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1991

Perceptual Regions of South Dakota

Steven L. Payton

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Recommended Citation Payton, Steven L., "Perceptual Regions of South Dakota" (1991). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5465. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/5465

This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PERCEPTUAL REGIONS OF SOUTH DAKOTA

BY

STEVEN L. PAYTON

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Major in Geography South Dakota State University 1991

HILTOu Dakotc> B St;,t""IGG Univt I RA� rs1ty 6roo m , SD 57007-1098 PERCEPTUAL REGIONS OF SOUTH DAKOTA

This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by· a candidate for the degree, Master of Science, and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this degree does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department.

Dr. Charles �Gri zner Date Thesis Adviser

Head, Geography Dept. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks are extended to Dr. Charles F. Grit�ner for his insight and encouragement throughout my graduate years; Mr. Orville Gab for his cartographic suggestions; Mr. James D. Lee, Outside Plant M�nager for the Brookings Telephone Company, for his assistance in drafting my research plan; and finally to my wife, Deb, for her patience and understanding during the processes of researching and writing this thesis.

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii LIST OF FIGURES ...... V Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Need for the Study 2 Statement of the Problem . 2 Definition of Terms 3 Limitations of the Study . 4 Organization of the Study 6 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE •••••• 7 III. SELECTED SOUTH DAKOTA REGIONS 11 IV. METHODOLOGY ...... 23 v. SOUTH DAKOTA'S PERCEIVED REGIONS . 28 Black Hills 28 Badlands ••• 29 James River Valley 34 Big Sioux River 34 Glacial Lakes 37 East River vs. West River 37 Places in South Dakota Lacking Regional Identity ••••• 41 Comparing Results with Hale's Regions 43

iii Chapter Page VI. CONCLUSION •••••••••••• ...... 46 Suggestions for Further Study • • • • • • 50

Appendix A. TOWNS THAT APPEAR IN PHONE DIRECTORIES THAT WERE CONSULTED IN THIS STUDY ••••••• -51 B • . TOWNS THAT APPEAR IN PHONE DIRECTORIES THAT WERE USED IN THIS STUDY . • • • • • • • • • 55 c. TERMS EXAMINED IN THIS STUDY ••••• 58 D. TERMS ULTIMATELY USED IN THIS STUDY 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 61 VITA AUCTORIS ...... 64

iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Physical Divisions of South Dakota •••••••13 2. South Dakota Soils: Zonal Groups ...... 14 3. South Dakota Culture Regions ...... 15 4. South Dakota Habitat Management Units . . . . 16 . 5. S·outh Dakota Emergency Assistance Areas . . . 17 6. South Dakota Zip Code Areas ...... 18 7. South Dakota Agriculture Production Areas . . .. . 19 8. South Dakota Planning Districts ...... 20 9. South Dakota Local Regions ...... ·21 10. South Dakota Vernacular Regions ...... 22 11. Black Hills, South Dakota ...... 30 12. Northern Hills, South Dakota 31 13. Southern Hills, South Dakota • • 32 14. Badlands ...... • 33 15. James River Valley • • 35 16. Sioux River Valley, South Dakota • • • • • • 36 17. Glacial Lakes, South Dakota ••• 38 18. East River vs. West River, South Dakota . • • 39 19. South Dakota Places Lacking an Expressed Regional Identity . • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••42 20. Hale's Vernacular Regions . . . . . 44 21. Hale's Local Regions • • • • • • 4 5

V CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Perceptions are personal images that all humans possess of the world in which they live. Perceptions are subjective and differ from one pe.rson to ·another just as opinions differ from one person to another. An example of differing points of view is given by the fact that distances, patterns and shapes literally take on various appearances and can be described differently from alternate viewpoints. From one point of view a circle may appear as an ellipse; from another it may not be discernible as a closed figure, if discernible at all. Perceptual regions are products "of the spatial 1 perception of average people," and, as Wilbur Zelinsky points out·, are "the shared, spontaneous, image of territorial reality, local or not so local, hovering in the 2 minds of the untutored. " The author believes perceptual regions exist in South Dakota,_ and· that they can be identified and mapped.

1 Terry G. Jordan, "Perceptual Regions in Texas, " Geographical Review 68 (July 1978): 293.

2 Wilbur Zelinsky, "North America's Vernacular Regions," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70: 1 (March 1980): 1. 1 2

Need for Study The study of perceptions is important _because people, as decision-makers, act upon their own subjective perceptions and not on the actual objective physical and economic condi­

3 tions of the environment. As the environmental impact of peoples' decisions grows in significance, it becomes essential to contemplate the bases·on which such decisions are made. An understanding and appreciation of perceptual regions can be instrumental in helping cultural geographers, economic geographers, planners and others realize how such decisions are made. As Wilbur Zelinsky stated in "North America's Vernacular Regions, " "the perceptual region promises to gain importance as the general level of public and scholarly interest in regional, ethnic, and historical

4 questions continues to rise. "

Statement of the Problem · The state of South Dakota has been divided into many different regions. Some of these regions are the result of formal classification by professionals "such as geographers, geologists and pedologists, whereas others reflect the informal opinion of a layman or nonprofessional. · Some

3 · Trudi E. Bunting and Leonard Guelke, "Behavioral and Perception Geography: A Critical Appraisal, " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 69:3 (September 1979): 455.

4 Zelinsky, 1. 3

distinctions exist, perhaps, for convenience, whereas others express a sense of pride and belonging �n community or territory. Regardless of the motivation, the resulting perceptual regions are abstractions of space that illustrate how the residents of South Dakota interpret their environ­ ment. This paper is a cultural study. The objective of this study is to determine whether South Dakota residents perceive distinct regions within their state. Thus, the fol- lowing hypothesis was investigated: Specific perceptual regions are recognized by the residents of South Dakota.

