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PRINCETON LYMAN, First Vice President THOMAS D. BOYATT, Chairman F. ALLEN HARRIS, Vice Chairman BARBARA J. GOOD, Second Vice Chairman RAYMOND F. SMITH, Secretary-Treasurer LOIS ROTH, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer HERMAN J. COHEN CHARLES T. CROSS CARL L. GEBUHR CHARLES O. HOFFMAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JOHN PATTERSON W. A. WHITTEN

RICHARD L. WILLIAMSON, Counselor JANUARY 1974: Volume 51, No. 1 Journal Editorial Board

TERESITA C. SCHAFFER, Chairman RALPH S. SMITH, Vice Chairman FREDERICK QUINN JOEL M. WOLDMAN EDWARD M. COHEN ERIC GRIFFEL G. RICHARD MONSEN LAWRENCE B. LESSER

Staff

GERALD BUSHNELL, Executive Director HELEN VOGEL, Committee Coordinator ELOISE JORDAN, Scholarship Aide 2,000 Years to a C. B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation More Powerful Vocabulary 4 Foreign Service Educational Center GEORGE G. WYNNE CLARKE SLADE, Director

Doves in Armor 10 Journal JOHN A. BOVEY, JR. SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Black Oil in the Blue Levant 12 MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction CHARLES W. KOBURGER, JR. Advertising Representatives A Latin American Vietnam 15 JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 520 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. JACK HOOD VAUGHN 10036 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 Development of the JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., Foreign Service Inspection System 18 London SWI 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives. KENT C. CARTER < American Foreign Service Association, 1974. The Foreign Ser¬ vice Journal is published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D. C. 20037. Telephone (202) 338-4045

Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post office.

DEPARTMENTS Editorials 2 The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in Book Essay: The Devil and foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American For¬ John Foster Dulles 21 eign Service Association, a non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, Bookshelf 22 the United States Information Agency, the Agency for International Development or the United States Government as a whole. Letters to the Editor 27 Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well AFSA News 29 as to persons having an active interest in, or close association with, foreign affairs. Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $13 to $52 annually depending upon income. Retired Active Members—Dues are $30 annually for members with incomes over $15,000; $15 annually for less than $15,000. Associate Members—Dues are $20 annually. For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $6.00; two years, $10.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for overseas postage. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and Life. Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Li¬ Cover by Harriet Lesser brary Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, 1967. poj EDITORIAL Perlman, a former AFSA Board member, to make a careful study of the role of information and culture in An Open Invitation for Change foreign policy and the future of USIA, and to prepare recommendations for AFSA’s and the Commission's A s WE have pointed out on other occasions, a new consideration. Commission has been established by Congress “which We already have some idea of the basic lines of what will submit findings and recommendations to provide we will discuss with the Commission. We intend to give a more effective system for the formulation and the Commission our best thinking—hopefully as good implementation of the Nation’s foreign policy.” The as any work done outside the Service to date—on the three Foreign Affairs Agencies themselves have been kinds of problems which will face American diplomacy studied almost unceasingly. The Herter Commission, in the next 20 years, and the kind of organization of the Wriston Commission, AFSA’s “Toward a Modern the government necessary to carry out those tasks. We Diplomacy,” the Department’s “Diplomacy for the intend to investigate and discuss the nature of the policy 70s,” and innumerable academic studies have sought formulation and policy implementation process, and the to determine what is wrong with the three Foreign steps which can be taken to improve that process. We Affairs Agencies, and what should be done about it. may discuss the role of Congress and Congressional- Unlike all of these earlier studies, the new Commis¬ Executive relations. We will naturally discuss bureau¬ sion, with the unwieldy title of “Commission on the cratic and organizational problems (such as the exces¬ Organization of the Government for the Conduct of sively parochial and client-oriented approaches of some Foreign Policy,” has a far broader mandate than just agencies, or the unnecessary proliferation of non- Foreign Affairs Agencies. The Commission is em¬ Foreign Service personnel overseas, etc.), but we do powered to “study and investigate the organization, not believe we should concentrate much of our efforts methods of operation and powers of the departments, on internal organizational changes in the three Foreign agencies, independent establishments and instrumen¬ Affairs Agencies, as that has been already over-studied. talities of the United States Government participating And with the possible exception of AID, we certainly in the formulation and implementation of United States do not intend to place any emphasis on the need for foreign policy.” changes in allowances or personnel policies—we are The Commission, generally referred to as the changing those now through the negotiations with the “Murphy Commission” in honor of its Chairman, three Agencies. In short, we intend to take a broad Ambassador Robert Murphy, will not simply confine look at the kinds of concerns facing the Commission, itself to the three Agencies or even the Executive and not just comment on matters of parochial interest. Branch. While it will investigate such questions as the No final decision has been made on any of these role of the intelligence community, the Defense Depart¬ points, and we have only now begun to work on the ment, the NSC staff, and the domestic agencies, the details of our suggestions. One real problem facing the Commission will be the first to investigate the role of Association will be our recommendations on the future Congress and Congressional-Executive Branch interac¬ relationships among the three Foreign Affairs tion. Equally important, the Commission will look at Agencies. Should AID and USIA retain their present the broad challenges facing American diplomacy in the status as separate agencies with a substantial degree coming decades, and the implications for the future con¬ of autonomy? Should they instead remain as separate duct of foreign policy, and will even look into the policy agencies, but be brought far closer under the overall process itself. In short, this is the first commission guidance of the Secretary? Or is this the right time for given sufficient power, a sufficiently broad mandate, the three Agencies to be amalgamated together and, and an intellectually penetrating and challenging if so, how? What AFSA says on this issue may be of approach to make a full scale investigation of the prob¬ critical importance to the future of the Foreign Affairs lems of formulating and implementing foreign policy. Agencies. The Commissioners and the Commission staff have The existence of this Commission has presented made clear that they are interested in obtaining the foreign affairs professionals with a unique opportunity views of AFSA as the professional organization of to help shape our own destiny. What is needed now Foreign Service personnel. We believe the Association is a massive creative effort on our part to provide the is in a unique position to assist the Commission, and Commission with our best collective thinking on all we have already been in touch with the Commission aspects of its mandate. We strongly encourage you to staff and will continue to be in the course of this year. take a few moments and give some thought to the The Association will formally testify before the Com¬ general problems facing the United States Government mission some time this year. Already, the AFSA Com¬ in foreign affairs, how we go about formulating and mittee on Professionalism, headed by Brandon Grove, implementing foreign policy, how the government (not Jr., has begun to prepare AFSA’s testimony. At the just the Executive Branch) should be organized to carry same time, an AFSA group in AID, headed by Walter out this function, and submit to us your analysis, iden¬ Furst, is looking into the specific question of the future tification of problems, or recommendations concerning of bilateral assistance and its role in American foreign any aspect of the Commission’s activities. If we as pro¬ policy, and of the future of AID. The USIA Advisory fessionals give this subject the urgent attention it Committee has similarly established a group, the USIA deserves, we are confident it will have a profound Professional Interests Committee chaired by A1 impact in coming years. 2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. January, 1974 Grand Alliance: You and a1974 Ford.

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GEORGE G. WYNNE

PEOPLE who deal with words develop a taste for them. They treat them like wine; examine them carefully against the light, roll them around their tongue, savor their taste, and at times roundly criticize them. Many readers of the JOURNAL, foreign service people all over the world, not only have an eye and an ear for what people do to the English language, they often spot foreign words with a history that puzzles or amuses. Professional gypsies, our breed is conscious of the way USE OUR LINE words slice reality differently from country to country. Our hosts, unless they are linguists, don’t question their own language, they are not as sensitive to it, just as (OF CREDIT) we don’t look at English through the eyes of a foreigner. We’d have a lot of surprises if we would. The Foreign AND SHRINK THE Service officer, moving to a new post, sees words and situations with fresh eyes, at least at the start, and par¬ ticularly if he is inquisitive and studying the language. WORLD He examines the obvious, discovers new connections, Jet travel makes the world seem smaller. But questions what old-timers take for granted. get stuck somewhere without ready cash — and it's a pretty big world after all. That’s why The story is told of an Ambassador to Czarist Russia the convenience of American Security Bank’s who was curious as to why a strapping six foot gren¬ Ready Reserve Checking is even more im¬ adier was posted as a guard in the middle of a lawn portant overseas. Ready Reserve is a form of pre-approved on the palace grounds at St. Petersburg. No one had loan, a line of credit up to $6000. You apply for the answer. The spot on the lawn had been a guard it once. You use it only when you need it. With post for over a century. The ambassador’s palace escort Ready Reserve, when you need funds for any purpose—you simply write a check. In effect, was embarrassed and promised to clear up the mystery. your checkbook becomes an emergency loan After an extensive search of the archives it was disco¬ fund that you can use anywhere In the world. Get a line on this line-of-credit service. Write vered that Catherine the Great, one hundred and fifty to American Security Bank for a Ready Reserve years earlier, had ordered a guard posted on the lawn application. Or, when you’re in Washington, to protect the first crocus she had spotted from her visit any of our 30 offices. (There’s one in the State Department Building.) Ready Reserve is carriage. The imperial command was duly entered on one of the 99 services (at least!) that makes the guard book and carried out long after the Empress American Security the bank forthe worldly wise. and the crocus had gone the way of all Empresses and crocuses. It takes a foreigner to ask questions. What is true with customs is true with words. Tradi¬ tions, the accepted ways of doing things, are viewed AMERICAN somewhat irreverently by outsiders. If the observer is sensitive and has respect for the magnificent diversity SECURITY in our human family, it is a gentle irreverence, the sort that motivates this writer in his search for the poignant BANK and the amusing. AMERICAN SECURITY With thousands of foreign service professionals and AND TRUST COMPANY George G. Wynne, USIA, finds sources for JOURNAL articles and WASHINGTON, D.C. books at all of his assignments. "Tales from the Land of the Morning Phone 624-4000. Member FDIC. Calm ’' is a collection of Korean children's stories and ‘ ‘ Why Geneva?’’ was published this summer by Les Editions de Bonvent S'A.

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“The Wigmaker” We started out with a pre-revolution Russian incident that showed unquestioning acceptance of tradition. Notwithstanding the upheavals of this century, every¬ day Russian relating to everyday concerns has re¬ mained amazingly conservative. Perukmakr ( napHKMaxep ) is the word for barber. Western European tourists who can break the Cyrillic alphabet code immediately recognize the lettering over barber shops as “wigmaker” - peruecke is wig in German, peruque in French, parracca in Italian. Explanation: Catherine the Great again. She was bent on westerniz¬ ing her uncouth court and imported German artisans and service personnel in great numbers. Among them the barbers and beauticians of the day, whose main language though there as elsewhere he now works with trade was making, combing and caring for the powdered hypodermic and anesthetic instead of bone saw and wigs most everybody except the peasants wore. Cus¬ chisel. toms and centuries changed, but in Russia the name stuck because it wasn’t tied to the wig but barber ser¬ vices in general. The same is true of a more technical “The Windfall” word like Feldscher ((|)e.fli>Aiiiep) a first-aid man in An unexpected piece of luck, a sudden windfall, like the Red Army or what in the US Army is called a a winning ticket at the sweepstakes is called nodagi medic. The Feldscher (or ‘saw bones’ - field shear) ( i cp 3.)) in Korea. Now that sounds like a perfectly went out practically with Frederick the Great in the legitimate Korean word with its roots deep in the legen¬ Prussian Army for the more euphemistic “Sanitaeter,” dary past of the nation that was known a century ago but in Russia the import remained part of the military as “The Hermit Kingdom.” One might think of good Asense of security, once you've arrived. Security has been helping government families make their way around the world since 1890. A more recent tradition (1897) is insured security once you’ve arrived. The move immortalized here was from Washington to Shanghai in 1948. Our Government Service Policy covers house¬ hold and personal effects against fire, theft, mys¬ terious disappearance, windstorms, floods and breakage during your stay anywhere in the world. (When the American Consul’s home burned in Port-au-Prince several decades ago, our check for his entire valuation was in the mail before the smoke cleared.) The annual premium is the same, whether you’re in Madagascar or Madrid. Worldly goods valued at $10,000 would be covered at a rate of $130 per year (and lower to AFSA members.) The policy can cover insurance in transit but not upon goods in permanent storage in the United States. A sep¬ arate all-risk auto transit policy is also available. For specific rate information, please contact our Insurance Department. # fruriffi (jotnpang of ilTashington MAIN OFFICE: 1701 Florida Ave., N.W., Wash., D.C. 20009 PHONE: (202) 234-5600/MARYLAND: Bethesda - Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak/VIRGINIA: Alexan¬ dria, McLean/PHILIP LARNER GORE, President. 6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 An invitation, if you have the head for it:

Meet WORLDVIEW Head-on

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Unlike any other journal, the prime purpose of Prophets, Languages of Murder, Africa's Literature WORLDVIEW is to put international affairs and public Beyond Politics, Military Honor After Mylai . . . policy into an ethical perspective. Head-on indeed . . . Known by the company it keeps: If you’re willing to think about and search for a better course while others predict disaster ... if you affirm WORLDVIEW is Michael Harrington and Arnold the necessity of politics when many forms of political Toynbee, Anthony Eden and Alger Hiss, Sydney Ahl- action have the smell of decay ... if you believe (and strom and Dom Helder Camara, Tran Van Dinh and engage) in open, intelligent, unfettered dialogue, you Sir Robert Thompson, Kofi Awoonor and Otto von need WORLDVIEW. Habsburg, Ronald Steel and John C. Bennett, Garry Wills and Irving Louis Horowitz, Andrew Greeley and For stimulation, for information, for new thoughts, for Gustavo Gutierrez, Balfour Brickner and Paul Ramsey, only $10 a year. (With a guaranteed* full refund.) Sub¬ Rubem Alves and 0. Edmund Clubb, Eric Rouleau and scribe today; the coupon below tells all. Isaiah Berlin, James Reston and Gunnar Myrdal, David Riesman and Janet Welt Smith. clip and mail today WORLDVIEW • 170 East 64 Street And other writers/thinkers you don't know now, New York, New York 10021 but will. Enter a one-year (12-issue) subscription to WORLD¬ The subjects these bright, interesting people cover are VIEW In my name * If I don't like it at any point in as diverse as the people themselves: the first year, I’ll cancel and you must refund every nickel I've paid. Promptly. Patriotic Piety, Israel & U.S-. Policy, Ethics After Viet¬ nam, China & the Perils of Benevolence, The End of [ ] I enclose $10. [ ] Bill me later for $10. Progress, Paul VI & Vietnam, Selective Indignation in America, The Politics of Islam, The Berrigan Doctrine Name (please print) of Heroism, Black Americans in Africa, Israel & Jews for Nixon, Realism & Hope After Niebuhr, A Theology Street of National Security, Cuban Catholics and Castro, City State Zip Christians for Socialism, Internal Revenue vs. the said simply: “No Touchee.” Phonetically “no touchee” soon became a nodagi, and nodagi, obviously a gold nugget, came to stand for unexpected wealth. May there be a nodagi in your future.

