Bauhinia variegata L.

Scientific Name: Bauhinia variegata L. Kingdom: Plantae Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae/Leguminosae Genus: Bauhinia Species: variegata Synonyms: Bauhinia variegata L. var. candida Voigt, Bauhinia variegata L.var. variegata , Phanera variegata (L.) Benth. Common Names: orchid tree, purple orchid tree, mountain ebony, poor man's orchid, bauhinia, butterfly ash, butterfly tree, camel's foot, camel's foot tree, poor man's orchid, pink orchid tree, variegata orchid tree, variegata orchid-tree, white bauhinia, white camel's foot, white variegata orchid tree, Kachnar. Plant Description: Bauhinia variegata is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading crown, attaining a height of up to 15 m and diameter of 50 cm. In dry forests, the size is much smaller. The bark is light brownish grey, smooth to slightly fissured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous and bitter. The twigs are slender, zigzag; when young, light green, slightly hairy, and angled, becoming brownish grey. Leaves have minute stipules 1-2 mm, early caducous; petiole puberulous to glabrous, 3-4 cm; lamina broadly ovate to circular, often broader than long, 6-16 cm diameter; 11-13 nerved; tips of lobes broadly rounded, base cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower glaucous but glabrous when fully grown. Flower clusters (racemes) are unbranched at ends of twigs. The few flowers have short, stout stalks and a stalklike, green, narrow basal tube (hypanthium). The light green, fairly hairy calyx forms a pointed 5-angled bud and splits open on 1 side, remaining attached; petals 5, slightly unequal, wavy margined and narrowed to the base; 5 curved stamens; very slender, stalked, curved pistil, with narrow, green, 1-celled ovary, style and dotlike stigma. Pods dehiscent, strap-shaped, obliquely striate, 20-30 by 2-25 cm; long, hard, flat with 10-15 seeds in each; seeds brown, flat, nearly circular with coriaceus testa. Parts Used: stem, bark, flowers Chemical Constituents Quercitroside, isoquercitroside and rutoside have been isolated from plant. Seeds contain myricetol glycosides. Flowers contain kaempferol glycosides and essential oils, and stem contains 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone-4′-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside.

105 Phytochemical analysis of non woody aerial parts yielded 6 flavonoids, namely kaempferol, ombuin, kaempferol 7,4’-dimethylether-3-o-β-D- glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-o-β-D- glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-o-β-D-glucopyranoside and hesperidin together with one triterpene caffeate, 3 β trans-(3,4 dihydroxycinnamoyloxy) olean-12-en-28-oic acid. The stem bark is reported to contain 5,7 dihydroxy and 5,7 dimethoxy flavanone-4-O--L rhamnopyrosyl-β-D-glycopyranosides, Kaempferol-3-glucoside, lupeol, and betasitosterol. Constituents isolated from the leaves were included lupeol, alkaloids, oil, fat glycoside, phenolics, lignin, saponins, terpinoids, β-sitosterol, tannins, kaempferol-3-glucoside, rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, amides, carbohydrates, reducing sugars,protein, vitamin C, fibers, calcium and phosphorus. B. variegata seeds contained fixed oils, proteins, free fatty acids and carbohydrates. Fatty acids of Bauhinia variegata oil included were palmitic, palmitoleic, margaric,stearic, linoleic, linolenic, archidic, behenic, eicosapentaenoic and nervonic acid. Isolated chemical constituents from Bauhinia variegata L.

Quercetin Rutoside

Kaempferol Lupeol

Apigenin β-sitosterol

Palmitic acid Linoleic acid

106 Pharmacological actions: laxative, alternative, anthelmintic, astringent, galactagogue, anti- diarrheal, anti-dysentery, anti-fungal, anti-viral, insecticide, anticancer, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, immunomodulating, molluscicidal and wound healing effects. Medicinal Uses: The bark is alterative, laxative, anthelmintic, tonic to the liver and astringent to the bowels; cures biliousness, leprosy, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, tubercular glands, asthma, wounds and ulcers; used in strangury, thirst and burning sensation, as a gargle in stomatitis. Decoction of root bark is used for lessening fatness and against tumours. The flowers are cooling, astringent and galactagogue; cures bronchitis, consumption, biliousness and headache; with sugar it is a gentle laxative. The buds are acrid, astringent to the bowels, styptic in haematuria and menorrhagia; used in piles, cough, eye diseases and liver complaints. Dried buds are used in piles, diarrhoea, dysentery and worms. Decoction of roots is given in dyspepsia and flatulency. Water soluble portion of alcoholic extract of the plant is preventive against goiter in rats. Extracts of buds, flowers and bark is anti-bacterial. Dosage: Bark powder – 250 mg – 3 grams in divided dose. Water decoction/kashayam/infusion 50 – 10 ml, used in divided dose per day. Adverse effects: None reported Contraindication: None reported Drug Interactions: No drug-herb interaction known Phytochemical analysis of B. variegata Dhale (2011) carried out phytochemical analysis of B. variegata. Table: Phytochemical analysis of B. variegata

