CULTURAL HERITAGE EVALUATION REPORT SALEM BRIDGE COUNTY SITE No. B18050
(LOTS 15 & 16, CONCESSION 11 GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF NICHOL)
WOOLWICH STREET WEST (WR 18) SALEM, TOWNSHIP OF CENTRE WELLINGTON COUNTY OF WELLINGTON, ONTARIO
April 2018
Prepared for: WSP Canada Group Limited
Prepared by:
CULTURAL HERITAGE EVALUATION REPORT SALEM BRIDGE COUNTY SITE No. B18050
(LOTS 15 & 16, CONCESSION 11 GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF NICHOL)
WOOLWICH STREET WEST (WR 18) SALEM, TOWNSHIP OF CENTRE WELLINGTON COUNTY OF WELLINGTON, ONTARIO
April 2018
Prepared for WSP Canada Group Limited 610 Chartwell Road Suite 300 Oakville, ON, L6J 4A5
Prepared by: Unterman McPhail Associates Heritage Resource Management Consultants 540 Runnymede Road Toronto, ON, M6S 2Z7 Tel: 416-766-7333
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Project Description 1 1.2 Public Interest and Heritage Recognition 2
2.0 HISTORICAL SUMMARY 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Nichol Township 4 2.2.1 Salem 7 2.3 Salem Bridge, County Bridge No. B018050 9 2.4 Structure Type: Steel Through (Half) Pony Truss 11 2.5 Bridge Designer/Builder 12 2.5.1 William H. Keith, P. Eng. 12 2.5.2 Hamilton Bridge Company Limited 13 2.5.3 Albert Reeves 14
3.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION 14 3.1 Area Context 14 3.2 Site Description 15
4.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE DESCRIPTION 17 4.1 Salem Bridge, County No. B018050 18 4.1.1 Modifications 20 4.2 Comparative Analysis 20 4.2.1 Conclusion 21
5.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE EVALUATION 22 5.1 Introduction 22 5.2 Evaluation 23 5.3 Summary of Cultural Heritage Value 26 5.3.1 Statement of Cultural Heritage Value 26 5.3.2 Description of Heritage Attributes 27
6.0 CONCLUSION 28
SOURCES
APPENDIX A: Salem Bridge, MEA Municipal Heritage Bridges, Cultural, Heritage and Archaeological Resources Assessment Checklist, February 23, 2016 APPENDIX B: Historical Maps, Photographs and Drawing APPENDIX C: Salem Bridge, Survey Form APPENDIX D: List of Comparative Structures, Steel Pony Truss Bridge, County of Wellington (Current as of January 2015) APPENDIX E: List of Projects, William H. Keith, County of Wellington Engineer (1933-1965)
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Evaluation of the Salem Bridge, Woolwich Street West (WR 18), Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington under “Criteria for Determining Cultural Heritage Value or Interest”, Ontario Regulation 9/06. 24
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. The Salem Bridge, Site No. B18050, is located on Woolwich Street West (WR 18) in Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario. 1 Figure 2. WCMA ph6570, Woolwich Street, Salem, showing Allan’s Mill, Salem School and bridge, ca. 1890. This view looks west across the bridge at the Irvine Creek on Woolwich Street West. 10 Figure 3. WCMA, Slide 13363, view of the Woolwich Street Bridge, Salem, looking southeast and down river from the park, July 1968, photograph by Gordon Couling of Guelph. Note the residence at 25 Woolwich Street West on the right and 16 Woolwich Street West, the Salem (Wissler) Mill, in the background on the left. 10 Figure 4. This aerial view shows the immediate vicinity of the Salem Bridge [Google 2017]. 16 Figure 5. This view looks south along the Irvine Creek to the north elevation of the Salem Bridge. Note the Salem (Wissler) mill in the background. 18 Figure 6. This view shows the south elevation of the Salem Bridge, 1952 [As adapted, County of Wellington Roads Department, The County of Wellington Salem Bridge, 1952]. 19 Figure 7. This view shows the south elevation of the Salem Bridge, 1952 [As adapted, McCormick Rankin Consulting Engineers. County of Wellington Contract for Repairs to Structure No. 18059, Irvine Creek Bridge, County Road 18, Town of Salem, Contract No. 86-90. April 1986]. 19
Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 1 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Description
WSP Canada Group Limited retained Unterman McPhail Associates, Heritage Resource Management Consultants, to undertake a Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report (CHER) on behalf of the County of Wellington for the Salem Bridge, County Bridge No. B018050. Completed in 1953, the Salem Bridge comprises a steel through (half) pony truss structure described as a Warren truss with verticals. It is located on Woolwich Street West (WR 18) in the community of Salem about 0.10 km east of WR 7 (Figure 1). The site survey was undertaken in August 2017.
A bridge inspection in 2015 found the Salem Bridge to be in an advanced state of deterioration. A Municipal Heritage Bridges Cultural, Heritage and Archaeological Resources Assessment Checklist (Revised April 11, 2014) was completed in February 2016. The County of Wellington has commenced a Class Environmental Assessment Study (Class EA) for the Salem Bridge, which is being conducted as a Schedule “B” project in accordance with a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MCEA), Municipal Engineers Association (June 2000, amended 2007, 2011 and 2015) to address, confirm and document existing structural deficiencies of the subject bridge and identify alternative solutions including rehabilitation or replacement of the bridge.
Figure 1. The Salem Bridge, Site No. B18050, is located on Woolwich Street West (WR 18) in Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 2 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
This CHER includes a historical summary of the area and bridge site, a description of the bridge and its setting, an evaluation of the cultural heritage value of the bridge, a summary of cultural heritage value and recommendations. The site was evaluated using the criteria set out under Ontario Regulation 9/06, which was developed for the purpose of identifying and evaluating the cultural heritage value or interest of a property proposed for protection under Section 29 of the Ontario Heritage Act (OHA). Ontario Regulation 9/06 describes the three criteria as design value or physical value, historical value or associative value, and contextual value.
Appendix A contains a copy of the Municipal Engineers Association’s (MEA) Municipal Heritage Bridges, Cultural, Heritage and Archaeological Resources Assessment Checklist (April 11, 2014) completed for the MCEA process for the subject bridge. Historical maps, photographs and a drawing are included in Appendix B. Appendix C contains a bridge survey form with current photographs of the bridge and it’s setting. Appendix D includes a list of comparative bridge structures in the County of Wellington as of 2015. Appendix E provides a list of projects attributed to William. H. Keith, Engineer for the County of Wellington.
The Salem Bridge is oriented in a southwest to northeast direction. For the purposes of this CHER, the structure direction will be referred to as being oriented from east to west to correspond to the description used in the bridge inspection report.
1.2 Public Interest and Heritage Recognition
Municipal
The Township of Centre Wellington was contacted. It indicated the Salem Bridge is not included on the Township Heritage Register as a registered heritage property and it is not a municipally designated property under Part IV or Part V of the OHA. The bridge is not the subject of a municipal heritage easement.
There are municipally recognized heritage resources on all four corners of the Salem Bridge that are included on the Township of Centre Wellington Register, namely:
o 16 Woolwich West located on the southeast corner of the bridge containing the former Salem (Wissler) Mill, a two storey stone gristmill building dating from 1852-53; o 20 Woolwich Street West, a two storey stone residence built in 1870 on the southwest corner; o 25 Woolwich Street West, a one and-a-half storey stone residence built in 1850 on the northwest corner; and o 480 Washington Street that includes a two storey brick building built as a hotel, on the northeast corner.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 3 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
As well, the two (2) properties at 31 and 33 Woolwich Street West, immediately west of 25 Woolwich Street West, are included on the Township of Centre Wellington Heritage Register.
The property at 481 Washington Street, which extends to the east bank of the Irvine Creek, is a municipally designated property under Part IV of the OHA on the Township of Centre Wellington Heritage Register.
Grand River Conservation Authority
The federal, provincial and territorial governments in order to recognize outstanding rivers and ensure protection of significant heritage values established the Canadian Heritage Rivers system. The Salem Bridge that spans the Irvine Creek, a tributary of the Grand River, is included within the Grand River Watershed, which was designated as a Canadian Heritage River in 1994. The Grand River Conservation Authority is responsible for the management of the Canadian Heritage River. Information on heritage bridges are contained in the following two studies:
o Grand Old Bridges - Grand River Watershed Heritage Bridge Inventory (2004); and o Arch, Truss & Beam: The Grand River Heritage Bridge Inventory (March 2013).
The Salem Bridge is identified as a heritage resource in the publication Arch, Truss & Beam.
Wissler’s Mill, 16 Woolwich Street West, and the adjacent Salem Dam on the Irvine Creek, which is privately owned, are included on the Heritage River Inventory – Grand River Watershed (March 2013).1
The heritage and scenic significance of the Salem (Wissler) Dam is recognized by its inclusion on GRCA promotional tourist information.2
Provincial and Federal
The subject bridge is not provincially-owned, and therefore, is not identified as a provincial heritage property. It is not recognized provincially through an Ontario Heritage Trust easement or commemorative plaque.
1 GRCA, Heritage River Inventory – Grand River Watershed. Cultural Features and Values that support the Grand (including Speed, Eramosa, Nith and Conestogo Rivers) as a Canadian Heritage River. 2013. Access: --
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 4 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
The subject bridge is not recognized federally as a heritage resource, i.e., national historic site or federal heritage property. It is located on Canadian Heritage River (see Grand River Conservation Authority above).
Other
The website HIstoricBridges.org identifies the Salem Bridge as being of heritage interest and value.
2.0 HISTORICAL SUMMARY
2.1 Introduction
The District of Wellington was created from the Gore District in 1838 and Nichol Township was included in the County of Waterloo in the new district. When districts were abolished under the Municipal Act (1849), the District of Wellington became part of the governmental unit of the United Counties of Wellington, Waterloo and Grey in 1852. Wellington County separated from Waterloo County in 1853. In 1854, Wellington County was a separate and independent county with the county seat located at Guelph. At that time, it included the Townships and Towns of Amaranth, Arthur, Eramosa, Erin, Guelph, Guelph (Town), Garafraxa, Maryborough, Nichol, Peel, Pilkington, and Puslinch. Luther and Arthur Townships joined Wellington County in 1857.
The Township of Centre Wellington was established on January 1, 1999 by amalgamating Fergus, Elora, the Townships of Nichol, Pilkington, West Garafraxa and a part of Eramosa.