Definition of Terms Before proceeding further, several terms need to be defined in order that the reader have a general understan�ing of the subject of this thesis. Region is a core concept in geography. This c-oncept is the logical product of studying spatial variation. Region may be defined as an arbitrarily delimited area on the earth's surface that is homogeneous with respect to announced 5 criteria. A perception is a mental image of an object· or thing incorporating some or all awareness of that object or thing

5 Preston E. James, "Toward a Further Understanding of the Regional Concept," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 42 (September 1952): 195. 4

acquired through the physical senses. Webster's dictionary defines perception as a "physical sensation. ititerpreted in 6 the light of experience. " The root word of perception, perceive, has its origin in the Latin word capere and means "take into" the mind. ' Perceptual regions as defined by James K. Good: Any attempt to partition or classify space into regions, when personal interpretation is involved and judgmental criteria are not quantitatively supported, is an exercise in perception. Perceptual regions may be the result of a formal empirical classification by a professional geographer on one hand, or the informal notion8 of a layman or nonprofessional on the other ••• Terry Jordan recognizes vernacular regions as being " equivalent to perceptual regions: perceptual or vernacular regions are those perceived to exist by their 9 inhabitants and other members of the population at large. "

Limitations of the Study In determining the major perceptual regions of South Dakota, it was necessary to employ a data collection technique capable of providing inclusive coverage of the

6 Webster' s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary_ (1989), s. v. "perception. " 'Robert Claiborne, The Roots of English (New York: Random House, Inc. 1989), 127.

8 James K. Good, "The vernacular regions of Arkansas, " Journal of Geography 80 (September-October 1981): 179. 9 Jordan, 293. 5

entire state. Reed's technique of examining telephone directories and analyzing terms used in business names was found to be both cost and time effective. Because of the nature of this thesis, the list of terms found to describe perceptual regions is not meant to be inclusive. Only terms used in business names listed in telephone directories with South Dakota coverage are included in this study. The terms that are included represent the most used, and assumably most recognized, regional percep­ tions within the state. It is not doubted that smaller, less prominent perceptual regions are left unrepresented. The regions described in this study are defined ·by borders drawn with a geographer's pen. A certain degree of generalization is required in order to describe any 10 homogeneous area, regardless of size. Whether the average South Dakota resident would relate to the regions described in this study without the prompting of the business names is debatable. It is assumed, however, that businesses adopt the terms used in their names as an attempt to relate to the residents of that locality. In some locations, most notably rural areas, directory coverage was duplicated. Such cases were scrutinized to ensure that duplication of data was minimal.

10 James, 199. 6

Organization of the Study A number of perceptual region stuaies have been undertaken. Because of the range of methods and size of study areas, it is deemed important to include a separate chapter devoted to a review of existing literature. Chapter II is devoted to this review. Numerous groups and organizations have partitioned South Dakota into divisions that are convenient for their own needs. Chapter III examines selected South Dakota regions. Some of these regions have been defined through formal classification by professionals and others reflect the informal opinion of nonprofessionals. Chapter IV includes further explanation of the methodology employed in this study. Chapter V presents the findings of this study and is accompanied by a short appraisal of the findings. Chapter VI reviews the author's findings and seeks to explain the -relevance of such studies. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Perceptual region studies have been conducted at various levels by researchers. 1 The regions studied vary in size from state to. tnulti-state to continent, and varied methodologies were employed in the process of identifying them. While there exists a growing body of information concerning this subject, there remains a persistent problem of data acquisition. A number of different approaches to overcoming this obstacle have been attempted. Joseph W. Brownell adopted the technique of querying postmasters via postcards for their opinions concerning regional perceptions in his attempt to map the Middle West. This research technique left large portions of the public unrepresented by sampling only one occupational clique. Mr. Brownell's work, "The Cultural Midwest, " is nonetheless a 2 significant contribution in the field of cultural geography. Terry G. Jordan collected data for his work

1 For example, see Joseph Brownell, "The Cult�ral Mid­ west," Journal of Geography 59 ( February 1960): 81-85; Ruth Feser Hale, "Vernacular Regions of the United States" (Ph. D. diss. , University of Minnesota, 1971); Terry G. Jordan, "Perceptual Regions in Texas," Geographical Review 68 (July 1978): 293.

2 Brownell, 81-8 3. 7 8

"Perceptual Regions in Texas" by eliciting questionnaire responses from students in thirty colleges and universities across Texas.3 The opinions received originated from one oc­ cupational circle, thereby again leaving large portions of the public unrepresented. Postcard surveys and questionnaires are convenient and provide a serviceable base for �tudy, but a representa­ tive sample is difficult to obtain and imperfections in the design of a questionnaire are virtually unavoidable. Another drawback of these surveys and questionnaires is that they are costly in terms of both time and money. A relatively innovative technique was introduced ·by John Shelton Reed, a sociologist. Reed, in his work "The Heart of Dixie: An Essay in Folk Geography," mapped the limits and identity of two perceptual regions, "South" ·and "Dixie." The telephone directories of one hundred cities in forty states were perused and the specific entries of "South" and "Dixie" appearing in business names were noted. The limits and identity of the two perceptual regions were analyzed by calculating the ratio- between the incidence of the terms "South" and "Dixie. "4 This method, or an adaptation of this method, has since been employed by a

3Jordan, 293. 4John Shelton Reed, "The Heart of Dixie: An Essay in Folk Geography," Social Forces 54:4 (June 1976): 925-939. 9

number of geographers to obtain representative samples of perceptual opinion. Wilbur Zelinsky was the first geographer to utilize Reed's technique. Zelinsky's study, "North America's Ver- nacular Regions, " involved searching North American telephone directories for· enterprise names. Zelinsky's strategy in. researching the whole of North America necessitated sampling only Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United 5 States and Canadian cities of comparable size, as of 1975. . This is an effective technique to canvass large territories, yet, it may sweep smaller, more elusive, regional dissections under the rug of generalities.

More .recently John L. Faundeen, a geography student at South Dakota State University, completed a master's thesis employing Reed's technique. Faundeen' s method of determining the "Perceptual Regions of Minnesota" employed all telephone directories in the research area as a data source. This procedure yielded a more comprehensive perceptual region 6 study than had been realized previously. There are, of course, critics of perceptual studies in geography. One critic has judged studies such as these to

5Wilbur · Zelinsky, "North America's Vernacular Regions, " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70:1 {March 1980): 1. 6 John L. Faundeen, "Perceptual Regions of Minnesota, " (Master's thesis, South Dakota State University, 1983). 10 be· of little value in the explanation of "real-world" human activity. Yet this same critic admits that r�gional studies such as these can have substantial value in the realm of illumination and suggestion in the analysis and solution of 7 present and future problems. As Zelinsky points out, "identifying and understanding our vernacular regions is a justifiable, even necessary, pursuit if we wish to apprehend the major social and geographical realities of late Twentieth-Century America, in addition to whatever intrinsic 8 technical appeal we find in su�h activity. "

7 George H. T. Kimble, "The Inadequacy of the Regional Concept," London Essays in Geography, ed. L. D. Stamp and S. w. Woolridge (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951) ,· 158-174.

