JUNE 2010

Status of Women & Girls in Minnesota Research Overview

Research & writing by the University of MN Humphrey Institute’s Center on Women & Public Policy, in partnership with the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota.

1 Acknowledgements Women’s Foundation of Minnesota & the University of MN Humphrey Institute’s Center on Women & Public Policy

A strong partnership is the foundation of Status of Women & Girls in Minnesota At the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota, Lee Roper-Batker, president & CEO, and we acknowledge the important contributions of the following people. and Mary Beth Hanson, communications director, helped shape and edit the Debra Fitzpatrick, director of the Center on Women & Public Policy, collected the report’s content through production and to final publication. data, produced new research, and wrote the full report and Research Overview.

We thank the following community partners for their participation in the working groups: ECONOMIC JUSTICE Working Group Suzanne Elwell | Director, Crime Victim Erin Ceynar | Director of Corporate Spon- April Shaw | Constituent Services Cecilia Alvarez | Consultant, West Central Justice Unit, MN Office of Justice sorships & Events, Women’s Foundation Representative, Office of Congresswoman Regional Sustainable Development Programs of Minnesota Betty McCollum Partnership, University of MN Kathy Fennelly | Professor, Humphrey Xiaoying Chen | Asian American Health Bethany Snyder | Field Director, Office of Sara Benzkofer | Committee Administrator, Institute of Public Affairs, University of MN Coordinator, MN Department of Health Congressman Senator Al Franken MN House of Representatives’ Early Carla Ferrucci | Executive Director, Archelle Georgiou, M.D. | Board of Lorraine Teel | Executive Director, Childhood Policy & Finance Committee MN Association for Justice Directors, Society for Women’s Health Minnesota AIDS Project Amy Brenengen* | Director, Office on the Candice Harshner | Executive Director, Pro- Research; Georgiou Consulting, LLC POWER & LEADERSHIP Working Group Economic Status of Women gram for Aid to Victims of Sexual Assault Amy Godecker | Epidemiologist, City of Mary Angela Baker | Director, Center Jennifer Godinez | Associate Director, Mary Beth Hanson | Communications Minneapolis for Continuing Education & Leadership MN Minority Education Partnership, Inc. Director, Women’s Foundation of Minnesota Kelli Johnson | Project Director, Health Institute, St. Catherine’s University Joanne Green | Assistant Finance Director, Suzanne Koepplinger* | Executive Director, Policy & Management, University of MN Joyce Bono, Ph.D. | Associate Professor, Surgical Administrative Center, MN Indian Women’s Resource Center Vinodh Kutty | Coordinator, Hennepin Carlson School of Management, University of MN County Office of Multicultural Services Katy Lehmann | MN Senate, Office of University of MN Maria Hanratty | Associate Professor, Sen. Sandy Pappas June LaValleur | Associate Professor, Keesha Gaskins | Executive Director, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, Dept. of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Rep. Erin Murphy | MN House of League of Women Voters Minneapolis University of MN Representatives Women’s Health, University of MN Joan Growe* | Advisory Committee Jennifer