2.2 Nichol Township
In May 1784, Sir John Johnson arranged a purchase of large tract of land from the Mississaugas that was bounded in the northeast by a line running exactly northeast from a point near Burlington to the Conestogo River at Arthur. In October of the same year, Sir Frederick Haldimand, Governor of Canada, allotted the Six Nations and their descendants the tract of land six miles in depth on each side of the Grand River from its source to its mouth on Lake Erie for their loyalty to the Crown in the American War of Independence. When surveyed, the grant comprised a strip of land 12 miles in width along the Grand River in several townships including Nichol. In 1796, the Six Nations appointed Joseph Brant to sell a tract of land that was to be regranted by the Crown to persons accepted by Brant with adequate security for the payment of an annuity being given. In 1798, Chief Brant sold several blocks of land. The Hon. Thomas Clark of Stamford, near Niagara Falls was the purchaser of Block No. 4, which included 28,512 acres of land.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 5 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
United Empire Loyalist Augustus Jones trained as a surveyor in New York City. In 1788, he was appointed assistant to Philip Frey, Deputy Surveyor of the Niagara District. He became acting Deputy Surveyor for the Nassau District in 1789, and was officially appointed Deputy Surveyor in 1791. Jones was responsible for most of the early surveying of the Niagara Peninsula, including many of the townships from Fort Erie to Niagara, the land along the Grand River, and the shore of Lake Ontario from Toronto to the Trent River. In 1784, he began to survey a line from the Head of the Lake (Burlington) to the supposed headwaters of the Grand River. Beginning at Burlington Bay, the survey ran in a northwesterly direction in a straight-line at an angle of 45 degrees until it crossed what was believed to be the Thames River, but was in fact the Conestogo River at Arthur. This survey line became known as the Jones' Base Line. It was from this line that the adjoining townships, including Nichol Township on the west side, were surveyed.
The Township of Nichol was created from Block No. 4 of the Grand River Tract in 1816 and named in honour of Col. Robert Nichol, a lawyer and friend of Sir Isaac Brock and a distinguished veteran of the War of 1812.3 The Grand River divided Nichol Township into north and south parts. South Nichol, also referred to as Lower Nichol, located to the southeast of the Grand River was divided into the ten, east to west concessions plus a broken front concession from the Grand River. The fourteen, north to south lots were numbered from the Guelph-Elora Road to the Garafraxa-Eramosa Townline. North Nichol, or Upper Nichol, located to the northwest of the Grand River was divided into six, east to west concessions numbered from the Elora-Alma Road to the east. The number of east to west lots varied due to the course of the Grand River and the borders of Fergus and Elora. Concession 11 was laid out with eighteen lots, while some other concessions had twenty lots in addition to the broken front area.
William Gilkison, who was born in Irvine, Scotland and served in Upper Canada in the War of 1812, returned to Upper Canada in 1832 and settled in Brantford. Later in the same year, he acquired property in the southwest part of Nichol Township from Thomas Clark. In October 1832, he visited his Nichol property and left Lewis Burwell behind to survey a village plot for Elora at the Falls on the Grand River.4 He made plans to build mills and bridges; however, Gilkison died in 1833 and his son David Gilkison took over his affairs at Elora.
The first Nichol Township meeting was held in early 1832 at the home of Abraham Flewelling. James Elmslie was elected as township clerk. In the Census of 1834, Nichol Township had a population of 134 people and the cultivated land was recorded as 181 acres.5 By 1845, the township population was 1358 people, mainly Scottish in origin. Fergus was noted as having thirty houses and Elora eighteen. Both villages had post
3 Hazel L. Mack, The twelve townships of Wellington County (Guelph, Ontario: Ampersand Press, c1977) no page number; and, Jean Hutchinson, The history of Wellington County (Grand Valley, Ontario: Landsborough Print, 1998) 139. 4 John Robert Connon, The Early History of Elora, Ontario and Vicinity (January 1906) 110. 5 Hutchinson, 140.
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offices.6 In 1846, Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer described Nichol Township as being well settled with excellent land, much of it rolling and timbered with hardwood, and two gristmills and four sawmills. Of the 20,482 acres of land sold within the township, 5,392 acres were under cultivation.7
The local road system began to develop in the mid-to-late 1830s soon after the first settlers arrived in Upper Nichol. A road south of the Grand River was opened in the 1830s between Elora and Fergus, and for some years was the principal route between the two population centres. After the north road between Fergus and Elora was improved in 1849, this became the principal transportation road between the two villages. Another road was opened north from Elora to the Salem area and on to Bon Accord in the early 1840s. The east-west sideline between Lots 15 and 16 in Concession 11 was opened into Salem around the same time.
The Map of Wellington County (1861) shows cleared land, established farmsteads, an established landscape of arable fields, a local road network, and schoolhouses and churches, and hamlets and villages including Salem defining the character of the area (Appendix A). The Nichol Township map in the Illustrated Historical Atlas (1877) continues shows an established agricultural landscape, open roads and villages including Salem and hamlets (Appendix A).
The Wellington Grey and Bruce Railway (WGBR) began as the Canada Northwest. In 1856, a line was planned from Southampton on Lake Huron to Toronto; however, by the time construction was finished in 1872, the railway line only ran from Guelph, via Elora and Fergus, to Southampton with branches to Owen Sound, Kincardine and Durham. In the 1880s, the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) absorbed the WGBR. It later became part of the Canadian National Railway (CNR) in the early 1920s.
The rural agricultural landscape of the township, outside of the larger population centres such as Elora and Fergus, continued into the 20th century. The map of Nichol Township (1906) shows established farmsteads, small hamlets such as Salem and the villages of Fergus and Elora (Appendix A). Early 20th century township maps and topographic maps of the area show little change in the land use. The township experienced growth in the 1970s as a result of increasing rural-residential development. On January 1, 1999, Nichol Township was amalgamated with the former town of Fergus, the former village of Elora, Eramosa and parts of the former townships of West Garafraxa and Pilkington to form the Township of Centre Wellington.
6 Ibid., 55. 7 Wm. H. Smith, Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer (Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell, 1846) 130.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 7 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
2.2.1 Salem
Scottish immigrant John Keith acquired land on Lots 15 and 16, Concession 11 from the Gilkison family in 1834 and was part of the Bon Accord settlers.8 Keith and others opened up the Bon Accord Road north from Elora between Concessions 11 and 12 to the Irvine Creek where a ford was located upstream from the present Salem Bridge.9
John Wissler arrived in Waterloo Township from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in 1834 and established the Eagle Tannery on the Grand River to the north of the village of Bridgeport at Lexington. John’s brother Levi Wissler arrived in 1837 and joined the business. Another brother Sem Wissler arrived in 1839, and in 1841, bought his brother Levi Wissler’s interest in the business. Levi returned to Pennsylvania. In 1843, Sem Wissler married Jane Robertson. In 1845, Levi Erb, the husband of sister May Wissler began working at the family business at the Eagle Tannery.10
In 1844, as tanbark became more scarce and expensive in the area of the Eagle Tannery, Sem Wissler investigated sites in Nichol Township to build a new mill. Finding a suitable site on the Irvine Creek, the Wisslers bought Lot 16 and the west half of Lot 17, Concession 11 from Jasper Gilkison in late October 1844.11 Sem Wissler then completed a land swap with John Keith for the northeast half of Lot 16 and the southwest half of Lot 15, which became the location of the Salem settlement.12
Sem Wissler arrived in Nichol Township in early June 1845 with his family. Initially they lived in a log house on his property, which he named Salem. In his first season Wissler built a dam [Salem Dam], flume and sawmill and a section of a tannery. As well as the tannery the building included a house, a store and a shoe shop.13 The tannery was operated as a branch of the Eagle Tannery in Waterloo Township.
In the last part of 1846 the Sem Wissler family moved into a stone house on the site of the log house. It is noted Mrs. Wissler “used a small cave in the limestone rock, which is a little east of the smaller bridge now crossing the Irvine”.14 In the 1850s, Wissler built two large flourmills, one located downstream from his tannery followed by other local businesses. In the early years the tannery and sawmill operated at capacity, the general store flourished and the shoe shop employed 15 to 20 shoemakers.15
Other early Salem settlers included David Robertson, who built the first blacksmith shop on James Street near the dam on the upper Irvine Creek, John Pearson, a tavern owner
8 Connon, 85. 9 Ibid.,73. 10 Ibid., 124. 11 Connon, 124-125. 12 Ibid., 125; and, WMCA, Tweedsmuir History, Elora WI, Vol. 2., “Salem”, 186. 13 Ibid., 125. 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 8 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
and brewer William Tamlin on the west side of Union Street [Geddes Street]. The present road between Salem and Elora was opened in 1849 with Wissler’s assistance. With the opening of this road, all of the traffic headed to Peel Township, which was being rapidly settled, was diverted from the existing Bon Accord Road through Salem bringing more businesses.16
In 1853, Wissler’s brother-in-law Levi Erb moved from the Eagle Tannery to Salem and built a flourmill on the southeast corner of the current Salem Bridge. In 1857 the business partnership between John Wissler, Sem Wissler and Levi Erb was dissolved.17 Sem Wissler remained in Salem and his business enterprises and the village thrived. Roads were improved and bridges were built over the Irvine Creek. Together with Levi Erb and John Keith, Sem Wissler began to speculate and develop the land at Salem. In 1856, Edwin H. Kertland produced a survey plan of the Village of Salem with village streets and 425 lots, making sure that the survey accommodated the existing structures for Messrs. Wissler, Erb and Keith. (Appendix A).
Salem’s prosperity was halted in the late 1850s when grain market collapsed together due to poor crops. Wissler began to allow others to operate businesses in Salem while maintaining control of the tannery and shoemaking factory. In 1866, Salem included the Wissler and Erb grist mills, a sawmill, a tannery and shoemaker, two general stores, two breweries, a drug store, three blacksmith, a woollen factory, four hotels and various other 18 professionals, tradesmen and businesses.
After Sem Wissler’s death in 1865, son John Wissler took over the family enterprises. His brother Ezra joined him in 1869.19 In 1883, the business was known as the Irvine Mill (flouring) and owned by J & E Wissler.20
Several factors combined to contribute to the economic decline of Salem from the late 1860s onwards. There were legal problems with Wissler’s businesses and property, the clearing of the area had reduced sources of tanbark for the tannery that affected the leather supply for the shoemaking shop, the supply of saw logs and grain for the sawmill and flourmill was reduced and land deforestation had resulted in an inconsistent creek flow on the Irvine Creek for water power milling. Additionally, the diversion of the Wellington, Grey & Bruce Railway to Fergus rather than through Salem affected the viability of the local mills.21
Salem continued as a small village to the north of Elora through the 19th and into the 20th century. As the 20th century progressed the two communities became more integrated
16 Ibid., 125-126. 17 Henry Wissler, The Wissler family record (Toronto: Bryant Press, Ltd., 1904) 58. 18 Ibid., 269; WCMA, Tweedsmuir, Elora WI, Vol. 2., “Salem”, 186; and, Connon, 125-126. 19 Stephen Thorning, “Valuing our History”, Elora Sentinel (September 29, 1992). 20 Wellington County Gazetteer and Directory for 1883-84 (Guelph, Ontario: William W. Evans, 1883) 296. 21 Connon, 126-127.