8 Zelinsky, 2. CHAPTER III SELECTED SOUTH DAKOTA REGIONS

Partitioning large areas into regions is a common geographic practice. This often is done to facilitate study of the regions and the whole. The types and purposes of these regions are almost innumerable. In fact, Preston E. James pointed out that there are as many regional systems as 1 there are problems worth studying • Examples of regions resulting from formal classification by professionals are given in figures 1 and 2. Figure 1, South Dakota Physical Division, is an adaptation of a map by R. F. Flint, a geologist; Figure 2, South Dakota Soils: Zonal Regions is adapted from a map completed, in part, by Fred Westi�, a pedologist. A number of existing organizations and other observers have repeatedly divided South Dakota into segments that are beneficial to their own needs. Figures 3 through 10. are examples of such regional divisions. Many other such dissections of South Dakota exist and more will undoubtedly arise as the need for additional regional systems develops.

1Preston E. James, "Toward a Further Understanding of the Regional Concept, " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 42 (September 1952): 200. 11 12 The regions depicted in figures 1 through 10 obviously are of different shapes and sizes. These regions were created consciously. They were created to increase efficiency in the servicing of these areas or to aid in the study of the regions. ,- g,g,C - 0 0 :r ·� 0 ::, 00, IQ� � �"' 0 ti' oi 0 Vl � VI §: G) " (I) G) Cu, "g :? !:: � < co 0 (0 ;;o '°� )> :;.-� "< -< ••y,J. llortbern Pl•t-u■ 1 l. loutben Plateau■ 1 .J. alack tille 1 f. Pierre till■; 5. Sand Bill■ 1 N •• Iii.Houri River '1'rencb1 7 � Coteau du NiHouri1 * •· Lu• Dakota flain; I. J■-• River ligbland; SCALE, IN JO. .1.... River Lowland; , JJ. Coteau d•• Prairie■; MILES ll. lliueeota RiY•r-lled River Lowland; JJ. la■t•rn Section aoatbern Plat-11■• 1 I �

Figure 1. Physical Divisions of South Dakota

Source: Adapted from R. F. Flint, Pleistocene Geology of •astern south Dakota, Geologic survey Professional Paper 262 (Washington: u.s. Government Printing Office, 1955) p. 5. w... CHESTNUT. I REGION

GRAY

N

SCALE IN l Ill.ES • � t� � ' 50

Figure 2. South Dakota Soils: Zonal Groups

Source: Adapted from P. c. Westin, L. F. Puhr and G. J. Buntley, Soils oL south Dakota, Soil � Survey Series 13 (Brookings: Agricultural Experiment Station, Juiy 1967) p. 93. � N

SCALE IN W MILES � � E � ' 50

Figure 3. South Dakota Culture Re.gions

source: Adapted from R. D. Gastil, cultural Regions. of the Unted states (Seattle: University of .... Washington Presa, 1975) p. 205. U1 SCALE IN �. Ill.ES 'T' 'i I IO

Figure 4. South. Dakota Habitat Management Units

source: Adapted from Arthur a. Richardson and Lyle-B. Petersen, History and Hanagment of south � Dakota Deer (Pierre: south Dakota Department of Gaae, Fish and Parks, 1974) p. S. 0\ -· � 1-800-. 742-3649

SCALE IN � Ill.ES 'T' 1 ' 8P

Figure 5. South Dakota Emergency Assistance Areas source: Adapted from Health Facilities and services. in south. Dakota, office of state Health Planning and Development (Pierre: south Dakota state Department of Health, 19re) p. 94...... 577

� SCALE IN Ill.ES 'T' 'i ' 50

Figure 6. South Dakota Zip Code Areas source: Adapted from south Dakota Business Directory (Omaha: American Directory Publishing company, ..... 1989) p. 119. 01) NORTHWEST

SOUTHWEST· SOUTH CENTRAL

SCALE IN � IILES 'l' i p Po

Figure 7. South Dakota Agricultural Production Areas source: Adapted from J. c. Ranek, south Dakota Agricultural stat1st1cs,· 1975 (Sioux Falls: south ..... Dakota crop and Livestock Reporting service, 1976) p. 82. \0 6

SCALE IN � Mn.ES 'T' i �

Figure 8. South Dakota Planning Districts

"' source: south Eastern council of Governments 0 ICey: l. Black Bill•J 2. Bigb Plain•; J. Badland•J 4. oah•J 5. KlHouri Break•J 6. JaM• River; 7. Coteau d•• Prairi••J 8. siouxland. 8CALE Ill �- · Ill.El 'l' 1 R Po

Figure 9. S�uth Dakota Local Regions

source: Adapted from Ruth Bale, A Hap of Vernacular Region• in America (Ph.D. diHertation, univer•ity of Minnesota, 197 1) p. 12 1. � � 2

l

Key: l. Black Bills; 2. West River; 3. Sandhills; N 4. Port Randall Dam Area; 5. Northeast Lake Region · Sioux valley; 7. southeast south Dakota. 6. , , SCALE IN * IILES ' ,, 'i I �

Figure 10. South Dakota Vernacular Regions source: Adapted from Ruth Hale, A Hap of Vernacular Regions in America (Ph.D. dissertation, University � of Minnesota, 1971) p. 48. � CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY

Due to the nature of this study, it was necessary to identify a reliable, efficient, and inexpensive procedure by which South Dakota's perceptual reg�ons could be identified. The method employed is adapted from one pioneered by sociologist John Shelton Reed utilizing telephone directories as the data base. Telephone directories provide a large, comprehensive, and essentially untapped data source for geographers. They offer great range for interesting and useful work at a variety of different levels. 1 Just as directories are useful in learning of the past, the author believes that r�cent directories can be used to understand the present. Reed used telephone directories as a database in identifying and mapping the limits of two vernacular regions,

2 "South" and "Dixie. " Wilbur Zelinsky adopted Reed's technique in discerning the vernacular regions of North America. Zelinsky, in his study, developed a set of