“The Girl Boy” A surrogate British colonial and the language he employs may be even more irritating than the original model. A number of French-built apartment houses in Saigon display in their lobbies grimy brass plates that proclaim in various versions: “Les boyesses ne sont pas permis de se servir de Fascenseur.’’ To prohibit maids from using the elevator is bad enough, what annoyed me even more is the still widespread use of the term “boyess,” introduced to identify the Vietnam¬ ese maid servant in the colonial French household. The term is a contradiction, unknown in metropolitan France. It derives from the “boy” for whom English- fairies, demons and the Frog King perched on his speaking colonials used to snap their fingers. An early throne beneath the waves rewarding the honest Frenchman in Indochina probably desired to add logic fisherman. Far from the mark! to snobbery. Look what he wrought. The “boyess” A Yankee gold mining company operating in what became a fixture for generations in the French colonies. is now North Korea soon after the country opened to Few foreigners found it demeaning or even ridiculous. western businessmen late in the last century took pains to ensure that all the gold found was turned in by the miners. At the end of each day, the nuggets collected Danger + Opportunity = Crisis were placed on sorting tables under the watchful eyes The Chinese shorthand of ideas is a triumph of the of company officials who trusted no one else with the human spirit. Complicated concepts can be represented sorting job. The bosses used a basic vocabulary of pid¬ with a few skillfully-executed strokes. It is, in fact, the gin English to communicate with the laborers. A large most intelligent system of communication invented by sign lettered in the Korean Hangul script was placed man until he hit upon the idea that a limited number behind the guards watching the gleaming collection. It of phonetic signs like the 26 letters of the Roman How to order wines you can serve with pride and confidence, If you buy for Embassies or other American fine varietal wines are always available for delegations abroad, you will want a copy your needs from this noted Napa Valley of our specially prepared “Export Guide” to vintner. We offer complete service any¬ The Christian Brothers Premium California where in the world. Wines. A superb selection of California’s

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8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January. 1974 alphabet assembled in endless combinations, could put few years back, the “see through look.” across ideas even more simply and quickly. But there Lest you think that word borrowing is a one-way are occasions when a single ideogram is superior in inci¬ street, remember “khaki,” one of the early Japanese sive visual rendition of a compound concept that would exports. The extract of the Japanese khaki was take a whole sentence to explain: An educated Chinese first used to waterproof the tents and raingear of can tell at a glance that the characters of A crisis Europe’s armies. are built of danger and ^ opportunity. No Wax Do you have Salon Lapu? Our own language is replete with intriguing deriva¬ The Japanese are great ones for creating native words tions if one takes the time to look past the obvious. from American trade marks just by pronouncing them I cannot vouch for the accuracy of this story told to in their own way. In the days of Lafcadio Hearn, before me by the owner of a marble quarry in Carrara, Italy. there were trade marks to be assimilated, plain English But he was obviously sincere when he told me that words would do. They were absorbed lock, stock and “sincere” (’’sincero” in Italian) came from the Latin barrel into the language for items new to Japan, like “sine cera” (without wax). Why “without wax” has ft' 7 garasu, the Japanese word for glass, or come to mean “sincere” harks back to the Greek waishatsu - originally white shirt - which has become sculptor-artisans who mass produced statues for export the generic Japanese term for shirts of all descriptions, to Rome where nobles and wealthy merchants filled white, striped, or colored. their villas and gardens with them. Business was so American trade marks have added a new dimension. good and the Roman appetite for marble so great, that It’s worth your year’s subscription to the JOURNAL to a few of the Greeks began cutting corners, shipping discover that A?»77° “salon lapu” is the general off defective statues that had been repaired with wax Japanese term for clear plastic film. Nothing more than (in Latin “cera”). It didn’t take the Romans long to your own trusty Saran Wrap in exotic Japanese garb. catch on and they dispatched inspectors to the Greek The code is broken by exchanging “r” and “1” workshops to look over new statues before shipment wherever they occur and liberally sprinkling with “u” and evidence their inspection by affixing seals with the particularly at the end of most words, occasionally in notation “sine cera.” The original meaning long since the middle just to keep you on your toes. A Mazda lost, “sincere” has come down to us over two thousand is a -z'vjr' Matsuda in Japan. Now that you have the years as a synonym for sound, pure and unimpaired. code, you should be able to help the puzzled boutique We hope to give you more conversation stoppers in owner with the Japanese lady who insists on a a future issue. Please send the gleanings of your rich z,- sheetsuru rukku. It was high fashion a experience to yours without wax, the Editor. mmm AFSA SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM 1974-1975 SCHOLARSHIP You may participate in the 1976 Presidential Election Campaign MATERIALS Fund by checking the box on the front of your tax form 1040 or 1040A. You will be designating ARE HERE $1 (or $2 on a joint return) to a nonpartisan fund. This will not reduce your refund or increase your tax.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 9 As Alfred Nobel recognized, peace cannot be achieved by one man or one nation. It results from the efforts of men of broad vision and good will throughout the world. —Henry A. Kissinger

DOVES IN ARMOR: Americans and die Nobel Prizes

JOHN BOVEY

I N OSLO winter comes early and equal parts. Three would be for dis¬ because of Norway’s struggle to the air is heavy with snow flurries coveries in physics, chemistry, and separate from the Swedish crown, and with gossip about the Nobel medicine and one for “idealistic” Nobel’s compatriots were further Peace Prize. This year the gossip literary work. The awarding bodies inflamed by his gesture toward the has assumed the proportions of were Swedish, and in 1968 the ingrates across the border. Even scandal as an angry left wing lam¬ Swedish Riksbank added an eco¬ the King of Sweden was wheeled bastes the members of the Prize nomic prize for its tercentenary. up in a vain attempt to dissuade Committee for having selected Mr. The fifth award, however, was left Emmanuel from carrying out his Kissinger and the right reproaches to the Norwegian Parliament: a uncle’s fantasies. “Your uncle,” them for including Le Due Tho, committee of five, chosen by the said King Oscar, “has been misled who has sent a carefully hedged Storting, was to select each year by peace fanatics, and particularly refusal. Two members of the Com¬ the person who had done the most women.” Finally, since Nobel had mittee have resigned and its Presi¬ “for fraternity among nations, for designated no one to administer the dent, Mrs. Aase Lionaes, con¬ abolition or reduction of standing prize operations, the executors had fronts the wrath of her own Labor armies, and for the holding of peace to create an artificial legatee, The Party. Angry youth is banding congresses.” Nobel Foundation, to enforce the together to bestow its own award Even those who have struggled statutes for each prize and to super¬ on Dom Helder Camara, the through the execution of a will can vise the Institutes, which perform Archbishop of Recife, and the in¬ scarcely imagine the hard feelings the myriad chores of administration ternational press is chattering that flowed from Nobel’s gener¬ and investigation. But Scandina¬ about doves in armor and Sakharov osity. First, there was the question vian idealism joined forces with and Solzhenitsyn and Senator Ful- of domicile. It took both legal Emmanuel’s stubbornness, and the bright. But James Reston very sen¬ genius and hanky-panky to remove first prizes were awarded in 1901, sibly asks, “Who better than Kis¬ to Sweden an estate of nine million five years after Nobel’s death. singer?” and suggests that we take dollars, scattered across eight The Nobel machinery starts roll¬ a look at the ground rules and back¬ countries of Europe, all of them ing in the autumn of the year pre¬ ground of the Peace Prize. For few eager to offer fiscal hospitality. ceding the award. The Peace Prize people display any knowledge of its Then there was the family: Nobel Committee circularizes the nom¬ stormy origins or the goals defined had never married but his nieces inators designated in the statutes: by the inventor of dynamite and by and nephews, with the exception of these are its own members, past his institutional heirs during 72 Emmanuel, the oldest, set up a hue and present; advisors of the years of prize giving. and cry in the courts against the Institute; members of govern¬ Alfred Nobel’s will was simple philanthropy of their misanthropic ments, parliaments, and a number but legally defective. The bulk of uncle, especially after they un¬ of international organizations that his estate was to be invested in earthed the earlier will and saw antedate both the United Nations blue-ribbon securities, the annual how he had cut private bequests. and the League of Nations; income to be distributed in five At the same time, the executors University professors of Political had to struggle with reluctant Science, Law, History and John A. Bovey, Jr., a recent retiree, entered dragons in the Swedish academies, Philosophy. Former prize winners the Foreign Service in 1945 and served at who viewed prize-giving as an Rotterdam, Casablanca, Paris, Oslo and may also sponsor: no one can The Hague before his retirement. He han¬ extra chore with no reward but renominate himself, but in theory dled Peace Prize matters at the Embassy complaints from losers. Only the Le Due Tho could nominate Presi¬ in Oslo during his tour there. Norwegians leaped to the bait, but dent Nixon. 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 The books are closed on Feb¬ movement, swallowed the imperi¬ terms of the Nobel will; Norman ruary 1. By mid-August the In¬ alist camel because he had medi¬ Borlaug (1970), whose work in stitute has “investigated” the can¬ ated the Russo-Japanese War. His grain genetics has profoundly af¬ didates, and its Director, Dr. Aug¬ Secretary of State Elihu Root fected global nutrition. ust Schou, has pinned on com¬ (1912) had purged his sins by serv¬ Except in literature, the United ments and sent the lot off to the ing on the Hague Court of Arbitra¬ States figures at the top of the Committee. After a period of tion and by ramming no less than Nobel lists, with a total of 113 prize wrestling behind locked doors, the 23 arbitration treaties through a winners up through 1972. The near¬ great announcement is made, usu¬ skittish Senate within a year. est runner-up was the United King¬ ally in October. Prize Day both in In 1919 the prize went to Wood- dom with 65. Americans have won Stockholm and Oslo is December row Wilson as the father of the 32 awards of 98 in physics; 19 of 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s League of Nations, which the Sen¬ 85 in chemistry; 35 of 109 in death. All deliberations are con¬ ate rejected three weeks before medicine; and four of the six new fidential, and even in the glare of Prize Day. Other American win¬ economic prizes. After World War modern publicity, the Norwegians ners were associated with even II, Americans sprint way ahead to resist Madison Avenue stampedes. flimsier card castles: Vice Presi¬ capture 40% of the chemistry The Peace Committee does not dent Dawes (1925) fathered the prizes and half of the prizes both explain how it reaches its choice, plan for consolidating German in physics and medicine. This and although this year’s resigna¬ reparations; Secretary of State record probably owes less to Euro¬ tions have betrayed cleavages, the Frank Kellogg (1930) and Nicholas pean refugees than to expansion of names of losers remain locked in Murray Butler of Columbia (1931) American “R & D” under the its collective bosom. This reticence pushed through the Kellogg-Briand impulsion of hot and cold warfare. may explain why Nobel reserved Pact to outlaw war. A more ortho¬ The harvest of American prizes in the Peace Prize for the Norwe¬ dox toiler in the vineyard was Jane Stockholm thus represents the gians, who have less of a tendency Addams (1931) who moved from obverse of the prizes in Oslo, the than their Swedish neighbors to settlement house work to militancy two Pauling awards being a classic play mother-in-law for other in the Women’s League for Peace example. people’s foreign relations. and Freedom and brought Belgians The Soviets have won only ten Like other Nobel awards, the and Germans to shake hands at a prizes in all categories since 1917. Peace Prize can be split between Peace Congress in 1915. Recent outbursts of Soviet dissi¬ candidates. The Norwegians also During World War II, silence dents accent the causes (neither decided that institutions should be descended on the Committee be¬ Pasternak nor Solzhenitsyn could eligible: the Committee has given cause, as Dr. Schou explains with accept their prizes), but even in the three awards, for example, to the true Norwegian restraint, its mem¬ better lighted international arena, International Red Cross; one to the bers “had gone abroad after 1940.” the Soviet score for Peace Prizes American and British Quaker Ser¬ Reunited in 1945, they gave a is zero, whereas the Norwegians vices; and has frequently honored retroactive award to the Red Cross have given Americans no less than not only officials of the United and then bypassed President 17 out of 69. Nations, but constituent bodies, Roosevelt to single out Secretary For the first time since Willy such as the Children’s Fund or the Hull for his crusade against trade Brandt received his laurels in 1971, International Labor Office. Even barriers and his efforts to direct the the vast Munch murals at Oslo though this dampens controversy, United Nations toward global University will be lighted again on the Norwegians hold the record for rather than regional security. Prize Day, and the seats, hard- total abstention: 19 times in 72 As the cold war developed, the bottomed like those of Symphony years. When it’s thumbs down all Committee found the paths of lay Hall in Boston, will again be oc¬ around, the prize money (currently pacifism less slippery than the cupied. The atmosphere may be a about $98,000) is held over one heights of officialdom. Of the 26 bit strained, particularly with the time for possible retroactive award winners since 1946, only five— winning duo absent, but the Nor¬ or sent back to the Foundation. No George Marshall, Lester Pearson, wegians will not have to forgo the posthumous candidacies are al¬ Willy Brandt, Henry Kissinger, event which, even though a Swede lowed, but an award can be given and Le Due Tho—have been created it, makes their cheeks glow after the death of the winner, as national statesmen. Other Ameri¬ only a little less than the annual ski with Dag Hammarskjold in 1961. cans present a checkered pattern: contest at Holmenkollen. Despite Before World War I, in the era veteran peace worker Emily Balch abstention and outcry, this apo¬ of grand illusions when the Kaiser and ecumenical pioneer John Mott theosis will do the world at large corresponded with the Czar, and (1946); Ralph Bunche (1950), the no harm either. It may be incongru¬ dynamite and steel ran on tracks first black winner and UN architect ous for Norwegians to honor the parallel to arbitration and peace of the Israeli-Arab Truce; Linus disciple of Metternich, but if in the congresses, the Peace Prize went Pauling (1962), the only winner of year 1973 they still have the good mostly to elderly pacifists and two full Nobel Awards, whose bio- will to accept at face value the Hague jurists. The only winners molecular studies won the Chem¬ agreements signed in Paris, per¬ from this era who still ring bells in istry Prize in 1954 and led him to haps the fault lies less with them the corridors of history are crusade against nuclear testing; than with those who smile in pri¬ American. With Theodore Roose¬ Martin Luther King (1964), whose vate at the solemn commitments to velt, in 1906, the Committee, which devotion to non-violence overcame which they pay lip-service in pub¬ strained at the gnats of the peace committee scruples regarding the lic. ■ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 11 THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA lies along Europe’s underbelly, a “closed sea.” It lies in an almost fully enclosed natural geographic basin 2,300 miles long and 850 miles wide, covering 970,000 square miles in area, some of it deep (down in places to 3,500 meters, or about 12,000 feet), but Bfack. most of it quite shallow, as oceans go. The historic Mediterranean Sea, with the four peninsulas which stretch out on it—Spain, Italy, CU Greece, and Turkey—forms the heart of a sub-tropical maritime- oriented trading and agricultural civilization, almost encircled by a in the ring of mountains that seem sud¬ denly to come up out of the sea. In general, these mountains limit the development of a really densely populated and adequately indus¬ trialized hinterland. They also add Blue to the great natural beauty of the area, a beauty important to its economy.

