very large conical tubercles. Phoxophrys Huber. A dorsal crest; a V-shaped gular fold; a bony supraorbital arch f.yrioeephalus Merrem. A dorsal crest; an oblique fold in front of the shoulder Japalura Gray. tt Tympanum exposed. Digits not keeled inferiorly. Lophocaloles Giinther. Snout ending in a long compressed appendage. Harpesaurus Uoulenger. A strong fold across the throat. Gonyocephalue Kaup. No fold across the throat; dorsal scales unequal; no gular pouch Acanthosaura Gray. No fold across the throat; dorsal scales large, unequal; males with a gular pouch. Salca Gray. No fold, or a very feeble one, across the, throat; dorsal scales equal Calotes Cuvier. No fold across the throat; scales minute, equal; a gular pouch Chelosania Gray. fi Body more or less depressed. Tympanum exposed; males without calose proe- anal scales Charasia Gray. Tympanum exposed; males with calose pne- anal scales Agama Daudin. Tympanum concealed Phrynocephalns Kaup. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CEOCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 219 2. True prceanal or femoral pores, at least in the males. Body depressed; tympanum distinct; femoral and prieanal pores Amphibolurus Wagler. Body depressed; tympanum hidden, Tympanocryptis Peters. Body slightly depressed; no femoral pores, Diporophora Gray. Body compressed; toes denticulated laterally, Physignathus C'uvier. Body slightly compressed; neck with a large frill-liko expansion Chlamydosaurua Gray. Body compressed; toes lobate Lophura Gray. Body depressed; no pro; anal pores, Liolepis Cuvier. AA. Incisors united into one or two large cntting teeth; tail short, with whorls of spines. * Femoral and prseanal pores.. Vromasiix Merrem. No true pores Aporoscelis Boulenger. II. Mouth very small; teeth in the upper jaw horizontal, directed inward; body covered with large spines Moloch Gray. No genus of Agamidae is found in America, where the Iguanidte repre- sent them. The two families present some interesting parallels, which show the effects of identical causes in producing similar effects on the organism. These parallels are seen in the depressed form of the ter- restrial forms in both families and the relatively compressed form of the arboreal types. In botli families the former have representatives with horny processes on the head and on the scales of the body; and in both are types with horny spines on the tail. Among arboreal forms we find genera of both families with series of horny processes forming a median dorsal crest, and in others a prolongation of the spines of the dorsal and caudal vertebne, producing a like result. Abdominal ribs. Iguaniix*:. Polyc'hnis. No abdominal ribs. Ribs greatly prolonged into a lateral wing. » # • Ribs not prolonged. Arboreal types, generally compressed. A dorsal and caudal fin supported by bony rays. Basiliscus (no fern, pores). No vertebral fin. No femoral pores. in Calotes. Bronchocela. Form slender, scales equal series. Form elongate; eyebrows elevated,tail compressed. Gonyocephalus. Form stouter, scales less regular. Hypsibates. Low crested; small hyoid disk. High crested; large hyoid disk. Iguana. Tail with spinous whorls. Cyclura. Terrestrial types of flattened form. Femoral poren. Brachylophus. Agamid^?. Draco. L-ophura (pores). Ijiemanctiis. Opbryoessa. Tiaris. Diporophora. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google Physignathus. 220 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. Femoral pore*. . Tail with whorls of spiny scales. Hoplocerciis. Uromastix. Tail long, simple; scales small. Crotaphytns. Liolepis. Tail simple, scales large. Scelopor'us. * No femoral pores ; preanal pores. Tail with whorls of spines. • • « Stellio. Tail, simple, not elongate, ear open. Proctotretus. Agama. Neither femoral nor anal pores. Much flattened, tail short, scales irregular. Ear exposed. Phrynosoma. Moloch. Ear concealed. (Doliosaurus, s. g.) j Sg^**0"- IGUANIDAE. Iguaniens Cuvier, part, Regne Anim., II, 1817, p. 29. Ascalabotw Mkrrem, part, Tent. Syst. Amph., 1820, p. 39. Pneiuioidce, Agamoidea, FlTZINGKR, part, Neue Classif. Rept., 182(1, p. 11. Iguanidw Gray, Phil. Mag. (2), II, 1827, p. 56. Pachyglossw Wagler, part, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 144. Dendrobatw prosphyodontes and Jlumtiagcu prosphyodontes Wirgmakx, Herp. Mex., 1834, pp. 5, 18. Iguaniens pleurodontcs Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., IV, 1837, p. 61. Corythophanw, Hypsilophi, Ptychosauri, 1'olychri, Daclylow, Dracontitrw, Heter- tropides, Steirolepidcs, Doryphori, 1'hrynosomata FlTZINGER, Syst. Rept., 1843. Iguanidw Gray, Cat. Liz., 1845, pp. 5, 178. Anolidai, Iguanidw Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 186-1, p. 227. Iguanidw Boulknger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XIV, 1884, p. 118.—Boiu.knger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1885, II, p. 1. Osteological characters of this family are as follows: Teeth pleurodout, the roots anchylosed to the internal side of the premaxillary and maxillary bones. Premaxillary not cut off from max- illa-palatines by maxillaries. Splenial well developed; Meckelian groove mostly closed; augular little developed on inner, much on outer side of ramus; coronoid pro- duced anteriorly, not posteriorly, on outer face of ramus. Vertebral proca^lous. The varieties of visceral structure in this family are not very great. In the especially herbivorous genera the colon is much enlarged iu diameter, and in Iguana it is divided by numerous partial septa. The liver generally has but a single posterior emargination, but in Anolis, Microlepis, Grotaphytus, and Phrynosoma there are two incisions, thus producing a short median lobe. The border is variously excavated to accommodate the folds of the small intestine and colon. Thus in Uol- brookia, Crotaphytns, Lamanctus, 8celoporus, Uta, and some Plirynoso- mata, the border is deeply concave to the right of the middle line. In Liocephalus, LioUvmus, Gallisaurus, and some Scehpori, and Phrynoso- mata it is deeply excavated medially. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 221 The hepatic mesenteries conform to the general type, with certain exceptions to be mentioned. Thus there are no right or left lateral hepatic mesenteries, and but one ventral. The right hepatic supports the right lung. There is frequently a rudimental right lateral hepatic, which connects the long right apex of the liver with the right body wall. There is a gastrohepatic which generally spreads caudad over the space inclosed in the bend of the stomach. There is no leftgastro- parietal sheet or band. The most remarkable deviation from this type (which I have verified in twenty genera), is found in the Anolinae. Here the left lung, besides its superolateral connection with the stomach, is connected by a special sheet with the left part of the inferior face of the liver, forming the left gastrohepatic. Thus the latter organ is suspended by two sheets to the left side of the middle line. In genera where this is the case the two sheets are sometimes difficult to distin- guish, owing to their easy adhesion together. They may be separated by inserting a probe from the free caudad extremity of the lung. Another variation from the normal type is seen in the presence of a right lateral hepatic sheet in Phrynosoma and Polychrus (in P. gutturosus it is wanting in the one specimen examined). A left lateral sheet is present on the proximal half of the liver in Gyclura cornuta and Poly- chrus marmoratus. It is rudimental in Polychrus acutirostris, and want- ing in P. gutturosus. There is a gastroparietal band in C. cornuta, which is joined by the apex of the peritoneum of the corpus adiposum. I have examined the hemipeuis in thirty species of this family of the following genera: Anolis, Xiphocercus,Polychrus,Basiliscus, Ctenosaura, Cyclura, Iguana, Gorythophanes, Sauromalus, Crotaphytus, Dipsosaurus, Liocephalus, Scelcporus, Callisaurus, Rolbrookia, Enyalioides, Dorypho- rus, Microlophus, Uraniscodon, and Phrynosoma. These differ in the bifurcation of the organ, varying from undivided (Cyclura, Iguana) to deeply bifurcate (Anolis, Doryphorus, Microlophus, Uraniscodon). Other differences are seen in the number of the welts and their surface struc- ture, and the distribution and size of the calyces. Thus the calyces extend to the base in Anolis, but are confined to the apex in Crotaphy- tus. They exist in series only in Cyclura, Iguana, Ctenosaura, Coryth- ophanes, and Sauromalus. They cover most of the organ in Scelopo- rus and Phrynosoma. The systematic arrangement of the genera in accordance with the characters is as follows: I. Calyces always present. A. Three welts, one opposite the sulcus spernviticuH, and one parallel on each side of it, transversely laminate. Ctenosaura, Cyclura, Iguana, Corythophanes, Sauromalus, Crotaphytus. B. Three welts, one opposite sulcus, the others one on each side of sulcus, con- verging to median welt and inclosing spaces with it. Surfaces calyeulate. a. Welt, confluent proximad. IHpsosaurus, Liocephalus, Phrynosoma. aa. Welt projecting free proximad. Callisaurus, Holbrookia. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:30 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 222 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. C. No median welt; lateral -welts from sulcus. Sceloporua. D. A median, no lateral welts; calyculate. a. Not bifurcate; welt wide. Enyalioides (calyces coarse). era. Bifurcate; welt long and narrow. Anolis (calyces minnte). E. No welts. a. Deeply bifurcate; calyces confined to branches. Microlophus, Uraniscodoti, Doryphorus. aa. Shortly bifurcate; calyces extending proximad of branches. Ilasiliscim. II. No calyces or welts. a. Bifurcate; surface coarsely wrinkled. Polychrun. In the genera Ctenosaura, Cyclura, Tf/uana, Sauromalun, and Enyali- oides (laticeps) the organ is entire; in the others it is bilobate or bifurcate. Boulenger makes the following observations on this family: The lizards of this family resemble very closely, in external as well as internal characters, those of the preceding, or Agamidie, from which they are distinguished by the pleurodont dentition. The distinct hetcrodontism, so frequent in the latter family, is exhibited to a slight degree by one. genus only ( Vraniscodon); in all others the teeth aro' subequal in size, and if, as is usually tho case, the lateral ones differ from the front ones, the change is gradual. In all gonera, save Amblyrhynchus, Cono- lophus, and Phymalurus, the anterior teeth aro conical; the lateral ones are also some- times simply conical or with obtuse crowns, but more frequently compressed and tricuspid; in Iguana and Cyclura cornuta the crowns aro finely denticulated on tho edge. In the above-named highly remarkable Amblyrhynchus, Conolophus, and Phy- malurus all the teeth are deeply trilobate or flower-de-luce shaped. The shafts of the teeth are constantly long and cylindrical and hollowed out at the base. Pterygoid teeth are present in many species; I have not employed this character for the dis- tinction of genera unless accompanied by others. Chamwleolia is one of the few lizards in which teeth aro inserted on the palatino bone. The skull does not differ in any important point from that of the Agamida'. How- ever, dermal cranial ossifications, as, for instance, tho horn-like tubercles of Phry- nosoma, may be present. A supraorbital arch, such as has been noticed in the Agamoid genus Lyriocephalue, Corythophanes, and l'hrynoeoma. The clavicle is slen- der proximally, except in the genera Basilitcui and Lwmanctus. The interelavicle is T- °r anchor-shaped, except in Phrynosoma, in which the longitudinal limit is absent. Tho sternum is frequently perforated by a fontanelle. A more or less com- plete system of ossified or tendinous abdominal ribs is developed in many genera, in some (Anolis, Polychrus, Liosaurue, etc.) to the same extent as in the Geckonidaj. The tongue is thick and villose, entirely fixed to the floor of the mouth, or slightly free anteriorly, and not, or but feebly, nicked. The pupil of the eye is round and tho eyelids well developed. The tympanum is distinct, except in Holbrookia. Femoral pores exist in all North American genera, and arc absent in the great majority of tho South American. In some of the latter the males have a series of pores on the anterior border of tho vent. When femoral pores are present in North American genera they are pierced in an undivided scale. The scaling of tho head and body varies extremely, and gular appendages, crests, and other ornaments are not infrequent. The upper head scales are usually small, but in some genera assume a shield-like disposition. An enlarged scale is usually present, representing the interparietal of other lizards, and through fusion with adjacent scales sometimes acquires a remarkably large size. Following the example of previous authors, and for convenience, I have used the term "occipital" for this Generated on 2013-08-09 00:30 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIAN8, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 223 shield, although it is not homologous with that so called; but I have had to depart from this rule in dealing with the genus Liolmmus, in which, owing to the greater development of the parietals and the presence of a true occipital, that terminology might have led to confusion. The habits of the numerous members of this family are as varied as their physiog- nomy. All the forms which we have observed in the Agamoids are repeated here save the parachute-bearing Dragons, which have no pleurodont analogues. On the other hand, such types as the Anoles, with their digital expansions, and the semi- marine algivorous Amblyrhynchua are unrepresented in the acrodont series. How- ever, this apparent parallelism between the Agamoid and Iguanoid series of genera is very superficial, and there is, it appears to mo, not one form so exactly repeated in both as to deserve to be united into the same genus were the character of the dentition, on which the family distinction is based, not to bo considered. The great majority of Ignanoids are insectivorous; lyuana, Brachylopus, Jmbly- rhynchus, Conolophus, Phymaturus, Sauromalue, Basiliscus, and Dipsosaurue are herbi- vorous, and the Ctenosaura are reported to bo omnivorous. Mr. J. Percy Moore' states that the Liocephalus carinatus of the Bahama Islands is carnivorous, " not even stopping at cannibalism," while from the stomach of an individual of the same species, also from the Bahamas, I took parts of flowers, with seed vessels and seeds; so that this form also is omnivorous. Some species of Sceloporua and Phrynosoma are at present the only Ignanoids known to be ovoviparous. With the exception of two genera ocenrring in Madagascar and one in the Friendly and Fiji islands, the range of this family is restricted to the Now World.—(Uoulenger.) Systematic.—The elements composing the mandible may be fused at some points iii certain genera, as may be discovered under the heads of the osteology of each. In Anolin.u the surangular is either wanting or is fused with the angular. On this ground I proposed at one time to separate this group from the remainder of the Iguanidai as a distinct family, but the presence of similar variations in some genera of the latter makes it proper to abandon this course. There are three distinct subfamilies of this family, which may be dis- tinguished by characters of the skeleton. The first is characterized by the presence of numerous abdominal ribs, which do not connect with the sternum. This is the Anolina; of the present work, and the Gastro- pleurai of Wiegmann (1834). I have fortified this character by the discovery of the peculiarity of the left pulmonary mesentery, above mentioned. In the two other subfamilies the mesenteric characters are identical. In the Basilisciufe the proximal extremity of the clavicle is expanded and perforated, as in the Teiidaj and other Leptogloss types. In the IgnaninsB it is simple. These divisions may be tabulated as follows: Abdominal ribs; clavicle simple; a left hepatopulmonary mesentery Anolin^e No abdominal ribs; clavicle proximally looped; no left hepatopulmonary mesen- tery Basiliscin.e No, or very few,abdominal ribs; clavicle proximally simple; no loft hepatopulmon- ary mesentery IUUANIN.K 1 Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1895, p. 433. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:30 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 224 EF.PORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. The characters of the genera are as follows: I. ANOLIN^E. A. Nostrils above the canthns roetralis; digits more or less dilated or depressed, with smooth transverse lamelliu below. No femoral pores. a. Distal joint of digits raised above the penultimate. Lateral teeth, with subspherical crowns; palatine and pterygoid bones toothed Chavueleolia Cocteau. Lateral teeth tricuspid; tail prehensile Xiphocercut Fitzinger. Lateral teeth tricuspid; tail not prehensile; no rostral appendage. Anolis Daudin. Like Anolis, but muzzle with a flexible appendage..Soytomycterua Cope. aa. Distal joint not raised. Digits scarcely dilated Norops Wagler. A A. Nostrils below the canthus rostralis; digits not dilated, and with keeled lamel- lse inferiorly. Femoral pores. No gular fold nor dorsal crest; third and fourth toes equal. Polychrus Cuvier. II. BASILISCINjE. Toes with a free dermal border; back, tail, and head with compressed tegumentary crests supported by the skoleton; no femoral pores or large gular sac. HaeiUscus Laurenti. Toes without free dermal border; no dorsal or caudal crest; skull produced horizon- tally behind; no femoral pores or large gular sac Laymanctus Wiegmann. III. IGUANIN^E. A. Femoral pores absent (or a few present^in the male of Enyaliodea; Boulenger). 1. Premaxillary teeth conical. a. Infradigital lamella; distinctly keeled. a. Posterior part of head more or less produced. A gular sac; head with two ridges uniting posteriorly into an elevated bony crest. Corythophanes Boie. /J. Head not produced posteriorly. * One or more transverse gular folds, or a very largo occipital (or interpa- rietal) shield, t Sternum without fontanelle. } Body more or less compressed; a dorsal crest. No abdominal ribsj no gular sac; no femoral pores, Ophryo'essa Fitzinger. Abdominal ribs; male with a more or less developed gular sac and usually a few femoral pores Enyalioides Boulenger. tt Body depressed. A dorsal crest; toes denticulated laterally Chalarodon Peters. No dorsal crest; toes compressed Hoplurus Cuvier. No dorsal crest; toes depressed, denticulated laterally, . I'ristidactylus Fitzinger. tt A sternal fontanelle; occipital shield very large. } Caudal scales small or moderately large. Digits straight; no caniue-like teeth Trojridurus Wiegmann. Digits strongly bent at the articulations; anterior maxillary teeth longest Uraniscodon Raup. tt Caudal scales very large and spinose. No fold across the throat; tail subcylindrical. .Slrobilurus Wiegmann. Two folds across the throat; tail flat Urocentron Kaup. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:30 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CEOCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 225 ** No transverse gular fold; occipital shield small, t A gular appendage. Body compressed Tropidodactylvs Bouleuger. tt No gnlar appendage, t Males with anal pores. Dorsal scales smooth and juxtaposed Helocephalus Philippi. Dorsal scales keeled and imbricate Liolcemus Wiegmann. tt No anal pores. $ Caudal scales forming verticils. Abdominal ribs; dorsal and ventral scales large and keeled. Scartiscua Cope. No abdominal ribs Stenocerua Dumeril and Bibron. Caudal scales not forming verticils. No abdominal ribs; body slightly depressed; head-scales, small and keeled Saccodeira Girard. Abdominal ribs; body more or less compressed Liocephalus Gray. b Infradigital lamella) smooth or indistinctly keeled. a A transverse gular fold; no anal pores. * Body, cylindrical or feebly compressed. A slight dorsal crest or denticulatiou JUnyalius Wagler. No crest; dorsal scales uniform, granular, Uroatrophus 1 Dumeril and Bibron. * * Body depressed ; no dorsal crest. Lateral teeth, tricuspid Liosaurus Dumeril and Bibron. Lateral teeth with obtuse and subspherical crowns.. Diplolwm ua Bell. ft No gular fold; male with anal pores Ctenoblepharia Tschudi. y No gular fold; no anal pores Aptydholcem.ua Boulenger. 