Dhale DA. 2011. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Bauhinia variegata L. Journal of Ecobiotechnology; 3(9): 04-07. Evaluation of different solvent extracts of B. variegata Evaluation of different solvent extracts of B. variegata was carried out by Dhale (2011). Table: Evaluation of different solvent extracts of B. variegata

Dhale DA. 2011. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Bauhinia variegata L. Journal of Ecobiotechnology; 3(9): 04-07.

107

Physico-chemical standardization of B. variegata Pooja and Singh (2012) performed physic-chemical standardization of B. variegata. Table: Physico-chemical standardization of B. variegata

Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata L. var. candida. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139. Fluorescence Analysis of B. variegata Fluorescence analysis of B. variegata was carried out by Pooja and Singh (2012). Small quantity of powdered plant sample was treated with different reagents (conc. HNO 3, conc. H 2SO 4, conc. HCl, FeCl 3, Aq. KOH) and examined under day light and UV light (254nm and 366nm). Table: Fluorescence Analysis of B. variegata

Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata L. var. Candida. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139.

108 Powder drug analysis of B. variegata with different chemical reagents Krishnamoorthy et al. (2014) carried out B. variegata powder analysis with different chemical reagents. Table: Powder drug analysis of B. variegata using different chemical reagents

Krishnamoorthy V, Nagappan P, Sereen AK, Rajendran R. 2014. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of the fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia and leaves of Bauhinia variegata: A Comparative study. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci; 3(5): 479-486. Microscopic Evaluation of B. variegata Pooja and Singh (2012) reported the microscopic evaluation of bark of B. variegata by performing transverse section and powder drug analysis. A transverse section of bark showed presence of dark colored cork cells with sclereids in groups. Cortex was many layered. Starch grains were scattered all over the surface. Xylem was well-developed, uniseriate and medullary rays having scattered phloem.

Figure: Transverse section of B. variegata bark Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata var. candida L.. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139.

109 B. variegata bark powder shows presence of cork cells, phloem fibers and abundant prismatic and rosette calcium oxalate crystals.

Figure: Powder microscopyof B. variegata Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata var. candida L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139. High Performance Thin-layer Chromatography of B. variegata Pooja and Singh (2012) carried out HPTLC of B. variegata bark extract by using standard solution of lupeol preparedin chloroform. The solvent system used was n-hexane: ethyl acetate (8:2). Table and figure are given below. Table: HPTLC profile of B. variegata as compared to standard drug, Lupeol.

Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata var. candida L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139.

Figure: HPTLC profile of B. variegata as compared to standard drug, Lupeol. Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata var. candida L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139.

110 GC/MS analysis of essential oils extracted from B. variegata L. flowers

Figure: GC/MS chromatogram of essential oil from B. variegata L. flowers Sharma N, Bhardwaj R, Singh B, Kaur S. 2014. Essential oil composition of Bauhinia variegata L.flowers. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2(5): 3604-3611. Anti-bacterial activity of B. variegata Dhale (2011) carried out anti-bacterial activity of B. variegata extract using disc diffusion method. The results revealed that tested leaf and bark extracts of B. variegata exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity as compared to standard drug, Ampicillin. Table: Anti-bacterial activity of different solvent extracts of B. variegata leaf

Dhale DA. 2011. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Bauhinia variegata L. Journal of Ecobiotechnology; 3(9): 04-07. Table: Anti-bacterial activity of different solvent extracts of B. variegata leaf