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with Elora providing most of the essential services. The Township of Centre Wellington established in 1999 included the village of Salem.
2.3 Salem Bridge, County Bridge No. B018050
Woolwich Street (WR 18) was is shown as an open sideline between Lots 15 and 16, Concession 11 in 1856 on the Salem village plan. It provided access to the Salem (Wissler) mill and shops at the Irvine Creek and connected with the road running north from Elora on the east side of the Irvine Creek. In all likelihood a bridge was constructed across the Irvine Creek soon after Sem Wissler opened his tannery in the mid 1840s. The first bridge was probably of timber construction.
A historical photograph dated c1890 shows a steel through truss bridge on Woolwich Street in Salem over the Irvine Creek (Figure 2). This bridge appears to have survived into the mid 20th century and is shown in a photograph of the Salem Bridge dated c1930- 40s (Appendix A). The current steel through (half) pony truss bridge replaced the through truss structure in 1952-53 (Figure 3).
In January 1952, the Wellington County Road Committee requested a special subsidy to replace the Victoria Bridge in Elora and the Salem Bridge.22 In June 1952, council minutes recorded that County Engineer William Keith had plans and specifications in readiness for calling tenders and awarding contracts for the new Salem Bridge, Rothsay Bridge and a bridge on Metcalfe Street, Elora.23 The Hamilton Bridge Company was awarded the contract to build the steel superstructure for the new bridge and Albert Reeves was the bridge contractor.24 Construction of the new bridges at Salem, Elora and Rothsay began in 1952 with the County Engineer reporting in October of that year that work was continuing satisfactorily on the Salem Bridge but completion was not expected before the spring of 1953.25
The County Engineer reported in December 1952 that the bridge construction contract was on schedule. The principal reason the bridges started in 1952 were not completed on that year was the scarcity of materials. The concrete work on the substructures was required to be completed before the freeze-up in 1952.
22 WCMA, Wellington County Council Minutes, Report of the County Road Committee (January 10, 1952) 54. Research of the County Council Minutes was undertaken by Lisa Harrison, Archives Assistant, WMCA. 23 Ibid., Report of the County Road Committee (June 17, 1952) 106. 24 Bridge plaque. The county council minutes refer to the Hamilton Bridge Company and the contractor. No references to the bridge construction were found in the Elora Express from June 1952 to July 1953. 25 WCMA, Wellington County Council Minutes, Report of the County Engineer (October 14, 1952) 39.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 10 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
Figure 2. WCMA ph6570, Woolwich Street, Salem, showing Allan’s Mill, Salem School and bridge, ca. 1890. This view looks west across the bridge at the Irvine Creek on Woolwich Street West.
Figure 3. WCMA, Slide 13363, view of the Woolwich Street Bridge, Salem, looking southeast and down river from the park, July 1968, photograph by Gordon Couling of Guelph. Note the residence at 25 Woolwich Street West on the right and 16 Woolwich Street West, the Salem (Wissler) Mill, in the background on the left.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 11 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
On June 16, 1953, the County Engineer reported to Council that the work on the Salem Bridge and the Badley Bridge in Elora was being completed and that the new bridge should be opened for traffic in the following week.26 The Rothsay Bridge had been open to traffic for some time and the steel superstructure for the Spring Creek Bridge was to be completed in July.27
2.4 Structure Type: Steel Through (Half) Pony Truss
Steel truss bridges are categorized by the traffic they are designed to accommodate. A deck truss has traffic traveling on top of the main structure, a traffic flow between parallel superstructures which are not cross-braced at the top is a pony truss and in a through truss, the structural steel is higher and cross-braced above the traffic. Generally, pony trusses, which are smaller and lighter structures, are used to cross narrow spans while the through truss type is used for longer spans. A truss is made of structural triangles that are connected together with pinned or riveted connections. The arrangement of the members determines the specific truss type.
The Warren truss is one of the most common truss configurations; James Warren and Willoughby Monzoni developed it in 1848. It has alternating diagonal members that form a repeating “V” shape. A true Warren truss does not have vertical members; however, most Warren truss bridges with vertical members are referred to as Warren with verticals. The vertical members can occur at each connection or every other connection.
Steel truss bridges began to appear on Ontario roads in the mid-1880s. Improved production methods brought the cost of steel down to that of wrought iron, thus making steel bridges more economical. Canadian companies, such the Hamilton Bridge Company, Hamilton (1872) and the Dominion Bridge Company, Montreal (1881) were of particular importance. Later companies included the Ontario Bridge Company, Toronto and Canadian Bridge Company, Walkerville. Other smaller and more local or regional companies quickly entered the rapidly growing business of fabricated steel bridges. Almost all the steel used in the bridge construction in Ontario was fabricated in the United States with the Carnegie Steel Company of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania dominating the field. Many of the first steel bridges were constructed for railways; however, road bridges were also constructed. The first all steel highway bridge in Ontario, which dates to 1885, carried Dundas Street over the Bronte Creek in Burlington.
Steel bridges grew in popularity after 1900. American and then Canadian highway departments adopted the Parker truss as a standard design for pony trusses from 30 to 60 feet (9.14 m to 18.29 m) and through trusses from 100 to 300 feet (30.48 m to 91.44 m).28 By the beginning of World War I, most of Canada’s railways had been completed and there was a shift to the construction of steel road bridges to address the increasing volume
26 Ibid., Report of the County Road Committee (June 16, 1953) 44. 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid.
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of vehicles on the road. An important development with steel road bridges was the replacement of a timber deck with reinforced concrete slab deck after 1900. The Department of Public Highways Ontario (DPHO) issued specifications for steel highway bridges in 1917.29 The strong through trusses were used in applications requiring longer spans or carrying heavier traffic. The pony truss bridge with its deck between the top and bottom chords and no top lateral bracing proved easy to erect and was relatively inexpensive. It found widespread application, proving particularly useful for shorter spans. Many steel bridges were constructed in the first part of the 20th century in Ontario and retained their popularity through the 1930s despite developments in concrete bridge construction.
The metal truss members of early steel bridges were either rivet or pin connected. Rivetted connections became the preferred bridge assembly technique in the 20th century until replaced by bolted connections in the post Second World War period. Rivet connections have a gusset plate to which the diagonals and vertical members are riveted. Pin and rivet connected steel truss bridges dating to the late 1800s/early 1900s are now rare in Ontario although once there were many examples.
2.5 Bridge Designer/Builder
William H. Keith, the County of Wellington Engineer, stamped the original drawing (1952) for the Salem Bridge. The contractor was Albert Reeves and the Hamilton Steel Company fabricated the steel superstructure.
2.5.1 William H. Keith, P. Eng.
William Hargreaves Keith was born on March 28, 1900, the son of William Keith and Caroline Mary Frances Simpson, in York, Ontario. According to the 1901 and 1911 census, his family resided in Newmarket, Ontario. He still lived in Newmarket in 1921. He married Joyce MacNaughton Larkin in Toronto, Ontario, on December 30, 1925. The marriage certificate indicates his profession was “civil engineer”.
Mr. Keith appears to have become the County Engineer for the County of Wellington c1933. The Keiths moved to Guelph when he assumed his duties at the county office. Keith served as the Commander in Chief of the Wellington County Home Defense Guards in 1940.30 During The Second World War, Keith received his certificate of military qualification in the Canadian Army upon completion of practical examination on 26 September 1943, and was appointed as an Officer by Ministry of National Defence, on the same day. He was recommended for Lieutenancy, Active Militia of Canada on March 19, 1946.31
29 DHPO, Appendix to the Department of Public Highways Ontario Annual Report (1917) 5. 30 WCMA, Slide A1991.235, Slide view of Wellington County Engineer W.H. Keith of Guelph, speaking to Wellington County Home of Defense Guards, c1940 (June 1, 1940). 31 Ibid., Accession #A1980.14, William Hargreave Keith (1902-1958), County Engineer, County of Wellington.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 13 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
Keith was involved in the organization of a professional association for county and municipal engineers in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In February 1948, he sat on a committee to draw up a constitution and bylaws for the County Engineers Association.32
After about 32 years of service, Keith retired as the county engineer for the County of Wellington c196533. During his tenure, the County undertook major improvements on its roads and Keith was responsible for the design of many new and replacement bridges in the county. A list of bridges associated with Keith is found in Appendix C.
2.5.2 Hamilton Bridge Company Limited
Sir John Hendrie established the Hamilton Tools Works in Hamilton, Ontario by 1872, and possibly earlier. Manufacturing machine tools, it became involved in the construction of simple railway bridges, including structures for the Great Western Railway and was renamed the Hamilton Bridge and Tool Works. The company won its first major contract with the swing bridge over the Burlington Canal for the Hamilton & North Western Railway in 1876.34
William Hendrie Sr. reorganized the firm in 1876; it was renamed, once again, in 1894 becoming the Hamilton Bridge Works Co. Limited. After a short period of financial difficulty at this time, the firm was closed. It was sold by auction to J. H. Tilden, who reopened it in 1895. The business flourished in the latter part of the 1890s and into the early 20th century, specializing in steel bridge construction, and making steel for the fabrication of buildings and bridges. Its first major contract outside the Hamilton area was the Bloor Street Viaduct in Toronto in 1910. Its operations were expanded in 1913 when the company began work on the Canadian Pacific office building in Toronto, one of Canada’s first skyscrapers.35 Hamilton Bridge Works expanded again during World War I with the fabrication of parts for the shipbuilding industry. The name was changed to the Hamilton Bridge Company Limited in 1928. The company provided steel for the Bank of Commerce Building, Toronto in 1929-1930 and during the Second World War it manufactured armoured vehicles.36 It remained a family company until after the Second World War.