2. Preinaxillary teeth, tricuspid. Body much depressed Phymaturus Gravenhorst. B. Femoral pores present. 1. Vertebra? with zygosphenal articulation. * Prernaxillary teeth, tricuspid. A gular fold Amblyrhynchus Bell. No gular fold Conolophus Fitzinger. ** Lateral teeth only, with denticulated crowns. a. A more or less developed crest or row of enlarged scales on vertebral line. ft. No horny combs on posterior digits. y. A compressed denticulated gular pouch. Body compressed; tail long with homogeneous pholidosis, Iguana Laurenti. yy. Gular pouch, if present, not crested. A gular pouch; tail long, not spinous Iirachylophus Cuvier. A gular pouch; tail spinous at base Ctenosanra Wiegmann. A gular pouch ; tail spinous to end Cachryx Cope. No gnlar pouch; a transverse collar; tail not spinous. Dipsosauius Hallowell. fift. Horny combs on some of the posterior digits. A gular pouch; tail spinous at base Cychtra: Harlan. aa. No dorsal crest of scales. Superciliary scales segmental; tail without spines; a gular fold. $auremains Duinoril. 1 Including Anisolepis Boulenger. * Including Metopocerus Wagler. NAT MUS 98—15 Generated on 2013-08-09 00:30 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 226 EEPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. 2. Vertebra without zygosphen. * Posterior cranial borders not spinous. t Superciliary and labial scales segmental. Tail short, spinous; a gular fold lloplooercus Fit/inger. tt Superciliary scales imbricate; labials segmental. A gular fold; occipital plate small Crolaphytua Holbrook. A gular fold, with enlarged scales; occipital plate large, Vta Baird and Girard. A gular fold without enlarged scales; occipital plate large. Lysoptychua Cope. No gular fold; occipital large Sceloj>oru>) Wiegmann. tt Both superciliary and superior labial scales imbricate. (A gular fold.) Tympanum exposed; occipital plate small; digits fringed Uma Baird. Tympanum exposed; occipital large; digits not fringed, Calliaauru* lilaiuville. Tympanum concealed; occipital largo; digits not fringed, Holbrookia Girard. * * Posterior borders of cranium with bony spines. Two hepatoventral mesenteries. Labial and superciliary scales not imbricate; occipital scale small; a gular fold; body short, depressed; ribs elongate. Tympanic drum exposed I'hrynoaoma Wiegmann. Tympanic drum covered with scaly skin Anota Hallowell. Twelve genera of this family enter the nearctic' fauna. But one of these (Sceloporus) is found in its Eastern and Austroriparian districts, while four are found in the Central (Sceloporom, Phrynosoma, Hol- brookia, Crotaphytm). The Pacific district includes four {Sceloporus, Uta, Phrynosoma, Crotaphytus); while the remaining genera belong to the Sonoran. Of these genera Phrynosoma and Sceloporus only occur in the Mexican district of the neotropical realm. The geographical distribution of the genera is represented in the accompanying table: Generated on 2013-08-09 00:31 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CKOCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. -z z 9 - = » ~ " a c x S 2 a a. - — t- sill. 3 S Hi 2 <=-?=•- Ku3x 03 3 /: - -_ « * >. C £1? ? - Ifllllllt'p.-; ■J 5 >< C3 g O O ^« s r" - 72 .£ =" 7 < C 2 I ' I « I a, W I 2 Generated on 2013-08-09 00:31 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 228 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. The nearctic representatives of the Iguanida- agree in possessing the following characters: Tongue thick, fleshy, much depressed, attached firmly to the integ- ument of the lower jaw, slightly free along the sides and at the tip only (not behind), which is sometimes free for one-fifth, sometimes scarcely at all; end of tongue generally slightly notched (not at all in Anolis), never bifurcated, and with two oval or triangular smooth disks beneath the tip, varying in size with the extent of freedom, the termi- nal notch being between these anteriorly and deeper as these are larger; tongue behind with a deep, wide notch, embracing the free end of the larynx, which is separated from the tongue proper by a depressed space (entrance in the notch); surface of the tongue uniformly and firmly papillose to the end; frenum of tongue single, median, and fleshy. Teeth always more or less compressed and three to five cusped posteriorly. Scales on the body rather small, generally subrhomboidal and arranged in slightly oblique series, more or less imbricated, most distinctly so anteriorly. Eyelids present in all. Males distinguished from females by the plates behind anus larger than the rest. Scales on the back arranged on each side of a central dorsal series. The superciliary scales are imbricate in front and sometimes behind, except in Sauromalus and Anolis, where they are serial or segmental. The genera which enter the nearctic fauna may be compared as fol- lows. They agree in the character,-) enumerated in the first paragraph. Thighs with femoral pores; no preanal ones. Orifice of posterior nares much anterior to middle of palate. Digits more or less cylindri- cal; never partially expanded. Under surface of the digits generally in one series of transverse lamella?, but these always have four or more ridges, forming conspicuous longitudinal series and imparting to each plate a strongly anterior serrated edge. Throat without longitudinal fold. A median mental plate. A. Throat without any flat fold or collar. Head without spines. Sceloporus.—Upper labials rectangular; not imbricated. No palatine teeth. Head covered with rather large, regular, plates, in definite series; the supraorbitals distinct. Side of neck with a short oblique fold overlapping a cavity lined with smaller scales. Scales above keeled, usually mucronate; all with more or less lateral denticulatiou. Sides of belly and usually chin with large blue patch, varied with black in males. Lysoptychus.—Upper labials rectangular, not imbricate, and other- wise as Sceloporus. A loose fold of integument crossing gular region, without specialization of scales into a collar. Sides of neck plicate. B. Throat with transverse folds, with marginal scales anterior to the breast. Head without spines. Sides of body usually with one lateral fold of skin. Sides of neck variously plicated, External ear wanting only in Uolbrookia. Head covered with small, rounded plates in indefi- nite number, except in Uta. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:31 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. * 229 (1) Upper labials rectangular, not imbricated nor oblique; outer face plane, and vertical, nearly round, or compressed, never much depressed; tail generally much longer than the head aud body, except in Sauro- mains; no black spots on sides, except in Uta; nostrils mostly lateral or supero lateral. a. With palatine teeth. Sauromalus.—Tail shorter than the body, conical. Scales small but imbricated and angular throughout. Infraorbitals in a series of small, nearly equal plates. Plates above head numerous, all small; smaller in the outer part of supraorbital region. Posterior cheek teeth with five cusps. Claws very thick and strong, anterior larger. Crotaphytus.—Tail much longer, slender, and rounded. Scales above, all about equal, small, rounded, not imbricated, and with much smaller ones between them. Supraorbital spaces with plates abruptly much smaller than the intermediate plates. Infraorbital plates small, nearly equal. Pallet beneath the tip of tongue large, ovate, very thin, sessile. /3. Without palatine teeth. A very long infraorbital. Dipaomurus.—Plates on head all very numerous, small, angular, nearly equal, and in indefinite number. Tail loug aud compressed. Body compressed. Scales on body rhomboidal. Body and tail with a single median dorsal series of much larger cariuated, but not crested nor spinous, scales; the others on back and sides equal and smaller than the ventral. Uta.—Plates on the head, including occipital and supraorbitals, rather large, angular, and in rather regular series of definite number. Dorsal scales carinatedr imbricated, larger than the lateral, which are tessellated, but nearly equal to the ventral and, like them, lozeuge- shaped or hexagonal. Tail rounded, longer than head and body. Sides of belly, blue. (2) Upper labials lozenge-shaped, much imbricated and oblique; outer face with an oblique angular carina or else plane aud vertical. Body depressed. Tail depressed, shorter than head and body. Nostrils superior. Sides of body or of belly, and generally the under surface of tail, with black patches. Ears distinct, except in Holbrookia. Lowest infraorbital much longest. No palatine teeth. Scales above nearly equal, much smaller than ventral. Claws long, nearly straight. (a) Ears distinctly visible. Uma.—Upper labials oblique, overlapping forward. Claws exca- vated on one side, turned forward, long, slender, aud straight. Sides with a round black spot. A series of long scales movably articulated at the base to the external side of the hind foot. Callinaurus.—Outer face of upper labials with a long, oblique, angular carina. Sides with black crescents; tail blotched beneath with black. Feet simple. {b) Ears concealed. Holbrookia.—Outer face of upper labials angular, as in the last. Interorbital space with a large central and a smaller irregular lateral scale on each side. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:31 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 230 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. (c) Throat with distinct folds. Head with more or less prominent spines. Body broad and depressed, and with or without large spinous scales. Femoral pores. Phrynosoma.—Labial scales quadrate, Hat; those of the head small. Scales of back not uniform; those of belly uniform. Legs and tail short; a transverse gular fold. ANOLIS Daudin. Anolh Daudin, Rept., IV, 1802, p. 50.— Mkrrem, Teut. Syst. Amphib., 1820, p. 44.