1 Michael Morgan, Historical Sources in Geography (Boston: · Butterworths, 1979), 10 6.

2 John Shelton Reed, "The Heart of Dixie: An Essay in Folk Geography, " Social Forces 54: 4 (June 1976): 926. 23 24

exclusionary rules which have been incorporated in this study. These include the following: 1) The names of governmental agencies were not considered since the affixing of a national, regional, state, or other juria.g_ictional name is a political decision, not a cultural choice freely arrived at. 2) Personal.surnames, such as Atlas, Crown, Holiday, Royal, Sun, or West, were n9t considered. 3) Duplicated names were counted only once. 4) Branch or local offices of firms or organizations with multiple locations were not counted, only the central office when.it could be identified as such. This rule eliminated virtually all citations of transportation and insurance companies, union locals, chain stores, regional and national franchises of all varieties, and greatly reduced the number of times telephone companies, banks, and many national associations were counted. 5) Names that refer to local streets, neighborhoods, or landmarks or to state or local political jurisdictions were omitted. Thus no note was taken of establishments named after a Western Avenue, •••, or the 1ike, or the cities of Atlantic City, Columbia, Midland, Phoenix, or Victoria. 3 In this study, complete te·lephone directory coverage of the state of South Dakota was desired. A single directory publisher was chosen by the author· in an effort to reduce the incidence of data duplication. This choice also served to facilitate the collection of data. Of the available directories, those compiled and

3 . Wilbur Zelinsky, "North America's Vernacular Regions, " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 10: 1 (March 1980): 6. 25 published by US WEST Direct were chosen for their comprehensive coverage, up-to-date nature, a_nd availability of recent editions. Most recent directories were available in the library at South Dakota State University and the remaining volumes were acquired elsewhere. The study area includes places in South Dakota having telephone services. · A list of the.places considered in this study is found in appendix A. A roster of the cities, towns and other places incorporated in this study is included in. appendix B. The basic method of data collection is a simple one. Telephone directories were examined and the frequency of all terms used in business names was noted. Terms selected, as Zelinsky pointed out in his study, should embrace strong locational or cultAral content based upon: 1) a determination that they occurred often enough in enough different places to merit inclusion, and 2) the judgment that they conveyed interesting information about the conceptual worlds of South Dakota. 4 Establishments whose names incorporated these terms include all forms of organized, nongovernmental ventures, both for profit and otherwise, including association·s, places of entertainment, manufacturing firms, wholesale and retail companies, schools, hospitals, churches, and parks.

4 Zelinsky, 5. 26

The terms initially identified in this study are recorded in appendix C. This list represents the terms employed in business names in South Dakota that embrace the qualities as outlined previously in this paper. These terms were analyzed, perceptual ·regions identified, and the comprehensive list condensed. Terms were sorted alphabet{cally and geographically, according to the directory in which they originated. These expressions were then tested by comparing the terms listed under each directory with the terms in all other directories. The objective of this step was to determine which terms occur with adequate frequency in a large enough area to be recognized as a possible perceptual region. Terms identifying a potential perceptual region were scrutinized with respect to areal extent. Adjacent directory coverage areas were consulted to confirm or deny the continuity of use of that particular term in those areas. As this sequence of verification progressed the range of usage for the different terms became apparent. This testing resulted in the identification of terms describing South Dakota's perceptual regions. Further analysis resulted in the delimitation of the territory in which these terms are in common usage. The resulting terms, the indicators of the author's perceptual regions, are listed in appendix D. Cartographic representation of the areal 27 extent of usage of each of the resulting terms is presented in chapter V. CHAPTER V SOUTH DAKOTA'S PERCEIVED REGIONS

Seven perceptual regions and two subregions as indicated by the names of South Dakota enterprises are illustrated in figures 11 through.18. Region names with , South Dakota following them describe regions that may not lie entirely within South Dakota. The regions in question are defined as those in which a given term, or a group of similar terms, outnumbers all other · regional or locational terms in the area. An additional .map, figure 20, shows places within South Dakota failing to exhibit a notable regional identity.

Black Hills Region, South Dakota The Black Hills is probably the most substantial of our perceptual regions (figure 11). It is likely that the residents relate strongly to the Black Hills because it exists as the most prominent natural fe�ture in South Dakota. Places are included as being within the Black Hills when the combined terms Black Hills, hills, hear.t of the hills, northern hills, and southern hills account for a majority of any place's regional terms used in the names of enterprises. The shape of the Black Hills perceptual region

28 29

emulates that of the Black Hills, South Dakota physiographic region. Two subregions of the Black Hills perceptual region emerged during data analysis, the Northern Hills and the Southern Hills regions (figures 12 and 13). These subregions, while contributing to the Black Hills region, were delimited on the exclusive use of the terms north�rn hills and southern hills.

Badlands Region The Badlands of South Dakota also represent a natural feature to which the residents in this region can identify (figure 14). This is a national park and recreation area and generates income in the area through recreation activities. Badlands is the only term used to delimit this region. It is noted that this perceptual region is of an elongated shape in a roughly east-west direction. This elongated region does not eclipse its namesake as do the Black Hills but its east­ west distortion nonetheless engulfs 60 miles of Interstate Highway 90. Is this merely an un�onscious phenomenon in the development of this region or is it a conscious attempt to lure tourists off of a high-speed thoroughfare? N

SCALE IN � MILES "' i i �

Figure 11. Black Hills, South Dakota

Terms used to delineate region: Black Hills, hills, heart of the hills, northern hills, w southern hills. 0 - � . SCALE IN E MILES "'�i ,0 Figure 12. Northern Hills Subregion, South Dakota

w Term used to delineate region: northern hills...... - � SCALE IN E MILES 'T' i i �

Figure 13. Southern Hills Subregion, South Dakota

w Term used to delineate region: south�rn hills. N N ✓ SCALE IN . *,, MILES 'i i �

Figure 14. Badlands

w Term used to de lineate region : badlands. w 34

James River Valley Region Continuing the west to east progression across South Dakota brings one to the James River and the James River Valley region (figure 15). The terms used to delimit this region include James River and James Valley. The author found that Jim River is often used by residents in reference to the James River and surrounding region but this term was not used in business names. The James River stretches from a point approximately 14 miles northeast of Aberdeen in Brown County southward to a point just east of Yankton where it joins the Missouri River. This river lies in the physiographic region known as the James River Lowland. The James River Valley perceptual region incorporates only a portion of this physiographic region stretching from Ab�rdeen southward to Mitchell. It is not entirely clear why the southern portion of the James River Valley is not recognized by local residents. The author suggests that the close · proximity of the Missouri River overshadows this perception.