111 Dhale DA. 2011. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Bauhinia variegata L. Journal of Ecobiotechnology; 3(9): 04-07. Anti-fungal activity of B. variegata Gunalan et al. (2011) assessed the anti-fungal activity of ethanolic extract of B. variegata leaves. Anti-fungal activity was evaluated against two dermatophytes ( Trychophyton mentagrophytes , Trychophyton rubrum ), one non- dermatophyte ( Aspergillus niger ) and against two plant pathogen ( Fusarium Oxysporum and Mucor hiemalis ). The results of the study revealed that ethanolic extract of B. variegata leaves exhibited significant anti-fungal activity against dermatophyte, T. mentagrophytes and against the plant pathogen, Mucor hiemalis . Table: Anti-fungal activity of ethanolic leaves extract of B. variegata (EBV)

EBV = Ethanolic B. variegata leaves extract Gunalan G, Saraswathy A, Krishnamurthy V. 2011. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Bauhinia variegata L. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences; 1(4): 400-408. Anti-inflammatory activity of B. variegata Dhale (2011) carried out anti-inflammatory activity of B. variegata by using carrageenan induced paw edema method. Results of the study revealed significant presence of significant anti-inflam-matory activity in B. variegata bark extract. Table: Anti-inflammatory activity of B. variegata (Percentage inhibition of paw edema volume)

Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata var. candida L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139.

112 Anti-oxidant activity of B. variegata Sawhney et al. (2011) reported the anti-oxidant activity of B. variegata aqueous and methanolic extracts by FRAP method. Methanolic extract of B. variegata revealed more significant anti- oxidant activity than aqueous extract.

Anti-oxidant power of methanolic extract of B. variegata bark Sawhney SS, Mir MA, Kumar S. 2011. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant properties of Bauhinia variegata (bark). Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; 3 (8): 645-650 .

Anti-oxidant power of water extract of bark. Sawhney SS, Mir MA, Kumar S. 2011. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant properties of Bauhinia variegata (bark).Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; 3 (8): 645-650. Molluscicidal activity of B. variegata Singh et al. (2012) carried out molluscicidal activity of B. variegata against snail Lymnaea acuminata. Significant toxicity of B. variegata was observed to be time and concentration dependent.

113 Table: Molluscicidal activity of B. variegata leaf powder, organic solvent extracts, column purified fraction and quercetin (active component) against snail Lymnaea acuminata at different exposure periods.

Mortality was determined at every 24 h up to 96 h. Each set of experiment was replicated six times. Abbreviation: B. variegata leaf powder = Bauhinia variegata leaf powder; LCL = lower confidence limit; UCL = upper confidence limit. Significant negative regression ( p < 0.05) was observed between exposure time and LC50 of treatments. Ts— testing significant of the regression coefficient – B. variegata leaf powder – 16.79+; Ethanol extract – 15.91+; Ether extract – 10.18++; Acetone extract – 17.30+; Chloroform extract. – 13.16+; column purified – 20.37+; quercetin – 6.55+. +: linear regression between x and y; ++: non-linear regression between log x and log y. Singh KL, Singh DK, Singh VK. 2012. Characterization of the molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata and Mimusops elengi plant extracts against the Fasciola vector Lymnaea acuminate. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo; 54(3): 135-140. Anthelmintic activity of Bauhinia variegata Tiwari et al. (2015) evaluated in vitro anthelmintic activity of petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. variegata stem and leaf against Pheretima posthuma model. The results revealed that all the tested extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity.

114 Table: Anthelmintic activity of Bauhinia variegata extracts

The values are expressed as mean ± SEM; n=6 animals in each group. Results are expressed as (mean ± SEM) *: p<0.05, **: p<0.001 & ***: p<0.0001 compared to control. Data were analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-kramer multiple comparison test. p-values <0.05 considered to be statistically significant. Tiwari V, Pandey MK, Tiwari A. 2015. Comparative evaluation of anthelmintic potential of Bauhinia variegata. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; 3(6): 268-271. Analgesic activity of Bauhinia variegata Janapareddi et al. (2013) evaluated analgesic activity of B. variegata stem bark by using hot plate method and writhing test. The results of both the activities revealed significant analgesic potential of B. variegata stem bark extract. Table: Analgesic activity of B. variegata bark extract (Eddy’s hot plate test)

n = 6; values are expressed as Mean±SEM. a: when compared with control; b: when compared with reference standard ( ∗∗p<0.01, ∗∗∗p<0.001). Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-pyretic activity of Bauhinia variegata stem bark. 2013. Int J of Res in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics; 2(1): 336-343.