The company established some subsidiary companies in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1954 the Bridge and Tank Company of Canada Limited took over the assets of the Hamilton Bridge Company and its subsidiaries. The firm continued under the name of Hamilton Bridge and Tank into the early 1980s. Over the years CN and CP were major clients of the company for railway bridges. Notable bridge projects include: several
32 Orland French and Gary May, Sharing with Pride: The Story of Municipal Engineers in Ontario. (Mississauga: The Municipal Engineers Association, 2009) 21. 33 F.B.D. Arnold, A Brief History of The County Engineers Association of Ontario (November 1985). 34 J. W. Disher and E. A. W. Smith, By Design: The Role of the Engineer in the History of Hamilton Burlington Area (Hamilton: Engineering Interface Inc., 2000) 122. 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid.
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bridges over the Welland Canal, the Blue Water Bridge, Sarnia, the reconstruction of the Victoria Bridge, Montreal, the Burlington Canal lift bridge, the Burlington Skyway bridge and the Lion’s Gate Bridge, Vancouver.37 The company ceased operation in 1984. The Hamilton Bridge Company is known to have fabricated and erected numerous bridges in the County of Wellington in the 19th century into the 20th century, including, but not limited to, the following structures:
o 1882, Norwich Street Bridge, (Norwich Street), Pratt Pony Truss, Guelph; o 1947, Princess Elizabeth Bridge (CR12) Camelback Through Truss, Conestogo river, Mapleton Township; o 1949, Bosworth Bridge (ML5), Warren Pony Truss, CR7, Conestogo River, Township of Mapleton; o 1953, Rothsay Bridge, WR 7, Warren Pony Truss, Mallet River, Township of Mapleton; o 1953, Salem Bridge, WR 18, Warren Pony Truss, Irvine Creek, Salem, Township of Centre Wellington; o 1953, Badley Street Bridge (Metcalf Street, CR1), Parker through truss, Elora, Township of Centre Wellington; and o No date, Allan’s Bridge (Macdonell Street) Metal Stringer, Speed River, City of Guelph.
2.5.3 Albert Reeves
Albert Reeves was the owner of the current Reeves Construction Ltd., which is located in Mount Forest, Ontario.38 No further information on the projects of the company is known at this time.
3.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION
3.1 Area Context
Salem on the Irvine Creek is located in the northeast section of the physiographic region known as the Guelph Drumlin Field. The northeast is characterized by the surfaces of the drumlins being covered with a layer of stoneless fine sand and silt, the Guleph till plain. Agriculture on the till plain was developed as a generalized type. On the northern edge of the till plain, smaller centres such as Fergus, Elora on the Grand River and Salem on its tributary, the Irvine Creek, were established as mill sites and became services centres. In the Elora and Salem area a definite break in the slope of the bedrock occurs and the Irvine Creek, as well as the Grand River, have cut deep gorges in the area dolostone.39
37 Disher, 123. 38 Email correspondence Chris Middleton, WSP Canada Group Ltd., September 11, 2017. 39 L.J. Chapman and D.F. Putnam, The Physiography of Southern Ontario, Third Edition (Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1984) 96 and 137-139.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 15 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
The Irvine Creek starts in the geographic township of West Garafraxa near Dracon and flows southeast towards Lake Belwood. Before the lake, the creek enters the geographic township of Nichol and flows through Salem on bedrock and through a deep rock gorge from Salem to its mouth at the Grand River in Elora.
Woolwich Street West, a two lane paved road, runs east from WR 7 into the historical community of Salem and then turns south to the east of the Irvine Creek. It becomes Geddes Street at this point and leads into the Elora downtown. The Salem Bridge is part of an important grouping or family of bridges identified in proximity to each other on the Irvine Creek and located within and in the vicinity of Salem and Elora. They include the landmark David Street Bridge (rebuilt in 2004) located in Elora; the subject Salem Bridge; the Washington Street Bridge (1925), Structure 12-N, an earth-filled concrete arch located just south of William Street/Wissler Street in Salem, now closed; and the Irvine Street, CW 18, (1929), a concrete bowstring arch located north of Woolwich Street East/Sideroad 15.
3.2 Site Description
The Salem Bridge, located on Woolwich Street West, spans the Irvine Creek in the community of Salem (Figure 4). The structure is oriented in a southwest to northeast direction; however, for the purposes of this CHER, the structure direction will be referred to east to west to correspond to bridge inspection reports. The Irvine Creek is classified as navigable water.
A bridge has probably spanned the Irvine Creek since the mid 19th century. Historical photographs show a steel through truss bridge spanning the Irvine Creek on Woolwich Street west in Salem c1890 and prior to 1952. The historical village of Salem, as laid out in 1856, includes a grid pattern of streets centred on the Irvine Creek. Woolwich Street West and Union Street (now Geddes Street) Mill Street, Water Street, Washington Street and James Street on top of the ridge are all part of the 1856 survey and the original village. This older central part of the village of Salem centred on the Irvine Creek retains its uniquely 19th century character and includes historical links to the Salem (Wissler) mill, millpond and dam and the Salem Bridge.
The Salem Bridge is posted 18/2/8/35 tonnes. There are hazard signs on all four corners of the structure. Ministry of Natural Resources signs for the Irvine Creek are posted at the bridge crossing. Woolwich Street West, a two lane paved road, runs east from WR 7 into the historical community of Salem and then turns sharply south to the east of the Irvine Creek to become Geddes Street that leads into the downtown area of Elora.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 16 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
Figure 4. This aerial view shows the immediate vicinity of the Salem Bridge [Google 2017].
At the Irvine Creek, Mill Street runs north to south to the west of the Irvine Creek and south of Woolwich Street West. Water Street runs north to south to the west of the Irvine Creek and north of Woolwich Street West. It provides access to Veteran’s Park on the west side of the Irvine Creek between the Salem Bridge and the Washington Street Bridge. The former millpond area associated with the Salem (Wissler) Mill is located on the north side of the Salem Bridge. Washington Street, an original street that is no longer continuous due to the closure of the bridge over the creek, runs north to south on the east side of the Irvine Creek to the north of the Woolwich Street West/Geddes Street intersection. James Street runs north to south on top of the ridge immediately east of the Irvine Creek. There is a cleared area on the hillside that provides a clear view of the Salem Bridge over the Irvine Creek from the top of the ridge.
Heritage resources associated with the 19th century village of Salem characterize the vicinity of the subject bridge. Four (4) heritage resources included on the Heritage Register, namely, 16, 20 and 25 Woolwich Street West and 480 Washington Street, are located adjacent to the subject bridge. The property at 16 Woolwich West on the southeast corner of the bridge is the former Salem (Wissler) Mill, which was built in 1850 as a two storey, stone mill building. 20 Woolwich Street West located on the southwest corner of the bridge includes a two storey stone residence built in 1870. 25
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Woolwich Street West situated on the northwest corner of the bridge includes a one and- a-half storey stone residence built in 1850. The property at 480 Washington Street on the northeast corner of the bridge is a 2½ storey brick building that was formerly a hotel. The property associated with 482 Washington Street, a municipally designated property, extends to the creek banks bordering the Salem millpond area.
Other properties included on the Heritage Register located at the bridge are 31, 33 Woolwich Street West. Above the bridge site, the properties at 472 and 480 James Street, which are associated with the original village of Salem and both included on the Heritage Register, overlook the Salem Bridge on the Irvine Creek. A Craftsman style residence from the early 20th century located at 26 Woolwich Street West is not included on the Heritage Register.
The Salem (Wissler) Dam is located approximately 15 m south of the road and the subject bridge on the Irvine Creek. At this point the Irvine Creek falls in elevation and enters a small gorge as it heads for the Grand River. The Salem Dam has an overall length of 12 m and overall height of 5 m. In the vicinity of the dam there is also a millrace on the east side downstream, an overflow spillway and a weir. The Salem Dam is under the authority of the GRCA.
The Salem Bridge is set in a scenic location over the Irvine Creek in the 19th C. community of Salem, which is characterized by a number of properties listed and designated under the OHA. It is a well known physical landmark on Woolwich Street West and provides an entrance/exit function to Salem and Elora. Within Salem, the bridge is as an important element of the historical cultural heritage landscape of the Salem mill, dam and millpond on the Irvine Creek and provides a focal/viewing point for the mill site to the south and the millpond to the north. As well, the bridge is a key visual component in viewscapes east on Woolwich Street to the Irvine Creek and west from the road curve at Washington Street/Geddes Street, in a long viewscape south on the Irvine Creek from Veteran’s Park that includes the millpond and in a long viewscape west from James Street at the top of the ridge to Woolwich Street West and the Irvine Creek.
4.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE DESCRIPTION
The following description is based on a site visit in August 2017, an original drawing (1952), rehabilitation drawings (1986) and an inspection report by MMM Group (2015). Imperial measurements with metric measurement in brackets are provided in keeping with the system in use at the time the bridge was designed. The original design drawing for the Salem Bridge is contained in Appendix A. For the purposes of this description the Salem Bridge is considered to run in an east to west direction.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 18 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
4.1 Salem Bridge, County No. B018050
The Salem Bridge is classified as an seven panel, rivet-connected, steel through (half) pony truss, Warren Truss with verticals (Figure 5).
The abutments and wingwalls and sidewalk are cast-in-place concrete. Remains of an earlier abutment are located at the west abutment in front of the 1952 concrete structure. The bridge has a skew angle of 23°. The inspection report (2015) indicates the bridge has a single span length of 105-ft. (32 m), an overall structure length/deck length of 107-ft. (32.6 m). The overall structure width is 32-ft. 2-in. (9.8 m). There are expansion joints on the east and west ends of the structure. The superstructure length is 104-ft. (31.70 m) in length (Figures 6 and 7). Six (6) steel longitudinal deck stringers are set on top of eight (8) steel transverse floor beams. The deck is placed on the deck stringers. The roadway measures 24-ft. (7.3 m) in width with 12-in. (300 mm) wide concrete curbs on the north and south sides.
Figure 5. This view looks south along the Irvine Creek to the north elevation of the Salem Bridge. Note the Salem (Wissler) mill in the background.
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The north and south trusses measure 12-ft. (3.66 m) in height. A Warren truss with verticals is comprised of steel bars, angles, rods, channels and plates. Each truss is 8-ft. 4- in. (2.54 m) high from the sidewalk. The Warren truss comprises seven (7) panels with verticals located at each connection. The top and bottom chords comprise two standard I- beams held together with battens and V-lacing. The Warren trusses with verticals are set on top of the concrete curbs measuring 7½ -in. (190 mm) in height.
Figure 6. This view shows the south elevation of the Salem Bridge, 1952 [As adapted, County of Wellington Roads Department, The County of Wellington Salem Bridge, 1952].