Keil | Associate Professor, Karen Law | Executive Director, Pro-Choice Susan Segal | City Attorney, City of Member, Humphrey Institute of Public Hamline University School of Business Resources Minneapolis Affairs, University of MN Liz Kuoppala* | Executive Director, Mary Jo O’Brien | Midwest Program Cheryl Thomas* | Director of Women’s Trista Harris* | Executive Director, MN Coalition for the Homeless Development Regional Team Leader, Human Rights, The Advocates for Human Headwaters Foundation for Justice Deborah Levison | Professor, Rights Nurse-Family Partnership Duchess Harris* | Associate Professor of Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs Diane O’Connor* | Administrative Director, Natalie Volin | Political Director, Office of American Studies, Macalester College Trout Lowen | Editor, Minnesota Journal, Congressman Al Franken University of MN Deborah Powell Center Pham Thi Hoa, Executive Director, CAPI MN Citizen’s League for Women’s Health Kate Weeks | Research Consultant - DFL under Power and Leadership Anita Patel | Director of Racial Justice & Caucus, MN House of Representatives Kate Perushek | Committee Administrator, Liz Johnson* | Midwest Regional Director, Public Policy, YWCA of Minneapolis MN House Healthcare & Human Services Terry Williams | Director of External The White House Project Lee Roper-Batker | President & CEO, Affairs, Women’s Foundation of Minnesota Melanie Peterson-Hickey* | Senior Sheila Kiscaden | Interim Director, Women’s Foundation of Minnesota Research Scientist, MN Dept. of Health’s Libby Wyrum | Committee Legislative Center for Health Statistics Rochester Area Foundation Rep. Nora Slawik | MN House of Assistant, MN House of Representatives’ Representatives Public Safety Finance Committee Barbara Porter | Asst. Dean of Student Nicole LaVoi | Associate Director, Affairs, Mayo Medical School Tucker Center Sen. Patricia Torres Ray | MN Senate Honorable Lloyd Zimmerman | Judge, Michael Resnick, Ph.D. | Director, Healthy Rep. Tina Liebling | MN House of Rachel Vilsack | Regional Labor Market Hennepin County District Court Youth Development Prevention Research Representatives Analyst, MN Dept. of Employment & HEALTH & REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS Center, Division of Adolescent Health Economic Development Becky Lourey | Co-Founder, Board Chair Working Group & Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and COO, Nemadji Research Corp. SAFETY & SECURITY Working Group Laura Blubaugh | Committee Administra- University of MN Sida Ly-Xiong | Consultant Marna Anderson | Executive Director, tor, MN Senate Health, Housing & Family Sheila Riggs | Chair, Primary Dental Care, Deborah White, Ph.D. | Dept. Chair & WATCH MN Security Committee University of MN Professor, Dept. of Sociology & Criminal Katie Burns | Health Reform Director, Danette Buskovick* | Director, Brigid Riley* | Executive Director, MN Justice, and Director, Tri-College NEW MN Department of Health Statistical Analysis Center, MN Office Organization on Adolescent Pregnancy Leadership Development Institute, of Justice Programs Rachel Callanan | Senior Advocacy Prevention & Parenting MN State University Moorhead Director, American Heart Association-MN Margaret Chutich* | Assistant Dean, * Peer Reviewer of Report Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of MN

