Acotaciones Y Sus Variaciones En Titulares De Prensa Económica Inglesa: Un Análisis Cognitivo
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UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA I TESIS DOCTORAL Acotaciones y sus variaciones en titulares de prensa económica inglesa: un análisis cognitivo MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR María Piedad Fernández Arias DIRECTOR Michael C. White Hayes Madrid, 2016 © María Piedad Fernández Arias, 2015 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Inglesa I ACOTACIONES Y SUS VARIACIONES EN TITULARES DE PRENSA ECONÓMICA INGLESA: UN ANÁLISIS COGNITIVO Tesis doctoral M. Piedad Fernández Arias Director: Dr. Michael C. White Hayes Madrid, 2015 Acotaciones y sus variaciones en titulares de prensa económica inglesa: un análisis cognitivo Quotations and their variation patterns in business and politics English press headlines: A cognitive analysis Doctoral thesis M. Piedad Fernández Arias ([email protected]) Instructor: Dr. Michael C. White Hayes Madrid, 2015 2 Contents page List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................ 6 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 7 I) Abstract ……………………..………………..............…...…….. 8 Resumen ....................................................................................... 13 II) Introduction .................. ................................................................ 19 1. Scope of the study ..................................................... .............. 20 2. The concept of ‘intertextuality’ ............................................... 24 3. Quotation ................................................................................. 28 4. Conclusions .............................................................................. 33 III) The present research ……….……………..……….............……. 35 1. Introduction ……….………….………...…….............……… 35 2.Theoretical framework ............................................................ 41 2.1 The functions of press headlines …..….............……….... 41 2.2 The concept of ‘collocation’ .............................................. 45 2.2.1 A definition of ‘collocation’ …….......................... 52 2.3 A definition of ‘intertextuality’........................................... 52 2.4 Titles and ‘phoricity’........................................................... 53 3. Aims and research questions …………….................……….. 59 3 4. Materials and method …………………….............………….. 66 4.1 Data collection ………………..…….............……………. 66 4.2 Analysis methodology ….……...…................……….…… 68 5. Results and findings ….........……..………............………….. 70 5.1 Common characteristics .................................................... 70 5.1.1 Typology .................................................................. 70 5.1.2 Origin of the collocation ......................................... 79 5.1.3 Length of the collocation ........................................ 83 5.2 Motivation ......................................................................... 85 5.2.1 Textual dependence ................................................. 85 5.2.2 The influence of the news item ................................ 89 5.2.3 Stereotype contexts .................................................. 93 5.2.3.1 Colligations ................................................. 94 5.2.3.2 Semantic contexts ....................................... 97 5.3 Rhetorical devices ............................................................. 104 5.3.1 Metaphor and metonymy ......................................... 104 5.3.2 Other devices ........................................................... 121 Oxymoron ................................................................. 122 Parallelism ................................................................ 124 Morpho-grammatical aspects ................................... 127 Phonic elements ....................................................... 129 5.3.3 Wit and humour, punning ......................................... 132 5.3.4 Irony .......................................................................... 146 4 6. Discussion ................................................................................. 149 6.1 Basic principles .................................................................. 149 6.2 Semantic underdetermination ............................................. 156 6.3 Blending ............................................................................. 172 6.4 Creative language ............................................................... 196 6.5 Literary journalism ............................................................. 218 7. Conclusions ...........................…………...........……………… 222 IV) References.........................................................................……… 232 Dictionaries .................................................................................. 258 Other literature consulted ............................................................. 258 V) Glossary of technical terms ......................................................... 264 VI) Appendix 1 ………………………………………...........………. 272 Appendix 2 …………………………………..............…………. 288 Appendix 3 .................................................................................. 294 5 List of figures and tables Figures page Figure 1. Stages of a conversational implicature. ....................................... 141 Figure 2. Communicator, audience and cognitive environment ................. 168 Figure 3. Integration network for Tess of the Virgin Isles. ......................... 186 Figure 4. Integration network for Pouring trouble on oily waters. ............ 191 Figure 5. Integration network for Death in El Dorado. .............................. 194 Tables Table 1. Frequency distribution of collocations in The Economist Corpus 37 Table 2. Frequency distribution of collocations in Time Magazine Corpus 38 Table 3. Frequency distribution of collocations in Time Magazine Corpus according to the type of news ..................................................... 39 Table 4. Types of modification ................................................................. 78 Table 5. Origin of the collocation .............................................................. 82 Table 6. Length of the collocation ............................................................. 83 Table 7. Syntax of the collocation .............................................................. 84 6 Acknowledgements In writing this work I have benefited from the advice, support and example of a number of people. First and foremost, I am particularly grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Michael C. White Hayes, for his patience, interest and wise comments while advising and directing me in this project. I would like to thank Dr. Gitte Kristiansen and Dr. Margarita Correa Beningfield for their support at a difficult time. I am also very grateful to Dr. Honesto Herrera and Dr. Ana María Roldán Riejos for their revision of my thesis manuscript and for providing detailed comments on my work, which have substantially contributed to improving the final version of it. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the professors at Universidad Complutense de Madrid, without whose teachings, I would certainly not have been able to finish this thesis. I am very grateful to Dr. Julia Lavid for her help and supervision of my earlier work on the basis of Corpus Linguistics. Finally, my special thanks goes to my husband, Luis Salas, for his consistent support and good humour during the preparation of my research, but also helped me focus on the other things that are essential in life. 7 Abstract Bearing in mind the concept of intertextuality introduced by Julia Kristeva in the 1960s, the thesis that is here developed analyzes a specific type of collocations, namely, what Lewis (2000: 133) calls ‘part of a quotation’, making reference to the titles of books, films, TV series, pieces of music and the like. These appear as headlines of business and political news items in the prestigious magazine The Economist. Sometimes these titles are quoted without any changes, but they are also very often transformed and adapted to the specific context of the story they introduce. The germ from which our thesis springs is a research study carried out from a statistical perspective during 2007 and 2008. It was proved then that there was no significant evidence of association of these collocations and the language of business and politics. On the other hand, contrary to our initial impression, it was shown that their incidence was really low. There was one remaining question, however, that our research was unable to answer at the time, which was why ‘part-of-a-quotation’ collocations are used in the headlines of news whose content shows in principle no relationship with them. For the present research, therefore, we have decided to address this challenging question and take it into deeper consideration in order to attain a possible explanation of this phenomenon. The general theoretical framework will be that of Cognitive Linguistics. Additionally, we will follow the notion of intertextuality that Burger (1991) applies to the field of phraseology, and 8 Danesi’s (1994: 276) definition of intertextuality as ‘where a text alludes to another text’. A working hypothesis, then, in the present research is to test our initial impression that the ultimate goal of these headlines is