Figure 7. This view shows the south elevation of the Salem Bridge, 1952 [As adapted, McCormick Rankin Consulting Engineers. County of Wellington Contract for Repairs to Structure No. 18059, Irvine Creek Bridge, County Road 18, Town of Salem, Contract No. 86-90. April 1986].
A sidewalk runs along the north side of the structure measuring 5-ft. in (1.53 m) width. There is a railing comprised of eight (8) latticework panels on the outside of the sidewalk on the north side of the bridge. Each panel is 3-ft. (0.91 m) high and with the exception of the two end panels that have been added on each end, measuring 12-ft. 11-in (3.90 m) in width. The top and bottom chords are comprised of two steel angles. Guardrails comprised of steel channels are found on the traffic side of the north and south trusses. Each guardrail has three railings.
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The southwest end post has two plaques, one (1) maker’s plaque for the Hamilton Bridge Company (1952) and one (1) commemorative plaque (1952) from the County of Wellington. The northeast end post of the north truss has a second make’s plaque for the Hamilton Bridge Company (1952). No other company marks from the steel fabricators were found.
4.1.1 Modifications
According to the information provided by WSP Canada Limited and the County of Wellington and the results of the site survey, the bridge appears to have undergone few modifications to its original design intent. It underwent rehabilitation work in 1986 under Contract No. 86-90 to replace the deck and expansion joints, drain improvements and to coat the steel components. Blue service conduits are located on the north and south side of the structure.
4.2 Comparative Analysis
The Salem Bridge is part of an important grouping or family of bridges identified in proximity to each other on the Irvine Creek and located within and in the vicinity of Salem and Elora. They include the landmark David Street Bridge (rebuilt in 2004) located in Elora; the subject Salem Bridge; the Washington Street Bridge (1925), Structure 12-N, an earth-filled concrete arch located just south of William Street/Wissler Street in Salem, now closed; and the Irvine Street, CW 18, (1929), a concrete bowstring arch located north of Woolwich Street East/Sideroad 15.
County of Wellington
WSP Canada Group Limited provided comparative information, current as of January 2015, on other examples of steel through (pony) truss structures under the jurisdiction of the County of Wellington. A chart of the bridge examples is contained in Appendix C.
The comparative information provided by WSP indicates the Salem Bridge was constructed in 1951; however, it is documented as having been completed in June 1953. County of Wellington Council minutes indicate the pony truss structures known as the Salem Bridge, the Rothsay Bridge and the Spring Creek Bridge were all completed and opened to vehicular traffic in 1953.
It is determined from 2015 comparative information that the Salem Bridge is one of the five oldest Warren Pony Truss structures in the County. They are in order of construction date:
o 1940, Simmon’s Bridge, WR 11; o 1949: Bosworth Bridge, WR 7; o 1950: Blatchford Bridge, WR 32; o 1953: Rothsay Bridge (noted as 1952), WR 7;
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 21 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
o 1953: Salem Bridge, (noted as 1951), WR 18; and o 1953: Spring Creek Bridge, WR 6.
It is determined from the comparative information provided in 2015 that the Salem Bridge is the third longest in overall length of the five longest existing Warren pony truss examples found in Wellington County. They are in order of longest overall length:
o 65.3 m (2 spans): Simmon’s Bridge, WR 11; o 41 m (1 span): Bosworth Bridge, WR 7; o 32.6 m (1 span): Salem Bridge, WR 18; o 32.4 m (1 span): Blatchford Bridge, WR 32; and o 22.6 m (1 span): Moorefield Bridge, WR 10.
Township of Centre Wellington and Grand River Conservation Authority
Within the Grand River Conservation Authority, the Salem Bridge is one of several remaining steel half through (pony) truss structures noted as heritage resources within the Grand River watershed. The Grand River is a Canadian Heritage River, a federal, provincial and territorial governments initiative in order to recognize outstanding rivers and ensure protection of significant heritage values established the Canadian Heritage Rivers system. The Grand River Conservation Authority is responsible for the management of the watershed.
The GRCA publication Arch, Truss & Beam (2013) notes there are five remaining steel truss bridges in the Township of Centre Wellington (2013). The Centre Wellington Bridge 1-P, i.e., the Salem Bridge, is noted as one of only two remaining pony trusses remaining in the Township of Centre Wellington.40
4.2.1 Conclusion
Therefore the Salem Bridge is of heritage interest and value as the fourth oldest structure of its pony truss classification within the County of Wellington and the third longest of its type in overall length under the County of Wellington. As of 2013, the Salem Bridge was one of only two remaining pony trusses found in the Township of Centre Wellington.41
40 Heritage Resource Centre, 295. 41 Ibid.
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5.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE EVALUATION
5.1 Introduction
The criteria for determining cultural heritage value or interest were set out under Ontario Regulation 9/06 made under the OHA, as amended in 2005. These criteria were developed to assist municipalities in the evaluation of properties considered for designation. The regulation states:
“A property may be designated under section 29 of the Act if it meets one or more of the following criteria for determining whether it is of cultural heritage value or interest:
1. The property has design value or physical value because it, i. is a rare, unique, representative or early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method, ii. displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit, or iii. demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement. 2. The property has historical value or associative value because it, i. has direct associations with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization or institution that is significant to a community, ii. yields, or has the potential to yield , information that contributes to an understanding of a community or culture, or iii. demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an architect, artist, builder, designer or theorist who is significant to a community. 3. The property has contextual value because it, i. is important in defining, maintaining, or supporting the character of an area, ii. is physically, functionally, visually or historically linked to its surroundings, or iii. is a landmark.”
The Salem Bridge is not included on a municipal heritage register as a registered property or as a municipally designated property under Part IV or Part V of the OHA and is not protected by a municipal heritage easement.
The Grand River Conservation Authority is responsible for the management of The Grand River, a Canadian Heritage River. The Grand River system includes the Conestogo River and its tributaries and bridges, i.e., Irvine Creek and the Salem Bridge. The subject bridge is identified as a heritage resource in the publication Arch, Truss & Beam: The Grand River Heritage Bridge Inventory (March 2013). The subject bridge is not recognized provincially through an Ontario Heritage Trust easement or commemorative plaque and is not included on the MTCS Ontario Heritage Bridge List (January 2018).
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 23 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
5.2 Evaluation
The “Criteria for Determining Cultural Heritage Value or Interest” set out in Ontario Regulation 9/06 under the OHA was applied to the Salem Bridge to determine its cultural heritage value or interest. The results are contained in Table 1
.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 24 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
TABLE 1. EVALUATION OF THE SALEM BRIDGE, WOOLWICH STREET WEST (WR 18), TOWNSHIP OF CENTRE WELLINGTON, COUNTY OF WELLINGTON UNDER “CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUE OR INTEREST”, ONTARIO REGULATION 9/06 Criterion Response Analysis Design or Physical Value i. Rare, unique, representative or early Yes Completed in 1953, the Salem Bridge is the fourth oldest of its steel through (half) pony truss classification and example of a style, type, expression, the third longest of its type in overall length under the County of Wellington jurisdiction. As of 2013, it is one of material or construction method. only two remaining steel through (half) pony truss structures found in the Township of Centre Wellington. Within the Grand River Watershed, it is one of several remaining structures of its type, although this bridge type is a diminishing resource due to age, modern traffic needs and safety concerns. The subject bridge has not undergone any significant modifications to its original design intent.
Therefore, the Salem Bridge is considered to be a representative example of its type within the Township of Centre Wellington and the County of Wellington. ii. Displays a high degree of No This steel through (half) pony truss bridge retains two maker’s plaques and one (1) county plaque from its craftsmanship or artistic merit. construction.
However, it is not considered to display “a high degree of artistic merit”. iii. Demonstrates a high degree of No No aspects of technical merit were identified for the Salem Bridge. technical or scientific achievement. Therefore, it is concluded the subject bridge has a low degree of technical or scientific perspective. Historical or Associative Value i. Has direct associations with a theme, Yes Theme: The County of Wellington embarked on a significant rebuilding of its roads and bridge structures in the event, belief, person, activity, early 1950s to replace failing infrastructure. The Salem Bridge, with the Rothsay, Badley (Metcalfe Street) organization or institution that is Bridge and Spring Creek Bridge, were the principal bridge structures completed in 1953 as part of this county significant to a community. infrastructure initiative. (See Criterion iii. for reference to County Engineer William Keith).
Therefore, the Salem Bridge has direct associations with a theme that is significant to a community, i.e., mid 20th century improvement to county road infrastructure. ii. Yields, or has the potential to yield, No No aspects of the subject bridge have been identified that would contribute to the understanding of a community information that contributes to an or culture. understanding of a community or culture.
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TABLE 1. EVALUATION OF THE SALEM BRIDGE, WOOLWICH STREET WEST (WR 18), TOWNSHIP OF CENTRE WELLINGTON, COUNTY OF WELLINGTON UNDER “CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUE OR INTEREST”, ONTARIO REGULATION 9/06 Criterion Response Analysis iii. Demonstrates or reflects the work or Yes William H. Keith, the County of Wellington Engineer (1933 to 1965), is credited with designing many bridges in ideas of an architect, artist, builder, the County of Wellington during his employment.42 As the county engineer, Keith is considered to be significant designer or theorist who is significant to a to the community, i.e., Wellington County. As well the Hamilton Bridge Company is considered to be a company community. of significance to Ontario as a manufacturer in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Therefore the Salem Bridge is reflects the work of a builder (engineer) “who is significant to a community”. Contextual Value i. Is important in defining, maintaining, or Yes This 20th century steel half through (pony) truss structure is considered to support the existing 19th century supporting the character of an area. village character of the surrounding community of Salem on the Irvine Creek.
Therefore, the Salem Bridge is “important in defining, maintaining, or supporting the character of an area”. ii. Is physically, functionally, visually or Yes The current bridge is 64 years old. It provides a physical and functional link over the Irvine Creek in Salem, is historically linked to its surroundings. visually attractive in its setting and since bridges have been built at this location from the mid 19th century onwards, it is historically linked to its surroundings. As well, the Salem Bridge is included in an important grouping or family of four bridges identified in proximity to each other on the Irvine Creek and in the vicinity of Salem.
