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Lee Teng-Hui's Political Cross-Straits Policy and Mainland China's Reaction

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Lee Teng-Hui's Political Cross-Straits Policy and Mainland China's Reaction University of Pretoria etd – Chi, C-L (2004) LEE TENG-HUI’S POLITICAL CROSS-STRAITS POLICY AND MAINLAND CHINA’S REACTION by CHIA-LIN CHI Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor Philosophiae (International Relations) In the Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria Pretoria Republic of South Africa February 2004 University of Pretoria etd – Chi, C-L (2004) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 CHAPTER ONE: SECESSION AND SEPARATISM: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK -------------------------------------------------- 9 1. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SECESSIONISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2. A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF SECESSION AND SEPARATISM ----------------------------------------------------------------- 11 2.1 Definition of secession ----------------------------------------------------- 12 2.2 Autonomy and secession ------------------------------------------------ 12 2.3 Self-determination and secession ---------------------------------------- 13 2.4 Independence and secession -------------------------------------------- 15 3. COMPONENTS OF SECESSION AND SEPARATISM ---------- 15 3.1 People ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3.2 Territory ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 3.3 Leadership and an organized movement ---------------------------- 16 3.4 Motivation --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 4. TYPES OF SECESSION AND SEPARATISM ---------------------- 17 4.1 Majority versus minority secession ------------------------------------- 17 4.2 Central versus local secession ------------------------------------------ 18 4.3 Voluntary versus coerced secession ----------------------------------- 18 4.4 Rental versus long-term secession ------------------------------------- 19 4.5 Divided versus de facto secession ------------------------------------- 19 5. MOTIVATIONS FOR SECESSION AND SEPARATISM ---------- 20 5.1 Religion ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 5.2 Language --------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 5.3 Ethnic conflicts -------------------------------------------------------------- 23 5.3.1 Ethnic group ------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 5.3.2 Ethnic identity shift to secession ---------------------------------------- 23 5.4 Ideology ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 5.4.1 Resentment ------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 5.4.2 Political and economic systems ------------------------------------------ 25 5.5 Nationalism ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 5.5.1 The nature of nationalism ------------------------------------------------- 25 5.5.2 The shift from ethnic nationalism to secessionism ----------------- 26 6. METHODS OF SECESSION AND SEPARATISM ----------------- 27 6.1 Non-violence ------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 6.2 Violence ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 6.3 International intervention --------------------------------------------------- 29 6.3.1 Intangible international involvement ----------------------------------- 30 6.3.2 Tangible international involvement ------------------------------------- 31 7. SETTLEMENT OF SECESSION AND SEPARATISM ------------- 31 7.1 Negotiated secession ------------------------------------------------------- 32 7.2 Responding to secession ------------------------------------------------- 32 7.2.1 Improving the circumstances of disadvantaged minorities -------- 33 i University of Pretoria etd – Chi, C-L (2004) Page 7.2.2 Adoption of asymmetric system or letting the minorities win ------ 34 7.3 Pathways of divided nations ---------------------------------------------- 35 8. CONCLUSION -------------------------------------------------------------- 36 CHAPTER TWO: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ROC UP TO 1988 ----------- 39 1. THE RISE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA -------------------------- 39 1.1 The Japanese invasion ----------------------------------------------------- 40 1.2 The Joint Expedition of eight foreign powers ------------------------ 40 1.3 The Republic of China ----------------------------------------------------- 41 2. THE FIRST CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE KMT AND THE CCP - 42 2.1 The warlord period ---------------------------------------------------------- 42 2.2 The founding of the Kuomintang (KMT) ------------------------------- 43 2.3 The birth of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ----------------- 