—Fitzinger, N. Classif. Rept., 18215, p. 17.—Dumeril and Bibron, 1837, IV, p. 85.—Bocouiit, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept., 1873, p. 57.—Boulengkk, Erp. Gen., Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1885, II, p. 11. Anoliua Cuvikk, Regne Animal, II, 1829, p. 41.—Gray, Cat. Liz., 1845, p. 199. Xiphosunm Fitzinger, N. Classif. Rept., 1826, and Syst. Kept., 1843, p. 67.—Gray, Cat. Liz., 1845, p. 197. Vactyloa Wagler, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 148.—Wiegmann, Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 16.—Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. (Hi.—Gray, Cat. Liz., 1845, p. 198. Draconura WaQler, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 149.—Wiegmann, Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 16.—Fitzinger, N. Classic Rept., 1826, p. 69.—Gray, Cat. Liz., 1845, p. 207. Acanlholis Cocteau, Comptes Rendus, Paris, III, 1836, p. 226.—Gray, Cat. Liz., 1845, p. 206. Ctenonotus Fitzinger, N. Classif. Rept., 1820, p. 64; Semiurus, p.64; Microcienw, p. 64; Ptychonottu, p. 65; lttiocercu$, p. 65; Eunotus, p. 65; Heiroptyjr, p. 66; Trachyecelia, p. 66; Ctinodeira, p. 66; Tropidopilus, p. 66; Eudaclylus, p. (57; Heterohpis, p. 67; Trachypilus, p. 67; Prisliccrciis, p. 67; Ctenocercus, p. 68; Gaxtrotroph, p. 68; Heterodernm, p. 68; Dracontopsio, p. 09. Kliinomurus Gray, Cat. Liz., 1815, p. 199. Antepenultimate joint of the toes flattened, expanded, and with imbricated transverse lamella'. Throat with a long' vertical compressed fold, capable of expansion into a fan; femoral pores wanting. Roof of mouth deeply and broadly excavated, with a narrow furrow on its pos- terior half, widening behind and abruptly in front opposite the internal nares. Tongue thick, fleshy, triangular, rounded in front, emarginate behind; nostril above the cauthus rostralis. The genus Anolis, as defined by Dumeril and Bibron, embraces a great number of species, differing widely in external characters, which have been made the basis of generic and subgeneric characters by vari- ous authors, especially by Fitzinger. In general, the species may be distinguished into live groups. There are, first, those that possess a caudal fin in the male sex; a few large species and one or two small ones from the West Indies. Second, species with compressed tail, with caudal crest of scales, and with smooth ventral scales; a moderate number of species, chiefly from the West Indies, but several from Mexico and Central America. Third, species with tail like the preceding, but with keeled ventral scales; a few species characteristically West Indian. Fourth, species without median superior crest of scales on the tail, which is more or less round; ventral scales smooth; numerous species from South America, Central America, Mexico, and a very few from the West Indies. Fifth, tail like the last, ventral scales keeled; the major- Generated on 2013-08-09 00:32 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 237 Anolis carolinmsis Linnaiw—Continued. No. I ol 'P"-'- 8335 2 5163 8 5158 3 5161 1 8305 1 4175 4 9439 3 5160 " 5163 12 8903 2 5126 1 5124 6 net 1 5088 1 5147 7 mo 4 5123 6 5106 6 5218 1 4726 3 9965 2 11905 1 2988 1 11707 1 10601 9265 1 14805 153*1 -07 15541 I 15603 I 17076 17696 | 18029 19272 19273 19274-5 una 19992 I 20031 ' 22343 I Generated on 2013-08-09 00:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google Local it}*. Kingston. North Caro- lina. Louisiana Summerville,North Car- olina. New Orleans, Louisiana. Tocoi, Florida Pensacola, Florida When collcftcd. From whom received. ' H. W. Welsher. C. B. Adams.. J. C. McNair . G. Wurdemann... Prof. F. a Meek.. Dr. K. W. Jeffrey. Micanopy, Florida | Dr. J. H. Bean . Grand Couteau. Lonis- 1 St. Charles College. iana. Louisiana ' , C. B. Adams. Nature of specimen. Lake Monroe, Florida Eutaw, Alabama New Orleans to Gal- veston, Texas. ■ North Carolina Cat Island. Wisconsin.. Wisconsin Charleston, South Caro- lina. Kemper County, Missis- sippi. Alabama Micanopv. Florida I Little S"arasota Bay, I —. 1875 Florida. Nashville. Georgia ! July 28,1880 Victoria, Texas Apr. 18,1880 July 14,1876 Camp Ynma, California Middle Sound, North Carolina. Round Lake. Alabama. Stanly County, North Carolina. New Orleans, Louisiana Cook County, TexiiB... Indian River Cameron County, Texas NecheH River, 14 miles east of Palestine, Texas Indian River, Miko. Florida. Savannah. Georgia do do do Eustis, Florida ...do Orange Hammock, De Soto Countv, Florida. Lake Arliu.Ule. I'olk County, Florida. Prof. S. F. Baird... Prof. A. Winohell . C. B. Adams C. 11. Adams G. Wurdemann. W. M. Stewart .. Dr. J. H. Bean ... Prof. F. li. Meek. W. I. Tavlor Mai. W. H. Emory, P. S. A. R.O. Abbott R. E. Earl A. L. Kumllien . John S. Welib .. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt.. G. H. Kagsdale i 1. Wurdemann C. K. Worthcn L'. S. Fish Commission Dr. Geo. Marx j Prof. I. G. II. Kinberg . Prof. I. G. H. Kinberg . C. W. Richmond IT. S. Fish Commission. do 1 Win. Palmer .1.. A li'iihnlic. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. ' do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. d... do. do. do. do. do. do. dn. CTENOSAURA Wiegmann. f'tenosaura Wiegmann, Isis von Okon, 1828, p. 371. Knyalioaaurus Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mas., 1845, p. 192. The species of this genus are restricted to the Mexican and Central American regions as Cyclura is to the West Indian. The species known to me are six in number, as follows: I. Caudal whorls complete; dorsal crest extending only on the anterior dorsal region. Tail round, whorls separated by one row of scales; brown, with a few black cross-bands on anterior dorsal region C. hemilopha ( ope. II. Caudal whorls complete: dorsal crest extending to rump. a. Caudal whorls separated by one row of scales. Three scales on canthus rostialis; dorsal crest interrupted at rump; black or dark brown C. multisjnnie Cope. 238 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. aa. Caudal whorls separated by two or three rows of scales. Head short, obtuse; three scales on canthus roatralis; dorsal crest inter- rupted at rump; black, with yellow cross-bands; sides of neck yellow. C. brevirOHtria Cope. Head wedge-shaped; three or four scales on canthus rostralig; all, except the posterior one, deeper than long; dorsal crest interrupted at rmnp; black, with yellow and green cross-bands and speckles C. teres Harlau. Four canthal scales, the posterior longer than deep; head elongate, wedge- shaped; dorsal and caudal crests continuous at rump; tail compressed; green, with narrow black cross-bands to belly C. complcla Bocourt. III. Caudal whorls interrupted; each represented by a median dorsal spine and two on each side at the base. Tail depressed, shorter; dorsal crest widely interrupted at rump; pale brown, with black cross-bands on anterior dorsul region..C. <]iiinquecarinata Gray. The genus Ctcnosaura includes species of large size, which inhabit the forests of the Central American region. In other parts of Neotro- pica they are unknown. In the West Indian region their place is taken by the genus Cyclura, while Iguana ranges almost the entire realm. One species enters the extreme limit of Nearctiea, at the southern part of the Lower Californian Peninsula, and one occupies the Plateau to southern Arizona. The species are powerful and active, and can make a good defense when necessary by the use of their small sharp teeth and of their spinous tail. This organ is armed with rings of spinous scales, which are very acute, and which inflict considerable wounds when driven against the naked surface of the skin. In the smallest species, the C. quinquecarinata, the spines are especially large and are fewer in number than the other species, the form approaching the allied genus, Cachryx Cope. In the latter, of which the species are also Central American, the tail is abbreviated so as to be spinous to the end. In Ctcnosaura the spines terminate a considerable distance cephalad of the distal part of the long slender tail. These reptiles are valued as food by the natives of Central America, where they, like other large tree lizards, are called Iguanas. CTENOSAURA HEMILOPHA Cope. Ctenotaura hemilopha Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 105.—Bou- lknger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1885, p. 197.—Van Denbiroh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, p. 88. Iguana {Cyclura) acanthura Bi.ainvillk, Nouv. Ann. Mub., IV, 1835, p. 288, pi. xxiv, fig. 1 (not of Shaw). Cyclura acanthura Dumeuil and Bibron, Erp. Ge'n. IV, 1837, p. 222. Cienosaura acanthura Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex. Rept., 1874, p. 138. Ctenotaura interrupta (Duces) Bocourt, Le Naturaliste, II, 1882, p. 47. Breadth just anterior to the orbits e<|ual to length from line connect- ing those points to end of muzzle. Kostral plate twice as broad as high, upper outline an arc. Seven premaxillary teeth; maxillaries (in one specimen) 21, of which six are conic, the third longest, and very few of the remainder more than tricuspid. Generated on 2013-08-09 00:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROC'ODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 239 Scales on body very small, smaller on the back than on the belly; smooth. Dorso-nuchal crest extending to the sacrum in the male; not beyond the anterior two-thirds of the back in the female; not contin- uous with caudal. Tail depressed at the base, above with alternate rings of large spinose and small smooth scales; only the first four whorls of spines separated from one auother by two or three series of smaller scales; the spines on the vertebral line strong and forming a crest, but less developed than those on the sides; scales on lower surface of tail narrow and keeled, each segment, beginning from the seventh, com- posed of only two rings of scales. Five femoral pores. Olive gray or green above, sides, sacral region, and limbs with line dark-brown net- work; back with darker crossbands, of which a narrow one between the shoulders and two broader ones behind it are black; lower sur- faces whitish; lower lip with vertical dark brown bars, throat marbled Generated on 2013-08-09 17:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 240 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. with brown, belly and lower surfaces of limbs with round dark-brown spots. Foot short, sole not spinous. Length from end of muzzle to gular fold, 160 mm.; from mastoid to mastoid, 75 mm.; from edge of fold to vent, 435 mm.; vent to end of tail, 825 mm.; posterior extremity, 333 mm. Cyclura hemilopha Cope. Catalogue No. Number of spcci mens. Locality. When collected. From whom received. Nature of specimen. 