Big Sioux River Valley Region, South Dakota The Big Sioux River Valley perceptual region mirrors the Big Sioux River Valley (figure 16). The terms employed to discriminate this region include Big Sioux, Sioux River, and Sioux Valley. Other similar terms such as "Sioux" and "Sioux Nation" were thrown out because of ·uncertainty regarding the reference of these terms. SCALE IN � MILES � �i I

Figure 15 . James River Valley

w Terms used to delineate region: James River, . James Valley . tn SCALE IN MILES "'�;p 50 Figure 16. Sioux River Valley, South Dakota

w Terms used to delineate region : Big Sioux, Sioux. River, Sioux Valley. O'\ 37

Glacial Lakes Region, South Dakota This region of South Dakota, figure 17, was distinguished by the use of the terms interlakes, lake region, and glacial lakes. The Glacial Lakes region does, in fact, contain many lakes that have their origins in the glaciers of the Pleistocene age. What is not determined is when the term "glacial lakes" was first employed. While the processes associated with glaciation have been accepted for quite some time, the author suspects that the term "glacial" is a recent addition to South Dakota's popular vocabulary and may be related . to usage in the tourism development industry..

East River vs. West River Regions, South Dakota East River South Dakota and West River South Dakota are two perceptual regions that are strongly imbedded in the minds of almost all South Dakota residents. These two perceptual regions overshadow almost all others identified in this paper. Consequently, locations west of the Missouri River are referred to as lying in the West River region while locations east of the Missouri River are referred to as lying in the East River region. These regions are shown in figure 18. The terms distinguishing these regions include East River and east (ern) Dakota for the East River South Dakota region and West River and west (ern ) Dakota for the West River South Dakota region. It is interesting to note that the region termed West &C.'LE IN MILES 'T' � ii 50

Figure 17. Glacial Lakes, South Dakota

l,,J Terms used to delineate region : interla kes, lake re·gion, glacial lakes. CX) N west River B SCALE IN East River ■ .* MILES , ' 0 25 � �'°

Figure 18. West River vs. East River, South Dakota

Terms used to delineate regions : West River - West River, west(ern) Dakota; w East River - East River, east (ern) Dakota. \0 40

River South Dakota is recognized more strongly by its residents than the East • River South . Dakota region is recognized by its residents and this fact was also noted by Hale. 1 Water features are used to describe five of the seven perceptual regions identified in this paper. The explanation offered by the author, suggesting that these perceptual regions have been in place for quite some time, points to the dependence of the early settlers upon a water source for survival. As even long journeys were not undertaken without considering a water supply, the author asserts that the early settlers were commanded by necessity to remember the nearest source of water. It is probable that this regional term would be useful and, therefore, remembered to be passed on to the next settler. Although this cannot be found in a published work, the author has learned that h�storically the James River, not the Missouri, was the dividing line between east and west river. If this was the case ; the east river\west river division has since changed, a probable result of the westward settlement in South Dakota and the relative size and importance of the Missouri River as a natural division within South Dakota.

1Ruth Feser Hale, "Vernacular Regions of the United States" (Ph. D. diss. , University of Minnesota, 1971), 48. 41

Places in South Dakota Lacking Regional Identity This heading, though �yntactic�lly correct, is somewhat misleading. This area represents the void remaining when all of the author's perceptual regions were plotted on one map. The map of this territory, figure 19 , depicts a large area of South Dakota as lacking an expressed regional identity distinguishable by the methodology employed in this study. This study was designed to ascertain · perceptual regions measurable using the methodology outlined and described in chapter IV. The researcher of a perceptual regions study would be foolish to assume that any populated region would be void of all perceptual identity. If this would happen, the author should conclude that the sampling method is too coarse yet the scale of the study must remain large enough to yield rational results. The author is confident that both the scale .and the sampling method compliment the study area. The notion of places lacking in perceptual identity · was addressed by Zelinsky who guesses "that these may be places that happen, by some obscure reason, to be so secure in their social-geographic identity, so self-contained or else so permeated with a sense of 'middleness' with respect to other parts of their nations, that they find it pointless 'Ill

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Figure 19. South Dakota Places Lacking Expressed Regional Identity

� rv 43

2 to attach regional labels to their activities. " Reasons for places lacking regional identity range from arrogance to indifference and are not the concern of this paper. The author has researched the study area and presented the results. The likelihood of overlooked perceptual regions is slight.

Comparing Results With Hale's Regions South Dakota vernacular regions identified by Hale are shown in figure 20. Dr. E. P. Hoga� responded to Hale's survey of professional geographers by listing and delineating what he believes to be the best-known local regions within 3 South Dakota. These regions are shown in figure 21. Comparing the results of this study with the results of Hale's study (figures 20 and 21) , reveals only slightly differing conclusions.

2 Wilbur Zelinsky, "North America's Vernacular Regions," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7 0 : 1 ( March 198 0 ): 13 •

3 Edward Patrick Hogan, survey response for Ruth Hale, "Vernacular Regions in America," Ph. D. diss. , University of Minnesota, 1971, 121. 2

1

1Cey: l. Black Bills ; 2. West River; 3. Sandhills; 4. Fort Randall Dam Area; · 5. Northeast Lake Region · 6. N Sioux Valley; 7. southeast south Dakota. , � SCALE IN *,, MILES a 50

Figure 20. Hale's Vernacular Regions of South Dakota

Source : Adapted from Ruth Hale, A Hap of vernacular Regions in America (Ph.D. dissertation, University .i:a. of Minnesota, 1971) p. 48. �

I ·, I. • ' � lo I .. ; '· r ' ',t- ► · � ,,..

source: Adapted from Ruth Bale, A Hap of Vernacular Regions 1n America (Ph.D. diaaertation, univeraity of Minneaota, 1971) p. 121. ..UI

...... CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION

This paper presents results of a regional study of perceptions held by South Dakota residents. Perceptions were identified through . analysis of telephone directories providing coverage of the state of South Dakota. Names of businesses within the state were examined and the frequency of terms used in these business names were · noted. Terms that were used frequently and conformed to guidelines established in chapter IV were included in the results. This investigation yielded the identification and delimitation of seven perceptual regions and two sub-regions in South Dakota. Perception of these regions by the residents is evidenced through the conunon usage of descriptive . terms in business names. · Regions identified in this paper concur with the vernacular local regions identified by Hale in "A Map of Vernacular Regions in America" (figure 20 ) , almost sixty percent of the time. Hale 's work introduces three regions not detected in this study, the Sandhills, the Southeastern South Dakota, and the Ft. Randall Dam Area regions. It. fails , however, to recognize the Badlands , the James River · Valley and the East River regions identified in this paper. 46 47