We thank the following individuals for providing their expertise to the production of this report: Ali Anfinson, results measurement director, MN Dept. of Education; Suzie Brown, scientist, MN Population Center; Michael Resnick, PhD, director, Healthy Youth Devel- executive director, Child Care WORKS; Cyndi Cook, executive director, MN Coalition opment Prevention Research Center, University of MN; Glynis Shea, communications for Battered Women; Dave Cram Helwich, director of debate, MN Debate Team, director, Konopka Institute for Best Practices in Adolescent Health, University of MN; University of MN; Miriam King, research assoc., and Trent Alexander, research and Terry Williams, director of external affairs, Women’s Foundation of Minnesota.

We thank The Minneapolis Foundation for providing funding toward this research. 2 Status of Women & Girls in Minnesota Research Overview

The new decade was ushered care, higher quality childcare, or even a in by several headlines exclaiming that family vacation. women’s economic, political and social Safety & Security: Minnesotans have equality had largely been achieved. Case- settled for a “D” in safety, with one in in-point, the Shriver Report (2009): “The three of our daughters, mothers and sisters Battle of the Sexes is over. It was a draw.” surviving sexual or physical violence by And in January 2010, the Economist mid-life. This preventable human tragedy magazine concluded that in a “quiet deprives Minnesota women and girls The project represents a unique revolution,” women in rich countries are their basic human right to safety and has approach to research by using a gender- taking over the workforce. devastating affects on their lives, futures, race-place-equity lens. Over 100 experts These headlines gloss over gross gender families and communities. from academia, state and federal govern- bias and unfairness that continues to Health: Compared to the nation, ment, nonprofit and private sectors, produce the wage gap, land more women Minnesota is relatively healthy. However, elected bodies and philanthropy partici- in poverty than men, result in systemic when you dig deeper, the disparities in pated in working groups and reviewed violence for women and girls, substandard the wellness gap are startling — disparate data on women and girls in Minnesota health outcomes for all, and a lack of and unequal. Addressing this gap with to identify the key issues outlined in women in leadership across all sectors. high-quality, affordable healthcare ben- this report, and proffer solutions since gaining the right to vote in efits for all Minnesotans is the remedy. (see Acknowledgements). 1920, women have made great strides Power & Leadership: Women remain The data reviewed and included here toward equality. However, it is important underrepresented in the Minnesota state comes from published reports produced to remember that the journey toward full house, courthouse and boardroom. Our by government agencies and nonprofits, equality for all women and girls is still economy and policies are compromised as well as original gender-based analysis young and far from achieved. We are still when we continue to leave half the state’s of publicly available datasets (Minnesota on the road to equality. population on the sidelines. Student Survey, Minnesota Crime Survey, while economic, political and social Through this research report, we Behavioral and Risk Factor Surveillance inequalities exist for all women in our provide the baseline for measuring where Survey, and American Community Survey). state, even greater disparities exist for we need to apply our collective efforts and In this era where progress for gender women of color, rural women, older benchmark our continued progress on the equality has flat-lined, we hope that women, women with disabilities, and road to equality in Minnesota. this summary, and the full report from women who identify as lesbian, bisexual Launched in 2009, Status of Women which it is drawn, will raise awareness or transgender. Within the pages of this & Girls in Minnesota is an ongoing about the important work left to do in report, data illustrate the economic, safety, collaborative research project of the our state to create equality for all women health and leadership realities for women Women’s Foundation of Minnesota and and girls. We will use this report as a and girls in the state. the University of Minnesota Humphrey much-needed jolt to jumpstart social Economics: The wage gap short- Institute’s Center on Women & Public change and inspire more of our citizens, changes Minnesota women and their Policy. Annually, data specific to philanthropists, teachers and leaders – families an average of $11,000 each Minnesota women and girls is gathered women and men, alike – to join in the year. Imagine what $11,000 more a year and analyzed in economics, safety and effort to create fairness, safety, wellness, could afford, such as down payments for security, health and reproductive rights, and equality for all of Minnesota’s homes, better neighborhoods and health and power and leadership. women and girls.

1 At the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota, we believe that when women thrive, SECTION 1 families and communities Economic Justice thrive.

US Census Bureau Regions for Minnesota In Minnesota, the economic landscape for all women remains unequal. While women now make up a majority of the workforce and earn a majority of all post-secondary degrees, these changes have not translated into economic parity. Affordable, quality childcare and housing are out of reach for many women, including those in the middle class. The wage gap shortchanges women, regardless of education, age or race/ethnicity. And in Minnesota, poverty remains a problem that dispropor- tionately affects female-headed households, women of color, and older women.

WORKFORCE • Women make up the majority of breadwinner for their family; 60% of Minnesota’s workforce. Seventy-five Native American and 59% of African percent (75%) of the state’s women with American women with children in children at home now work, and 40% Minnesota earn the majority of their of Minnesota mothers are the primary family’s income.1

Table 1. Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months in Minnesota (in 2008 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars)

Public Use Micordata Sample (PUMS) files For the Full-Time, Year-Round, Civilian-Employed Population, 16 Years And Over, U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 by Census Region and Gender Region Census Region Men Women Ratio West Edge 27100 $37,680 $27,497 73% Northeast 27200 $40,736 $30,552 75% East Central 27300 $40,736 $28,515 70% Exurban Ring 27400 $45,828 $35,644 78% Anoka/ 27500 $50,919 $41,754 82% Washington Carver/Scott 27600 $58,048 $40,736 70% Dakota Hennepin 27710 $61,103 $45,828 75% Minneapolis 27720 $45,013 $36,662 81% Ramsey 27800 $47,151 $39,717 84% Southeast 27900 $41,754 $33,607 80%