5295 4 Cape St. Lucas, L. Cali- fornia. La Paz,L. California.... J. Xantua Alcoholic lype. 12651 12852 21480 1 1 do Feb. —, 1882.. Feb. , 18X2 L. JSelding Alooholfc. do. do. m (?) (t) 1 This species was known to De Blainville as long ago as 1835, and he gives a figure of it. He and Bocourt, in his fine work on the reptiles of Mexico, regarded it as the Lacerta acanthura of Shaw.1 This can not be correct, as Shaw distinctly states that the dorsal crest of his species extends to the ramp. It is probably one of the species of the next section (II) of the genus, but which one I am unable to ascertain. CTENOSAURA MULTISPINIS Cope. (,'tenosattra multiepinie COPE, Proc, American Philosophical Society, XXIII, 1885, p. 267. Head elongate, flat above, muzzle narrowed; nostril in the second third of the length to the orbit. Three scales on canthus rostralis, each deeper than long. Seven flat scales across muzzle between anterior augles of orbits. Two rows between supraorbital series. Scales above temporal muscles rather large, weakly keeled. Five series of infralabial plates, not separated by smaller ones. Dorsal crest rather elevated in adult, terminating at the rump. Median caudal crest composed of conical scales, beginning above the posterior margin of the femora. Tail cylindrical at base, covered by whorls of prominent scales with conical points which project strongly and which are separated by one row of smaller flat scales on the upper half of the tail. On the inferior side of the tail the whorl rows are separated by two intervening rows, which are just like them, having a keel and a inucronato apex. Beyond the middle of the length (end lost) the tail is strongly compressed, but whether this due to shriveling on drying 1 am not sure. Median series of spinous scales uninterrupted. The abdominal scales are larger than the dorsal, which are longer than the lateral scales: all are subquad- rate, and none are keeled. Generated on 2013-08-09 17:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google Seven femoral pores. Oolor, above and below, black. Measurements.—Length from end of muzzle to vent, 255 mm.; length to line of axilla, 125 mm.; length to line of auricular meatus, <»2 mm.; width 1 Zoology, III, 1806. CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 241 of head at auricular meatus, 42 mm.; width of head above auricular meatus, 35 mm.; length of anterior limb, 93 mm.; length of anterior foot, 37 mm.; length of posterior limb, 150 mm.; length of posterior foot, 76 mm. I have before me two stuffed specimens of this species, a large one and probably adult, and a smaller and younger one, which I described above. This is No. 201 of Sumichrast's collection, and was procured by him at Dondoiningvillo, in the State of Oaxaca, and sent to the Smith- sonian Institution. The other specimen was obtained near Batopilas, Chihuahua, by Mr. Edward Wilkinson, and was recorded by me as Cyclura acanthura in the catalogue of his collection.1 It agrees with the type specimen in having the distal two-thirds of the tail strongly compressed. The dorsal crest is much less elevated, probably owing to its younger age. The colors are paler, the prevailing tint being light brown with indistinct darker brown cross bands. More recently a specimen was sent to the U.S. National Museum from Nogales, a town which stands on the line between Arizona and Chihuahua. The species is clearly to be included in the area of the Columbian Realm. I find a specimen of this species, enumerated as Var. B of Gtenosaura t acanthura byBoulenger.2 Ctenosaura multUpinis Cope. Calaloifue No. Number of speci- mens. Locality. 1 Collector. 17178 1 ! P.L.Jony. 1 DIPSOSAURUS Hallowell. IHpsosaurun Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VII, 1854, p. 92.—Booourt, Miss. Sc. Mex. Rept., 1874, p. 146.— Boulkn<;kr, Oat. Liz. Brit. Mus., II, 1885, p. 201. A gular fold. Sides of neck wrinkled. Dorsal and ventral scales more or less imbricated, all distinctly rhomboidal, or lozenge-shaped, and in nearly transverse series. Tail much longer than body; much compressed. Back with a crest of a single series of larger, strongly cariuated, but not spinous scales. Femoral pores. Nostrils terminal, entirely lateral, anterior to end of canthus rostralis. Palate not toothed, the portion between the posterior nares scooped out. Tongue arrow-shaped, slightly bifid, with two large elliptical, sessile pads. Teeth pleurodeut, all compressed, and strongly 3-lobed, even the ante- rior ones. But one species of this genus'is known. It is of interest as approach ing more nearly in its characters the large arboreal types of tropical America than any other which enters our fauna. Osteology.—The osteology of this genus presents a number of inter- 1 Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, XVIII, 1879, p. 261. -Catalogue of Lizards in the British Museum, II, p. 197. NAT MUS 98—16 Generated on 2013-08-09 17:34 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 242 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. esting peculiarities which constitute difference from Crotaphytu», to which its general appearance suggests affinity. Premaxillary bone with elongate superior spine and posterior emar- gination of inferior face. Nasals large, distinct, not shortened in front, since the nostrils open forward. Frontal narrow, entire, grooved on the middle line below, its posterior region pierced by the pineal foramen, which is entirely anterior to the coronal suture (7). dorttalis). Supra- occipital loosely articulated anteriorly, and not distinct from exoecin- itals. Prefrontals large, not extending over orbit; lachrymal smaller, touched byjugal. Postfrontal small, distinct from the large postorbital. The latter articulates extensively with both the jugal and supratem- poral. Paroccipital small. Parietoquadrate arch well elevated. The vomers together as broad as long, not produced posteriorly, with a median fossa. Palatine flat, with a short maxillary process; pterygoid flat in front, concave on the inner side behind for contact with the long basipterygoid process. Ectopterygoid decurved at its inner extremity. Quadrate with a narrow internal and a wide external conch. Postoptic an open sigmoid, reaching frontal above, with a median expansion with rudiment of posterior limb. Petrosal very short above; subforaminal portion prominent, with a wide inferior groove looking downward. Epipterygoid leaving pterygoid behind ectopterygoid process, and reaching parietal without contact with petrosal. Fresphenoid rudi- mental; sphenoid and basioccipital united, and with prominent lateral edges. Occipital condyle withexoccipital elements feebly distinguished. In the mandible the Meckelian groove is completely curved. The coronoid has little horizontal extent, and that is principally anteriorly on the external side. The surangular and articular are fused together, and the splenial is small. The dentary extends as far posteriorly as the posterior border of the coronoid. The angle is prominent, flattened so as to be horizontal, and has an internal angle. The scapula has a large proscapula directed upward, and the coracoid has one emargination, which is large. The sternum has a narrow median fontanelle which is not covered by the interclavicle. There are four pairs of ribs articulated to the sternum, and two continue into the approximated xiphoid rods. The ribs reach the sacrum. Vertebne with a zygosphen articulation. Eight cervical vertebra', the anterior with a compressed hypapophysis, which soon becomes a keel, which is absent on the eighth cervical and all following vertebra'. Four anterior vertebra; without ribs; seventh and eighth with long ribs. Diapophyses very short, except in the caudal region, where they are present for half its length, increasing in length to the base, where they are quite elongate. Chevron bones intercentral. Neural spines of dorsal region low; of caudal region rather elevated, oblique, and preceded by a compressed vertical prominence or anterior neural spine. The centra are transversely segmented just in front of the diapophysis, except in the anterior part of the series. The angle of junction of the pubes is nearly right, and the pectineal Generated on 2013-08-09 17:34 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 243 process is median, short, and decurved. The ischia have a long, com- mon suture, and are deflected downward, meeting at less than a right angle. Tuber a prominent angle. The ilium presents a short subacute angle, representing the crista. There is a deep posterior notch of the acetabulum. In Dipsosaurus dormlis all the teeth on the maxillary bone are tri- cuspidate; those on the premaxillary are mostly simple, but one or two external ones show a rudiinental lateral cusp. In the only known species the colon is well developed, and the small intestine is elongate. Its habits are herbivorous, as I have taken remains of flowers from their stomachs. DIPSOSAURUS DORSALIS Baird and Girard. IHpso*auru8 dorsalis Halloweij., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1854, p. 92; Rept. U. S. Expl. Surv., XIII, Pt. 4, p. 7, pi. VI, fig. 1.—Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Herp., 1859, p. 8, pi. XXXII, figs. 7-13.—BOCOURT, Miss. So. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 146.—Bouxenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1885, II, p. 201.