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NHBSS 039 1F Banziger Stenc NAT. NAT. HIST. BULL. SIAM Soc. 39: 19-52 ， 1991 STENCH AND FRAGRANCE: UNIQUE POLLINATION LURE OF THAILAND'S LARGEST FLOWER ， RAFFLESIA KERRll MEIJER Hans Banzige r* ABSTRACT R 蹴 Ra jJ1 esia kerrii is de 削除d for 肱伽t time from bl<∞ ming male and female female flowers. Females can be distinguished from males by 血.e presence of 釦 obliquely set band band along the lower rim of 出 e disk. R. kerrii's dis 住ibution is extended farther south and north 由an hitherto reported ， to Perak (W. Malaysia) and Pr achuab Kh irikhan (S. 百凶land) where where 12 colonies with 60 buds were found 泊 an area ca. 2 km 2 at 500 - 850 m a.s. 1.百 le habitat habitat was unusually rich in Tetrastigma (Vi 阻ceae) lian ぉ血ough only T. quadrangulum Crai b et Gagnep. is confinned as host among 10 spp. present. A s 回 ng smell of carrion is emitted 貨 om rafflesia's perigone lobes ， while a weaker 仕uity fragranc e-ー出血 lown 泊 other rafflesi as- is produced in 出e 佃 be's cavity ，血 es 印目白 be 泊g kept separa 飽 by 血e diaphragm. C 創出 n flies Chrysomya villeneuvei Patton ， C. rufifacies (Ma 叫 uart) ，Lu cilia porphyrina (W alker) 釦 d Hypopygiopsis tumrasvini K 町油鎚hi (Ca lliph 凶 dae) 卸 a町 acted by the stench and and the ‘fes 飽:ring sore' apμarance (lurid colour ，cra 旬r shape ， white blotches an d/ or whitish mold on processes) of 血e flower. 百le 釦nctions of 白 e fragrance (e.g. to advertise carbohy- dra 旬 s，essential to adult flies) is disc 凶鈎dωge 血.er with the physiology of 白 e flies. Surplus pollen pollen mush which has dropped 台。 m 血.e anthers and a slimy secretion coating the p釘 ts below below the disk c組 be sucked by the flies. Th ey climb channels leading to the anthers ， which are are positioned in such a way 白紙 pollen cannot be stolen but only smeared onωthe back of the the flies' 曲orax. 1n血 e female flower 出e process is similar ， the pollen clot being rubbed off onto 也 e stigmatic surface set between the oblique band and the column. is It proposed that R. R. kerrii is not a deceptive flower and 白紙白 .e flies might act 鎚 long distance pollinators between between rafflesias flowering up to several weeks apart. 明le re l<a tively modest size of infec 旬d hosts hosts indicates 出at rafflesi 舗 may be able to survive parent host death and spre 唱d their pop 叫ation by vegetative infection of the host's lateral rumJ ers. INTRODUCTION Rafflesias Rafflesias have baffled scientists since early in the last cen 加 ry when reports 合om Suma 回 about R伊 esia arnoldii R. Br. ，由 e 伽 t of some 14 spp. of the genus (MEuE R ， 1984; 1984; MAT SALLEH & LAT 町， 1989) ，caused a sensation in the botanical world. 百le flowers' flowers' phenomenal size ，ephemeral blooming ， unlikely parasitic existence ，vivid colours ， and lack of chlorophyll ，leaves ，stem and roots make them a living p 紅 'adox. Because of their their rarity and concealed existence as filaments within the host liana (Tetrastigma spp.) for for much of the time ， their biology remains largely unknown. Seed dispersal 釦 d infection of the roots of a new host 釘 'e an enigma ，but possibly 由e most disconcerting aspect of these ‘flowering beauties' is their bouque t: a cadaveric stench of ro 剖ng snakes. Th e con- comitant buzzing of blowflies ，well-known pests associated with excrement ， festering sores 市De par 加lent of Entomololgy ，Faculty of Agriculture ， Chiang M 副University ， Chiang Mai ，50 ∞2，司副 land 19 19 20 HANS BANZIGER 組 d carrion ， around the flowers dispels 佃 Y1 泊gering doubt about the proven 佃 ce of the stench. stench. Yet ， in a new surprise revealed in this study ，合 om 仕1e very heart of some rafflesias a sweet 企'agr 創 1ce em 鉱 1ates. Th e genus occurs mai 凶y wi 出in 白eW. 組 d S. Malesian floristic region ， with Th ailand the only coun 町 ou 凶 de Malesia S 'O far with a rafflesia (sensu stricto) ， R. kerrii Me りer. R. kerrii has been reported mainly from 5l 'O calities in Ranong and Surat 百四1i Pr ovinces (MEDER ， 1984; N 町 OMDHAM & KUBAT ， 1987: MEUER & E 比， 10π ，1991). 百1e known southernmost 胎凶t extends somewhat south of the Kangar .