2 WAGE GAP Table 2. Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months in Minnesota SECTION 1 • All full-time working women in (In 2008 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars), for Full-Time, Year-Round, Minnesota earn less than white men. Civilian-Employed Population 16 Years and Older, by Occupation Economic Justice White, African American and Latina MEN WOMEN women earn $0.76, $0.61 and $0.56, respec- tively, on the dollar compared to white men; % of male Median % of Median workforce earnings Female earnings women with physical disabilities and non- (Full-time, workforce (Full-time, Ratio citizens earn the least at $0.51 and $0.55 on Year-Round) Year-Round) the dollar compared to white men. 2 Education training, and library 2.81% $52,949 8.00% $41,311 78% occupations • The gap is largest in rural and some Sales and office 18.07% $47,243 32.72% $33,744 71% high-wealth suburban areas of the state occupations (Table 1). Median incomes for Service occupations 11.59% $32,750 19.64% $24,697 75% Computer and 4.04% $72,058 1.73% $60,732 84% Minnesota’s full-time working women mathematical occupations ranges from a low of $27,497 on the Architecture and engineering 3.38% $68,533 0.62% $60,940 89% western edge of the state to a high of occupations $45,828 in Hennepin County (exclud- Management occupations 12.83% $70,310 8.16% $54,306 77% ing Minneapolis). Rural women earn Health diagnosing and treating 1.62% $100,001 6% $62,195 62% practitioners and other approximately $10,000 less per year on technical occupations average than their male counterparts.3 • Education often increases the gap. Women now earn the majority of post- • Job sectors most likely to expand as a result of the “green transformation” of secondary degrees at all levels. However, the US economy, and the educational pipelines to these “green jobs,” are almost Minnesota women with professional degrees entirely filled with men. Only 8.3% of Minnesota’s construction and building in- (doctors, lawyers) and Master’s degrees face spectors, 14.3% of recycling/refuse workers and 27.6% of environmental engineers larger pay gaps than women with less edu- are women.9 cation ($0.67 and $0.75 on a man’s dollar, • The proportion of Minnesota 12th grade girls planning to pursue vocational respectively), resulting in an estimated technical education, where preparation for many higher paying non-traditional $2 million lifetime loss in wages.4, 5 jobs begins, is declining. From 1998 to 2007, the proportion of white girls fell from • The wage gap exists in every occu- 13.6% to 5.3%, of Native American girls from 20.7 to 8%, and Black girls from pation, including those dominated by 15.1% to 4.6%.10 women (Table 2). In the high-paying healthcare field where women outnum- HOUSING ber men three to one, women earn 60% • Affordable housing is out of reach for most Minnesota female-headed families. of what men do.6 And over a woman’s Sixty percent (60%) of female-headed households in rental housing and 46% of those working life, the wage gap grows.7 who own their home are paying costs that exceed 30% of their income.11 JOB CLUSTERING • Women of color are most likely to receive high-cost loans of all types, even at upper income levels.12 Forty-two percent (42%) of middle- and upper-income • Occupational clustering contributes African American women in the Twin Cities held the highest cost subprime loans, to the wage gap, threatens women’s compared to 12% of white men. economic security and stability, and compromises the productivity of Minnesota’s economy. Fifty-two per- cent (52%) of Minnesota women are employed in service and sales, where median salaries range from $24,697 to $33,744, hours are less predictable, and jobs less secure (Table 2).8

3 POVERTY Table 3. Proportion Minnesotans Living Below the Poverty Line by • Minnesota’s female-headed house- Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Age, 2008 holds are more likely than other White % Black % Native Am % Asian % Hispanic % All % family configurations to be in poverty Number Number Number Number Number Number (Figure 1). Sixty percent (60%) of Native Under 18 years American, 46% of Hispanic/Latina, 44% Male 42,747 8.2 14,001 35.8 3,430 47.8 6,497 22.5 10,795 26.2 72,910 12% of African American, and 42% of Asian Female 37,790 7.6 12,739 35.5 3,752 47.1 6,157 22.0 10,046 23.3 67,301 11% female-headed households with children 18 to 64 years 13 fall below the federal poverty line. Male 98,798 6.8 6,670 23.3 4,124 27.7 7,581 13.7 8,762 13.3 132,926 8% • Senior women in Minnesota are at Female 124,442 8.7 20,260 30.7 6,836 36.4 8,905 15.1 11,883 22.0 165,458 10% higher risk than senior men of falling 65 years and over below income levels needed to main- Male 13,537 5.3 976 31.9 235 23.6 574 16.2 126 5.9 15,485 6% tain homes and meet basic needs. More Female 33,053 11.1 1,834 37.7 917 46.1 665 12.5 1,049 30.5 36,831 11% than twice as many women over 65 than men live below the poverty line, earn- for white and Latina women. In 2008, 47% of Native American children and 46% ing just over $11,233 a year in social of Native American women over 65 fell below the federal poverty line (Table 3). security benefits.14 • The federal poverty line significantly underestimates the number of struggling • Minnesota’s African American and households in the state. The federal poverty line for a single mother with two children Native American women experience is $17,346, while bare-bones expenses for a similar family in Minnesota are estimated much higher rates of poverty than the at $45,000 per year.16 Median income for Minnesota’s female-headed households with national average,15 while Minnesota children was $26,000 in 2008. poverty rates match the U.S. as a whole

