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The Business of Trails

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The Business of Trails Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2017 The business of trails Kerstin Stender Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Recreation Business Commons Recommended Citation Stender, K. (2017). The business of trails. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1957 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1957 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. The Business of Trails This thesis is presented in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Tourism Management Kerstin Stender Edith Cowan University School of Business and Law 2017 i USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. iii Abstract Long distance trails have substantial infrastructure due to their length and provision of overnight shelters. Length and remoteness impact negatively on travel time for access, resulting in high maintenance costs. Additionally, as government budgets are declining globally, funding for trails can be difficult to source, leaving infrastructure to deteriorate. This research investigated how long distance trails are managed, specifically from the perspective of a tourism product in a natural protected area. Global case studies were based on site visits and interviews with trail managers around the world, as well as a review of written documentation. Through comparative analysis the components of trail management were identified, such as funding, volunteering, governance, partnerships, conservation, infrastructure and tourism. These components were then analysed within the context of their political, social and environment settings. This research investigated trails internationally: Australia - Munda Biddi Trail; New Zealand - Nga Haerenga; United States of America - Arizona Trail, Appalachian Trail and Pacific Crest Trail; United Kingdom - West Highland Way; Germany/Austria - Lechweg; Europe - E-Paths; South Africa - Rim of Africa Trail and South Korea - Jeju Olle Trail. Four business approaches to the governance of trails were identified through the analysis of trail components and the application of Eagles’ (2008a, 2009) governance model for tourism in protected areas. The four approaches are: business, community, volunteering and conservation; each based on their purpose, governing body, income, staffing, and mode of operation across tenure, among other criteria. The most financially sustainable model is the community approach, which involves a partnership between government and a not-for-profit organisation. It extends the income stream options and reduces overheads through the use of volunteers for maintenance. The level of infrastructure liability directly correlates with expense and is therefore a limiting factor for financial sustainability. Tourism strategies, such as marketing, promotion, and product and destination development, further extend the trail’s financial sustainability by maximising user numbers and partnering with businesses. This also increases regional economic benefits and improves the user experience. Transferability, generalisation and theory building of the research findings are refutable due to the small case study, but nevertheless it will fill a gap in the literature and provide ideas, concepts and governance models for trail managers to improve their trail’s financial sustainability. iv Declaration I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: 1. incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of high education; 2. contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of this thesis; or 3. contain any defamatory material. I also grant permission for the Library at Edith Cowan University to make duplicate copies of my thesis as required. Signature: Date: 23 March 2017 v Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge and thank my supervisors Professor Ross Dowling and Dr Dale Sanders for their support, contribution and patience over the many years it took to complete this thesis. This research would not have been possible without the input and assistance from the many participating trail managers – thank you very much. Thank you to my employer, the Department of Parks and Wildlife, and my colleagues, for allowing time towards my study and for providing a thought provoking and informative environment. Thank you to May Carter and the many others for their input, ideas and assisting me in seeing the forest for the trees. On a personal level, I really appreciated the support from Deb over the many years and my daughter Ferron helping with proof reading. My partner Val for cooking me dinners and assisting with practical tasks to free up time for my study. I am sure my friends are ‘over’ me studying, and hopefully they will be happy to see me around again. Thanks for hanging in there with me. In memory of my dog Sophie, who always sat by my side during the many hours of study and was happy to participate in any procrastination benefiting her. vi vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv Declaration ......................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. vi Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xiii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter One - Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview of tourism ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Tourism versus recreation ............................................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Sustainable tourism ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Types of tourism ............................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Overview of trails ................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Economic impacts ......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Health benefits .............................................................................................................. 7 1.2.3 History of trails .............................................................................................................. 8 1.2.4 Type of trails ................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.5 Sustainable trails ......................................................................................................... 13 1.3 External trail management factors .................................................................................... 14 1.3.1 Political ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.3.2 Funding ........................................................................................................................ 15 1.3.3 Culture of volunteering ............................................................................................... 16 1.4 Internal trail management factors ..................................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Governance ................................................................................................................. 16 1.4.2 Partnerships ................................................................................................................ 18 1.4.3 Conservation ..............................................................................................................
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