By profession a consultant (research ana¬ lyst) in maritime affairs, the author is at Levant present on active duty in the Office of Re¬ search and Development, Headquarters, Coast Guard. In 1972 he was employed by A MODEST PROPOSAL IMCO as an oil pollution expert, working in Syria and Egypt. FOR Commander Koburger has previously contributed to the NAVAL INSTITUTE PROCEEDINGS, MILITARY REVIEW, NA¬ FIGHTING POLLUTION VAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW, NAVAL EN¬ GINEERS’ JOURNAL, and numerous other professional journals, as well as the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. He is a Com¬ CHARLES W. KOBURGER, JR. panion of the (British) Nautical Institute. The opinions or assertions contained CDR,USCGR herein are the private ones of the writer and are not to be construed as official or reflect¬ ing the views of the Commandant or the Coast Guard at large. The Atlantic Ocean is the The decomposition of oil is a (water-in-oil emulsion). Only the Mediterranean’s major supplier of complicated multi-process phe¬ outside surface of the “mousse” water; it feeds into the Mediter¬ nomenon. The main processes in oxidizes, and a skin develops ranean, strongly, at Gibraltar. The roughly the order of occurrence which further retards bio-deg- salt Black Sea, along with the fresh after a spill are spreading, evap¬ radation. The familiar tar balls water of Spain’s Ebro, France’s oration, dissolution and emul¬ form, and come ashore, creating a Rhone, Italy’s Po and Egypt’s Nile sification, auto-oxidation, micro¬ severe threat to the area’s great are the Mediterranean’s other main biological degradation, sinking and natural beauty, and to its tourist sources of replenishment. resurfacing after which the process economy. The Mediterranean has only one repeats itself. What other damage does oil do real outlet—the same Strait of Gi¬ Oil is absorbed by the sea, that to the sea and the ecology? Let us braltar, where the water flows out is, unless too much is discharged make a few perhaps oversimplified into the Atlantic, as small counter- into the water. In any year, as statements about oil in general. currents, close inshore. Little much as 300,000 tons of oil may be First of all, fresh oil, containing the water leaves, either there or else¬ dumped into the Mediterranean, whole spectrum of hydro-carbons, where, most of it being lost to evap¬ both accidentally and deliberately, is more toxic than old oil. It oration. by ships at sea and at terminals. poisons, it is sticky and it smoth¬ Insufficient national oil pro¬ Under certain conditions, that ers. The lighter ends (fractions) are duction in most countries with pre¬ might not be too much. But here more toxic than the heavier ones, vailingly industrial economies —es¬ it is. but the lighter ones are less persis¬ pecially in Western Europe—re¬ Damage tent, quickly evaporating. The dis¬ tillates are therefore more toxic sults icUheir importing great quan¬ The Mediterranean’s problem is tities of crude oil, most from the than the residuals, but the distil¬ compounded by the fact that with lates are more easily dispersed. Middle East and North Africa. 300,000 tons of oil, the oil saturates Most of this oil travels on Medi¬ The asphaltic residuals are what terranean routes. This traffic, the whole top of the water column, smother and become tar. and anything more just floats as a already heavy, is expected to Off-shore (here defined as water film on the surface, only slowly 20 or more feet in depth), the great- increase rapidly. weathering. In many cases, the Oil in the Sea rates and concentrations of oil dis¬ The Mediterranean as a whole charged are both just too great. The —like any large body of water hydrocarbons either remain in —should normally be capable of heavy brown slicks as oil or form accepting and eliminating large a distinctive “chocolate mousse” amounts of oil. In the water, the oil normally breaks up. It evap¬ orates or goes into solution, and is oxidized or biodegrades. During the long course of natural decom¬ II position in sea water, one part of oil consumes the oxygen in 400,000 parts of water.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 13 est direct damage done by oil is to can, on an average ballast voyage, or less impossible, but seldom feasible the sea birds, especially the diving keep both the instantaneous rate of without causing further harm to the birds. These birds become coated oil discharge and the total amount marine environment . . . with oil and die from the various discharged within the limits of the For these reasons the Swedish effects of ingestion and exposure. various amendments to the basic policy, ... is, that oil slicks at sea In-shore, also, birds are killed. But International Convention for the that threaten the coast should be there, too, fin and shell fish become Prevention of Pollution of the Sea attacked at an early stage and that great effort should be used in order to pre¬ tainted by the oil. Small fry are by Oil, 1954 (100 parts per million vent the oil from entering the littoral either poisoned or smothered. or 60 liters per mile). The greatest zone and coating the beaches . . . Grass generally dies after contact. weakness is that the system as now The conclusion of what has now been It is in the intertidal zone, practiced relies too much on the said is, that the choice (sic) of effective ashore, that the greatest overall human element. It is not always measures for dealing with oil spills in damage is done. All of the above used. It is sometimes used badly. the open sea at the present almost is effects are evidenced in the And, there is little or no effective limited to the use of dispersants . . . extreme. In addition, the zone is policing of the problem. Using dispersant on oil slicks-at crowded with many elementary The continuous—if “normal”— sea accomplishes two things: prop¬ kinds of animal and vegetable life pollution of the Mediterranean Sea erly applied, and as noted, of its own, life important to the through oily ballast water dis¬ • it breaks up the slick before overall ecology of the sea. To charged by tankers making their it can reach the beach and repeatedly wipe this life out— some 5,000 ballast voyages per there do incalculably greater which often happens—is to erase year is particularly acute because damage; perhaps the key element in the of several factors peculiar to this but also, marine life system. sea, including the fact that most of • it breaks the oil down into Load-on-Top the prevailing winds of the small particles easier de¬ Mediterranean are onshore winds, stroyed through natural pro¬ Tankers probably unload in ports causing floating oil to be deposited of arrival less than 99 percent in cesses. on beaches in a relatively short A good dispersant is no more weight of the crude carried; the time. remainder is partly lost due to toxic than soap. Used in deep It is in fact probable that a good water (beyond the six meter line) evaporation of the more volatile part of the oil traffic currently mov¬ elements and partly remains inside where there is good flushing action, ing around South Africa will even¬ the normal agitated concentration the tanks as sediments on the bot¬ tually be carried on the Mediter¬ tom and as an oily film on the sides should be almost harmless. Any¬ ranean, whether or not the Suez way, what are the alternatives? of the tank itself. These oil Canal remains closed or is re¬ residues—equal to about 0.5 per¬ opened and modernized (enlarged). THE PROPOSAL cent of the total capacity of the The new oil pipelines alone, To meet the regional aspects of tanker—are discharged as waste. paralleling the Canal, will allow the oil pollution problem in the “Load-on-top” procedures are de¬ tankers to load in the Medi¬ Mediterranean a Mediterranean signed to limit the effects of these terranean amounts equal to the Oil Surveillance and Information discharges. crude presently available in the Center is required and should be In the load-on-top system, after Persian Gulf. If they can, they will, established, either by IMCO or tanks are washed, washing residues as long as the procedure is eco¬ some regional authority. are accumulated in a designated nomic. Immediately, this Center could slop tank, usually center aft. Dirty best watch the regional problem, ballast is added, as it becomes Fighting Oil at Sea track convention violators beyond available. The tank is allowed to In light of the generally crude territorial waters, expedite the settle, the oil wastes in the tank development of the various existing exchange of data, and in an emer¬ tending to separate and float to the means for the clean-up of oil from gency—the collision or grounding surface. Most of the relatively water, especially inshore and once of a large loaded tanker, for in¬ clean water in this tank is then ashore, it should be the policy that, stance—assist in organizing the carefully drawn off the bottom of where possible, oil discharges will sharing of pollution-fighting re¬ the tank and discharged overboard, be attacked off-shore, as far off¬ sources. It could also attack slicks discharge being halted whenever shore and as soon as possible. found beyond the waters of any oil traces appear in the water There they should be attacked by single state, before and in addition stream. Additional water is re¬ every available means. to any state action. In the longer peatedly withdrawn as before. The Inter-Governmental Mari¬ run this Center could act as a Heat may be applied to hasten the time Consultative Organization’s model for other necessary regional separation of oil and water. Some (IMCO’s) MPS/Circ. 38, dated 22 centers, and for national organiza¬ companies occasionally add a de¬ September 1971, contained a report tions. mulsifier as well. When all possible by the Swedish Coast Guard Ser¬ Eventually, membership in this water has been withdrawn, the next vice on Swedish national arrange¬ Center should include all of the cargo is loaded on top of the ments for dealing with oil pollution countries facing on the Basin and remaining residues in this tank. at sea. In part it stated: therefore affected by the same problem: Libya, Egypt, Israel, the The Overall Problem . . . The cleaning up of oil-con¬ taminated beaches is not only very ex¬ Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus With exceptions, “load-on-top” pensive and difficult, sometimes more Continued on page 26 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. January. 1974 All political decisions are taken under great pressure, and if a treaty serves its turn for ten or twenty years, the wisdom of its framers is sufficiently confirmed. —H. A. L. Fisher