Figure 1. Proportion of Families with Children Under 18 in Poverty by Family Type and Race/Ethnicity, Minnesota and US 2008 Figure 1: Proportion of Families with Children under 18 in Poverty by Family Type and 70% Race/ethnicity, Minnesota and US 2008

National Minnesota 60.0% 60%

50% 46.6% 46.1% 44.5% 43.7% 44.0% 42.3%

40% 37.2% 32.7%

30% 28.5% 28.4%

21.9% 20% 17.6%

11.1% 10% USUS MarriedMarried CoupleCouple MNMN MarriedMarried 0% CoupleCouple Male Headed Female Headed Black Female Hispanic Female White Female Asian Female Native American Headed Headed Headed Headed Female Headed

Source:Source: American Source: Community American Community Survey Survey 2008, 2008, data data obtained obtained fromfrom published published tables tables on Social on Explorer Social Explorer

4

WHAT YOU CAN DO in 30 minutes or less: Figure 1: Figure 2.Price Price of ofMinnesota Minnesota Accredited Accredited Childcare Childcare as asa Percent a Percent of Median of Family Balance the economic scales Median Family Income, 2008 Income, 2008 for all women and girls. 85%

• Join a WAGE Club (www.wageproject. org) to fight for fair wages for women. 49% • Learn more about how to negotiate for 37% the wage you deserve: www.wageproject. 27% org. Then, coach the girls and women in 15% AffordableAffordable 11% your life to do the same. ChildcareChildcare (10% of(10% of • Encourage your employer to conduct Income)Income) a gender equity audit. Information on Single Mother Single Mother Two Parent Two Parent Single Mother Two Parent with 1 Infant with 1 Family with 1 Family with 1 with 2 in Care Family with 2 in conducting a self audit is available at Preschooler Infant Preschooler Care http://bit.ly/c8p6Ca. The MN Dept. of Employee Relations Pay Equity Unit Source:Source: American American Community Community Survey 2008, 2008, data data obtained obtained from fromIPUMS IPUMS-USA‐USA Minnesota Minnesota Population Population Center, Center, analysisanalysis by bythe the Center Center onon Women and and Public Public Policy Policy offers technical assistance at http:// bit.ly/dgXMUW, Faith.Zwemke@ state. mn.us, 651-259-3761. • Buy from women-owned, women-run Table 4. Proportion of Income for Accredited Childcare in Minnesota businesses: www.wbenc.org. by Region and Family Type, 2008 • Join the Pay Equity Coalition of Median % for Infant % for Median % for Infant % for Pre- Minnesota; contact [email protected]. Income Child Care Preschool Income Child Care school Child Married Child Care Female- Care • Participate in Equal Pay Day (April, an- Family headed nually) and wear red as a symbol of how West Edge $63,344 14% 12% $18,331 49% 40% far women and communities of color are Northeast $66,195 14% 11% $21,386 42% 34% “in the red:” http://bit.ly/hBbWi East Central $67,214 13% 11% $23,728 38% 31% • Educate and encourage the girls in Southeast $75,361 12% 10% $29,533 30% 25% your life to pursue careers in science: www.womeninscience.org. • Use your philanthropic power to invest CHILDCARE in a state organization that supports a • Minnesota has the third highest childcare costs in the country (Figure 2).17 women’s economic justice issue you In Minnesota, accredited care for one child exceeds average tuition and fees at public care about. colleges and all other household expenses, including the mortgage for many families.18 Childcare burdens are high across the state (Table 4). 1

Child Care WORKS (Minneapolis) works to increase access for all children in Minnesota to high-quality childcare; build public will to ensure that childcare is recognized as a key component to healthy communities; and advocate implementation of a statewide, childcare quality rating and improvement system. The nonprofit is a grantee of the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota. 5 At the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota, we aspire to a day when women and girls SECTION 2 experience the world as a Safety & Security safe place.