—Van Denbcrgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, p. 92. Croiaphptus dorsalis Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 126. rig. is. DlPSOSAURt'S DOKSAI.IS 1)A1RD AND GlHAED. Xf Fort Yuma, Arizona. Cat. No. $730, U.S.N.M. Head small, scarcely as wide as the neck, or more than half the length of hind foot; rather longer than broad; muzzle blunt ; forehead sloping very rapidly. A single gular fold. The scales on the chin large, granular, and nearly even. A conspicuous ridge on the back from head to middle of tail, formed of a single series of scales larger Generated on 2013-08-09 17:34 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 244 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. than elsewhere, each scale conspicuously keeled. The other scales above about equal, slightly reticulated and diamond-shaped, each one with a slight keel. Scales on the belly similar, but larger; those on the sides smaller than either. Scales on the tail keeled, on the belly smooth. Tail compressed; about twice as long as the body. Auditory aperture vertically elongated, with the anterior edge dentated. Infra- orbital chin composed chiefly of one single horizontal plate. Femoral pores distinct in the adult male. Head very short, not one-fifth the length from snout to anus. Uind foot not quite two-fifths this length. Tail twice as long. It is readily fractured, differing in this respect from the species of Crotaphytus, where it is quite tough. General color in alcohol brownish yellow, the sides and legs marked with lines of brownish red, which anastomose to a greater or less extent and inclose rounded or polygonal yellowish blotches, which are less distinct on the back; the under part generally yellowish; the tail with an alternation of nearly equal yellowish and brownish rings interrupted below. In young specimens there are two blackish spots above each shoulder. The side of the head is barred vertically with bluish, the chin and throat faintly blotched with the same. The orbits are dusky, with a yellow bar at each end of the eye. This species ranges from Cape St. Lucas along the gulf coast of Lower California to the Colorado and Mohave deserts. To the east it extends at least as far as the Colorado River, but how far beyond is not known. Its northern range is indicated below. In regard to the habits of Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Dr. Merriam remarks1 as follows: This remarkable lizard is more strictly limited to the torrid Lower Sonorau Zone than any other species, not excepting the gridiron-tail (Callisaurun ventrali*). It ranges across the Lower Sonoran decei ts of the Croat Basin from the Mohave Desert and Death Valley to the (ireat Bend of the Colorado liiver, and thence northerly in eastern Nevada through the lower part of the valleys of the Virgin and Muddy, always keeping within the Larrta belt. In western Nevada it reaches its northern limit in the Amargosa Desert, and was not found in Oasis Valley or Indian Spring Valley. In the northwest arm of Death Valley it does not range northward beyond Grapevine Canyon, and in Owens Valley was not found much north of the lake. It is a strict vegetarian, feeding on buds and flowers, which it devours in large quan- tities. No insects were found iu any of the. stomachs examined; some contained beautiful bouquets of the yellow blossoms of Acacia, the orange Malrastrum, the rich purple Dalea, and the meequite (ProtopU juliflora); others contained leaves only. 'North American Fauna, No. 7,1893, p. 164. Generated on 2013-08-09 17:34 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 245 Dipsosaums dorsalis Hallowell. ~ . . Number i °"jjy> ofspeci- 2702 4178 21728 ;iavt-5 21850-1 21K52 Locality. Fort Yuma, California. Colorado and Zufii Kx- pcdition. Colorado River Pacittc R. R Survey ... loctcd. From whom received. —,1855. Colorado Desert, Arizona La Paz, LowerCalifornia St. Lucas, Lower Colorado. San LniH. < lozales I'.av, t; ulf of California. Yuma, Arizona Colorado Desert, south ■ >r Salt..11 Lake Call ti.niia. Quitovaquito, M e x . Bound. Line, Arizona. Fort Yuma, California . YumaDeBert; ruon. 200, Arizona. Coyote Wells, Colorado Desert, San Diego County, California. Gardners Lacuna, Sal- ton River, LowerCali- fornia. —,1875. —, 1882. ■ —, 1882. daj. U. S. A. H. Mollhatisen Lieut. R. S. William son, TJ. S. A. Lieut. E. Bergland, U. S. A. L. Belding do J. Xantus A. Sohott U. S. Fish Commission ....do F. Stephens . Dr. E. A. Mcarns . -do. .do. .do. N .il lire ..t' speci- men. Alcoholic. do. do. do. Generated on 2013-08-09 17:35 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google do. do. do. do. do. do. .1... do. do. do. .1... .1... do. .do. Locality. Callville, Great Bend of Colorado, Nevada . ....do ....do Amargoaa Desert, Nevada ... Amargoan River, California.. do Alti- tude. Feet. Date. Collector. Three miles cast of Owens Lake, California Pauamint Valley, California do Mohave Desert, Leach Point Valley, California . Borax Flat Water Station, California Mesqnite Valley, California Bennett Wells, California do Furnaco Creek. Death Valley, California. Ow-1 Holes, Death Valley, California 4,100 3, 300 May 4 -....1.. ....do ... May 31 Apr. 27 ....do ... June 26 May 15 Apr. 2) Apr. 25 Apr. 22 Apr. 13 Apr. 1 Apr. 4 June 21 Apr. 20 Merriam. Bailey. do. Merriam. liailey . Merriam. Bailey. Nelson Bailey. Merriam. Stephens. Bailey. do. do. Fisher. Merriam. CROTAPHYTUS Holbrook. Crotaphytus Holbrook, North Anier. Herpt., II, 1842, p. 79.—Bairi> and Girari>, in Stansb. Expl. Or. Salt Lake, 1852, p. 339.—Bococrt, Miss. Sc. Mex. Kept., 1874, p. 153.—Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., II, 1885, p. 203. Leiosaurus A. Dumeril, part, Arch. Mus., VIII, 1856, p. 532. Throat and sides of neck wrinkled; a gular fold; femoral pores. Scales above small, tuberculate, and paved; beneath larger, imbricated, and hexagonal. Tail much larger than body, rounded. Head covered with scales above. Occipitals small; suborbitals of small plates. Ear distinct. Nostril rather lateral, anterior to the end of canthus rostralis. CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 261 northwest .slope of Mount Magruder (below Pigeou Spring) as high as 1,980 meters (6,.ri00 feet). It was seen at the same elevation in Tale Canyon, but does not reach the Mount Magruder plateau (altitudo about 2,450 meters, or 8,000 feet). Coming up through Grapevine Canyon from the northwest arm of Death Valley it spreads over Sarcobatus Flat, and ascends the south slope of Gold Mountain a little highor than the creosote bush (Larrea), which stops at about 1,640 meters (or 5,400 feet) on the most favorable southwest exposures. It is common in Oasis Valley (coming in from both Sarcobatus Flat and the Amargosa Desert), and doubtless ranges over most of the Ralston Desert. It was found on the Desert, Timpahute, and Pahranagat mountains, as well as the intervening deserts, and on Pahroc Plain, and thence easterly across Meadow Creek Valley and the Juniper Mountain plateau (along the boundary between Nevada and Utah) to the Escalante Desert in Utah, and thence southerly through the sage brush to Mountain Meadows and the Santa Clara Valley. It was common on the Argus and Panamint mountains, and on the latter was taken as high as 1,610 meters (5,300 feet) near wild Rose Spring, and may range higher. Crotaphylua wMizenii, in company with two other Great Basin lizards (Cnemido- phonta iigria and Via alanaburiana), two desert birds (Harporhynchue lecontei and Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), the antelope or white-tailed squirrel (Spermophi- /«» leucurus), and a number of desert plants (among which may be mentioned the tree yucca, Yucca arborescens, Tetradymia apitwsa, T. comoea, Lyeium andcreoni, L. cooperi, Hymenoclea taUola, Eriogonum faaciculatum, and Ephedra nevadensia) passes over the low summit of Walker Pass (altitude 1,550 meters, or 5,100 feet), and descends westerly to Kern Valley on the west slope of the Sierra. From Kern Val- ley Crotaphytii8 wializenii ranges southward to Havilah, if not to Walker Uasin. The leopard lizard is chiefly a vegetarian, feeding on the blossoms and leaves of plants; but is also caruiverous, devouring the smaller lizards, horned toads, and even its own kind, besides large numbers of insects, as determined by the examination of many stomachs. In the Argus Range Dr. Fisher surprised one in the act of swal- lowing a scaly lizard (Sceloporua) two-thirds its own size. In many lizards, as well known, the male assumes a special coloration during the breeding season. The present species is a notable exception, the male remaining the same, while the female undergoes a remarkable change. The whole under sur- face and sides of the tail become deep salmon or even salmon red, and the sides of the body assume the same color, either uniformly or in blotches. The red markings on the sides usually begin as spots, which soon unite to form transverse stripes. The central part of the back is not afl'ected by the change, and the dark markings on the sides remain distinct. None were seen in this condition until May 20, when the first red one was found on Pahroc Plain, Nevada, but dozens were seen afterwards in Pahranagat Valley, Indian Spring Valley, tho Amargosa Desert, Tnle Canyon, and numerous other localities. The change does not take place till late in the develop- ment of the egg. Many pairs were observed in copulation in Diamond and the Upper Santa Clara valleys, Utah, and thence northward to Mountain Meadows and tho Escalanto Desert, and westerly across the Juniper Mountains to Meadow Creek Val- ley from May 17 to 19, but no trace of the red coloratioii had appeared. The red individuals were always found to contain largo eggs, generally measuring from 12 to 15 mm. in length, with the coriaceous shell already formed. SAUROMALUS Dum^ril. Sauromalua Dtmeril, Arch, du Mus., VIII, 1856, p. 535.—BocoURT, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 149.—Copk, Proo. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1864, p. 177.