115 Table: Effect of B. variegata bark extract on acetic acid induced writhing in mice

n = 6; values are expressed as Mean±SEM; a: when compared with control ( ∗∗∗P<0.001) Janapareddi K, Jannapureddy S, Pulluru M, Sudheer K. 2013. Pharmacological evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-pyretic activity of Bauhinia variegata stem bark. 2013. Int J of Res in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics; 2(1): 336-343. Anti-pyretic of B. variegata Janapareddi et al. (2013) carried out anti-pyretic of B. variegata by noting rectal temperature in in 2, 4 DNP induced pyrexia in male wistar rats for a period of four hours at an hourly. The results of the activity revealed significant reduction in temperature as compared with the standard drug, Paracetamol. Table: Effect of hydro alcoholic extract of B. variegata on 2, 4 DNP induced pyrexia in rats

n = 6; values are expressed as Mean±SEM. a: when compared with control; b: when compared with reference standard ( ∗P<0.05. ∗∗P<0.01, ∗∗∗P<0.001); PCM – Paracetamol. Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-pyretic activity of Bauhinia variegata stem bark. 2013. Int J of Res in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics; 2(1): 336-343.

116 Anti-carcinogenicity and anti-mutagenicity activity of B.variegata Agrawal and Pandey (2009) carried out anti-carcinogenicity and anti-mutagenicity activity of B. variegata on a skin carcinogenesis and melanoma tumor, model along with micronucleus and chromosomal aberration tests, in Swiss albino mice. Results of the study exhibited significant anti-carcinogenic and anti-mutagenic activity of B. variegata extract. Anti-obesity activity of B. variegata Prashar and Kumar (2010) evaluated the anti-obesity activity of aqueous extract of B. variegata roots in female Wistar rats. The results of the study revealed anti-obesity activity of B. variegata aqueous root extract in rats fed on high fat diet. Table: Effect of aqueous extract of B. variegata (AEBV) on weight gain (g) in rats

Group-I: The animals received 0.9% saline (5ml/kg/p.o) and served as normal control. Group-II: The animals received only high fat diet and served as negative control. Group-III: The animals received high fat diet and treated with AEBV (200mg/kg/ p.o) suspended in in 0.9% saline. Group-IV: The animals received high fat diet and treated with AEBV (400mg/kg/ p.o) suspended in in 0.9% saline. Group-V: The animals received Sibutramine (5mg/kg/p.o) suspended in 0.9% saline and high fat diet. Prashar Y, Kumar AS. 2010. Anti-Obesity Activity of Bauhinia variegata L in High Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Female Rats. Pharmacologyonline; 2: 1008-1016. Nephro-protective effect of B. variegata Sharma et al. (2011) assessed the nephron-protective effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. variegata roots in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The study results exposed that Gentamicin induced glomerular congestion, blood vessel congestion, and epithelial desquamation, accumulation of inflammatory cells and necrosis of the kidney cells were found to be reduced in the groups receiving the root extract of B. variegata L. along with gentamicin.

Table: Nephroprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. variegata L. in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Sharma RK, Rajani GP, Sharma V, Komala N. 2011. Effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Bauhinia variegata L on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats.Ind J Pharm Edu Res; 45(2):192-198.

117 Table: Histo-pathological features of the kidneys of rats of different treatment groups in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Sharma RK, Rajani GP, Sharma V, Komala N. 2011. Effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Bauhinia variegata L. on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats.Ind J Pharm Edu Res; 45(2): 192-198.

Anti-convulsant activity of B. variegata Suresh et al. (2012) evaluated the anti-convulsant activity of ethanolic extract of B. variegata leaves by maximum electric shock induced convulsions and pentylenetetrazole induced convulsions in mice. The results revealed significant anti-convulsant activity of ethanolic B. variegata extract.

Figure: Anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of B. variegata against Maximal Electroshock induced in mice Suresh U, Rao SK, Shankaraiah P, Goud AB, Sridhar Y. 2012. Evaluation of anti-convulsant and antioxidant activity of Bauhinia variegata in mice. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2(1): 201-208.

118 Cardio-protective effect of B. variegata Sharma et al. (2013) evaluated cardio-protective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. variegata L. in CaCl 2 induced arrhythmia in albino rats. The results showed that B. variegata L. root extracts produced significantly (P<0.05) anti-arrhythmic activity. Table: Effect of Verpamil and B. variegata L. Extract on heart rate in CaCl 2 induced arrhythmia.