While we celebrate the work of advocates across the state to reduce the number of women and children that suffer from sexual and physical violence each year, the data suggests that significant work remains. The related effects of this violence for women and girls — and particularly for women and girls of color — include mental health issues, such as depression and suicidal thoughts and attempts, teen pregnancy, and substance abuse. The normalization of violence in our culture exposes women and girls to date rape, domestic violence, and to girls being prostituted in our Minnesota

SEXUAL HARASSMENT BEGINS EARLY AT SCHOOL • Minnesota girls face “hostile hall- 40% of African American, Hispanic/ ways.” Between 23-30% of 9th grade Latina, Native American and mixed- girls reported being touched, grabbed race girls reported “unwanted sexual or pinched in a sexual way. More than comments, jokes and gestures.”19

Figure 3. Proportion of Minnesota Adult Victims of a Rape Crime SometimeFigure 4: inProportion Life by ofRegion, Minnesota 2007 Adult Victims of a Rape Crime Sometime in Life by Region, 2007

35%

30%

25% Based in the Minnesota towns of Milaca, Princeton and Onamia, Teens Against 20% Dating Abuse (TADA), a program of the 15%

Pearl Crisis Center, educates teens about 10% teen dating violence. Girl-led and girl- 5% driven, TADA’s programming links the extent to which family and dating 0% West East Northwest Northeast Southwest Southeast Metro violence undermines girls’ economic Central Central futures. TADA girls even took their case Women 24.0%31.5% 33.0% 22.6% 22.0% 18.1% 24.7% to the Minnesota Legislature and lobbied Men 2.0% 4.0% 2.7% 2.4% 2.0% 1.3% 2.5% to ensure that middle school health cur- ricula included information about dating Source: 2008 Minnesota Crime Victim Survey, analysis by the Center on Women and Public Policy. violence. The nonprofit is a grantee of SampleSSource: size2008 is MiMinnesota small for CrimeCi some ViiSVictim subgroups, Survey, rapeanalysis libhC crime by the includes Center attemptedon Women W andrape dPbliPli Public Policy. Sample size is small for some subgroups, rape crime includes attempted rape the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota.

6 SEXUAL ASSAULT SEXUAL ABUSE OF GIRLS RELATED EFFECTS OF SEXUAL INSIDE/OUTSIDE THE HOME VIOLENCE • By the time they graduate, a significant number of Minnesota girls • Sexual abuse is two to three times • Minnesota girls in juvenile correc- have been sexually assaulted by a date. more common for girls than boys, both tional facilities have the highest rates of Twelve percent (12%) of all 12th grade inside and outside the home, and peaks sexual abuse: 39% outside the home and girls cite a date-related sexual assault on in the 9th grade (Figure 4). Overall, 28% at the hands of family (Figure 4).26 the Minnesota Student Survey.20 11% of Minnesota girls and 4% of boys • Minnesota’s sexually abused girls reported sexual abuse by family or others. • Sexual assault is common on our are nearly three times more likely Reported rates are higher in rural north- college campuses. Twenty-nine percent than other girls to have an emotional ern and central areas of the state.23 (29%) of Minnesota’s female college or mental health problem lasting more students have been sexually assaulted in • Girls of color are more frequently than a year. They are also twice as their lives.21 the victims of sexual abuse. As shown in likely to be depressed, three times more Figure 4, 9th grade Hispanic/Latina girls likely to hurt themselves on purpose, • By mid-life, 33% of Minnesota have the highest rate of familial sexual two times more likely to contemplate women have experienced a rape crime abuse (11.5%) and 9th grade Native suicide, and five times more likely to (Figure 3). The proportion of lifetime American girls have the highest rates of attempt suicide.27 victims varies across the state, from 18% sexual abuse outside the home (19.5%).24 in southeast Minnesota, to a high of • Minnesota boys who have been 33% in West Central. Native American • Sexual abuse includes the prostitu- sexually abused are more likely to women (42%) have experienced a rape tion of children, mostly girls, through- violently victimize others (Figure 5).28 or attempted rape at higher rates than out the state. Research conducted for Thirty-nine percent (39%) of sexually white women (25%). Asian women have the initiative, A Future, Not a Past, abused Minnesota boys (grades 9 and the lowest rates at 9.4%.22 showed that in February 2010 an estimated 12) reported that they had sexually 80 girls under 18 were prostituted in or physically hurt someone they were Minnesota.25