—Bou- jlengek, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., II, 1885, p. 202. Euphrync Baiui>, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253. A tftilar fold and one along side of body. Sides of neck much wrinkled. Femoral pores. Scales everywhere small but lo/.engo-shaned Generated on 2013-08-09 18:10 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 262 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. and imbricated and nearly equal. Tail conical, shorter than the body, with very short whorls. Claws very thick and strong, anterior much larger. Ears not concealed. Nostrils superolateral, in line with can- thus rostralis. Tongue fleshy, with ten inferior terminal oval sessile pads. Palatine teeth distinct. Palate scarcely scooped out between posterior uares, which are farther back than in Crotaphytus. Posterior teeth (especially lower) with Ave lobes; anterior almost to very end of jaw, with three. This genus is allied to Uta, and an approach to it is made by the Uta thalamina Cope. The following description of the osteology of this genus is based on a skeleton of the The premaxilliary has a long spine above and a transverse posterior border below with the anteriorly directed button process. The nasals are well developed and distinct in spite of the large size of the nares. Frontal entire, rather narrow, grooved on the middle line below, and including pineal foramen, which touches the coronal suture. Parietals divided, perhaps abnormally in specimen. Supraoccipital loosely attached, but fused with exoccipitals. Prefrontals large, not extend- ing over orbits; lachrymals small, in contact with jugal. Postfrontal distinct, small. Apex of postorbital cartilaginous, inferior face in long contact with jugal and supratemporal. Paroccipital not large; parie- toquadrate arch well separated from exoccipital. Postoptic not reach- ing frontal, superior extremity expanded backward and forward. Petrosal very short above, prolonged below, inferior groove looking laterally. Fenestra ovalis and foramen nervi octavi sunk in deep fossie. Vomers entirely separated from mamillaries, not produced, but sepa- rated by a groove behind. Palatines with a short maxillary process. Palatine foramen moderate; pterygoids divaricating from each other outward. Ectopterygoid produced downward at the posterointernal angle. Pterygoids grooved from basipterygoids backward on internal side. Quadrate with two conchs, the internal one flat. The epistape- dial cartilage is largely ossified. Presphenoid a slender rod; sphenoid and basioccipital continent. Occipital condyle with exoccipital elements slightly marked above. In the mandible Meckel's cartilage is completely inclosed. The splenial is produced but little beyond the splenial foramen. Coronoid extended a little anteriorly at base on external face of ramus, and a little farther on the inner side. Dentary extending as far back as coronoid. Articular and surangular distinct. The premaxillary and anterior maxillary teeth are simple; the other maxillaries have two or three denticles anteriorly and one posteriorly. In the dentary bone the teeth (except in front) have two denticles on each edge. The hyoid apparatns displays a pair of parallel but separate second ceratobrauchials about half as long as the first ceratobranchials. Cera- Generated on 2013-08-09 18:10 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODIUANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 263 tohyals slightly expanded proximally, articulated at end of moderately long hypohyals. The vertebras display a zygosphenal articulation. Five cervicals dis- play free intercentra, and four of them have no ribs. Eibs extending to sacrum. The two sacral centra and diapophyses are distinct, but the second diapophysis has a mediau longitudinal groove. Caudal centra of the distal half of the tail segmented, and possessed for the middle of the length of double diapophyses, between which the fissure passes. Diapophyses long on basal third of tail. Neural spines low everywhere; on the caudal vertebrae they stand at the posterior end, and send a keel to the anterior end, where it is elevated into a low anterior spine. Chevron bones intercentral. Pour sternal ribs and two from the xiphoid rod. Scapula very short, with a large superior proscapula. Coracoid with two notches. Sternum wide and emarginate posteriorly, spreading the xiphoid rods far apart. No fontanelle. Pelvis with the pubis transverse and the pectineal process external. Ischia rather slender, with a short symphysis, and each with a long tuberosity. This genus is remarkable for the combination of characters it dis- plays. The zygosphenal articulation allies it to Dipsosaurus and the larger Iguanida;, but the separated ceratobranchials, and the wide sternum are like that of the Phrynosomas, with the exception of the fontanelles. The transverse pubes have a similar significance. Of the habits of the species of Sauromalns, Dr. Stejneger remarks:1 It has long been suspected that these lizards live on vegetable food, in fact, Dr. Streets' statement (loc. cit.) as to the nature of their excreta made it almost certain; but, to remove all doubt,-I had the stomach of one of the large specimens (collected by Mr. Townsend) opened, and Prof. W. B. Barrows, of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, had the kiudness to submit the contents to one of the experts in that line for examination. He reports that the contents are exclusively vegetable and that the numerous seeds are those of a malvaceoiis plant, probably Spho ralcea hastiilata. Two species of this genus are known, which differ as follows: Nuchal scales spiny, the largest almost as large as largest preauricular spines; dorsal scales ending posteriorly in a long obtuso spine; dorsal scale rows average 16 to a head length; number of ventral scale rows from gular fold to anus averages 118; number of scales round thickest part of tail averages 50; femoral pores, 12-15; larger average length, 540 mm. (Stejneger} S. hispidus. Nuchal scales tubercular or smooth, none of thorn l.alf as large as largest preauric- ular spines; dorsal scales squarish, smooth, without spiue; dorsal scale rows average 32 to a head length; number of ventral scale rows from gular fold to anus averages 165; number of scales round thickest part of tail averages 76; femoral pores, 15-18; sizo medium, length 814 mm. (Stejneger) S.ater. < Proceedings, U. S. National Museum, XIV, 1891, p. 411. Generated on 2013-08-09 18:10 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 264 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1X9*. SAUROMALUS HISPIDUS Stejneger. Sauromalua hUpidut Btejnegkr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mna., XIV, 1891, p. 109. Sauromalus (tier STREETS, Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 36.—Townsf.ni>, Proc. 17. 8. Nat Mas., XIII, 1890, p. 144. Habit very stout, head depressed, body less so; nostrils large, tubu- lar, opening upward and outward; upper head scales large, consider- ably larger thau the supraoculars, those of the parietal region largest, Fig. 22. SaI IIOMALI'S HISPIDUS STE.INKOKR. An^cl IriWnd, Gulf of California. f'.t. V. S.S63. u.s.N.M. tubercular, some nearly conical; three series of strong conical scales in front of ear; several series of lar** nical tubercles on side of basal half of inaudible; neck abo m >ugh, covered with large but obtuse spines, most of them full .s .. 'je as the anteauricular denticu- lation, and descending on the p,»si,-.i icular fold, sending a strong branch forward, nearly connecting vii.it the mandibular spines; dorsal Generated on 2013-08-09 18:10 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 265 scales large, 16 in a head length, ending posteriorly in an obtuse spine, even the smaller scales above and back of the arms being spiny; ven- tral scales smaller and smoother, but the outer posterior corner some- what projecting and pointed, about 118 scales in a line from anal open- ing to gnlar fold; scales on limbs large, about the size of those on nape, carinated and obtusely spinose; femoral pores very large, 13 on each side: scales on tail in verticils, large, about 44 in a verticil round the thickest portion at base, on the upper surface carinate and strongly spinose behind. Color (in alcohol) apparently uniform brownish olive, though in life they are said to be "marked with one, two, or three large, rounded, or irregular grayish blotches somewhere on their body."1 In addition to the type specimen I have before me three others nearly as large, collected by Mr. Charles H. Townsend in the same locality. They agree in all essential characters with the type, some of the details and measurements (in millimeters) being found in the following table: Sauromahis hispidus. r.s. X. M. No. : Collector and number. Locality. Date. 15873 13874 15it75 Streets Angel Island, Gulf of I California. Townsend,24 j do do ' do do ! do Mar. 29, 1880. ....do ...do Average of four specimens. tcale rows 1 length. scale rows, iular fold. •und thick- et of tail. pores. 4 ft >f tail. Dorsal t in heat I5 £ 1 Femoral Total lei Length < 00 « +3 ,° « r " ■a 2 & 1« 118 44 H mm. 585 mm. 285 1.". Generated on 2013-08-09 18:10 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 116 113 126 55 43 53 1 552 562 462 275 292 240 14 10 118 49 ... This enormous lizard is closely allied to the much smaller species which inhabits the arid regions on the mainland to the north of the Gulf of California, namely, Sauromalus ater, with which it has been confounded, but is readily distinguished by the characters given in the above diagnosis. In order to better emphasize the differences I here- with give the corresponding diagnosis of the old species. In all probability the young of Sauromahis hixjridus is much less spiny than the old ones, but the scales would be much larger than in corresponding specimens of S. ater and their number consequently smaller. (Stejneger.) 1 Streets, Jinlletiu U. S. National Museum, No. 7, p. 266 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. SAUROMALUS ATER Dumeril. Sauromalua ater Dumeril, Arch, du Mus., VIII, 1856, p. 536, pi. xxm, fig. 3.— Copk, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 177.