Regions and the accompanying descriptive terms also correspond to the local regions identified by geographer Dr. E. P. Hogan (figure 21) in response to Hale 's survey at the rate of almost sixty percent. Dr. Hogan identified four regions not commonly used by South Dakota residents, the High Plains, Oahe, Missouri Breaks, and the Couteau des Prairies regions, but did not identify three regions--the Glacial Lakes region and the East River\West River distinction--that were found in this study. The regions identified in this paper are all associated with physiographic regions. It is not clear why South Dakota residents - relate so strongly to physiographic regions, but the reason may include a strong attachment to the land or the fact that a logical form of regionalization would use physical region bord�rs, when available, as a base of reference. The Black Hills region was identified as the most prominent of our perceptual regions in_ South Dakota. It is our most substantial natural feature in the state and a significant source of economic revenue through the- national park system and other established recreational activities. This study reveals that the region is strongly identified by its residents. It is so strongly identified that the region is further divided into the Northern Hills and the Southern Hills subregions. 48

The Badlands region identified in this study is a physiographic region that is also a source of economic revenue as a national park and recreation area. The shape of this region does not conform to the shape of its namesake physiographic region but is elongated in an east-west manner. The author is uncertain why this shape predominates but suggests that advertising businesses along Interstate 90, which traverses this region through its east-west expanse, have made particular use of the term badlands in their business names. The James River Valley perceptual region dominates the larger portion of the James River Lowland physiographic region. The author suggests that the portion of the physiographic region extending from the southern tip of the perceptual region southward to the Missouri River is a zone in which the close proximity of the Missouri River has overshadowed this perception. The Big Sioux River Valley perceptual region mirrors the Big Sioux River Valley perceptual region. The author's experiences in travelling through this area and the adjacent areas in the adjoining states of Minnesota and Iowa suggests that this is a perceptual region that spans state boundaries. The Glacial Lakes perceptual region contains many lakes that have their origins in the glaciers of the Pleistocene age. The use of this term, the author suggests, 49 is related to the development of recreational activities in this area, especially fishing and tourism. The East River and the West River perceptual regions in this state blanket vast areas of this state. The Missouri River coincides with the division between the two regions. These regions contrast in terms of their physiographic makeup as well as the land use patterns that are employed. It is possible that the perceptions which ultimately led to identification of these two regions are of a more complex nature than in the other perceptual regions described • . Comparing the author's regions with the regions drawn by various other individuals or agencies cited in the study informs us that both past and present state leaders have failed to realize the importance of state perceptual regions. The significance of this lack .of understanding leads to, as suggested by Gastil, "a general lack of understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of [their ] communities. "1 It is hoped that the results of this study will be of use to private companies, government agencies and others who wish to understand how South Dakota resident's perceive their environment. The author also believes that this study will be of interest to the residents of South· Dakota .

1Raymond D. Gastil, Cultural Regions of the United States (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975), 6. 50

Suggestions for Further Study This investigation of the importance of the frequency of selected terms in the names of South Dakota businesses produced promising results. It permits us to distinguish a set of seven perceptual regions illustrating the regional consciousness or the residents of South Dakota. We are not sure exactly why, but we know that exclusively physiographic regional terms are used in the description of South Dakota perceptual regions. The results of this study are similar to the results of Hale 's stu�y and Dr. Hogan's local region. The author believes this an endorsement of the methodology employed in this study. Future perceptual studies can hope to trust the use of telephone directories as a viable data base. Further study sugges�ed by the author includes a comparat_ive study involving many states employing the research method used in this study. Types of terms used to describe perceptual regions (e. g. physical, cultural, economic) in different states could be compared to the dominant economic activities employed, to the prominence of unique landform features or to the principal land-use pattern exhibited in the respective areas. It is possible that a pattern or trend in the use of regional descriptive terms may emerge. APPENDIX A

TOWNS THAT APPEAR IN PHONE DIRECTORIES THAT WERE CONSULTED IN THIS STUDY

Aberdeen Brandt Clearfield Academy Brentford Clear Lake Agar Bridgewater Colman Akaska Bristol Colome Alexandria Britton Colton Allen Broadland Columbia Amherst Brookings Conde Andover Bruce Corona Angostura Dam . Bryant Corsica Ardmore Buffalo Corson Arlington Buffalo Gap Cottonwood Armour Burbank Creighton Artas Burke Cresbard Artesian Bushnell Crocker Ashton Butler Crooks Astoria Cactus Flats Custer Athol Camp Crook Dallas Aurora Canistota Dante Avon Canova Davis Badger Canton Deadwood Baltic Carpenter Dell Rapids Bancroft Carter Delmont Barnard Carthage De Smet Batesland Castlewood Dimock Bath Cavour Dixon Belle Fourche Cedar Pass Doland Belvidere Center Dolton Big Stone City Centerville Draper Bison Central City Dupree Blackhawk Chamberlain Eagle Butte Bloomfield Chancellor Eden Blunt Chelsea Edgemont Bonesteel Cherry Creek Egan Bowdle Chester Elk Point Box Elder Claire City Elkton Bradley Claremont Ellsworth AFB Brandon Clark Elm Springs 52

APPENDIX A Continued

Emery Harrisburg Keyapaha Enning Harrold Keystone Erwin Hartford Kidder Esmond Harrison Kimball Estelline Hayes Kranzburg Ethan Hayti Kyle Eureka Hazel LaBolt Fairburn Hecla Ladner Fairfax Henry Lake Andes Fairpoint Hereford Lake City Fairview Hermosa Lake Norden Faith Herreid Lake Preston Farmer Herrick Lane Farmingdale Hetland Langford Faulkton Highmore Lantry Fedora Hill City La Plant Ferney Hillsview Lead Firesteel Hisle Lebanon Flandreau Hitchcock Lemmon Florence Holmquist Lennox Fort Pierre Hosmer Leola Fort Thompson Hot Springs Lesterville Frankfort Houghton Letcher Frederick Hoven Lily Freeman Howard Long Lake Fruitdale Howes Long Valley Fulton Hudson Loomis Garden City Humboldt Lower Brule Garretson Hurley Lowry Gary Huron Loyalton Gayville Ideal Lucas Geddes Igloo Ludlow Gettysburg Interior Lyons Glad Valley Iona Madison Glencross Ipswich Manchester Glenham Irene Manderson Goodwin Iroquois Mansfield Greenwood Isabel Marcus Gregory Java Marion Grenville Jefferson Martin Groton Kadoka Marty Grover Kaylor Marvin Hamill Keldron Maurine Harrington Kennebec McIntosh 53