Figure 4. Proportion of Minnesota 9th Graders that have been Sexually Abused by Race and Gender, 2007 Figure 6: Proportion of Minnesota 9th Graders that have been Sexually Abused by Race and Gender, 2007 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls American Black Hispanic Asian White Multiple Corrections Indian Non‐family member 5.3 19.5 6.6 11.7 4.1 14.2 2.8 8.4 2.1 7.1 5.2 14.9 9.0 39.0 Family member 1.7 9.7 3.6 5.6 3.1 11.5 1.5 4.1 1.1 3.3 3.7 8.5 8.0 28.0

7 going out with, compared to just 2% of Figure 7: Proportion of Minnesota Students who other boys.29 Figure 5.Physically Proportion or of Sexually Minnesota Hurt Students Someone Who theyPhysically were or Sexually Hurt Someone They Were Dating, by Sexual Abuse Status, 2007 • An estimated 60% of teen first Dating by Sexual Abuse Status, Status 2007 pregnancies are preceded by experi- 45% ences of molestation, rape, or attempt- 40% ed rape.30 Minnesota 12th grade girls 35% who have been abused are four times more likely to have been pregnant than 30% those who have not, and sexually abused 25% boys are almost nine times more likely 20% to have been responsible for a pregnancy (Figure7).31 15% • Child sexual abuse leads to the 10% prostitution and sex trafficking of 5% Minnesota women and girls. Research 0% by the Minnesota Indian Women’s Abused Not Abused Resource Center found that childhood Male 39.0% 1.7% sexual abuse set the stage for Native American girls’ being prostituted, with Female 1111.4% 4% 2.8%2 8% the average age of entry at 14 years old, Source:Source: Minnesota Minnesota Student SurveyStudent Trend Survey Database, Trend Database, and some as young as nine.32 analysisanalysis by Center by Centeron Women on and Women Public Policy and Public Policy

Figure 6. ProportionFigure 5: of ProportionMinnesota Adults of Minnesota Experiencing Adults Intimate Experiencing Partner Violence Intimate During Partner Lifetime, by Region and Gender, 2007 Violence during Lifetime by Region and Gender, 2007

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0% West Northwest Northeast East Central Southwest Southeast Metro Central Women 28.4% 30.6% 30.7% 29.0% 23.9% 26.3% 24.2% Men 5.1% 7.6% 4.1% 7.5% 4.5% 5.6% 6.7%

Source:Source: Greater Greater Twin Cities Twin United Cities Way Unitedand Office Way of Justice and Office Programs, of Justice2008 Minnesota Programs, Crime 2008 Survey Minnesota analysis by CrimeCenter onSurvey Women and Public Policy Intimateanalysis lpartner bby violence Center defined on Women as “spouse, andd Publicformer bl spouse,Policy l partner, boyfriend, or girlfriend harm you by pushing, shaking, slapping, kicking, punching, hitting or choking you, or harming you with an object or weapon Intimate partner violence defined as "spouse, former spouse, partner, boyfriend, or girlfriend harm you by pushing, shaking, slapping, kicking, punching, hitting or choking you, or harming you with an object or weapon

8 WHAT YOU CAN DO in 30 minutes or less: Figure 7. Proportion of Minnesota Students Experiencing Potential Create a world that is safe for SexualFigure Consequences 8: Proportion of byMinnesota Sexual Students Abuse Status,Experiencing 2007 Potential Sexual all women and girls. Consequences by Sexual Abuse Status, 2007 70% 60% • Pay attention to the way others in 50% your life talk about women and girls. Challenge racist, sexist and/or 40% homophobic comments. 30% • Watch TV and movies with the 20% children and youth in your life, and use 10% instances of sexualization and objecti- 0% fication to raise awareness. Male Female Male Female • Boycott Craig’s List, the number one Had sexual intercourse (Grades 9 Been pregnant/made someone place that lists ads for escort services and 12) pregnant (Grade 12) that prostitute girls and women. Abused 64.3% 55.4% 26.0% 12.6% Not Abused 31.7% 27.0% 3.1% 3.5% • Boycott restaurants (ex., Hooters) and clothiers (ex., Abercrombie) that Source:Source: Minnesota Minnesota Student Student Survey Survey Trend Trend Database, Database, analysis analysis by Center by Centeron Women on Women and Public Policy objectify girls and women. and Public Policy • Don’t buy magazines that objectify women through ads or content.