(n=6), expressed as mean ± SEM, *(P<0.05) for statistically significant vs control, a (P<0.05) for statistically significant vs control arrhythmic group. Group I-Control (Standard diet with ad libitum); Group II-Arrhythmia control group [ 5% CaCl2 (25mg/kg)]; Group III -Standard: CaCl2 ( induced arrhythmia + varapamil (5 mg/kg, i.v.); Group IV- CaCl2 (5%) induced arrhythmia + Bauhinia variegata aqueous extract (400 mg/kg, i.v.); Group V- CaCl2 (5%) induced arrhythmia + B. variegata ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg, i.v.). Sharma RK, Sharma AK, Mohan G. 2013. Evaluation of Cardioprotective Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extract of Bauhinia variegata in CaCl2 Induced Arrhythmia in Albino Rats. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science; 3(7):169-173. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of B. variegata Rajani and Ashok (2009) evaluated anti-hyperlipidemic effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem bark and root B. variegata in Triton WR-1339 (iso-octyl polyoxyethylene phenol)- induced hyperlipidemic albino rats by estimating serum triglyceride, very low density lipids (VLDL), cholesterol, low-density lipids (LDL), and high-density lipid (HDL) levels. The results of the study exhibited significant anti-hyperlipidemic of B. variegata tested extracts. Anti-ulcer activity of B. variegata Kumar and Rajani (2011) evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of B. variegata in animal models (ethanol induced ulcer in rats, aspirin induced ulcer in rats, effect on gastric secretion by pyloric ligation in rats). The results of the study showed that B. variegata possess significant anti-ulcer activity. Immunomodulatory activity of B. variegata Immunomodulatory activity of B. variegata stem bark extracts was assessed by Patil et al. (2010) on in vitro human neutrophils. The results of the research work exhibited that B. variegata L. stem bark possess immunomodulatory activity. Table: Number of Neutrophils per field after treatment with extracts of B. variegata stem bark by Neutrophil Locomotion and Chemotactic Activity

Mean number of Neutrophils per field ± Standard Error Mean Significant difference from Positive Control (Std.) by One way ANOVA, followedby Dunnet's 't' test. (n = 4); *p<0.01, **p<0.05, Phosphate Buffer Saline (Normal Control), Casein (Positive Control) Patil JK, Jalalpure SS, Hamid S, Ahirrao RA. 2010.In-vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of extracts of Bauhinia vareigata L Stem Bark on Human Neutrophils. Iranian Journal Of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; 9(2): 41-46.