A LATIN AMERICAN VIETNAM

JACK HOOD VAUGHN

E ARLY in the first Nixon less like a forced march, the results complex at Quarry Heights. Their Administration there were signs have brought expressions of relief overriding common objective is to that a new general policy for Latin from all sides. Now the United maintain the status quo, and over America was in the offing. “Ma¬ States has finally abandoned its the years they have been largely ture partnership” and “low pro¬ blanket, emphasis on security and immune to the precepts and file” were two expressions coined Pan-American solidarity; all the changes of US foreign policy. by the White House to describe the nations of the Americas have Today there could hardly be great¬ changing US position. However responded by concentrating on er contrast between President vague, these concepts seemed to doing their own thing— economi¬ Nixon’s policy for Latin America promise the Latins a welcome cally, politically, and militarily. and his armed forces’ policy for respite from the coercion for col¬ All, that is, except Panama. Still operating in Panama. lective security begun by John Fos¬ a US colony in many important While the Administration’s pol¬ ter Dulles in the ’50s, and from a respects, Panama continues to be icy has led to a reduction in all US decade of bureaucratic pursuit of the Pentagon’s southern security military missions assigned to other higher gross national products blanket. From the start, the Ameri¬ Latin nations, the Pentagon has glamorized by JFK as the Alliance can military has helped make maintained its top-heavy command for Progress. Panama what it is today. In 1903 intact in the Zone. (The superabun¬ Although mature partnership still Teddy Roosevelt willed the nation dance of colonels in the Southern remains something of an unfulfilled into existence by recognizing its Command has led enlisted men to promise—with Mexico and Brazil “independence” from Colombia refer to it as “Southern Comfort.”) as possible exceptions—the United after disturbances in which the US While the US military in all other States has succeeded in lowering Marine Corps played a major role. Latin nations is under the direct its profile throughout the hemi¬ The grateful Panamanians quickly supervision of the US ambassador, sphere since 1969. In certain negotiated a treaty giving the in Panama independent policy con¬ instances where nationalistic United States perpetual sover¬ trol is exercised by the Pentagon. noises suddenly grew shrill (Peru, eignty over the Canal Zone. Since Just when President Nixon was Chile), the US retreat appeared an then, US policy towards Panama assuring our good neighbors that astute choice of withdrawal over has been formulated and inde¬ the United States would wear a expulsion. In most other cases pendently carried out by the US white hat in the hemisphere, the where the US disengagement was Army. > Pentagon expanded training of The US military command in Green Berets in the Zone. Jack Hood Vaughn served with AID, the Panama is made of two parts: a I confess that my unsuccessful Peace Corps, as Ambassador to Panama, efforts at reasoning with Pentagon Assistant Secretary of State for Latin major general from the Corps of America and Director of the Peace Corps. Engineers who governs the Pana¬ brass on Canal Zone issues have He is now Director for International ma Canal Company from Balboa caused me considerable frustration Development, Children’s Television Work¬ Heights, and a four-star general and disillusionment over the years. shop, in New York. from the Army (CINCSOUTH) My last failure occurred one very This article is reprinted with permission hot afternoon in 1966, when as from THE WASHINGTON MONTHLY, Octo¬ who directs Canal Zone military ber, 1973. operations from an underground Assistant Secretary of State I was FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 15 visiting the American embassy in From the US side, especially for As if to demonstrate that the Panama. My innocuous objective congressional and military leaders, birthright was in good hands, Rep. was to convince the general in the most important issues are Leonor K. Sullivan, chairwoman of charge of the Southern Command related to the defense of the West¬ the Panama Canal subcommittee, that it was hardly in the US interest ern Hemisphere, to US prestige, to summarized the feeling of that to continue teaching napalm bomb¬ the Russian, Cuban, or Chilean group in a House resolution last ing to Latin American pilots. I menace, and to Panama’s immatur¬ February. After lamenting that pointed out that the first time a ity and unreliability as a partner. “recent administrations of our gov¬ Latin pilot dropped napalm on his (“Can’t you just imagine how those ernment have engaged in diplo¬ own people—napalm he had been Panamanians would operate the matic negotiations with Panama¬ trained to mix and launch at a Canal during Carnival?”) Some nian governments, a prime purpose Canal Zone training course—the American congressmen recently of which has been surrender of United States would be in a totally reasoned that since certain Pan¬ United States sovereignty over the indefensible position, not just with amanian officials were reportedly Canal Zone to Panama,” she con¬ God and Bill Fulbright, but with involved in drug trafficking, it cluded: the world as well. I made not a would be inappropriate to conclude dent. a new treaty with a government Be it resolved that it is the sense of the House of Representatives that the The Anachronistic Army which contained such irresponsible elements. Shortly thereafter, government of the United States Ever since he helped seize power Panamanians floated the theory should maintain and protect its that no responsible government sovereign rights and jurisdiction over in 1968, Panama’s military leader, said Canal Zone and Panama Canal, Brigadier General Omar Torrijos should stoop to dealing with a and that the United States government Herrera, has been trying to force country capable of a Vietnam or should in no way cede, dilute, forfeit, the United States to remove the with an Administration mired in a negotiate, or transfer any of these Southern Command, its multiple Watergate. sovereign rights, power, authority, bases, dozen generals, and 10,000 But the thoughts always return jurisdiction, territory, or property to troops from the Canal Zone. to “national security” as the any other sovereign nation or to any Although he and most of his reason for the US presence in the international organization. . . . officers have been trained in the Canal Zone. As the American pub¬ Zone, Torrijos feels that such a lic has learned through Watergate, With ideas like this floating dominant foreign military presence a multitude of sins—and sinners— around the halls of Congress, the in the middle of Panama is can huddle together under the shel¬ Pentagon never has had to make its anachronistic and colonial. He ter of this vague phrase. Panama¬ case independently, or ever really stresses that the “Vietnam men¬ nians believe the national security worry about the possibility of the tality” of US military leadership rationale is used to obscure rank Senate ratifying a treaty which makes close relationships impossi¬ colonialism in their country. The would undercut the military’s po¬ ble and a renegotiation of the Canal best job in the Zone, for example, sition. The generals who speak out Treaty out of the question. In¬ is piloting ships through the Canal. on Canal issues are invariably transigence on the treaty can only No Panamanian has ever been retired or reserve officers who inflame the Panamanians, for they allowed to become a pilot. The alternately wrap themselves in the now feel grossly abused by it. The 1964 riots against American bases flag and rap the knuckles of the original treaty, signed in 1903, were touched off by apparently Department of State for wanting to granted the United States perpetual willful acts of humiliation. After give so much away to ungrateful, sovereignty over the Canal Zone. the United States agreed to fly the hotblooded natives. Although the United States made Panamanian flag in the Zone, The success our congressional- some concessions and increased its America’s representatives con¬ military complex has experienced annual payment to the Panama¬ trived a dozen petty ways to offend in thwarting all manner of assaults nians through treaty amendments the Panamanians’ pride while tech¬ on its Panamanian cordon sanitaire in 1936 and 1955, the important nically obeying orders. is downright brilliant. Presidents’ clause about perpetual sovereignty The US military preeminence in orders have been reversed, dip¬ remains. With the end of the Cold Panama, which has not been well lomatic maneuvers and decisions War and the virtual elimination of publicized inside this country, is brushed aside, and the United the Canal’s strategic importance, largely perpetuated by help from Nations told to go to hell. Torrijos suspects that the reason the Pentagon’s friends in Congress. Setbacks have been rare and the Pentagon is so interested in Inveterate supporters of the mili¬ minor, due more to wild chance keeping the Canal and deploying its tary such as Senator Strom Thur¬ than to determined opposition. gringo troops is to defend against mond, together with senior House Perhaps the most serious occurred the Panamanians. members of the Panama Canal sub¬ early in 1973 when some hard-line To General Torrijos, his Na¬ committee, have traditionally congressmen and their military col¬ tional Guard, and his people, there echoed the blunt phrases of Penn¬ leagues were prevented by God are two major issues to be resolved sylvania’s Democratic Con¬ from placing their own agent right immediately: whether the United gressman Daniel Flood. Over the in the enemy heartland. Seventy- States will continue to be sovereign years, Flood has outspokenly one-year-old Ohio Rep. Frank T. in the Canal Zone, and how long maintained that to make any con¬ Bow was chosen as President the Pentagon will remain there en cession to Panama would be to give Nixon’s nominee ambassador to masse. away the “American Birthright.” Panama. Bow died before he could 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 In a manner which has become traditional in Panama-US negotiations, the United States made it clear to all present that it was very, very unhappy at being pressured to discuss its Panamanian affairs with anyone else in the room.

be confirmed by the Senate, but not remarks at the festive and dramatic tional in Panama-US negotiations, before Panama had reacted in a dedication ceremonies, a bronze the United States made it clear to way that dramatized the gap be¬ plaque on the bridge was unveiled. all present that it was very, very tween the two countries—by send¬ It read: Thatcher Ferry Bridge. unhappy at being pressured to dis¬ ing a bright, aggressive 27-year- old cuss its Panamanian affairs with as its ambassador to Washington. A Minority of One anyone else in the room. When a But if it has encountered few resolution urging a new treaty set¬ problems at home, the Pentagon’s Pressures against the US mili¬ tlement came up, the United States monumental lack of sensitivity to tary presence in the Canal Zone cast its third veto in United the Panamanian point of view and began to mount after the serious Nations history as the Pentagon its reluctance to consult with the riots of 1964. President Johnson, again prevailed over both common Panamanians in important matters sensing a need for greater civilian sense and the State Department in has yielded a whole crop of mis¬ influence on US policy in Panama setting American policy. Worse trust and ill will in Panama. and at least an equal role for the still, the performance of both the A most striking instance took State Department, created the accused and the accuser struck place in 1962 at the dedication cere¬ Panama Review Committee. It had observers as behavior unbecoming monies for a bridge the US Army three members: the US ambas¬ two civilized, friendly nations. had built over the Pacific entrance sador as chairman, C INC- When the Council had adjourned, to the Canal. For half a century, SOUTH, and the governor of the Panama seemed to have gained access to the interior of the country Zone. As ambassador at the time, nothing—as usual— save reconfir¬ from Panama City had been pro¬ I found myself consistently out¬ mation of the fact that virtually vided by the Thatcher Ferry, voted on the important issues, and every member of the United named after Governor Maurice H. my two very capable successors Nations (all of whom remember the Thatcher, one of the chief US have continued to represent the decisively anti-colonial and pro- engineers during construction of minority view of one. Egyptian stance of the United the canal. Inevitably, Panamanians Shortly after the riots, LBJ set States during the takeover in the had come to identify his name with the stage for the ultimate show¬ Suez Canal in 1956) agrees with the days of raw colonialism, the down with the Pentagon. In mid- Panama’s aspirations. days of separate toilet and drinking 1964 he agreed to undertake bi¬ Meanwhile, back at the Pen¬ facilities for Americans and Pan¬ lateral negotiations with Panama tagon, there is renewed confidence amanians, the days when Pan¬ aimed at drafting a completely new that the Army’s Panamanian policy amanians were paid much lower Canal treaty and revising the mili¬ and apparatus are as impregnable wages than Americans for work tary base rights agreement. The US as a moth-balled battleship, at least done in the Zone. military quickly countered by as long as the Constitution does not For decades, Panamanian presi¬ introducing a third element into the provide for separation of military dents and foreign ministers had negotiations: the study of a possi¬ and legislative powers. And, with beseeched the US Army to replace ble sea-level canal in Panama. This Melvin Laird and General Alexan¬ the Thatcher Ferry with a bridge. third issue has clouded, com¬ der Haig now installed in final The Panamanians were content plicated, and prolonged negotia¬ defensive lobbying positions enough with the ferry, but they tions to the point where, nine years around the White House, the worst longed for a symbolic reunification later, the two sides seem as far may well be over for Quarry of their country, cut in two by the apart as ever. The quiet resignation Heights. Canal. When the United States last July of Robert B. Anderson, decided to build the bridge, Pan¬ Secretary of the Treasury under amanians naturally assumed with Eisenhower and Chief US nego¬ YET on the Panamanian side, all great satisfaction that their long- tiator since 1964, wrapped up the the elements needed to propel a denied wish for a new national nine years of Phase One. classic colonial stalemate beyond image was being satisfied. Some The most recent Canal confron¬ peaceful negotiation are in place: even believed the event heralded a tation occurred in March, 1973, at an overflowing measure of nation¬ new era of mutual understanding a special United Nations Security alism, a people in full support of and communication. In fact, the Council meeting in Panama City. their tough and charismatic leader United States had approved the The Panamanians may have imag¬ on the Big Issue, strictly controlled bridge only because of steadily ed that the US, faced with world¬ media, virtually nonexistent com¬ increasing traffic in the Canal and wide pressure and even humil¬ munications with Canal Zone mili¬ the Pentagon’s professed need for iation, would be forced to agree tary leadership, and the widely held greater maneuverability within the officially to negotiate a “prompt Panamanian conviction that the US Zone. and equitable” settlement of its Army does not believe in Before Undersecretary of State treaty differences with Panama. In evolution. The tinder awaits the George Ball began his prepared a manner which has become tradi¬ spark. ■ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 17 I’m acquainted with affliction, in the 1870s and 1880s but there was never enough popular support Chiefly in the form of fiction, to overcome the opposition of As ’tis offered up by strangers politicians dedicated to the spoils At the consul’s open door. — Bret Harte system. Some reform of the appointment process was accom¬ plished through executive orders in 1866, 1872, and 1873 which re¬ quired applicants to pass an ex¬ Development o£ the amination but the exams were so loosely administered that they became meaningless. President Foreign Service Cleveland required a more strin¬ gent examination in 1895 but his order applied to only a small per¬ centage of the consular posts. The Department of State was also hindered in its efforts to bring efficiency to the Consular Service by a lack of accurate information about conditions in the field. Sec¬ IN FEBRUARY, 1906, Secretary of efficient because the party which retary Root complained to the Sen¬ State Elihu Root told the House appointed them lost the next elec¬ ate Committee on Foreign Rela¬ Committee on Foreign Affairs tion. When McKinley succeeded tions in 1905 that “The Depart¬ which was studying the problems Cleveland in 1897, 259 of 320 con¬ ment has no means of knowing of Consular reform that “We have sular officers were removed to whether the consul at any station a very uneven Consular Service. make room for worthy Republi¬ is doing his work properly, except There are some excellent men in cans. from the information which casu¬ it, and there are some men in it who Limited control over appoint¬ ally finds its way from time to time are very indifferent, and some who, ments and the often rapid turnover to the Department from letters or I am afraid, are very poor.” Many in personnel made it extremely dif¬ conversations of American travel¬ of Root’s predecessors had made ficult for the Department of State ers. Very scandalous conditions similar observations arid shared his to organize and administer an ef¬ have existed for considerable belief that the spoils system was a ficient consular service. The need periods in the past without interfer¬ major factor in the uneven quality for reform was recognized as early ence because the Department did of America’s consular representa¬ as the 1830s but the reformers were not know and had no means of tives. In almost every adminis¬ poorly organized and lacked wide¬ ascertaining that they existed.” tration, consular appointments spread popular support. Little Root observed that some consuls were used as rewards for faithful progress was made until the expan¬ were taking advantage of the gen¬ service to the party with little con¬ sion of trade and the competition eral lack of supervision by using sideration given to experience or for economic opportunities in for¬ their official positions for financial ability. There was never a uniform eign markets made a more efficient gain while others “just go to system forjudging the fitness of the consular service essential to the pieces” living in strange lands. numerous applicants for consular success of American business. In More than one consul was driven posts. President Grant, who ap¬ 1894 the powerful National Board to drink by the boredom of a small pointed some notoriously unfit of Trade passed a resolution calling post and several lost all inhibitions people to public office, once gave for the immediate reform of the to the disgust of visiting Ameri- a man a consular post just to get consular service and by 1905 more him out of the country. than three hundred business Of course, not all consular organizations had officially com¬ appointees were incompetent party plained to the Department of State hacks, but even capable men were about the lack of support from con¬ hindered in the performance of sular officers. their duties by lack of experience The movement for general civil and required time to learn how to service reform which gained operate effectively. Unfortunately, strength in the late 1800s reinforced many consular officers were re¬ the pressure being exerted by the placed just as they were becoming business community. Many travel¬ ers complained to the Department Mr. Carter is an archivist in the Diplomatic of State about the poor quality of Branch of the National Archives. Prior to some of the men representing receiving an M.A. in History from the America in foreign countries and University of Cincinnati in 1972 he was an the Consular Service was criticized administrative officer with the National in numerous magazine articles and Aeronautics and Space Administration and a management analyst with the Department newspaper editorials. Reform legis¬ of T ransportation. lation was introduced in Congress Elihu Root