APPENDIX A Continued

McLaughlin Onida Ridgeview Meadow Opal Rochford Meckling Oral Rockham Mellette Orient Rocky ford Menno Ortley Roscoe Midland Ottumwa Rosebud Milbank Owanka Rosholt Miles Valley Parker Roslyn Miller Parkston Rowena Mina Parmalee Rutland Miranda Peever Saint Charles Mission Philip Saint Lawrence Mission Hill Pickstown Saint Onge Mitchell Piedmont Salem Mobridge Pierpont Scenic Monroe Pierre Scotland Montrose Pine Ridge Selby Morristown Plainview Seneca Mosher Plankinton Shadehill Mound City Platte Sharps Corner Mount Vernon Pollock Sherman Mud Butte Porcupine Silver City Murdo Prairie City . Sinai Mystic Presho Sioux Falls Naples Pringle Sisseton Nemo Promise Smithwick New Effington Provo Sorum Newell Pukwana South Ellendale New Holland Putney South Shore New Underwood Quinn Spearfish Nisland Ramona Spencer Norris Rapid City Springfield North Sioux City Rapid Valley Stanford Northville Ravinia Stephan Nowlin Raymond Stickney Nunda Redfield Stockholm Oacoma Red Owl Stoneville Oelrichs Redig Stratford Oglala Red Scaffold Sturgis Okato_n Ree Heights Summit Okreek Reliance Tabor Oldham Renner Tea Olivet Reva Thunder Butte Onaka Revillo Thunder Hawk 54

APPENDIX A Continued

Timber Lake Vivian Wetonka Tolstoy Volga Wewela Toronto Volin White Trail City Wagner White Butte Trent Wakonda Whitehorse Tripp Wakpala White Lake Tulare Wall White Owl Turton Wallace White River Tuthill Wanblee White Rock Twin Brooks Warner Whitewood Tyndall Wasta Willow Lake Union Center Watagua Wilmot Utica Watertown Winfred Vale Waubay Winner Valley Springs Waverly Witten Veblen Webster Wolsey Verdon Wecota Wood Vermillion Wentworth Worthing Vetal Wessington Wounded Knee Viborg Wessin-gton Yale Vienna Springs Yankton Virgil Westport Zell APPENDIX B

TOWNS THAT APPEAR IN PHONE DIRECTORIES THAT WERE CONSULTED IN THIS STUDY

Aberdeen Chamberlain Flandreau Agar Chancellor Fort Pierre Amherst Cherry Creek Fort Thompson Angostura Dam Chester Frankfort Arlington Claire. City Fruitdale Armour Clearfield Fulton Artas Clear Lake Garden City Ashton Colman Garretson Athol Colton Gayville Aurora Columbia Gettysburg Baltic Corona Glad Valley Bancroft Corson Glencross Bath Cottonwood Greenwood Belle Fourche Crocker Gregory Big Stone City Custer· Groton Bison Dallas Grover Blackhawk Dante Hamill Bloomfield Davis Hartford Blunt Deadwood Henry Box Elder De Smet Hereford Brandon Dixon Hermosa Brentford Dolton Herreid Britton Draper Herrick Broadland Dupree Hetland Brookings Eagle Butte Highmore Bruce Edgemont Hill City Burbank Elk Point Hillsview Burke Ellsworth AFB Hitchcock Bushnell Emery Holmquist Butler Enning Hot Springs Cactus Flats Esmond Howard Canton Eureka Howes Carpenter Fairbu rn Humboldt Carter Fairpoint Huron Cedar Pass Faith Ideal Center Fedora Igloo Central City Firesteel Interior 55 56

APPENDIX B Continued

Iona Mobr"idge Rapid City Iroquois Monroe Rapid Valley Jefferson Montrose Redfield Kadoka Mosher Red Owl Kaylor Mud Butte Red Scaffold Keyapaha Murdo Renner Keystone Mystic Rochford Kidder Nemo Rockham Kranzburg New Effington Rocky ford Kyle Newell Rowena LaBolt New Holland Rutland Lake City · Nisland Saint Lawrence Lake Preston Norris Saint Onge Lane North Sioux City Salem Lantry Northville Scenic Lead Nowlin Shadehill . Lemmon Nunda Sharps Corner Lennox - Oacoma Sherman Letcher Oelrichs Silver City Lily Oglala· Sioux Falls Long Valley Okreek Sisseton Loomis Oldham Smithwick Lucas Olivet Sorum Lyons Onida South Ellendale Madison Opal South Shore Manchester Oral Spearfish Manderson Orient Stephan Marcus Ortley Stickney Marty Parmalee Stoneville Marvin Philip Sturgis Maurine Piedmont Tea McIntosh Pierre Thunder Butte McLaughlin Pine Ridge Thunder Hawk Meadow Plainview Timber Lake Meckling Platte Toronto Mellette Pollock Trail City Menno Porcupine Trent Milbank Prairie City Tripp Miller Presho Twin Brooks Mina Pringle Union Center Miranda Provo Utica Mission Putney Vale Mission Hill Quinn Valley Springs Mitchell Ramona Veblen 57

APPENDIX B Continued

Vermillion Warner White Butte Virgil Wasta White Owl Vivian Watagua White Rock Volga Watertown· Winner Volin Waverly Witten Wagner Webster Wolsey Wakpala Wentworth Wood· Wall Wessington Wounded Knee Wallace Springs Yankton Wanblee Westport Zell APPENDIX C

TERMS COMPILED IN THIS STUDY

American . Granite -Mid-America · Heartland Badlands I-90 Black Hills -Dakota Hills James River/Valley -Hills -Foothills Lake -Northern Hills -Interlakes -Southern .Hills -Lake Area -Mountain -Lake Region -Heart o' the Hills -Lakeland Couteau Mid-State/Mid-States Central Mid-west -North Central -South Central North/Northern -West Central -Northland -Northwest/Northwestern Dakota/Dakotah -Northeast/Northeastern -Lakota -Western Dakota Oahe -Dakota Hills -Montana-Dakota Prairie/Plains -Minn-Oak -Northern Plains -East Dakota -Great Plains -Kota -High Plains -West Plains East/Eastern Rancher East River River Farm/Farmers -James R./Valley -Missouri R./Valley Frontier -Big Bend/West Bend Rosebud 58 59

