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Church Women United and Social Reform Work Across the Mid-Twentieth Century

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Church Women United and Social Reform Work Across the Mid-Twentieth Century University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2015 Building Bridges: Church Women United and Social Reform Work Across the Mid-Twentieth Century Melinda M. Johnson University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Johnson, Melinda M., "Building Bridges: Church Women United and Social Reform Work Across the Mid- Twentieth Century" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--History. 29. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/29 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Melinda M. Johnson, Student Dr. Karen Petrone, Major Professor Dr. Scott Taylor, Director of Graduate Studies BUILDING BRIDGES: CHURCH WOMEN UNITED AND SOCIAL REFORM WORK ACROSS THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Melinda Marie Johnson Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Karen Petrone, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2015 Copyright © Melinda Marie Johnson 2015 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION BUILDING BRIDGES: CHURCH WOMEN UNITED AND SOCIAL REFORM WORK ACROSS THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY Church Women United incorporated in December 1941 as an interdenominational and interracial movement of liberal Protestant women committed to social reform. The one hundred organizers represented ten million Protestant women across the United States. They organized with the express purposes of helping to bring peace on Earth and to develop total equality within all humanity. Church Women United was the bridge between the First and Second Wave of Feminism and the bridge between the Social Gospel and Social Justice Movements. Additionally they connected laterally with numerous social and religious groups across American society. As such, they exemplify the continuity and matrix of reform in American history. Because they worked to promote international peace, develop positive race relations, and advance women’s rights, their campaigns give us a model for how to rectify the social problems of today. These women used communal prayer, politics, education, and hands-on labor to promote their ideas. They originated in collective prayer and continued this tool, but they added letter writing campaigns, public education forums, and lobbying politicians at all levels including the president to advance their goals. They held massive campaigns to collect needed items for war-torn countries and natural disaster areas as well as acting as counselors to the needy. They raised public awareness of issues facing migrant laborers, inner-city residents, Native Americans, Japanese internment detainees, and then worked hard to ameliorate the worst of these problems. They promoted literacy around the world, as well as new agricultural techniques to address human conditions that were known to lead to political and social unrest. This dissertation covers the mid-twentieth century while being predominately focused on the years 1941-1968. This study is built upon multiple archives across the United States and oral histories of movement leaders. It is one of the first interdenominational studies focused on the work of women in social reform work. This dissertation enlarges our knowledge of feminism and social reform work. Key Words: Church Women United, peace, feminism, civil rights, Social Justice, Social Gospel BUILDING BRIDGES: CHURCH WOMEN UNITED AND SOCIAL REFORM WORK ACROSS THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY By Melinda Marie Johnson ___Karen Petrone_________________ Director of Dissertation ___Scott K. Taylor_______________ Director of Graduate Studies ___19 May 2015___________________ Date DEDICATION In Honor of Dr. Janice M. Leone and in Memory of the late Dr. Thaddeus M. Smith and Dr. Shearer Davis Bowman ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first encountered Church Women United while working on my Master’s Thesis, “The Integration of Schools in Murfreesboro, Tennessee: A Community Study.” At the time I could find nothing written about them on the national scene apart from one line in Hutchinson’s Beyond the Travail; I was intrigued by this absence due to their very important role in various social issues in this one small southern community. Thus was born my dissertation. I am deeply indebted to Mabel Head (1950), Gladys Gilkey Calkins (1960), Margaret Shannon (1977), and local unit historians for their in-house histories of these remarkable women. I have found them to be invaluable since they often relied upon contemporary memories that often were not recorded; whenever and wherever possible I have researched elsewhere to substantiate their recordings. Thankfully, in the decade since my thesis, there has been recognition of the need to study religious groups and their reform agendas across the twentieth century. It is my hope iii that this dissertation will enlarge our understanding of the importance of these women working through their religious beliefs and of how and why individuals become involved in social reform. I had the great good fortune to travel across several states visiting archives. Each archive was a pleasant experience of discovery and meeting wonderful archivists who tried to find anything I wanted and suggested other things of which I was unaware. Dale Patterson and Mark Shenise at the United Methodist Archive were exemplary as guides and new friends. I have had the pleasure of developing a wonderful group of fellow “dissertators” with whom to commiserate. Panera Bread, Cosi’, and Starbucks have all been most generous to us lost souls; they have fed us, listened to us when we complained, and cheered us when we celebrated. Jen and Jamie—I would never have made it without you! Karen, Sallie, John, Jamie B., thanks for continuing to give me your faith that it would someday be finished. Di and Felito, thank you! My children held the conviction even though I sometimes lost it, and I thank them for their faith and all their words of encouragement. And Angel, I owe you everything. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments. iii List of Abbreviations. .vi Chapter One: Introduction. 1 Chapter Two: Historical Background to Interdenominational Social Reform Work. .21 Chapter Three: A Strong Start in a Trembling Time. .57 Chapter Four: “Women Working With Women”. .100 Chapter Five: Struggling with Consensus. 142 Chapter Six: Conclusion. 177 Appendices. .187 Bibliography. .196 Vita. .214 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAUW---American Association of University Women AME---African Methodist Episcopal Church AMEZ---African Methodist Episcopal Zion AFSC---American Friends Service Committee CACA---Committee on Allied Christian Agencies CIC---Commission on Interracial Cooperation CORE---Congress of Racial Equality CWU---Church Women United CYM---Christian Youth Movement FCC---Federal Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America KJV---King James Version LWV---League of Women Voters MEC---Methodist Episcopal Church MECS---Methodist Episcopal Church, South NAACP---National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NACW---National Association of Colored Women NAWSA---National American Woman’s Suffrage Association NCC---National Council of Churches of Christ of the United States of America NCCJ---National Conference of Christians and Jews NCCW---National Committee of Church Women NCFCW---National Council of Federated Church Women NCJW---National Council of Jewish Women NCPCW---National Commission of Protestant Church Women NOW---National Organization for Women SCLC---Southern Christian Leadership Conference UCCW---United Council of Church Women UCW---United Church Women UN---United Nations USDA---United States Department of Agriculture WCTU---Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
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