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 cans. An American consul in Eu¬ be so great that the most cold and spectors who would be appointed rope once went completely insane indifferent citizen would blush for and commissioned by the President and was locked up in a back room the name of his country.” and be directly responsible to the for three years while his staff ran Robert S. Chilton, Chief of the Secretary of State who could the consulate. The officials in Consular Bureau, inspected twelve authorize any inspections he Washington who were responsible posts in Mexico in the spring of deemed necessary. Inspectors for the administration of the con¬ 1896 and reported that “we have would be given the title Consul sular service were usually the last men who are actively engaged in General at Large to avoid conflicts to learn of the existence of such business pursuits that are hardly with existing consular treaties situations. compatible with the dignity of their which did not make provision for Special Agents were occasion¬ official positions.” He insisted that the position of inspector. The Con¬ ally sent out by the Department of a “better paid and more efficient suls General at Large would have State and other government Consular Service” was essential in the power to suspend any consular agencies to inspect various con¬ order to exploit the economic op¬ officer who was not performing sulates but these inspections were portunities available in Mexico. In properly and take charge of the never conducted on a systematic February, 1897, George W. Fish- consulate for as long as 90 days just basis and the efficiency of the back, the Secretary of Legation in as bank examiners could suspend inspectors varied considerably. Of¬ Argentina, completed a 90 day tour bank officials and run their banks. ten the “inspection” was only an of posts in South America and The bill required that each consular excuse for sending friends or rela¬ reported a “deplorable looseness” office be inspected at least once tives to interesting places. Presi¬ in the conduct of financial every two years. dent Grant once ordered such an business. There was the usual opposition inspection so a friend, the Rev¬ Herbert H. D. Pierce, the Third in both houses of Congress to any erend John Phillip Newman, could Assistant Secretary of State and consular reform. Several congress¬ take a cruise around the world. the brother-in-law of Senator men objected to the cost of the Although Newman took his duties Henry Cabot Lodge, made a tour proposed inspection corps and sug¬ seriously, his lack of experience in of Asia in 1903 and Europe in 1904. gested that it be reduced to three consular operations and regulations Pierce’s inspection was far from men but Root pointed out that it made it virtually impossible for him systematic or complete. Part of his would be difficult to cover each of to evaluate the posts he visited. extensive report was based solely the 310 posts even with five inspec¬ In 1856 the Treasury Depart¬ on a conversation he had with tors. There was also opposition to ment sent out agents to audit con¬ several consuls during a cham¬ the provision that inspectors had to sular accounts and report on the pagne dinner in Paris. be appointed from the ranks of the collection of fees. The agents found The Department of State was consular service but Root success¬ widespread corruption and inef¬ well aware of the need for better fully argued that only an experi¬ ficiency. In 1870 DeBenneville information on conditions in the enced consul would be able to Randolph Keim began a two year field. In 1884 a Departmental evaluate the work being done and inspection trip for the Treasury report to Congress proposed the recognize deviations from accepted Department which took him to establishment of a regular system procedure. Root was also con¬ almost every consular post. Keim of inspections but no action was cerned that if the position were confirmed the earlier reports of taken on the suggestion. In 1901 open to “outsiders” it might be irregularities and observed that “if and 1902 Senator Lodge introduced filled by political appointees at¬ all could be told of the consular ser¬ legislation which included an in¬ tracted by the $5,000 salary or the vice of the United States, as illus¬ spection system but again Con¬ opportunity for travel. It would be trated in the conduct of its officials, gress failed to act. useless for one party hack to the excess of bad over good would When Root became Secretary of inspect another. Root insisted that State in 1905 he was determined to the corps be composed of men of institute reforms similar to ones proven ability who understood the introduced in the War Department. needs of the consular service. Con¬ He convinced President Roosevelt gress accepted the inspection corps to issue an executive order extend¬ as originally proposed and the ing the examination system, and he House report noted that “it is also established a system of effi¬ remarkable that the inspection sys¬ ciency reports for all employees tem herein provided for has not similar to reports maintained on been inaugurated long ago. Con¬ military personnel. Many of Root’s gress has compelled the frequent ideas on reform were shared by and rigid inspection of practically Wilbur J. Carr who had succeeded every other branch of the Govern¬ Chilton as head of the Consular ment Service.” The Lodge bill was Bureau in 1902. Carr and Root signed into law on April 5, 1906. worked with Senator Lodge on a Carr began organizing the revised draft of the 1902 reform bill inspection corps even before the which was introduced in Congress bill became law. A five man Con¬ in 1905. sular Reorganization Board was The Lodge bill proposed the established to recommend changes Wilbur J. Carr establishment of a corps of five in¬ in procedures and policies and per- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 19 sonnel files were reviewed to iden¬ officers and what they are doing to Each consul was required to submit tify possible appointees to the develop our trade.” a written report detailing exactly corps. By mid-April all five posi¬ Consuls General at Large usu¬ what he had done in the past to tions were filled. Fleming D. ally arrived at the consulate unan¬ increase the level of imports of Cheshire, who had entered the con¬ nounced and asked to see the American goods and develop op¬ sular service in 1877 and served in consul. They would then go portunities for American investors. five posts in Asia, was assigned to through the inspection form item The American business community inspect the posts in the Far East. by item, a process which often took could be a powerful ally when deal¬ Cheshire had conducted several several days. There were basically ing with Congress and the Depart¬ inspections of consular posts in the three parts to the inspection report ment of State was prepared to 1890s as had Richard M. Bartleman which was amended several times insure that support by making con¬ who was assigned responsibility for over the years. Part Two of the suls, in effect, salesmen of Ameri¬ South America. Bartleman had 16 report was a detailed description of can goods. years of experience and had served the physical location of the office The third part of the inspection at seven posts in Latin America and the methods of operation of the report, which was completed at the and Spain. The posts in Canada staff. The inspector noted exactly end of the inspection, was an and Mexico were assigned to how the work was done, who was evaluation of the principal consular another former consul with inspec¬ responsible for doing it, and how officer and his staff. Consuls were tion experience, George H. well regulations were being fol¬ evaluated in several broad cate¬ Murphy, who joined the Depart¬ lowed. Inspectors paid close atten¬ gories such as “Honesty,” “Mo¬ ment of State in 1886 and had tion to the procedures followed in rality,” and “Sobriety” and giv¬ served at nine posts in Europe. The invoicing goods to be shipped to en an overall rating of Excellent, Middle East and Africa region was the United States to insure that Good, Fair, or Poor. Inspectors assigned to the former Consul merchandise was not being under¬ were advised that Honesty in¬ General at Constantinople, valued and that fees were being col¬ cluded “purity of thought, candor, Charles M. Dickinson, and the lected properly. The Department and conscientiousness” and Moral¬ posts in Europe became the re¬ of State was determined to bring ity encompassed “decorum, gen¬ sponsibility of 14-year veteran uniformity and honesty to the eral behavior, moral courage, and Horace Lee Washington. financial operations of the consular rightmindedness.” The Consul Each Consul General at Large service and correct the abuses of General at Large was required to was instructed to “begin the in¬ official powers which had been so determine the consul’s standing in spection of the consular offices in damaging to the service’s image. the local community, the character your district, taking up this work In addition to uncovering devia¬ of his acquaintances, the impact at a convenient point and carrying tions from accepted procedure, the that the members of his family had it on according to your own best inspection was also a means of on his social standing, and even the judgment.” Each man determined educating consular officers. Unfor¬ state of his health. One inspector his own itinerary and inspection tunately, many consuls were deliberately spoke in a whisper in procedures. They received general handed their appointments and a order to test the consul’s hearing. instructions and advice on inter¬ copy of the Consular Regulations All of this information was entered preting the Consular Regulations and sent off to their posts with little on the consul’s efficiency record from the Third Assistant Secretary or no training in how to administer and became a major factor in deter¬ of State, Huntington Wilson, a consulate. This often resulted, mining his future with the service. through Carr. The initial instruc¬ understandably, in differences in Carr realized that this evaluation tions to each inspector emphasized procedures from one consulate to was subjective and subject to the “great importance” of their another. One of the primary goals abuse. The Consuls General at assignment and urged that the “in¬ of the inspection system was “the Large were advised to “be scru¬ spection of each office in your dis¬ furtherance of administrative pol¬ pulously careful not to allow any trict ... be of the most thorough icy and the encouragement of ser¬ personal feeling for or against any character and that you will learn vice cohesion and esprit de corps. officer in the service to influence every detail in connection with the It was hoped that periodic inspec¬ you in any manner.” They were conduct of each office.” tions would eliminate men who also warned that their own In order to insure that inspec¬ were not performing adequately “personal conduct should be most tions were conducted systemati¬ and encourage those who were sin¬ discreet, both in traveling and in cally and that nothing was over¬ cerely interested in the service as the inspection of offices in your looked, Carr studied the inspection a profession by recognizing their district.” systems of the Post Office, War, efforts. The work of the early inspectors and Navy Departments and de¬ The Consular Service was deter¬ was physically demanding and veloped a detailed form to be filled mined to gain the support of the often hazardous. Cheshire “barely out for each post. It was designed American business community by escaped a typhoon” while inspect¬ to bring out “every material fact insuring that consular officers pro¬ ing the posts scattered throughout connected with the management of moted trade and assisted Ameri¬ the South Pacific and Murphy the office, all about expenses, cans in securing economic advan¬ spent the spring of 1907 dodging whether they are extravagant or tages. Therefore, a major part of bandits and revolutionaries in reasonable, everything, in other the inspection was devoted to an Mexico. They were forced to con¬ words, connected with the office, evaluation of the consul’s efforts in tend with insects, disease, poor or including the efficiency of the the area of “Trade Extension.” Continued on page 25

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 After VE-Day, Dulles was in¬ the death of Stalin, and his vited to become Republican obdurate rejection of “competitive adviser to the US delegation to the co-existence.” Instead of seizing |ZC; | BGDK ESSAY newly-formed Council of Foreign this opportunity to end the cold Ministers. Here, exposure to Sovi¬ war, the contribution of Dulles was et diplomacy and a need to as¬ to perpetuate and institutionalize it. sociate himself with the growing Dulles’s next venture into global Portrait of John Foster Dulles Republican disaffection over the diplomacy was to unite moralistic wartime accommodations at Yalta, repudiation of containment with led Dulles increasingly to define the prevailing mood for defense I N a political biography notable for its painstaking documentation, the cold war in ideological terms. economy by sponsoring the strat¬ sobriety of tone, and literary grace, By 1951 Dulles had settled on an egy of “massive retaliation.” This Townsend Hoopes has written the interpretation of world events that formulation succeeded in terrifying first authoritative account of the lumped Soviet encroachments in our allies more than our adver¬ Dulles era of American foreign pol¬ eastern Europe, the Chinese Com¬ saries, and in the long-term left the icy. The reputation of a statesman munist revolution, the aims of Ho United States globally vulnerable. advertised in his day as a paragon Chi Minh in Indo-China, the insur¬ As Hoopes says, “The effect was of rectitude and diplomatic skill gency in Malaya, the Huk insurrec¬ to make the United States progres¬ will not be enhanced as a result. tion in the Philippines, and the sively dependent on a nuclear capa¬ The late John Foster Dulles can¬ Korean War as “all part of a single bility which it could not safely or not be understood without refer¬ pattern of violence planned and rationally use and at the same time ence to his rather forbidding per¬ plotted for 25 years.” The high to deny it a confident capability for sonality and impressive back¬ point of this period—and perhaps engaging in a limited conventional ground. Dulles was “. . . tough, the major achievement of Dulles’s war.” self-centered, suspicious, insen¬ career—was his negotiation of the Later in 1954 Dulles turned his sitive,” oblivious to subordinates Japanese peace treaty. attention to the French agony in and a sedulous courtier of the rich Dulles was sworn in as Secretary Indo-China. Here he managed to and powerful, but distinguished by of State in January 1953 when cold- undercut the French, cheat Ho Chi exceptional stamina, tenacity, and war tensions were at their zenith. Minh of a hard-won victory in the steadfastness in adversity. In time, He was not Eisenhower’s first field and at the ballot box, and Dulles also developed two at¬ choice for the post, and Hoopes tributes fatal to the successful prac¬ alludes to evidence that he tricked tice of diplomacy—a closed mind John McCloy into declining the and a tendency to treat political and post. The Truman-Acheson foreign economic differences as moral policy had been flexible as a matter issues. of operational principle, relying on Dulles rose to prominence as the traditional propensity of Rus¬ sian and Chinese expansionism to senior partner of the great Wall ASSIGNMENT... Street law firm of Sullivan and back down in the face of deter¬ mined opposition. For Dulles, Cromwell in the days when the ...WASHINGTON! New York establishment really however, the policy of containment alone was “inadequate, negative, counted. First exposed to foreign Let us welcome you. Hun¬ affairs in the household of a grand¬ reactive and alarming in . . . bud¬ getary implications.” He insisted dreds of new homes, re¬ father who was Secretary of State sale and recreational com¬ in the Hayes administration, Dul¬ on a “shift from a purely defensive munity homes available. les served as legal counsel to the policy to a psychological offense, 10 offices to serve you. American delegation to the Ver¬ a liberation policy, which will try sailles Peace Conference, and then to give hope and a resistance mood developed a lucrative international inside the Soviet empire”—and “put heavy new burdens on the VIRGINIA: law practice in the period between 6510 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church jailers.” These slogans—the first of 9001 Braddock Rd., Springfield the wars. In 1943 he became a sort 1984 Chain Bridge Rd.. McLean a notable aggregation—were later 310 Pelham St., Fredericksburg of foreign affairs mentor to Repub¬ Oddfellows Bldg., Marshall lican presidential aspirant Thomas to prove a hollow mockery for Pol¬ ish and East German workers, and MARYLAND. E. Dewey but otherwise played no 2600 University Blvd., Wheaton Hungarian freedom-fighters. 11125 Rockville Pike, Rockville significant role in the titanic events 6480 New Hampshire Ave., Takoma Park of World War II. As late as early The new look of American foreign policy was soon demon¬ WASHINGTON, D. C: 1945, the author tells us, Dulles 5034 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. “. . . was still a remarkably strated on the issue of West Ger¬ 3300 Pennsylvania Ave., S.E. abstract and rather isolated man rearmament. Here, Dulles created a crisis where none existed FREE—Complete relocation kit! observer of the world scene . . . Write any office or call lacking practical experience in dip¬ by trying to force EDC, the inte¬ (202) 659-7155. lomacy since 1919 (experience of grated European army plan, through the European parliaments. the kind that is acquired only SHANNON • & • LUCHS through the sustained discharge of When France backed off, Dulles official responsibility).” threatened an “agonizing reap¬ praisal” of US commitments, but REALTORS ESTABLISHED 1906 THE DEVIL AND JOHN FOSTER in the event did exactly nothing. DULLES, by Townsend Hoopes. Far more serious was Dulles’s Atlantic-Little Brown, $15. refusal to attach any significance to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 21 involve the United States in a long¬ chose to regard its leaders as tools For the State Department the term unilateral guarantee of Laos, of Soviet imperialism. In a succes¬ Dulles era does not evoke happy Cambodia and South Vietnam—an sion of gaucheries and affronts that memories. Suspicious of the career extraordinary feat of diplomacy culminated in the revocation of the service, Dulles tended to ignore quite deserving of its subsequent Aswan Dam offer, he alienated the experienced advisers on important memorial in the form of three mil¬ revolutionary but far from anti- policy matters and allowed the lion graves. American Nasser, while at the McCarthy virus to rage unchecked, In the following three years same time undercutting the British accepting and even welcoming the Dulles distinguished himself by an position in the Middle East. departure of officers whose sole East Asian policy that on several By 1957, the appalling series of offense had been to tell the truth. occasions nearly embroiled the crises which Dulles’s maladroit He behaved, Hoopes tells us, like United States in full-scale war with diplomacy had either precipitated “. . . the High Commissioner of an China. Compounded of the belli¬ or aggravated were provoking wide occupying power; determined to cose forward strategy of the Pen¬ discontent among allies, Congress, impose his will, to extract from tagon, shameless catering to the and the thinking public. In two of local resources whatever was nec¬ Republican right wing and the cor¬ the worst crises—the offshore essary to accomplish his mission, rupt China Lobby, and a purblind islands and Suez—Dulles had had but to do so without making himself refusal to recognize the realities of to be rescued from the “brink” by dependent on the local elite.” the Chinese revolution, the policy Eisenhower himself, whose judg¬ Nevertheless, the Department’s was sold to the American people ment of the Soviet adversary and own record during this period was as a crusade against godless inter¬ experience in dealing with allies far nothing to be proud of and can only national communism. Its object surpassed those of his Secretary. be compared to the Vichy era in was to isolate the Chinese main¬ Then, as the career of Dulles came France. Senior career officials at land; it succeeded in paralyzing our to a close, his tenacity of purpose home and abroad vied with each Asian policy for twenty years. in shoring up the western alliance other in endorsing every contem¬ The Suez crisis of 1956 afforded against a new Soviet threat to porary delusion about the nature of Secretary Dulles his most dramatic Berlin, and his fortitude in the face governments and events. Within opportunity to make a difficult of fatal illness, united to salvage his the Department, they abjectly col¬ situation worse. Already at odds reputation. When Dulles died there laborated with the few inept politi¬ with a large part of the under¬ was an outpouring of public ac¬ cal appointees sent in to purge their developed world over its new pos¬ claim and sympathy, and he and his ranks. It is difficult not to be con¬ ture of non-alignment, Dulles mistakes left the scene together, as temptuous of a career service so turned a blind eye to the realities he would have wished it, shrouded pathetically incapable of protecting of nascent Arab nationalism and in moral sanctity. both itself and the country.