Therefore, the Salem Bridge is “physically, functionally, visually and historically linked to its surroundings”. iii. Is a landmark. Yes The bridge set in a scenic location over the Irvine Creek in the 19th C. community of Salem, characterized by a number of properties listed and designated under the OHA, and is a well known physical landmark on Woolwich Street West serving an entrance/exit function to Salem ad Elora. Within Salem, the bridge is as an important element of the historical cultural heritage landscape of the Salem mill, dam and the millpond on the Irvine Creek. The bridge provides a focal/viewing point for the mill site to the south and the millpond to the north. As well, the bridge is a key visual component in a viewscape east on Woolwich Street to the Irvine Creek, west from road curve at Washington Street/Geddes Street and in a long viewscape south on the Irvine Creek from Veteran’s Park and west from James Street at the top of the ridge to Woolwich Street West and the Irvine Creek.
Therefore, the Salem Bridge is considered to be “important in defining the character of the area”.
42 Ibid., numerous pages.
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5.3 Summary of Cultural Heritage Value
It is determined through the application of the Criteria for Determining Cultural Heritage Value under Ontario Regulation 9/06 that the Salem Bridge has design/physical value, historical and associative value and contextual value.
5.3.1 Statement of Cultural Heritage Value
The Salem Bridge is located on the Irvine Creek within the community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington. The Irvine Creek is a tributary of the Grand River, which has been a Canadian Heritage River since 1994.
Design or Physical Design
Completed in 1953, the Salem Bridge is classified as a steel through (half) a pony truss, Warren truss with verticals. It has not undergone any significant modifications to its original design intent. the bridge is the fourth oldest and the third longest of its type in overall length within the County of Wellington’s jurisdiction. It is also one of only two remaining pony trusses structures found in the Township of Centre Wellington.
The Salem Bridge is considered to be a representative example of a steel half through (pony) truss within the County of Wellington and the Township of Centre Wellington. Within the Grand River Watershed, it is one of several remaining structures of its type although this bridge type is diminishing due to age, modern traffic needs and safety concerns.
Historical or Associative Value
The County of Wellington embarked on a significant rebuilding of its roads and bridge structures in the early 1950s to replace failing infrastructure. The Salem Bridge, with the Rothsay, Badley (Metcalfe Street) Bridge and Spring Creek Bridge, were the principal bridge structures completed in 1953 as part of this county infrastructure initiative.
William H. Keith, County of Wellington Engineer from 1933 to 1965, is credited with designing and working on many bridge structures in the County of Wellington. As the county engineer, Keith is considered to be significant to the community, i.e., Wellington County. The Hamilton Bridge Company is considered to be a 19th and 20th century manufacturing company of significance to Ontario bridge construction. The Salem Bridge is considered to reflect the work of a builder (engineer) “who is significant to a community” and a company of significance to Ontario bridge building.
Contextual Value
The Salem Bridge has been an important part of the streetscape and waterscape in Salem 64 years of age and is physically, functionally, visually, and historically linked to its
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 27 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
surroundings. The bridge is set in a visually attractive setting in the 19th C. community of Salem, which is characterized by a number of properties listed and designated under the OHA. The Salem Bridge provides a physical and functional link over the Irvine Creek and serves an entrance/exit function to Salem and Elora. It is historically linked to its surroundings as bridges have been built at this location on the Irvine Creek in association with the mill and local transportation from the mid 19th century onwards. Within Salem, the bridge is as an important element of the historical cultural heritage landscape of the Salem mill, dam and the millpond on the Irvine Creek and it provides a focal/viewing point for the mill site to the south and the millpond to the north. As well, the bridge is a key visual component in a viewscape east on Woolwich Street to the Irvine Creek, west from road curve at Washington Street/Geddes Street and in a long viewscape south on the Irvine Creek from Veteran’s Park and west from James Street at the top of the ridge to Woolwich Street West and the Irvine Creek.
The Salem Bridge is as part of an important grouping or family of bridges identified in proximity to each other on the Irvine Creek and located within and in the vicinity of Salem and Elora. They include the landmark David Street Bridge (rebuilt in 2004) located in Elora; the subject Salem Bridge; the Washington Street Bridge (1925), Structure 12-N, an earth-filled concrete arch located just south of William Street/Wissler Street in Salem, now closed; and the Irvine Street, CW 18, (1929), a concrete bowstring arch located north of Woolwich Street East/Sideroad 15.
5.3.2 Description of Heritage Attributes
Heritage attributes, i.e., character defining elements, of the Salem Bridge include, but are not limited to the following details.
Design and Physical Value
o Its original cast-in-place concrete abutments, wingwalls, beams and deck; o Its original deck stringers and transverse beams; o Its original steel, Warren with verticals, trusses fabricated; o Its original sidewalk that is integral to the structure; o The older stone abutment found on the west end of the bridge;
Historical and Associative Value
o Its association with a family of bridges on the Irvine Creek within Salem and Elora; o Its association with the County of Wellington initiative in the early 1950s to undertake a significant rebuilding of its roads and bridge structures to replace failing infrastructure; o Its association with William Keith, County of Wellington Engineer;
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Page 28 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
Contextual Value
o Its adjacency to the Salem (Wissler) mill at 16 Woolwich Street West, the Salem (Wissler) dam and millpond and its adjacency to the municipally registered (listed) properties at 16, 20, 25 Woolwich Street West and 480 Washington Street; o Its design suitability and context within the 19th century village of Salem on the Irvine Creek; o Its landmark status as an entrance/exit function on Woolwich Street West; o Its contribution as a significant element, together with the mill, dam and millpond, to the Salem mill cultural heritage landscape on the Irvine Creek; and o As a key visual component in a viewscape east on Woolwich Street to the Irvine Creek, west from road curve at Washington Street/Geddes Street and in a long viewscape south on the Irvine Creek from Veteran’s Park and west from James Street at the top of the ridge to Woolwich Street West and the Irvine Creek.
6.0 CONCLUSION
This CHER has determined through the application of the “Criteria for Determining Cultural Heritage Value or Interest” under Ontario Regulation 9/06 that the Salem Bridge, County Bridge No. B018050, located on Woolwich Street West (WR 18) in the community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington meets one or more of the evaluation criteria. Therefore, the Salem Bridge is of cultural heritage value or interest (see Section 5.3.1 Statement of Cultural Heritage Value and 5.3.2 Heritage Attributes) and is worthy of consideration by the municipality of the Township of Centre Wellington for registering on a municipal heritage register or municipal designation under Part IV of the OHA.
The County of Wellington has commenced a Municipal Class EA to address existing structural deficiencies of the subject bridge. As a result, it is concluded the Class EA project has the potential to impact an identified heritage feature, namely the Salem Bridge. Therefore, as set out in the MEA Municipal Heritage Bridges, Cultural, Heritage and Archaeological Resources Assessment Checklist for the MCEA process, based on its evaluated cultural heritage value or interest, a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) is required to be undertaken. The intent of the HIA is to assess the impacts of the proposed bridge rehabilitation project and to develop mitigation strategies to preserve the identified heritage attributes. A qualified heritage consultant in good standing with Canadian Association of Heritage Professionals (CAHP) will undertake the work.
To prepare the HIA, the MTCS information sheet series for Provincial Policy Statement (PPS 2005), specifically, InfoSheet #5: Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Plans (2006) and the MTCS Standards & Guidelines for Conservation of Provincial Heritage Properties – Information Bulletin 3, Heritage Impact Assessments for Provincial Heritage Properties (January 31, 2017) should be consulted as part of the process.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
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The Hamilton Bridge Works Company Limited, Engineers, Designers and Contractors. Hamilton, Canada, 1909.
Harris, Robin S. and Montagnes, Ian, ed. Cold Iron and Lady Godiva: Engineering Education at Toronto 1920-1972. University of Toronto Press, c1973.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
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Hoffman, D.W., Matthews, B.C., and Wicklund, R.E. Soil Survey of the County of Wellington, Report No. 35 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Guelph, Ontario, 1963.
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MMM Group Limited. OSIM Inspection Reports Salem Bridge, No. B018050, 2016. Salem Bridge, Municipal Engineers Association, Municipal Heritage Bridges, Cultural, Heritage and Archaeological Resources Assessment Checklist. Completed February 23, 2016.
Municipal Class Environmental Assessment. Toronto: Municipal Engineers Association, June 2000, as amended 2007, 2011 and 2015.
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Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
Ontario, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. Ontario Heritage Bridge List. January 2018. Eight Guiding Principles in the Conservation of Built Heritage Properties. Spring 2007. Listing Cultural Heritage Properties on the Municipal Register. Fall 2016. Ontario Heritage Tool Kit, 2006. Standards and Guidelines for Conservation of Provincial Heritage Properties. April 28, 2010. Standards & Guidelines for Conservation of Provincial Heritage Properties – Information Bulletin 3, Heritage Impact Assessments for Provincial Heritage Properties. January 31, 2017.
Parsons Brinckerhoff and Engineering and Industrial Heritage. A Context for Common Historica Bridge Types, NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 15. Prepared for the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Council, National Research Council. October 2005.
Robinson Heritage Consulting. Grand Old Bridges: The Grand River Watershed Bridge Inventory. Prepared for the Grand River Conservation Authority. April 6, 2004.
Smith, Wm. H. Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell, 1846.
Thorning, Stephen. “Valuing our History, Elora Sentinel. September 29, 1992.
Unterman McPhail Associates. Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Penfold Bridge, No. B016038 (Lot 20, Con. 4 and 5, Geographic Township of West Garafraxa) Wellington Road 16 (WR 16), Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario. February 2015.
Veale, Barbara J. The Grand River, Ontario: A Decade in the Canadian Heritage River System: A Review of The Grand Strategy 1994-2004. Prepared for the Canadian Heritage Rivers Board. Coordinated by the Grand River Conservation Authority on behalf of the Province of Ontario. Cambridge, Ontario. May 2004.
Wellington County Gazetteer and Directory for 1883-84. Guelph, Ontario: William W. Evans, 1883.
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Wissler, Henry. The Wissler family record. Toronto: Bryant Press, Ltd., 1904.
Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario
WSP Canada Limited/MMM Group Limited. MMM Group, Comparative Information, County Wellington, Warren Pony Truss Structures, 2015. MMM Group. County of Wellington, Municipal Structure Inspection Form, County Site Number; B018050, Salem Bridge, November 9, 2015.