44 2.4 The first cooperation and civil war between the KMT and the CCP 44 2.4.1 The first cooperation between the KMT and the CCP ------------- 45 2.4.2 The Northern Expedition --------------------------------------------------- 46 2.4.3 The first war between the KMT and the CCP ------------------------ 46 3. THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR -------------------------------------------- 47 3.1 The second cooperation between the KMT and the CCP -------- 48 3.2 The long-term Sino-Japanese War ------------------------------------- 48 4. THE SECOND CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE KMT AND THE CCP 49 4.1 The second war between the KMT and the CCP ------------------- 49 4.2 The KMT-led government flees to Taiwan ---------------------------- 50 5. DE FACTO SECESSION AND THE DARK PERIOD ------------- 51 5.1 Chiang Kai-shek rules the ROC again --------------------------------- 52 5.2 The Great Political Purge ------------------------------------------------- 53 5.2.1 The State of Emergency --------------------------------------------------- 53 5.2.2 A great political slaughter ------------------------------------------------- 54 5.3 The dark political period --------------------------------------------------- 55 6. THE PRESIDENT CHIANG KAI-SHEK PERIOD ------------------- 56 6.1 Basis for election ------------------------------------------------------------ 56 6.2 Economic miracle ------------------------------------------------------------ 58 6.2.1 Economic legacies from Japanese colonisation ---------------------- 59 6.2.2 Economic resources from Mainland China ---------------------------- 59 6.2.3 Hard work and thrifty habits of the Chinese people ----------------- 61 6.2.4 Aid from the US -------------------------------------------------------------- 61 6.2.5 Agricultural land reform ----------------------------------------------------- 61 6.2.6 Correct decisions in strategic and economic planning ------------- 63 7. THE PRESIDENT CHIANG CHING-KUO PERIOD ----------------- 64 7.1 Taiwanisation ---------------------------------------------------------------- 65 7.2 Political reform -------------------------------------------------------------- 66 8. CONCLUSION -------------------------------------------------------------- 67 CHAPTER THREE: A BACKGROUND STUDY OF LEE TENG-HUI ------ 70 1. JAPANESE COLONISATION -------------------------------------------- 70 1.1 Lee Teng-hui and his family ---------------------------------------------- 71 1.2 The riddle of the birth of Lee Teng-hui --------------------------------- 71 ii University of Pretoria etd – Chi, C-L (2004) Page 1.2.1 Lee Teng-hui’s parentage ------------------------------------------------- 71 1.2.2 Lee Teng-hui’s Japanese name ------------------------------------------ 72 1.2.3 Lee Teng-hui’s Japanese complex ------------------------------------- 73 1.3 Middle School ---------------------------------------------------------------- 76 1.4 Taipei Higher School ------------------------------------------------------- 77 1.5 Kyoto Imperial University --------------------------------------------------- 77 2. THE RECOVERY OF TAIWAN AND THE 228 INCIDENT -------- 78 2.1 Lee Teng-hui’s participation in the CCP ------------------------------- 79 2.1.1 Enrolment at National Taiwan University ---------------------------- 80 2.1.2 Lee Teng-hui participated in and left the CCP ------------------------ 80 2.2 The 228 ( 28 February 1947 ) Incident --------------------------------- 80 2.3 Lee Teng-hui joined the NDCA ------------------------------------------ 82 2.4 Lee Teng-hui participated in and left the CCP again --------------- 82 3. THE GREAT POLITICAL PURGE ------------------------------------- 83 3.1 The first crisis of Lee Teng-hui ------------------------------------------ 83 3.2 The second crisis of Lee Teng-hui ------------------------------------- 84 3.3 The third crisis of Lee Teng-hui ------------------------------------------ 84 3.4 The fourth crisis of Lee Teng-hui ---------------------------------------- 85 4. THE POLITICAL DARK PERIOD ---------------------------------------- 85 4.1 Lee Teng-hui surrendered himself to justice -------------------------- 85 4.2 Working for the JCRR ----------------------------------------------------- 86 4.3 Detention ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 4.4 Interrogation by the TGGH ------------------------------------------------- 87 5. THE TAIWANISATION PERIOD ------------------------------------- 88 5.1 Participation in the KMT --------------------------------------------------- 88 5.2 Mayor of Taipei City ------------------------------------------------------- 89 5.3 From Governor to Vice-President ---------------------------------------- 89 6. LEE TENG-HUI’S POLITICAL VIEWS REGARDING MAINLANDERS
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