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22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 In retrospect it seems clear that military after World War II. of the problem of Vietnam war guilt only the abnormal and transitory Mr. Minear picks up the post¬ carried in the New York TIMES economic and military dominance surrender Tokyo trial as a stepchild March 28, 1971 (Mr. Minear’s pref¬ of US economic and military power of Nuremberg. He picks to pieces ace is dated May 1971). Sheehan during the ’50s gave Dulles leeway the prosecution’s case, its meth¬ says, “History shows that men to commit his follies and prevented ods, its dirty little tricks. He leaves who decide for war, as the Japan¬ them from turning into full-scale at least this unhappy reader with ese militarists did, cannot demand disasters. The next two administra¬ the idea that justice wasn’t done by mercy for themselves. The resort tions sought to exorcise Dulles’s any reasonable Western definition. to force is the ultimate act. It is image by changes of style rather Mr. Minear is quite straightfor¬ playing God. Those who try force than substance. It is only today ward. He admits he writes only as cannot afford to fail.” Mr. Minear that the full reckoning is being paid. a historian, not a lawyer. A re¬ could have pondered that bit about —CHARLES MAECHLING JR. viewer must accept this, noting “playing God.” Shigemitsu (For¬ only two points: Mr. Minear might eign Minister, 1937-38, and tried at Radical History? have deserted the academic cool Soviet insistence only because he VICTORS’ JUSTICE, by Richard H. long enough to give one editorial had been in office at the time of Minear. Princeton University Press, cheer for the magnificent perfor¬ the Soviet-Japanese border fights) $7.95. mance of the Netherlands judge, or Tojo understood God in a differ¬ Mr. Vert V. A. Roeling. By the ent way. So did the Bundy WRESTLING with the force and same light then he should have brothers, Rostow and the rest of skill of this book is hard. Richard pointed out more plainly the self- that dreary crew. The morals of Mi near insists that in the aftermath serving nature of some of the modern war are more complicated of Vietnam he is writing radical his¬ Indian judge’s, Mr. Pal’s, dissent, than the radical historians think. tory, a la Martin Duberman. He though it is a formidable document Without a victory or a defeat, the isn’t. He writes a fair story of (does in itself. To Mr. Minear’s credit he precedent we felt we established at one have to quote Kennan again?) stresses that the prosecution tried Tokyo is also much more com¬ a legal-moralistic attempt to handle to avoid publicizing the dissents. plicated than we thought. Any a problem more suited to Greek The one hand hold one gropes member of a Cabinet or military tragedy, Shakespeare or Brecht— for and finds to assault Mr. who learns of a war crime, and sub¬ the trial and punishment of selected Minear’s edifice is his failure to sequently remains in that govern¬ Japanese politicians, diplomats and note Mr. Neil Sheehan’s analysis ment acquires responsibility for

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 23 those crimes. Radical historians there is such a place—in northern Revolution was officially declared feel that the passions of the present Honan and Jack Chen was there!) won at the Ninth Party Congress can best reflect the reality of the Jack Chen, the journalist son of in April 1969 and that Chen did not past. Some of us think of Clio as Eugene Chen, Foreign Minister in arrive in Upper Felicity until late a quieter muse. Thus, Mr. Min- the Wuhan Revolutionary Govern¬ November 1969 may explain his ear’s excellent history seems to ment in 1927, has lived and worked sparse comments on the Revolu¬ have put more weight on the Viet¬ in the Chinese People’s Republic tion. For a great many people in nam connection than his analysis since 1950, writing for the PEO China of all stations in life the should carry. In spite of these crit¬ PLE’S DAILY (Jen Min Jih Pao), Revolution was a most unhappy icisms one ends up glad Mr. PEKING REVIEW, PEOPLE’S happening; to Chen it appears un¬ Minear failed in that one respect. CHINA, et cetera. He left Peking failingly happy and helpful. For a He has thereby done a book that in late November 1969 to spend a serious, disinterested report on may stand long in historical year on a commune. There, he and this, we must turn elsewhere. literature. Certainly he has done a his wife and his small son lived the Chen does write well, engag¬ book that should be read by simple life and relearned the pre¬ ingly, his drawings of people and Foreign Service officers. cepts of the Chinese Communist places are splendid, and his book Those who live in East Asia can Revolution. (Especially during the has much of interest and value. buy a paperback edition of Mr. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolu¬ But, like Han Su-yin, he is so bla¬ Minear’s excellent book for about tion many Western-educated intel¬ tantly biased in his selectivity and $2.25 published by Tuttle of Tok¬ lectuals were privileged to purify interpretation as to make his ac¬ yo. their political thinking by hard count seem propaganda for Peking. —J. K. HOLLOWAY, JR. labor in the hsia-fang movement The cloying sweetness of the Chi¬ and so to return to the true faith nese peasants’ unrelieved selfless¬ Felicity Revisited of Maoist fundamentalism.) ness (“Serve the People”) and A YEAR IN UPPER FFLICITY, by Jack His diary of the four seasons in their utter devotion to Chairman Chen. Macmillan, $8.95. this village commune tells of the Mao and his teachings are a bit “everyday life of China’s seven hard to stomach. This every¬ ONLY a churl like your reviewer hundred million peasants” and thing’s-coming-up-roses version of would unhappily carp and cavil at comments on many aspects of agri¬ the near millennium in China lacks a happy memoir about a happy year cultural life. Though subtitled Life credibility. It is, however, very spent among the happy peasants of in a Chinese Village during the readable and well worth reading. Upper Felicity. (Yes, Virginia, Cultural Revolution, that the —ROBERT W. RINDEN

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24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 INSPECTION SYSTEM Clerk in 1907 he retained adminis¬ and prerogatives” of Consuls Gen¬ from page 20 trative control over the Consular eral at Large. Inspectors were non-existent transportation, and Bureau and the Consuls General at authorized to inspect diplomatic as “wretched conditions you can’t Large. The position of Director of well as consular posts. Prior to imagine.” All of the men com¬ the Consular Service was estab¬ 1924 there had been no systematic plained about the “constant travel lished as part of the Departmental inspection of diplomatic posts, a and living in hotels.” reorganization of 1909 and given to condition which Senator Rogers The information gathered by the Carr who continued to direct the described as “scandalous.” The inspectors, however, was worth activities of the inspectors. By 1919 Foreign Service Inspectors report¬ the effort. Cheshire informed Carr it was obvious that five men could ed their findings to the Division of in June, 1907 that “The inspection not cover the entire consular ser¬ Foreign Service Personnel which is doing good, I see a wonderful vice and the size of the inspection maintained efficiency records and change in the manner of some of corps was increased to seven. The the Division of Foreign Service our officers.” Root testified to average length of service of a Con¬ Administration. Congress in 1908 that “the effect sul General at Large was approx¬ The location of the inspection upon our entire consular service of imately two years. Although the corps within the Department of knowing that an inspector is com¬ original five inspectors established State has varied since 1924 but the ing around to find out what our many policy and procedural prece¬ basic goals of the system have consuls are doing is most dents which were followed by their remained constant. The establish¬ salutary.” Although some consuls successors, each man determined ment of the inspection system regarded the inspectors as “De¬ his own criteria for evaluating con¬ within the Department of State partment spies,” most of the ser¬ sular operations. provided much needed information vice recognized the value of the sys¬ When the Rogers Act of 1924 and was an important element in tem. Consul General at Large consolidated the Diplomatic and the reform of the Consular Service. Heaton Harris reported to Carr in Consular Services into a unified Inspections did not entirely 1912 that “so far as I am able to Foreign Service the position of eliminate inefficiency and incompe¬ judge, the systematic inspection of Consul General at Large was tent personnel but the institution of our consular officers has all but the abolished. The act authorized the regular and systematic inspections universal approval of the service Secretary of State to detail Foreign of all field offices was a major step itself.” Service officers to act as Inspec¬ toward a more professional foreign When Wilbur Carr became Chief tors with all the “duties, powers, service. ■

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 25 BLACK OIL IN THE tion in the area patrolled could in could monitor its movement, BLUE LEVANT any case conceivably be reduced to reporting as frequently as neces¬ from page 14 insignificancy. From its base, the sary. The Center could alert and Greece. What affects one Center could maintain regular and threatened states. It could help as¬ affects them all, and more or less random air patrols in international semble the necessary (and avail¬ equally. For political reasons, how¬ waters over the established tanker able) pollution-fighting resources, ever, it is recognized that adher¬ routes. When a violator is dis¬ identified through its files. It could ence by all of these states may be covered, it could be identified and act, not wait. presently impossible. Those states the spill photographed. Whenever A logical base for the Center is forming the Arab Federation could necessary, a surface patrol from Cyprus. The island is strategically form a nucleus. So could geo¬ the nearest member state could be located, more or less in the center graphically interdependent Syria, called and samples taken. Violation of the Basin. Its government main¬ the Lebanon and Cyprus. In any reports could then be forwarded to tains good relations with all the case, something should be initiated the country of the flag of the vio¬ states involved. Preliminary and at once, with provision for the sub¬ lator, either under the name of unofficial exploratory contacts sequent inclusion of the other con¬ IMCO or through the host country. seem to indicate that it would be cerned states. Here, as elsewhere, These reports would be in effect a willing host. The airfields, air¬ politics is the art of the possible. fully prepared legal cases, com¬ craft maintenance, and other fa¬ And success is self-reinforcing. plete with statements of the wit¬ cilities required already are avail¬ The costs of such an Eastern nesses, photographs and samples, able there. Mediterranean Surveillance and if any, for action under the Con¬ If the binding influence of techni¬ Information Center would be min¬ vention. Operations could be cal necessity has any international imal —on the order of $250,000 in shifted temporarily, from time to validity, there could be no better initial capital expenditures, and a time, to airfields elsewhere around place to test it than in the Eastern like amount in annual operating the basin, as necessary. As experi¬ Mediterranean. The regional need expenses—especially as costs will ence data was gained, the actual is obvious, the problem defined, in at least some measure be shared. effect of the patrols could be better the solution reasonable, the re¬ This is less than the cost of one measured. sources available. medium-sized cleanup, per year. Whenever an oil slick was dis¬ The benefits of such a Center are covered, the Center’s aircraft WOULD not some cooperation be now impossible to quantify. De¬ could, within their capability, spray worthwhile, before irreparable liberate violations of the Conven¬ the slick with dispersant. They damage is done? ■ Calvert School The school that comes to your child Complete home-study course for elementary-level students. Kindergarten through 8th grade. An American education anywhere in the world. DESTINATION WASHINGTON? Ideal for enrichment. Home is the classroom, you are the teacher with Calvert's approved instruction guide. Start any time, transfer to Our PICTURE GALLERY OF FINE HOMES and DESTINA¬ other schools. 125,000 kindergarten-through-8th graders have used the TION WASHINGTON with complete information on Calvert system since 1904. Non-profit. Phone: 301-243-6030 or write for financing, taxes, insurance, schools, etc., plus the do's catalog. and don'ts of buying or renting, sent free for the asking. Our 75 full-time associates can provide real service to your family. Offices in Alexandria, Arling¬ Calvert School ton, Fairfax and McLean. BOX F1-4, Tuscany Rd. Baltimore, Md. 21210 2160 N. GLEBE Rd. Arlington. Va. 22207 Parent’s name f A COMPANY, I NC. Address REALTORS Phone (703) 524-3131 City State Zip Child’s Age Grade