119 References Agrawal RC, Pandey S. 2009. Evaluation of Anticarcinogenic and Antimutagenic Potential of Bauhinia variegata Extract in Swiss Albino Mice. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev; 10: 913-916. Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-pyretic activity of Bauhinia variegata stem bark. 2013. Int J of Res in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics; 2(1): 336-343. Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-pyretic activity of Bauhinia variegata stem bark. 2013. Int J of Res in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics; 2(1): 336-343. Arain S, Memon N, Rajput MT, Sherazi STH, Bhanger MI and Mahesar SA. 2012. Physico-chemical characteristics of oil and seed residues of Bauhinia variegata and Bauhinia linnaei . Pak J Anal Environ Chem; 13(1): 16-21. Dhale DA. 2011. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Bauhinia variegata L. Journal of Ecobiotechnology; 3(9): 04-07. Gunalan G, Saraswathy A, Krishnamurthy V. 2011. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Bauhinia variegata L. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences; 1(4): 400-408. Gupta R, Paarakh MP and Gavani U. 2009. Isolation of Phytoconstituents from the leaves of Bauhinia variegata L, Journal of Pharmacy Research; 2( 8):1315-1316. Hocking D. 1993. Trees for dry lands. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. Jigna P, Nehal K and Sumitra C. 2006.Screening of some traditionally used medicinal plants for potential antibacterial activity. IndianJournal of Pharmaceutical Science; 68(6): 832-834. Kanak S and Verma Anita K. 2012. Evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities of methanol extract of in vivo and in vitro grown Bauhinia variegata L. International Research Journal of Biological Science; 1(6) : 26- 30. Koteswara RY, Shih-Hua F and Yew-Min T. 2008. Anti- inflammatory activity of flavanoids and a triterpene caffeate isolated from Bauhinia variegata . Phytotherapy Research 2008; 22: 957-962. Koteswara RY, Shih-Hua F and Yew-Min T. 2008. Anti- inflammatory activity of flavanoids and a triterpene caffeate isolated from Bauhinia variegata. Phytotherapy Research; 22: 957-962. Krishnamoorthy V, Nagappan P, Sereen AK, Rajendran R. 2014. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of the fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia and leaves of Bauhinia variegata: A Comparative study. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci; 3(5): 479-486. Kumar YR, Rajani GP. 2011. Analgesic and anti-ulcer activities of ethanol and aqueous extracts of root of Bauhinia variegata L. International Journal of Pharmacology; 7(5): 616-622. Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Data base: a tree reference and selection guide version4.0 http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/ treedbs/treedatabases.asp Patil JK, Jalalpure SS, Hamid S, Ahirrao RA. 2010.In-vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of extracts of Bauhinia vareigata L Stem Bark on Human Neutrophils. Iranian Journal Of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; 9(2): 41-46. Pooja, Singh MV. 2012. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia variegata L. var. candida. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters; 2 (5): 135-139. Prashar Y, Kumar AS. 2010. Anti-Obesity Activity of Bauhinia variegata L. in High Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Female Rats. Pharmacologyonline; 2: 1008-1016. Rajani GP, Ashok P. 2009. In vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Bauhinia variegata L. Indian J Pharmacol; 41(5): 227-232. Rajani PG, Ashok P. 2009. In vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Bauhinia variegata L. Indian J Pharmacol;41(5):227-232. RajKapoor B, Jayakar B, Murugesh N. 2003. Antitumor activity of Bauhinia variegata on Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma. J Ethnopharmacol; 89: 107-09. Reddy MV, Reddy MK, Gunasekar D, Caux C and Bodo B. 2003. A flavanone and a dihydro dibenzoxepin from Bauhinia variegata. Phytochemistry;64:879-882. Sahu G and Gupta PK. 2012. A review on Bauhinia variegata L. International research Journal of Pharmacy;3(1):48-51. Sawhney SS, Mir MA, Kumar S. 2011. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant properties of Bauhinia variegata (bark). Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; 3 (8): 645-650. Sharma N,Bhardwaj R,Singh B,Kaur S. 2014. Essential oil composition of Bauhinia variegata L. flowers. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2(5): 3604-3611. Sharma RK . Pharmacological evaluation of Bauhinia variegata L. for wound healing and nephroprotective activity. MSc thesis, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka 2010. Sharma RK, Rajani GP, Sharma V, Komala N. 2011. Effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Bauhinia variegata L. on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats.Ind J Pharm Edu Res; 45(2): 192-198.

120 Sharma RK, Sharma AK, Mohan G. 2013. Evaluation of Cardioprotective Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extract of Bauhinia variegata in CaCl2 Induced Arrhythmia in Albino Rats. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science; 3(7):169-173. Sharma RN, Saxena VK. 1996. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of leaves extracts of Bauhinia variegata L. Asian J Chemistry; 8(4): 811-812. Singh KL, Singh DK, Singh VK. 2012. Characterization of the molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata and Mimusops elengi plant extracts against the Fasciola vector Lymnaea acuminate. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo; 54(3): 135-140. Surendra BH and Alpana R. 2007. Hepatoprotective properties of Bauhinia variegata bark extract. The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan; 127(9): 1503-1507. Suresh U, Rao SK, Shankaraiah P, Goud AB, Sridhar Y. 2012. Evaluation of anti-convulsant and antioxidant activity of Bauhinia variegata in mice. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2(1): 201-208. Tiwari V, Pandey MK, Tiwari A. 2015. Comparative evaluation of anthelmintic potential of Bauhinia variegata . Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; 3(6): 268-271. Uddin G, Sattar S and Rauf A. 2012. Preliminary phytochemical, in vitro pharmacological study of Bauhinia alba and Bauhinia variegata flowers. Middle-East Journal of Medicinal Plants Research;(4): 75-79. Zhao YY, Cui CB, Cai B, Han B and Sun QS. 2005. A new phenanthraquinone from the stems of Bauhinia variegata L. J Asian Nat Prod Res;7:835-838.

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