， Pattani line ， the bound- 的 of the Malesian flora on the Malay Peninsula (WlllTM O阻， 1975) ， with a collection from a site on Bukit Tepoh which marks the border area of Narathiwat Pr ovince of 百凶land wi 由 Kelantan State ， Malaysia (MEDER & ELLI O' π， 1991). Th e present study extends the rafflesia's dis 凶bution sigt 泊白 cantly f: 紅白erno 吋1， to Pr achuab Kh irikhan ， not contiguous with other known populations. Buds acquired by the au 血or in Upper Perak also extend its presen 回 f紅白.er south 凶'0 Malaysia but ，部 men- tioned tioned in Appendix 2，出 e buds' ori 匝n is not certain. In the absence of precise da 偏食'O m Malaysia ， R. kerrii can still be considered a 百凶 endemic ， but it is virtually certain that 出.e species ~ distribution reaches 凶 o northem W. Malaysia and also S. Burma. Kerr's col- lection lection ne 紅 Ban Lam Li eng (R anong Pro v.) is 0 叫Y 10 km from the Burmese border (Te- nasserim nasserim Division) ，釦d new findings reported here put it even ne 釘 'er to Burma. If If rafflesi 槌 are considered in the broad sense ， then Th ailand is home to at least two more species: Sapria himalayana Griff. 泊 northwest and west Th ailand (HOSSEUS ， 1907; 1907; HANs 聞， 1972; SMITINAND ， 1980; BANZIGER ， 1988; ELLIOπ ， in prep.); and S. poilanei poilanei Gagnep. in 血e southeast (S 班 TINAND ， 1980). With an exp 佃 sion reaching 0.7 m ， R. kerrii is not q凶te 踊 large as R. arnoldii's flower flower of close to 1 m ， but it is still the 1釘 'gest flower of Th ailand. Yet only 槌 recently 酪 1984 has it become known to science with a valid description by MEDER. Botanists had acωally sporadically collected it since 1927 but it was ‘forgo 伐.en' until S班問AND (1 980) mentioned mentioned it in a list of 百凶plants under the name R. patma B 1. (initially identified by Kerr) ，a species known only from Sumatra and Java. Furthermore ，no one s関 ms to have acknowledged 也at from time immemorial l'O cal forest dwellers ， ethnic Th ais and other peoples peoples of 血e Malay Peninsula ， have known and used it. As dok bω tuum 組 d bua phut (Thai: 悶 n仇ド in Ranong Prov. and 'U 1 朋 in Surat Thani Prov. ，respectively) 組 d bunga pa ωω (pakma) (Malay ， applied also to other rafflesias) ，it has been ascribed medicinal medicinal properties. Possibly because of the r副 ty of bl 'O oming flowers it is believed to possess possess magical and mystic-religious powers ， to confer invulnerability and assist in a仕組 n・ ing ing Nirvana (pers. comm. by a gum tapper of Ranong). h 白e most detailed s加dy of R. kerrii so 伽， MEUER &E 比10' π (1 991) summa- rized rized previous information and added new taxonomic and ecological data obtained 仕om 合eshly cut buds. Fruits and seeds remain w 北nown. R. R. kerrii was unexpectedly found by the author while investigating the interrela- tionship tionship between rare moths and lianas (e.g. BλNZIGER ， 1989). Fl y activity on a bloom- ing ing flower prompted an investigation 'O f the p'O ll 加ation mechanism ， as a comparison for 佃 ongoing similar project on dipteran pollination of orchids. Additional details not di- rectly rectly connected with p'O llination 田 ology are also included in 由.e present research ー由e first first of bl 'O oming flowers and living bud colonies 'O f R. kerrii in the wild. STENCH AND FRAGRANCE: RAFFLESIA KERRII MEIJER 21 At the time of my research 1 was not aware of the excellent study of the polli- nation nation mechanism of R. pricei Meijer by BEAMAN et a1. (1 988) in which for the first time the the details of rafflesia pollination are described. While the pollen transfer mechanism is the same in the two rafflesias ， there appear to be appreciable differences in the way the two rafflesias ‘manipulate' fly behaviour for their own ends. This will be discussed in a later pape r. HABITAT In In contrast to MEIJER & ELLIOπ (1 99 1) 1 ca 汀 ied out my research alone without telling telling locals what 1 was studying. Furthermore ， in order to protect this rare rafflesia from unscrupulous unscrupulous collectors and visitors ，1 have chosen not to reveal the exact location of the plants plants at this stage. The site is some 300 km north of what heretofore was the most northerly northerly population known. A 3 ・hour ascent from the nearest road leads one to the main colonies colonies at 700 ー750 m. The climb is through notoriously forest tricky (confirmed by local people people )--d espite marks left on my way ，1 am not sure if 1 ever managed to follow the same track track twice. The rafflesias grew on the southeast-facing river catchment， on slopes of up to about about 30. inclination ，between 475 and 840 m. At elevations lower than ca. 300 m and higher higher than 900 m the vegetation was rather xeric and darker ，respectively ， less suitable for for host Tetrastigma spp.
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