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26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 either career or political, who took fers who have never served over¬ the greatest interest in this talent seas. Much of this material is not LETTERS TO | search. suitable for any country program This is of course only one of the and certainly not suitable for all Recommendations on USIA ways in which USIS can contribute USIS operations. The number of directly to the overall policy objec¬ domestic staffers of USIA should • I read with interest M. tives. A talented press officer is be reduced in favor of more over¬ Michaud’s article in your magazine often a key person in setting the seas personnel. of July, 1973, about the position of tone of the local media vis-a-vis the It seems to me that these simple USIS and USIA in the government United States. These are only two operational deficiencies could eas¬ and the foreign service. It is easy of a number of examples of the pos¬ ily be remedied if USIA and to agree with all he says and it is sibilities to which the FSO should State’s CU were reunited and if the easy to point out also certain hand¬ be alive. President were to appoint a direc¬ icaps from which USIA and State Now let us look at the shortcom¬ tor of USIA who was really com¬ have suffered in their relations over ings of the personnel of USIS, for petent in overseas informational the years. they are many. and cultural work. The FSOs—but with some no¬ The unfortunate separation of MORRILL CODY, USIA—Ret. table exceptions—have suffered the cultural and information pro¬ Paris from a basic jealousy of this “new grams in Washington has caused and untrained” force coming into successive Presidents to appoint Perspective on Paddocks the sacred ranks of diplomacy at newsmen or broadcasters as direc¬ “exorbitant” salaries. “What good tors of USIA, ignoring completely • William Lenderking’s review are they? Why do we need so the fact that in the field the two (FSJ September 1973) of the Pad- many? We got along perfectly well programs are one and inseparable. docks’ “We Don’t Know How” before when there were no infor¬ These directors and their deputies criticizes the reactions of “some mation or cultural programs” they have almost never been men with AID officials” to it. say. Of course this attitude is overseas experience in an embassy In considering the book “unfair diminishing and I suppose eventu¬ nor have they been trained in the and superficial,” Lenderking says, ally it will disappear. When I first ins and outs of foreign policy and the AID people seem to be demon¬ entered the State Department’s its application. It is a great fallacy strating “defensiveness” and a cultural program I remember a to suppose that a newsman neces¬ feeling “that anyone who criticizes career Ambassador’s comment sarily knows anything about gov¬ the AID program is certainly lack¬ about the entry of personnel of the ernmental information work. Look¬ ing in understanding and may even Department of Commerce into the ing back ) can think of only two be unpatriotic.” FSO category which had occurred who had a basic understanding of I am indebted to Peter Krogh, a few years earlier. “Of course we the role of USIA—George V. Dean of Georgetown University’s accepted them,” he said. “We had Allen and Ted Streibert. Ed Mur- School of Foreign Service, for to, but we never considered them row was a wonderful human being, bringing to my attention another quite—quite gentlemen.” The atti¬ but he knew nothing about the review of the Paddocks’ book. It’s tude of the FSOs has come a long overseas operation of USIA and one that appeared in the September way since then. cared less. It seems to me that it 1973 issue of PERSPECTIVE. I com¬ But where the FSOs failed was would be far more sensible to mend it to anyone who may have in understanding their oppor¬ appoint to this post a career ambas¬ been impressed by Lenderking's tunities to use the USIS programs sador whose experience had shown review. to further the foreign policy objec¬ his understanding of the value and While the author of the tives of the United States. 1 think uses of USIA overseas, and whose PERSPECTIVE review, John D. particularly of the leader grant standing would tend to draw FSOs Montgomery, is not an AID offi¬ program which allows each post to and FSIOs closer together. cial but a Professor of Government send a certain number of up and FSOs sometimes complajn that at Harvard, he too considers the coming persons on the local scene some USIA personnel are brash Paddocks’ book “unfair and super¬ to the United States for a hand¬ and unpolished in diplomatic usage ficial,” although he uses different some visit of up to three months. and this is certainly true, though words. To quote some of them: Where this program was used the number is small. But the fault “This is not really a serious effectively it produced some re¬ in this case lies with the practices book, in spite of the sincere tone. markable results in either the short of personnel selection by the It makes only faint pretense at or long run. Yet when I called upon Agency which are often based on objectivity ...” the heads of the political or personal favoritism of the director “It is most regrettable that this economic sections in an embassy or faulty handling by personnel collection of horror stories is not to sit down once a year with me officers who have never served a more thoughtful piece of jour¬ and spend the necessary time to overseas and know nothing of why nalism.” make a painstaking selection of they are selecting this man or that Montgomery is by no means candidates, they were often “too woman. uncritical of our foreign aid busy” to come themselves or they And finally the greatest hurdle program. Indeed, he credits the sent a junior officer without experi¬ for the PAO overseas is to cope Paddocks with some “serious find¬ ence to the meeting. On the other with the flood of materials dreamed ings” that I consider over-stated. hand it was often the ambassador, up in Washington by domestic staf¬ (If this should lead Lenderking to

EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 27 label me “defensive,” so be it. I Yes, adequately. To be eligible the Foreign Service wife role. On the do not, however, consider our aid rated officer must have been in his other hand, her proposal would program perfect or Montgomery present grade for at least 52 weeks. have real merit if she amended it “unpatriotic.”) Correct me if I’m wrong, but I to provide for payment of a salary But Montgomery goes on to thought that recommendations for to wives who have chosen that point out that the Paddocks have Foreign Service promotions were role. not conducted “anything like a supposed to be based on the rating sample among the projects they officer’s belief that the rated officer JOHN L. WASHBURN studied”; that they have not recog¬ could perform at a higher grade. Washington nized the successes of our foreign Doesn’t the officer’s retention in aid program; and that their book the Service carry the implied Must Reading on AID “only reinforces the urge to do bat¬ assumption that he or she is per¬ • William Turpin’s article “They tle by rhetoric” instead of forming adequately in his or her Have Moses and the Prophets” in “rationality.” present grade? the August issue cries out for a I can only interpret this instruc¬ rebuttal. Fortunately, one is avail¬ HAROLD A. LEVIN tion to be an attempt by AID to able which covers this ground more AID get all of its employees past the adequately and from a much (Visiting Scholar, threshold hurdle before the merger broader perspective than I or most Georgetown University, of the State and AID personnel of my AID colleagues could com¬ Academic Year 1973-74) systems which I feel is inevitable. mand. I commend to Mr. Turpin Certainly it is in marked contrast and to all readers of the JOURNAL to State’s promotion policies, par¬ Chapter I of the 1973 report of the Further Perspective ticularly at the Class 6 to 5 and Chairman of the Development FSS-8 to 7 levels and serves as Assistance Committee of the • William Lenderking’s inade¬ another example of the inequities OECD. Ambassador Edwin M. quate review of the Paddocks' between the two systems. Martin’s discussion of “The book “We Don’t Know How,” Of course, my concern may not ‘Crises’ of Development” should which appeared on page 27 of your be justified. After all one rarely be “must” reading for all those September issue, was in my view meets any AID officers below the interested in aid. out of place in your respected grade of R-4 anyway (don’t they journal. Lenderking outlines the start at R-5?) and State officers MARJORIE S. BELCHER simplistic and biased Paddock should by now be inured to seeing Deputy Director “case” in eight sentences, then contemporaries in other agencies Washington apparently agrees with it and na¬ rise faster. ively asks if anyone can define our Praise for Tom Kelly aid goals. JOHN W. BLIGH, JR. • I was much taken by Thomas F. Obviously we always have goals, Monrovia Kelly’s article “Who’s the Kids as any person fully familiar with the Enlightenment Through Offense Advocate” appearing in the Sep¬ subject is well aware. Many of tember issue of the Foreign Service these goals have been attained. The • Many other readers will no doubt JOURNAL. I found it to be one of Paddocks’ “study” violates basic be offended for the same wide vari¬ the most interesting and thought precepts of scholastic inquiry, and, ety of reasons that I was by Carroll provoking pieces to appear in the one might assume, is designed to Russell Sherer’s “Resolution of JOURNAL in a long time. In the light gain publicity for the authors rather the Wives Dilemma” in the of my own experiences as a than be a serious study of a serious October JOURNAL. Indeed, enlight¬ Foreign Service father and my cur¬ topic. To restore balance to your enment through offense is clearly rent position as Chairman of the pages, you really should now print a principal purpose of the author. Joint Embassy School in Jakarta, a critique of the book. AID/OPA However, if her “resolution” is I would like to exchange some has an excellent one which I sug¬ meant to be taken seriously, in views with Mr. Kelly about the gest you examine. rebuttal it needs only to be said that content of his article. RAYMOND C. MALLEY, the allowances and privileges given DONALD S. HARRIS AID FSR-2, to an officer’s family—educational, APO Washington commissary, housing, health care, and school and home leave The Peter Principle transportation—are part of the • I read with incredulity of the total compensation paid him by the new procedures and criteria for Foreign Service. As the BEX performance evaluation of junior pamphlet for prospective exam¬ class employees (FSR-8, FSR-7, inees says, these “constitute the FSR-6 and FSS-8) announced by principal financial incentive” for AID’s Director of Personnel via service as an FSO. Mrs. Sherer’s State 227096 on November 17. proposal as made could amount to That message instructed Mission a severe salary cut for any FSO Directors to recommend for pro¬ who is unwilling to be separated motion those employees who are from, or to coerce, a wife who pre¬ “performing adequately or better. fers not to assume the traditional 28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 THIS MONTH IN WASHINGTON Service Day, the Association held a number of additional changes in its second annual brunch for retired the Foreign Service Act, designed BY Rick Williamson members. This year’s brunch, re¬ to improve the Foreign Service ported on elsewhere in the Retirement System. In all. we One of the joys of being the JOURNAL, was so successful that proposed 11 separate changes in AFSA Counselor is writing this we hope to make it a regular event the legislation to the Committee. column. One of the real problems each Foreign Service Day. The most significant change which is figuring out how to lead it off we proposed was to permit Foreign each month. Fortunately, 1 get sug¬ AFSA Actions on Service personnel to retire with a gestions. One contributor wanted Retirement Legislation limited annuity after 20 years in the me to begin with the story about Service, even if they had not yet the traveling salesman who . . . But A major project this month has reached age 50. If the Senate is 1 told him this was a family been our efforts to get action from willing to go along with this magazine for foreign affairs profes¬ Congress on two important pieces change—and much will depend on sionals and that it was in bad baste of retirement legislation. Hope¬ the attitude of the Department to tell jokes of that ilk unless they fully, by the time you receive this, —this could bring about major were a lot funnier. Someone else the President will have already benefits for the Foreign Service by wanted me to do a further expose' signed the 1974 Foreign Assistance permitting people to begin second on Room 3662. You will recall from Act. This bill, as a result of a lot careers at a younger age, and the November issue that before of hard work on the part of AFSA allowing those who remain to move that room became popular, affairs and AID, contains provision for forward more rapidly. of state were the prerogative of the Foreign Service retirement for Seventh Floor. So, searching out career personnel in AID. The bill AFSA, State and USIA Agree on a good story 1 went to see how has already passed the House and Selection Board Precepts business was coming along. Senate (by narrow margins) and Nothing, just a long row of card¬ been sent to the President. If the AFSA this month successfully board boxes. Not even a going- bill is signed, it will bring to a suc¬ concluded negotiations with State out-of-business sale. So next cessful conclusion several years of and USIA on the precepts for the month, your fearless AFSA Coun¬ effort on the part of the Association 1973 selection boards. The Boards selor is going to take a break from to give AID personnel a fair and have already begun rank-ordering snarling at management and go equitable retirement system, and midcareer personnel in State, and interview one of those heating- will constitute a major step forward the Threshold and Senior boards in grate bums mentioned in an earlier in our efforts to create a unified State, and the USIA boards will issue. Foreign Service. meet on schedule in January. We The next time you are back in This month Tom Boyatt and I will report separately in AFSA the Department, be prepared for a also testified before the Senate NEWS on the most important minor shock. Those long cream- Foreign Relations Committee on a changes we have been able to bring colored corridors are now deep bill proposed by State and backed about. In all cases except for the blue, Chinese red, mustard yellow, by the Administration to change joint State-USIA junior officer and even red-and-white candy the existing Foreign Service Re¬ boards (for FSO/FSIO-8s and 7s), striped. All part of a plan, says the tirement System. The bill contains where we agreed with manage¬ General Services Administration, a number of attractive features, ment’s approach, we have been to make the corridors more inter¬ such as important changes in able to bring about many changes esting and eliminate dull sameness annuities for surviving spouses, in the precepts. The precepts and a feeling of being lost. Some special relief for certain widows, should be published shortly, and people would rather be lost. and retirement of certain Career we urge you to read them carefully. A major event for the Associa¬ Ministers (those not serving in In State, another preoccupation tion this month was Foreign Ser¬ Presidentially appointed positions) has been the study of the cone sys¬ vice Day, which we jointly sponsor at age 60. On the other hand, the tem which Secretary Kissinger with DACOR and the Depart¬ bill also contained a number of fea¬ ordered Director General Davis to ment. This year, Foreign Service tures designed to bring the Foreign undertake. The Director General Day was a great success, culminat¬ Service in line with the Civil Ser¬ in turn asked AFSA to provide him ing in a reception given by the Sec¬ vice under circumstances which with our views on the cone system, retary (who at the last minute had were disadvantageous to Foreign and if we wish, to forward our a little matter in the Middle East Service personnel. We indicated to views directly to the Secretary as to attend to) at the Pan American the Committee our opposition to well. This study will have major Union. The Saturday after Foreign these provisions. We also proposed long-term implications for the per-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAI , Jallmiry, 1974 29 sonnel system in State, and will headed by Emil Lindahl, who is FOREIGN SERVICE DAY BRUNCH also have a direct bearing on how ably assisted by Steve Wallace promotions are made this year at (who handles many of the USAID Over 80 retired Foreign Service the Senior ranks. and grievance matters), Vivian officers and their spouses met for Anderson of USAID, and John a post-Foreign Service Day brunch AID Swenson of USIA. One of AFSA- at the Foreign Service Club on Saigon’s great successes has been November 17. This newly-inau¬ In AID, this month we had the in membership. In recent months, gurated tradition is designed to af¬ first meeting of the Disputes Panel thanks to the efforts of Bob Zigler, ford the Association’s retired mem¬ (the mediation and fact-finding Membership Chairman, we have bers an opportunity to learn more body called for under the Execu¬ received 94 new memberships from about AFSA’s efforts as a pro¬ tive Order) to deal with AID Saigon. The Chapter expects to go fessional association and as an em¬ issues. As a result of the Disputes over 200 members any day now. ployee representative and in turn Panel’s efforts and subsequent bar¬ The Chapter has been unusually for the Association to benefit from gaining, we were able to reach pre¬ vigorous in dealing with grievances the ideas and expertise of these liminary agreement on one of the and informal complaints. Equally concerned retirees. disputes, whereby AID would pro¬ important, dealings with post man¬ Tom Boyatt, AFSA Chairman, vide AFSA with a room in the agement have resulted in a new welcomed the group, reporting on headquarters building (we already housing policy for AID personnel the past year’s operation of the have a room from State and which includes an imaginative Association and moderating the USIA). On the other hand, we point-bid system for housing discussion. Mr. Boyatt’s opening were still unable to agree on the allocation, and the establishment of remarks covered three points made Ship Travel dispute, in which we an impartial housing board, on by Dr. Kissinger, one, that the have been pressing AID to restore which AFSA-Saigon will have one career Foreign Service should be limited ship travel, so that AID representative. This agreement involved in the foreign policy pro¬ personnel will have the same basic represents a major step forward in cess; two, that this process should rights in this regard as Foreign Ser¬ dealings between post management be as open as possible within the vice personnel in USIA and State. and AFSA Chapters. agencies; and three, that this pro¬ We have been told informally that cess should be as open as possible the Disputes Panel has produced to the people, the Congress and the findings of fact and recommenda¬ media which would lead to the INTERIM AGREEMENT TO ASSIST AID tions favorable to the AFSA building of a new foreign policy position. The issue now goes to the EMPLOYEES ROTATING TO AID/W consensus. Board of the Foreign Service for At the present time, AID This year’s topic for discussion final resolution. Foreign Service employees who was the Commission on the Or¬ We continue to make progress rotate to AID/W must pay any out¬ ganization of the Government for with AID management on two standing storage charges for house¬ the Conduct of Foreign Policy major personnel issues, the new hold effects stored under gov¬ (hereinafter known as the Murphy personnel handbook, and a policy ernment-issued travel orders. The Commission). Fisher Howe, Dep¬ for converting or terminating employee must also pay delivery uty Executive Director of the limited status employees. We also charges assessed by the firm. The Commission, began by calling were able this month to resolve a employee then submits a voucher attention to the presence of Am¬ dispute on “modes of travel,” a for reimbursement. AFSA has bassador Frances Willis, recipient rather technical issue which objected to this circuitous proce¬ of the Foreign Service Cup for nonetheless greatly affects which dure which involves an employee 1973, in the audience and Am¬ means of travel (other than ships) temporarily assuming the govern¬ bassador Willis received a standing AID employees are entitled to use. ment’s debts. ovation from the group. Mr. Howe The resolution of this issue basi¬ As a temporary measure, to followed this with a report on cally brings AID back into line assist AID employees with the Ambassador Murphy, who regret¬ with the provisions governing problem of paying storage and ted his inability to attend, and then travel in USIA. We had received delivery charges for household spoke of the mandate for the Com¬ a number of complaints from AID effects, the Property Shipping mission and its program. He called employees over this issue, and are Branch of SER/MO/TR will issue, attention to the fact that the Com¬ pleased that it could be satisfactor¬ upon request, an order to the stor¬ mission, established under the ily resolved. age company involved for AID to Foreign Service Authorization Act pay storage and delivery costs for of 1972, had more authority and household effects which have been breadth than the Hoover Commis¬ SUPER-CHAPTER: AFSA-SAIGON stored at Agency expense. AFSA sion and was responsible to both AFSA has many well-organized hopes to work out a more perma¬ Congress and the President. To get and highly effective chapters at nent arrangement in the near the institutional perspective, Mr. several posts. We will be reporting future. Meanwhile, we hope that Howe said that meetings would be on the activities of various chapters this temporary procedure will held with representatives of the from time to time. Our largest alleviate some of the financial institutions involved, with reports chapter, and certainly one of our strains which have been imposed from them and for them and that most active post organizations is on Foreign Service employees by the problems that cut across AFSA-Saigon. The Chapter is AID. agency lines would be dealt with by