Websites
Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Grand River. Access: --
Canada’s Historic Places. The Canadian Register. Access: --
Centre Wellington. Heritage - Centre Wellington. Access: --
Explore Wellington Public Map. Access: --
Find a Grave Memorial. Sem Wissler. Access: --
Grand River Conservation Authority (GRCA). Heritage River Designation. Access: --
Historic Bridges.org. Historic Bridges: Wellington County, Ontario. Access: -- Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Woolwich Street Bridge, Salem Bridge. Access: -- Library and Archives of Canada (LAC). Postal Heritage and Philately, Post Offices and Postmasters. Item 11898, Salem, Wellington – Huron (Ontario), Access: -- Wellington County, Local History of Wellington County. Access: -- Worker’s City, Hamilton Bridge Works Company. Access: -- Maps, Photographs and Drawings County of Wellington Roads Department. The County of Wellington Salem Bridge, 1952. Google, 2017. Grand River Conservation Authority (GRCA) Plan, Dam ID Information, Inventory Number 27, Name of Dam, Salem Dam. n.d. McCormick Rankin Consulting Engineers. County of Wellington Contract for Repairs to Structure No. 18059, Irvine Creek Bridge, County Road 18, Town of Salem, Contract No. 86-90. April 1986. MMM Group Limited. Photographs of the Salem Bridge, 2009 and 2013. National Topographic Series (NTS). Guelph 40 P/9, 1935, 1979 and 2000. Nichol Map, Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto: Walker & Miles, 1877. Nichol Map, Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto: Historical Atlas Pub. Co., 1906. Wellington County Museum & Archives (WCMA). Accession #A1980.14, William Hargreave Keith (1902-1958), County Engineer, County of Wellington. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Map 143, Plan if Nichol Township, 1848. Based on 1845 map by Alexander Dingwall Fordyce Jr., hand-drawn by Mary Grant, Elora, 11 Dec. 1848. Map 480, Nichol Township, Village of Salem, Plan, 1856. Map 888, Plan of Township of Nichol, Canada West, Alex. Dingman Fordyce Jr., 1845. ph6570: Woolwich Street, Salem, showing Allan’s Mill, Salem school and bridge, ca. 1890l photograph by Thomas Connon. ph46365: Salem Bridge (Woolwich Street bridge), ca. 1930s-40s; inscribed on reverse, “Doris holding up the “Old Salem Bridge”. Slide 13363: View of Woolwich Street Bridge, Salem, looking southeast, downriver from park, July 1968, photograph by Gordon Couling of Guelph. Slide A1991.235, Slide view of Wellington County Engineer W.H. Keith of Guelph, speaking to Wellington County Home of Defense Guards, c1940) June 1, 1940). Contacts Mariana Iglesias, Senior Planner, Heritage and Development, Township of Centre Wellington. Consultation, August and September 2017. Lisa Harrison, Archives Assistant, Wellington County Museum and Archives, 536 Wellington Road 18, Fergus Ontario. Consultation and research assistance including the review of the County Council Minutes, August 2017. Laura Hatcher, MCIP, RRP, Heritage Planner, Heritage Program, Programs and Services Branch, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport Email Correspondence to Stefan Sirianni, EIT, Designer, Transportation Planning WSP, Re: 16M-01399- County of Wellington - Salem Bridge EA Study - CHER (Draft Final) for MTCS Review, April 17, 2018. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants APPENDIX A: SALEM BRIDGE MEA MUNICIPAL HERITAGE BRIDGES CULTURAL, HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST February 23, 2016 Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix A (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Municipal Heritage Bridges Cultural, Heritage and Archaeological Resources Assessment Checklist Revised April 11, 2014 This checklist was prepared in March 2013 by the Municipal Engineers Association to assist with determining the requirements to comply with the Municipal Class Environmental Assessment. View all 4 parts of the module on Structures Over 40 Years at www.municipalclassea.ca to assist with completing the checklist. Project Name: Salem Bridge, Wellington County Bridge No. B018050 Location: Wellington County Road 18 (Woolwich Street West) Municipality: County of Wellington, Township of Centre Wellington Project Engineer: Chris MIddleton, P.Eng. WSP/MMM Group Limited Checklist completed by: Richard Unterman, MA Unterman McPhail Associates and Chris MIddleton, P.Eng, WSP/MMM Group Limited Date: February 23, 2016 NOTE: Complete all sections of Checklist. Both Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Sections must be satisfied before proceeding. Part A - Municipal Class EA Activity Selection Description Yes No Will the proposed project involve Schedule B or C Next or result in construction of new water crossings? This includes ferry docks. Will the proposed project involve Schedule B or C Next or result in construction of new grade separation? Will the proposed project involve Schedule B or C Next or result in construction of new underpasses or overpasses for pedestrian recreational or agricultural use? Will the proposed project involve Schedule B or C Next or result in construction of new interchanges between any two roadways, including a grade separation and ramps to connect the two roadways? Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix A (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Description Yes No Will the proposed project involve Schedule A+ Next or result in reconstruction of a water crossing where the structure is less than 40 years old and the reconstructed facility will be for the same purpose, use, capacity and at the same location? (Capacity refers to either hydraulic or road capacity.) This includes ferry docks. Will the proposed project involve Schedule B or C Next or result in reconstruction of a water crossing, where the reconstructed facility will not be for the same purpose, use, capacity or at the same location? (Capacity refers to either hydraulic or road capacity). This includes ferry docks. Will the proposed project involve Next Assess Archaeological or result in reconstruction or Resources alteration of a structure or the grading adjacent to it when the structure is over 40 years old where the proposed work will alter the basic structural system, overall configuration or appearance of the structure? Part B - Cultural Heritage Assessment Description Yes No Does the proposed project Next Prepare CHER involve a bridge construction in Undertake HIA or after 1956? Does the project involve one of Rigid frame Prepare CHER these four bridge types? Undertake HIA Next Precast with Concrete Deck Next Culvert or Simple Span Next Steel Bean/ Concrete Deck Next Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix A (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Description Yes No Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA subject of a covenant or agreement between the owner of the property and a conservation body or level of government? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA listed on a register or inventory of heritage properties maintained by the municipality? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA subject to a notice of intention to designate issued by a municipality? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA located within a designated Heritage Conservation District? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA subject to a Heritage Conservation District study area by-law? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA included in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s list of provincial heritage properties? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA part of a National Historic Site? Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix A (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Description Yes No Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA part of a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA designated under the Heritage Railway Station Protection Act? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA identified as a Federal Heritage Building by the Federal Heritage Building Review Office (FHBRO) Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is Undertake HIA the subject of a municipal, provincial or federal commemorative or interpretive plaque that speaks to the Historical significance of the bridge? Does the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next contain a parcel of land that is in Undertake HIA a Canadian Heritage River watershed? Will the project impact any Prepare CHER Next structures or sites (not bridges) Undertake HIA that are over forty years old, or are important to defining the character of the area or that are considered a landmark in the local community? Is the bridge or study area Prepare CHER Next adjacent to a known burial site Undertake HIA and/or cemetery? Is the bridge considered a Prepare CHER Next landmark or have a special Undertake HIA association with a community, person or historical event in the local community? Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix A (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Description Yes No Does the bridge or study area Prepare Cher Assess Archaeological contain or is it part of a cultural Undertake HIA Resources heritage landscape? PART C - HERITAGE ASSESSMENT Description Yes No Does the Cultural Heritage Undertake HIA Part D - Evaluation Report identify any Archaeological Heritage Features on the Resources project? Does the Heritage Impact Schedule B or C Part D - Assessment determine that the Archaeological proposed project will impact any Resources of the Heritage Features that have been identified? PART D - ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT Description Yes No Will any activity, related to the Next ! Schedule A - proceed project, result in land impacts/significant ground disturbance? Have all areas, to be impacted Schedule A - proceed Next by ground disturbing activities, been subjected to recent extensive and intensive disturbances and to depths greater than the depths of the proposed activities? Has an archaeological Next Archaeological assessment previously been Assessment carried out that includes all of the areas to be impacted by this project? Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix A (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Description Yes No Does the report on that previous Schedule A - proceed Obtain satisfaction archaeological assessment letter - proceed recommend that no further archaeological assessment is required within the limits of the project for which that assessment was undertaken, and has a letter been issued by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport stating that the report has been entered into the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports? ** Include Documentation Summary in Project File** Note: This structure is within the Grand River Watershed, a Canadian Heritage River. The bridge is adjacent municipally “listed” heritage properties and one “designated” property under the OHA. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants APPENDIX B: Historical Maps, Photographs & Drawing Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix B (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario WCMA, Map 480, Nichol Township, Village of Salem, Plan, 1856. The circle marks the location of the Salem Bridge on Woolwich Street West within Salem. WMCA Map 588, Map of the County of Wellington, Canada West, Guy Leslie and Charles J. Wheelock, P.L.S., Orangeville, 1861. Lithography W.C. Chewett & Co. Toronto. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix B (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Nichol Township Map, Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto: Walker & Miles, 1877. Nichol Township Map. Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto: Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix B (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario The circle indicates the location of the Salem Bridge on the Irvine Creek within the Salem [NTS, 40 P/9 Guelph, 1935. The circle indicates the location of the Salem Bridge on the Irvine Creek within the Salem [NTS, Guelph 40/9, 1979. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix B (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Plan, Dam ID Information, inventory Number 27, Name of Dam, Salem Dam. nd. [GRCA]. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix B (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario WCMA ph46365, Salem Bridge (Woolwich Street Bridge), ca. 1930s-40s; inscribed on reverse, “Doris holding up the “Old Salem Bridge”. View of the steel through truss bridge with Wissler’s Mill building visible in the background. This is a view east across the Salem Bridge in 2009 [MMM Group Limited, 2009]. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix B (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario The County of Wellington Salem Bridge, 1952 [County of Wellington Roads Department]. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants APPENDIX C: Salem Bridge Survey Form Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix C (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario BRIDGE NAME: Recorder: Ref. No. Salem Bridge Unterman McPhail Associates BO18050 (MTO Site No. 35-195) ROAD: Map: Guelph P/9 (2000) Date: August 28, 2017 Woolwich Street (WR 18) Lot: 15/16 Con: 11 (Geographic Township of Nichol) Municipality: Township of Centre Wellington (historically the Village of Salem, now within community of Elora) County / R.M.: County of Wellington 1:50:000 Map Ref.: Guelph P/9 Military Grid Ref.: Air Photo Ref.: Description: The bridge is located on Woolwich Street West (WR 18) in the community of Salem about 0.10 km east of WR 7. BRIDGE ENVIRONMENT & USES Water/Road/Rail/Other Crossing: The Salem Bridge carries Woolwich Street West (WR 18) over the Irvine Creek. Surrounding Land-Uses & Landscape: Woolwich Street West, a two lane paved county road, runs east to west through the community of Salem between WR 7 and Geddes Street. It has a posted speed 40 km/hr. The current posted weight maximum for the Salem Bridge is 18/28/35 tonnes. To the southwest of the bridge, Mill Street runs north to south. To the east Geddes Street curves and merges into Woolwich Street West at Washington Street. Washington Street runs north from Woolwich Street West at the road curve. Numerous 19th C. buildings characterize the area around the bridge. Adjacent to the bridge on each corner is a heritage property included on the Centre Wellington Heritage Register. They are: 16, 20 and 25 Woolwich Street West and 480 Washington Street. Other properties registered (listed) on the Heritage Register in the immediate vicinity of the bridge include: 31 and 33 Woolwich Street West and 482 Washington Street, which is a municipally designated property under the OHA. At the Geddes Street/Woolwich Street West juncture there is a steep undeveloped hill that leads up to Woolwich Street East and James Street. 472 and 480 James Street contribute to the 19th century of the area and are both registered (listed) on the Heritage Register. 472 James Street has a pedestrian entrance onto Geddes Street just past the curve and east of the subject bridge. There is a long viewscape from the top of the hill on James Street/Woolwich Street East west to the Irvine Creek and Woolwich Street West that includes the subject bridge. As well, there is a long viewscape north from the bridge to the millpond and Veteran’s Park and a scenic view to the south of the bridge to the Salem (Wissler) mill, dam and the gorge. The Wissler Dam, which is located immediately south of the bridge on the Irvine Creek, is noted by the GRCA as a heritage resource. An early Craftsman style house is located at 26 Woolwich Street West at Mill Street. Bridge Uses: Vehicular traffic. DESIGN Materials: Steel, Rivetted connection, concrete deck and abutments Construction Techniques: Through truss (half), Pony, Warren truss with verticals Decorative Features: Two (2) maker’s plaques for Hamilton Bridge Company Limited (southwest corner and northeast corner of trusses) and one (1) County of Wellington plaque (1) on southwest corner. Landscape Quality: The bridge is set in a scenic location over the Irvine Creek in the 19th C. community of Salem with municipally listed and designated properties. It is considered to be a well-known physical landmark within Salem and forms part of a historically important cultural heritage landscape associated with the Salem mill, dam and the millpond on the Irvine Creek. The bridge provides an entrance/exit function due to its location on Woolwich Street West ((WR 18) in Salem. Access to downtown Elora via Woolwich Street West/Geddes Street is well-used by vehicular traffic The subject bridge is clearly seen and is a key visual component east on Woolwich Street West, west from the curved intersection with Washington/Geddes Street, west from James Street on the hill and south from Veteran’s Park on the Irvine Creek. State of Preservation: The most recent structural report recommends rehabilitation work. Other Comments: The bridge has a 23° skew. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix C (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario DIMENSIONS Carriageway Width: 7.3 m (23-ft. 11 ½ -in.) Longest Span: 32 m (23-ft 11 ½ -in) No. of Lanes: Two Shortest Span: N/A Sidewalks: One (North) Overall Length: 32.6 m (106-ft 11 ½ -in.) Capacity: 18-28-35 Overall Width: 9.8 m (32-ft. 2-in.) No. of Spans: One (1) Clearance: HISTORY Date Built: Started in 1952; Completed in June 1953. Engineer/Designer: William H. Keith, County of Wellington Engineer Construction Firm: Hamilton Bridge Company, steel superstructure; Contractor Albert Reeves Drawings/Specifications: County of Wellington, 1952 and Hamilton Bridge Company Limited, no date; McCormick Rankin 1986. Photos: Yes, WCMA Historical Association: Sem Wissler built a tannery and dam at the Irvine Creek on Lots 15/16, geographic township of Nichol. Woolwich Street West was opened east to west along the sideline between lots 15 and 16 and a bridge built over the Irvine Creek by the mid 1850s. A small settlement grew up around the mill just north of the village established on the Irvine Creek at Elora. With Levi Erb and Keith, Wissler had a survey plan of the Village of Salem produced in 1856. Salem flourished into the 1860s. After Sem Wissler died in 1865, the village’s economic fortunes waned. A steel through truss bridge spanned the Irvine Creek in the 1890s. The County of Wellington replaced it in 1953 with the current steel through (half) pony truss structure. Previous Bridges: Yes, from mid 19th century onwards. Other Comments: Two (2) maker’s plaque Hamilton Bridge Company Limited, Hamilton, Ontario, 1952 and a County of Wellington plaque. The Salem Bridge is included on the website historicbridges.org under Ontario, Wellington County bridges. It is noted as a traditionally composed mid-20th century Ontario pony truss structure. PROPERTY RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES Owner: County of Wellington Maintenance: County of Wellington PLANNED UNDERTAKING Replacement or rehabilitation GENERAL COMMENTS Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix C (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario PHOTOGRAPHS This view looks east to the Salem Bridge with This view looks west to the Salem Bridge at 31 and 25 on Woolwich Street West on the left the juncture of Geddes Street and Woolwich and Mill Street to the right. Street West with the Washington Street entrance to the right. This long view looks west from James Street This view looks west to the Salem Bridge on top of the ridge to the Salem Bridge on with 16 Woolwich Street West on the corner Woolwich Street West. of Geddes Street and Woolwich Street West. The Salem (Wissler) Dam 16 Woolwich Street West, the former Salem is located (Wissler) Mill), a municipally registered immediately property, is located to the southeast of the south of the Salem Bridge. Salem Bridge. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix C (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario PHOTOGRAPHS This view looks west to a structure located on This view looks southeast to a structure the southeast corner of the Salem Bridge that located beside the bridge abutment that relates to the retaining wall for the Salem relates to the retaining wall for the Salem (Wissler) Dam. (Wissler) Dam. 480 Washington Street (left), a municipally 472 James Street is a municipally registered property, and 482 Washington registered property located on the Street (right), a municipally designated under ridge overlooking the Irvine Creek the OHA, are located to the northeast of the and the Salem Bridge. bridge. 480 James Street is a municipally registered This view looks south from the Salem property located on the ridge overlooking the Bridge to the Salem (Wissler) Dam Irvine Creek and the Salem Bridge and the Salem (Wissler) mill ruins. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix C (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario PHOTOGRAPHS This view looks north from the Salem Bridge 20 Woolwich Street West is a municipally along the Irvine Creek to the millpond and registered property located on the southwest Veteran’s Park in the background. corner of the Salem Bridge. 25 Woolwich Street West is a municipally 26 Woolwich Street West is located on the registered property located on the northwest south side of the street west of Mill Street to corner of the Salem Bridge. the west of the Salem Bridge. 31 Woolwich Street West is a municipally 33 Woolwich Street West is a municipally registered property located on the north side registered property located on the north side of the street to the west of the Salem Bridge. of the street to the west of the Salem Bridge. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix C (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario PHOTOGRAPHS This view to the northwest shows the concrete This view to the southeast shows the east abutment on the west and a remnant of an concrete abutment. older abutment from the previous bridge. This is a view to the northwest of the south This is a view northeast to the south elevation elevation of the Salem Bridge, a Warren truss of the Salem Bridge. with verticals. This is a view south on the Irvine Creek to the This is an oblique view to the east of the north north elevation of the Salem Bridge. elevation of the Salem Bridge with the sidewalk. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix C (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario PHOTOGRAPHS This view to the west shows the truss with a The maker’s plaque on the east end maker‘s plaque, the sidewalk and lattice of the north truss notes, “Hamilton guardrail on the north side of the bridge. Bridge Company Limited, Hamilton, Ontario, 1952”. This view to the southeast shows the west The upper maker’s plaque on the west end end of the south truss with a maker‘s plaque of the south truss notes, “Hamilton Bridge and County of Wellington commemorative Company Limited, Hamilton, Ontario, 1952”. plaque on the end post. The lower commemorative plaque is by the County of Wellington, 1952, naming the warden, county road committee and county engineer and bridge contactor. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants APPENDIX D: List of Comparative Structures Steel Pony Truss Bridge County of Wellington (Current as of January 2015) Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix D (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario List of Comparative Structures, Steel Pony Truss Bridge, County of Wellington (Current as of January 2015) Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants APPENDIX E: List of Projects, William H. Keith, County of Wellington Engineer (1933-1965) Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Salem Bridge, County Site No. B18050 Appendix E (Lots 15 & 16, Con. 11, Geographic Township of Nichol), Woolwich Street West (WR 18) Community of Salem, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario Bridge structures known to be associated with William H. Keith include, but are not limited to, the following structures: o Bosworth Bridge, County Road 7, Township of Mapleton, County of Wellington, Steel Truss, 1949;43 o Blatchford Bridge, County Road 32, Township of Puslinch, County of Wellington, Speed River, Warren Pony Truss, 1949;44 o Penfold Bridge, Wellington Road 16, Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Concrete T-beam, 1959;45 o Salem Bridge (Woolwich Street Bridge) Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Steel Truss, 1952;46 o Metcalfe Street Bridge (Badley Bridge), Metcalfe Street (Wellington Road 21), Village of Elora, County of Wellington, Steel Truss, 1953;47 o Rothsay Bridge, County Road 7, Township of Mapleton, County of Wellington, Steel Pony Truss, 1952;48 o Emerson Simmons Bridge, County Road 11, Township of Mapleton, County of Wellington, Steel Truss, 1952;49 o Moorefield Bridge, County Road 10, Township of Mapleton, County of Wellington, Steel Truss, 1954;50 o Caldwell Bridge, Wellington Road 43 (Gartshore Road), Township of Centre Wellington, Steel Truss, 1955;51 o Flax Bridge, County Road 11, Township of Mapleton, County of Wellington, Steel Truss, 1954;52 and o Township of Mapleton Bridge MB009, Sideroad 15, Township of Mapleton, 53 County of Wellington, Concrete T-beam, 1958. 43 Heritage Resource Centre, University of Waterloo, Arch, Truss & Beam: The Grand River Heritage Bridge Inventory (March 2013) 224-225. 44 Ibid., 208-209. 45 Unterman McPhail Associates, Draft Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report: Penfold Bridge, No. B016038 (Lot 20, Con. 4 and 5, Geographic Township of West Garafraxa) Wellington Road 16 (WR 16), Township of Centre Wellington, County of Wellington, Ontario (February 2015). 46 Heritage Resource Centre, 294-295. 47 Ibid., 296-297. 48 Ibid., 216-217. 49 Ibid., 222-223. 50 Ibid., 216-217. 51 Ibid., 298-299. 52 Ibid., 220-221. 53 Ibid., 226-237. Unterman McPhail Associates April 2018 Heritage Resource Management Consultants