— Booouht, Miss. Soi. Moxi- que Kcptiles, 1874, p. 149, pi. xvn bis, lig. 11.—BOULXNGBR, Cat. Liz. Brit. Miib., II, 1885, p. 202. Euphnjne obexa BaIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253; IJ. S. Mex. Bound. Sur., 1859, Reptiles, p. 6, pi. XXVII. Fig. 23. SAL'BO.MAI.I S Al Kit DUMKRIL. X g. Yampai Valley, Arizona. Cal. No. 1SSM, C.S.N.M. Body very stout ami form heavy; belly large; limbs (including claws) stout, short, and thick; tail scarcely larger than body, very much thick- ened and depressed at base. Top and sides of the head covered with nearly equal subhexagonal tubercular scales, only a little smaller on the supraorbital region and cheeks. Orbits bounded interiorly by a chain of about ten nearly equal scales. Ear conspicuous, its anterior edge dentate. About twenty Generated on 2013-08-09 18:11 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 267 rows of scales along a broad median space of the back muck larger than more laterally; tkose on tke nape as large as those on tke top of the kead; tkey are imbricated and angularly tuberculated, but not carinate. The scales on the sides of body and beneath from chin to anus are excessively minute, almost like shagreen, and arranged in quincunx. The scales, limbs, and upper and lateral surfaces of the tail faintly carinate. Femoral pores filled with a greenish mass. No anal plates. Width of head nearly equal to the distance from the nose to ear. In the young the general color is olive green, absolutely marbled with dusky (or else dusky, spotted with olive green), with five broad transverse bars between the head and tail. These bars are composed of single red and yellow scales intermixed, and are scarcely distinguish- able. Tke tail is black, with three or four broad rings of yellow, dotted with red; much more distinct than the dorsal bars. The under parts are pea green, dotted with black points, the chin and between the fore legs with red. With increasing age these bars disappear to a greater or less degree until the general color above is reddish olive obscurely reticulated with darker; the sides and beneath dotted with black, with an occasional light dot on the back. This species differs from those of Grotaphytus in tlie very heavy, squat form (equal to that of many Phrynosomas), and short limbs and tail. The ventral scales and those along the middle of the back are much larger than those more lateral, and all those beneath are much smaller. The anterior margin of the ear is strongly dentate instead of only crenate. There are no larger post anal plates. Prom JHpsosaurus dorsalis it is known by the obese proportions, the absence of the single line of keeled scales on the back, and the absence of carination on the upper scales generally. The tail is depressed at the base, not compressed. The belly and gular scales are excessively minute instead of quite large. Dr. Stejneger gives the following table of details and measurements: fiaui omalna alcr. V. 8. N. M. No. Collector. Locality. Date. 12284 1 MollhauBen.. Tampai Valley 4172 Thomaa J Fort Yuma. Arizona. 11810 MollliaiiMon .. Colorado Kh or I 16503 j Orcntt i SanDiegoCounty.Cal Apr. 118101 I MoUbaunen..! Colorado Kiver I 1889 Averago of five spocimebB. * 3 102 182 161 160 '1(10 :12 j 105 78 7:: 72 77 ■'SO 70 302 313 253 180 'oung. 2 About. min. mm. 388 203 Generated on 2013-08-09 18:11 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google 140 153 2fi8 REPORT OK NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. Saurumatti* alar Dumeril. Catalogue No. 12204 11810 16337 IA608 Number of speci- mens. TiOCnlily. Kurt Vimia, California. Angel Island, (iulf of California. Yampai Valley, Cali- fornia. I.a Paz. Lower California Colorado River Coyote Wells. Colorado Desert. California. Colorado Desert, Cali- fornia. Southwestern United States. Date. Feb. -, 1882 From whom revived Nature of spec!- Mai. (i. II. Thomas, U.S.A. Dr. T. H. Streets, U.S.N. II. It. Mollhauaen L. Melding Lieut.J.C.Ives.U. S.A. C. It. Oreutt ...do National Xoologieal I'ark. Aleoholic. do. do. .1.. do. do. .In U.S. N.M. No. 18021 18022 18023 18024 18025 18020 18027 180211 18031) 18031 18032 18033 m;::i 18035 18030' 18037 18038 18039 Sex aii'l Generated on 2013-08-09 18:11 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google age. Male. Ma!, . Female.1 Adult. Adult. Adult. Young. Male. Adult, Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Adult. Adult. Adult. Adult. Locality Santa Clara Canyon, Utah St. Ceorge. Utah do..... I'ahrump Valley. Nevada Amargosn Valley, California Lookout, Inyo t Nmnty, ('all Corn ia Death Valley, Ftirnarc Creek, California l'anamint Mountains, Widow Creek. California do Argus Range, Shepherd Canyon, California do : do do Alti- tude. Date. 3,000 do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .. .do. May May May Ap'r. Apr. Mar. Mar. May A pr. Apr. do ...do Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. (lolloctor. Ilailey. Merriam. do. do, do. Ilailey. Fisher. Nelson. Coville. Fisher. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. 1 Adult. 'Skin. Dr. Stejnegor remarks as to the distribution of this species< Beyond rather vagtte statements us to the general distribution of the present species very little exact information in regard to its rango lias lieen published. It is evident that the localities from which the expedition brought home its speci- mens—almost four times as many as in any museum before—form the center of the geographical range of the " chuck-walla." From here it extends southward along tho Colorado River for an unknown distance, ranging westward into the Colorado Desert, and eastward along the Gila into Arizona. Dr. Merriam has now, for the first time, definitely demonstrated its occurrence in southern Nevada and south- western Utah. The habits of Sanromnlm ater are described as follows by Dr. ]\Ier- riam in his report on the results of the Death Valley expedition: Tho "chuck-walla," by which name this remarkable lizard is universally known to both Indians and whites (except the Mormons), inhabits many of the Lower Sonoran Desert ranges in the southern part of the (ircat liasin from the Mohave and Colorado deserts easterly across southern Nevada to Arizona, and north to the south- western corner of Utah, it is the largest lizard of the desert region except the Gila Monster (Heloderma), which only slightly exceeds it in size. The broad body is black or blackish, and the large blunt tail is usually marbled with white or entirely white. It was generally found on lava or oilier dark rocks with which its coloration harmonizes. It is a vegetarian, feeding entirely, so far as our observations go, on CROCODILIANS, LIZARDS, AND SNAKES. 269 the buds and flowers of plants, with the addition sometimes of a few leaves. It is much prized by the Panamint Indians as an article of food. A number were eaten by members of our expedition, and the flesh was reported to be tender and palatable. Specimens were secured by the Death Valley expedition in the Pana- mint Range, the Amargosa Canyon, on a lava knoll on the west side of Pahrump Valley, California, and in the Lower Santa Clara Valley in Utah. In the latter locality they are common both along the canyon of the Lower Santa Clara and among the red sandstone cliffs near the village of St. George, and are called "alligators" by the Mormons. Dr. Fisher found them in considerable numbers in the Argus Range, west of Panamint Valley, and examined a number of stomachs, in which he found the following plants (either flowers or foliage, or both): Dalea fremontii, Leptosyne MgeJovii, AmsincMa tessellata, Lotus, jSphmraleea munroana, and Ephedra viridis. CALLISAURUS Blainville. s Callinaiirus Blainville, Nouvelles Ann. da Museum, IV, 1835, p. 286.—Di'MKRir. and Bibron, Erp. Gen., IV, 1837, p. 324.—Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 226.—Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 158.—Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., II, 1885, p. 205. HomalomuruH Hallowkll, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 179. A gular and lateral fold; the sides of neck and throat wrinkled; scales nearly even; superciliary scales tectiform. Femoral pores pres- ent, pierced in undivided scales; upper labial oblique; occipital large; plates between orbital spaces; nostrils superior within the ends of the canthus; no palatine teeth; cheek teeth conical; posterior only faintly tricuspid; tongue very little free at end. This genus is represented by one rather variable species. Its habitat is the Lower Californian and Sonoran districts. CALLISAURUS DRACONOIDES Blainville. CallisauruH draconoides Blainville, Nouv. Ann. du Mus., IV, 1835, p. 286, pi. xxiv.—Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 227.—Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 4, 1837, p. 326.—Bocourt, Mission Sci. Mexique, 1874, p. 158, pi. xvn bis, fig. 10.—Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., II, 1885, p. 206.—Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1875, No. 1, p. 47.—Van Denrurgii, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, p. 95. Homalosaurus centralis Hallowell, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, October, 1852, p. 179; Sitgreavos, Report, 1853, p. 117, pi. iv. Calluaurus ventralit Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Reptiles, 1859, p. 8.—Stbj- neoer, N. Amcr. Fauna, No. 7, Pt. 2, p. 171.—Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, p. 97. Hind feet half as long as head and body; free portion of longest hind toe nearly twice the cephalic plates; femoral pores 14 or 15. Above and on sides light greenish gray or ash, thickly marked with rounded lighter spots, beneath yellowish white. On rump ten series of blotches, which continued on tail become rings, which are intensely black below; sides of belly blue, with ten oblique elongated indigo-black blotches, the posterior largest and two-branched, the posterior directed Generated on 2013-08-09 18:11 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101051335592 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google