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 independent study groups. He said ous catastrophe from the number the Foreign Service directly under there were two compelling reasons of studies done in this field. But the President, three, to keep the for the Commission’s study—the because we had avoided them we Foreign Service as is through Class constantly changing environment could afford to spend some time 3 but then establish an executive and the radical changes in the looking at the mechanisms and at pool as a resource for assignments foreign affairs field. “A more or how Dr. Kissinger “pulls diplomat¬ abroad or at home, or four, less prosaic look at management ic rabbits out of the hat.” He called accomplish the needed changes which says that management must for a greater degree of candor and within the scope of the Foreign look at itself—how we can im¬ flexibility on a few key issues and Service Act. He added that better prove.” the restoration of legitimacy to the training was an essential in its rela¬ Ambassador Edmund A. Gul- operation of foreign affairs. Dr. tion to greater understanding and lion, Dean of the Fletcher School Crocker, too, called for greater greater skill in the foreign policy of Law and Diplomacy, said that activity in the Field of public affairs process. the balance of power and competi¬ to organize domestic support. His Animated discussion of many of tive coexistence rather than con¬ recommendations were—accept the points raised by the panel fol¬ tainment was the wave of the politics in foreign policy, organize lowed with queries on how retired future, even though it made bureaucracy to achieve political officers could help, strong praise demands on a country and its aims, place greater emphasis on the for AFSA’s stand on ambassador¬ leaders. Stating that Secretary Kis¬ production of intelligence and not ial appointments, the suggestion singer was a man who saw himself penalize the professional in intelli¬ that the Foreign Service get behind in the tradition of Bismarck and gence for being right. He added the idea of public financing of elec¬ Metternich, he remarked that a that any administration must count tion campaigns, the advancement retreat from involvement was pos¬ on the people in the foreign affairs of the idea that the attitudes of the sible, and quoted de Tocqueville on field, that the professionals must Foreign Service in dealing with the inability of a democracy to cultivate an esprit and their self- international business should be make a success of its foreign respect, not docile subservience. improved, along with many other affairs. Ambassador Gullion went The view of the active profes¬ ideas, questions and trial balloons. on to say that a career professional sional in foreign affairs was pre¬ This stimulating session which foreign service is more necessary sented by Brandon Grove, Jr., had afforded both food for thought than ever in the conduct of foreign Deputy Director of the Policy and for the inner man or woman affairs—that the greatest asset we Planning Council and Chairman of ended in the early afternoon of a have is not elected politicians but AFSA’s Committee on Profes¬ bright November day. AFSA ven¬ the professional career services, sionalism. Mr. Grove remarked on tures the hope that next year’s Army, Navy, Air, Civil Service the outstanding success of the brunch, the third, will be at once and Foreign Service. He called for AAFSW Book Fair and quoted as agreeable and as thought- attention to creative diplomacy in from a volume by Water Hines provoking, and that retired mem¬ the developing world—the roots Page, Ambassador to St. James in bers will maintain their interest in and seeds of conflict lie there and 1913, where the Ambassador the Association, use the Club said the answers lie in attitudes wrote, “The feeling grows on us facilities and offer their support and rather than organizational change. that perhaps many of our telegrams expertise. Recognizing the agonizing problem and letters may not be read at all. of the conflict between the execu¬ Why send them?” Mr. Grove also CREDIT CARD PROBLEMS tive and legislative branches, he quoted from Ambassador Gullion’s called for a rapprochement be¬ prize winning essay in the A number of Foreign Service tween the two of them. He also JOURNAL’S 1946 contest where the personnel have been experiencing said that the Secretary of State purpose of the foreign service was problems in dealing with com¬ should be both Chairman of NSC defined as making a maximum con¬ panies such as American Express and Secretary and the public affairs tribution to foreign policy. Dean or Central Charge. The most com¬ area in the Department should be Rusk was quoted as saying that mon difficulty has been that, due enlarged and charged with en¬ foreign policy is not the private pre¬ to transferring from one post to lightening the public and dealing serve of the State Department. In another and the resulting delays in with it. He called for a disciplined further defining the Service, Mr. mail reaching them, some Foreign hierarchic service “available to Grove said that the Foreign Ser¬ Service employees receive their send the best people to the worst vice is not a personnel system, it bills long past due, and are listed places,” and said that he saw no is a cadre of professionals, bu¬ as “delinquent customers.” Until harm in political ambassadors con¬ reaucrats in the best sense, i.e., two years ago, most companies stituting 40% of the appointments people who understand the opera¬ permitted all overseas Foreign Ser¬ if they have the confidence of the tions of bureaucracy. He suggested vice accounts (zip code 20521) to President, are qualified and are not that perhaps the Foreign Service have a minimum of 60 days grace, just being rewarded for contribu¬ better understood bureaucracy and in cases of transfer a maximum tions. abroad than at home and called for of 90 days, for payment of regular Dr. Chester Crocker, Director more exchanges with business and bills without penalty of finance of the Master’s Program in Foreign academia. For the future he said charges—or far more serious¬ Service at Georgetown University, there were four options; one, to ly—jeopardy of their credit rating. said that the nation’s record would make the State Department However, most credit card oper¬ seem to be almost one of continu¬ entirely Civil Service, two, to place ations increasingly rely on comput- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 3 1 ers, and the computer apparently of any problems of this nature with SPECIAL SERVICES cannot isolate Foreign Service the firms involved and similar ar¬ accounts from other accounts. rangements will hopefully be con¬ The Journal has inaugurated a new ser¬ AFSA has pointed out to a number cluded with them. vice for its readers, a classified section. of firms that its members’ credit In order to be of maximum assistance to rating should not be jeopardized AFSA members and Journal readers we are simply because of transfer or the accepting these listings until the 15th of each month for publication in the issue delay in mail reaching them. At dated the following month. The rate is 40^ AFSA’s request, to alleviate this per word, less 2% for payment in advance, situation, Central Charge has BIRTHS minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ agreed to assign a particular branch tisement and check to Classified Ads, in their central office to handle OTIS. A daughter, Jade Anna, born : to FSO and Mrs. Terrell R. Otis Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, such problems. Foreign Service N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. personnel having problems such as on October 19, in Chiang Mai. SHEINBAUM. A son, Neil H. F., being listed by Central Charge as EDUCATION a “delinquent customer” should born to FSO and Mrs. Gilbert H. write to R. G. Moore, Customer Sheinbaum, on August 2, in ST. J0HNSBURY ACADEMY—Coed, board¬ Service Manager, Central Charge, Washington. ing. Grades 9-12 & Post Graduate. Broad 1215 E Street, N.W., Washington, College Prep plus vocational. Small city in D.C. 20004, and explain the cir¬ MARRIAGES mountain environment. All sports plus cumstances peculiar to their case. camping, skiing next door. Many electives. MARIN-MCANINCH. LUZ Marina In this manner, the “Credit Rating Individual guidance. Active social program. Profile" can be changed to reflect Marin was married to Consul Community projects. Admissions Director, the extenuating circumstances in a General Vernon D. McAninch on 8 Main St., St. Johnsbury, Vermont 05819. October 20, in Bogota. particular case. DARR0W. A COED COUNTRY BOARDING AFSA will try to work out GERRITY-VOLLERTSEN. Louise similar arrangements with other Gerrity, daughter of FSO-retired SCHOOL. Flexible college preparatory cur¬ and Mrs. Charles M. Gerrity, was riculum. Student-Faculty work program firms such as American Express helps preserve National Historic Landmark and the firms who are members of married to Edward Peter Vol- lertsen, III on December 8, at Site. All sports, art, music. Concern for Washington Shoppers Plate. Mem¬ each individual within a structure balanc¬ bers are requested to advise AFSA Cathedral of Christ the King, ing proven responsibility with freedom. Atlanta. Grades 9-12. Darrow School, New Lebanon, N.Y. 12125. (518) 795-1501. John F. Joline, Be Wise Shop Riverside DEATHS III, Headmaster. DODGE. John Doane Dodge, FSSO, died on November 6 at his RETIRED LIST Liquor home in Glen Echo Heights. He Again this year, the Association has pro¬ joined the Foreign Service in 1947, duced the list of retired members and it Discounts serving in Algiers, Mexico City, is available on request. Write or phone FOREIGN SERVICE MEMBERS San Jose, Paris, Managua and AFSA, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, 10% off on estate bottling wines Guadalajara. He is survived by his D.C. 20037. 5% off on our regular low prices wife, Edith Palmer Dodge, 6115 on liquor Madawaska Rd., Glen Echo COMING EVENT Heights, Md., and three children. Imported and American Champagnes Contributions in memory of Mr. HOW YOU COULD BE EARNING SOCIAL Imported and American Wines Dodge may be made to the SECURITY COVERAGE NOW: By popular demand, this seminar, presented by Mr. Some of France’s finest Burgundies Leukemia Society of America. Grover J. REES, Jr., Director of Investment and Bordeaux at reduced prices FLEISHER. Greta Fleisher, wife of Planning for Reynolds Securities, Inc. Co me in and browse around Wilfred Fleisher, Press Attache, Members of the New York Stock Exchange, Stockholm 1949-53, and mother of will be given again on January 16, from FSO Eric W. Fleisher, 875 Azalea 12:00-1:00 PM, in Room 1912. Dept, of Riverside Dr., Rockville, Md., and Benita State. The seminar covers the various ways (Baroness Claes Ramel), died on that YOU can qualify for Social Security benefits in addition to all your existing Liquors November 11, in Stockholm. She benefits. For example, did you know that is also survived by another son, it’s possible to merely invest your 2123 E St., N.W. 338-4882 Frederic Elliot Fleisher of Stock¬ money—not your time or effort—and get (conveniently located across from holm. this coverage? These TAX-FREE benefits the State Department on E Street, SEIDEL. Harry G. Seidel, mission include: A RETIREMENT ANNUITY (for your¬ next to Peoples Drug Store) director, AID, Morocco, died on self and family); FAMILY INSURANCE (for Our 40th Year widows and dependents); DISABILITY December 3, in Washington. Mr. BENEFITS; FREE MEDICARE (Part I)—If you We loan glasses for parties Seidel joined AID in 1972 after have any further questions, please call Mr. serving with Standard Oil of New NO CHARGE REES at 296-2770 (if no answer, call 530- Jersey for 26 years. He is survived 8515) or write to him c/o REYNOLDS by his wife, Geraldine, of Rabat, SECURITIES, Inc., 1735 K Street, N.W., and four children. Washington, D.C. 20006.

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1974 Dodge Dart Swinger

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