APPENDIX C Continued

Rushmore South/Southern -Mt. Rushmore -Southwest/Southwestern -Four Presidents -Southeast/Southeastern Scandia Tri-state -Viking -Norseman Tri-county -Nordic/Nordica Valley Sioux -Big Sioux West/Western -Sioux Valley -All West -Sioux Nation -Great Western -Soo -Midwest/Midwestern West River APPENDIX D

TERMS ULT�MATELY USED IN STUDY

Badlands James River Valley -James River -James Valley Black Hills -heart of the hills -hills Sioux River Valley -northern hills -Sioux River -southern hills -Sioux Valley -Big Sioux East River -east Dakota West River . -west Dakota Glacial Lakes -lake region -interlakes

60 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atherton, Loren G. and Nora M. Atherton. South Dakota Geography. Sioux Falls: Will A. Beach Printing Company, 1928. Bowden, Martyn J. and David Lowenthal. Geographies of the Mind: Essays in Historical Geosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 197 6. Brownell, Joseph W. "The Cultural Midwest. " Journal of Geography Vol. 59 (1960): 43-61. Bunting, T. E. and L. Guelke. "Behavior and Perception Geography: A Critical Appraisal. " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 69: 3 (September 197 9· ): 4 48- 4 6 2 • Cox, Kevin R. Man , Location , and Behavior : An Introduction to Human Geography. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , 197 2. Faundeen, John L. "Perceptual Regions of Minnesota. " Master 's thesis, South Dakota State University, 198 3. Flint, R. F. Pleistocene Geology of Eastern South Dakota. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, Geologic Survey Professional Paper 262, 1955. Gastil, Raymond D. Cultural Regions of the United States. · Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975. Gollege, Reginald G. and Gerard Rushton. Spatial Choice and Spatial Behavior : Geographic Essays on the Analysis of Preferences and Perceptions. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 197 6. Good, James K. "A Perceptual Delimitation of Southern Indiana. " In Professional Paper No. B, by the Department of Geography and Geology. Terre Haute: Indiana State University Press, 197 6, 3-10. "The Vernacular Regions of Arkansas ." Journal of Geography 80 (1981): 179-185.

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Gould, Peter and Rodney White. Mental ,Maps. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 198 6. Hale, Ruth Feser. "A Map of Vernacular Regions in America. " Ph. D. diss. , University of Minnesota, 1971. Hart, John F. "The Middle West. " Annals of the Association · of American Geographers 62 (1972): 258-282. Hartshorne, Richard. The Nature of Geography. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Association of American Geographers, 1939. Hogan, Edward Patrick. Professor of Geography. A survey response invoked by Ruth Hale for "A Map of Vernacular Regions in America. " Ph. D. diss. , University of Minnesota, 1971, 121. James, Preston E. "Toward a Further Understanding of the Regional Concept. " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 42 (September 1952): 195-2 22. Jordan, Terry G. "Perceptual Regions in Texas. " The Geographical Review 68 (July 1978): 293-307. Kimble, George H. T. "The _Inadequacy of the Regional Concept. " In London Essays in Geography, ed. L. D. Stamp and S. W. Woolridge, 151-174. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951. Lowenthal, David. "Environmental Perception and Behavior. " In Research Paper No. 10, by the Department of Geography. Chicago: University of Chicago, 196 7. _ · Mish, Frederick C. , ed. Webster's Ninth New Colle.giate Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam Webster, Inc. , 1989. S. v. "perception. " Morgan, Michael. Historical Sources in Geography. Boston: Butterworths, 1979. Office of State Health Planning and Development. Health Facilities and Services in South Dakota. Pierre: South Dakota State Department of Health, 1978. Ranek, J. C. South Dakota Agricultural Statistics. Sioux Falls: South Dakota Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, 1976. Reed, John S. "The Heart of Dixie: An Essay in Folk Geography. " Social Forces 54 (1976): 925-939. 63

Richardson ; Arthur H. and Lyle E. Pete�sen. History and Management of South Dakota Deer. Pierre: South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, 1974.- Saarinen, Thomas F. "Environmental Perception. " In Perspectives on Environment, ed. Ian R. Manners and Marvin Mikesell,. 252-289. Washington: Association of American Geographers, 1974. Sack, Robert D • . Conceptions of Space in Social Thought : A Geographic Perspective·. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota �ress, 1980. Schell, Herbert Samuel. South Dakota, Its Beginning and Growth. New York: American Book Company, 1942 � Shertzer, Margaret. The Elements of Grammar. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 198 6. South Dakota Annual Planning Report. Aberdeen: South Dakota Department of Labor, May 1979. South Dakota Business Directory. Omaha: American Directory Publishing Company, 1989. Turabian, Kate L. A Manu�l for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 5th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 198 7. Weiss , Richard. "Cultural ·Boundaries and the Ethnographic Map. " In Readings in Cultural Geography, ed. Philip L. Wagner and Marvin w. Mikesell, 62-74. Chicago: University of Chicago Pres�, 1962. Westin, Frederick C. , L. F. ·Puhr, and G. J. Buntley. Soils of South Dakota, Soil Survey Series #3. Brookings: Agricultural Experiment Station, July 1967. Zelinsky, Wilbur. "North America's Vernacular Regions. " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70 {March 1980): 1-16. VITA AUCTORIS

Steven Lee .Payton was born on August 23, 1963, in New Ulm, Minnesota, to Dianne and Leland Payton. His early life include_d frequent moves until settling in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, with his mother and two sisters, in 1970. It was here that he received the bulk of his elementary, junior high, and senior high school education and graduated from Washington Senior High School in 1981 • . Steve enrolled in South Dakota State University in the fall of 1981. After eight years of intermittent attendance and one change in major, Steve majored in geography and graduated from South Dakota State University in December of 1989. Steve stayed on at South Dakota State University to study geography at the graduate level. He finished his Master ·of Science coursework consisting of a major in geography and a minor in planning . He is a member and past chapter president of Gamma Theta Upsilon and a member of Phi Kappa Phi honor societies.

64