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE • Visit www.girlpower.gov to educate yourself and the young women in your • By their 40’s, approximately 33% of women in Minnesota have been a victim of life about the tyranny of the unattain- intimate partner violence.33 Significant levels of intimate partner violence occur able body image. across all socioeconomic backgrounds and all over the state, with some of the high- • Educate the men in your life about est levels in rural communities (Figure 6). how they can help change boys’ atti- tudes (and their own) about sexual and • Domestic violence is the second leading cause of homelessness among Minnesota domestic violence: http://bit.ly/awbyX3 women.34 Thirty-two percent (32%) reported that they were homeless in part due to an abusive relationship. Homeless women are also more likely to be a victim of child- • Educate yourself and others about hood sexual abuse (40% compared to 13% of men) and physical abuse (44% versus child sex trafficking in Minnesota. Reach out to vulnerable girls and women in 32%). your life you think may be at risk. • Intimate partner violence can escalate in predictable and deadly ways. In 2009, • Consider staying at “clean hotels” 80% of women murdered in Minnesota were battered women killed by an intimate that don’t offer pay-per-view pornogra- partner. Well-documented factors that predict escalation to “lethal” levels of vio- phy: http://bit.ly/bXbzQO . 35 lence were present in most of these cases. 1 • Call your child’s school and insist that sexual and domestic abuse is addressed in health education material. • Support organizations working to end domestic and sexual violence in the state.

9 At the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota, we envision a time when all women in SECTION 3 Minnesota will have local, Health & Reproductive Rights legal, affordable, and comprehensive health care.

Across multiple indicators of health and wellness, many of Minnesota’s women and girls are at growing risk. The data reveal great health disparities for Minnesota women and girls of color. The impact of federal healthcare legislation on Minnesota’s uninsured women is unclear, but several provisions are likely to improve access. These include provisions that allow the young women up to 26 years old to remain on their parents’ healthcare insur- ance (the most likely age group to be uninsured); ban sex-based premiums; and prohibit insurers from denying coverage based on pre-existing conditions such as prior C-sections or domestic abuse.

PHYSICAL HEALTH • A majority of Minnesota adult • Minnesota girls are less likely than women are now considered obese or boys to be physically active daily overweight, and the rates are increas- (10% of 12th grade girls compared to ing. In 2008, 25% of Minnesota women 24% of 12th grade boys) or participate were obese and 31% overweight, with in school sports (48% of 12th grade greater Minnesota women at even girls compared to 59% of 12th grade higher risk.36 boys). Exercise as a form of weight Figure 8: Figure Proportion8. Proportion of of Minnesota Minnesota 12th GradeGrade Girls Girls that that Exercise to Control Weight,ExerciseE 2007 i to t Control C t l Weight, W i ht 2007 Girl Farm, a program of the Women’s Environmental Institute at Amador Hill 80 (North Branch), is a summer farming 70 program for low-income, at-risk Twin 60 Cities’ girls to learn sustainable farming 50 and about healthy food choices for 40 better health. The programming also 30 explores how sexism, racism and 20 classism (corporate industrial farming) in rural areas affects food access and 10 0 food justice in the metro areas for 1998 2007 economically challenged communities. American Indian 72.7 55.8 The nonprofit is a grantee of the Black Women’s Foundation of Minnesota. 6969.8 8 4040.0 0 Hispanic 73.3 54.2 Asian 67.1 55.7 White 7575.2 2 6161.2 2 Source: Minnesota Student Survey Trend Database, analysis by Center on Women and Public Policy Source: Minnesota Student Survey Trend Database, analysis by Center on Women and Public Policy 10 Figure 12: control among girls is in decline, with Figure 9. Cancer Incidence and Mortality for Minnesota Women by Cancer Incidence and Mortality for Minnesota Women by the sharpest drops among girls of color Race/Ethnicity, 2001--2005Race/Ethnicity, 2001‐2005 (Figure 8).37 500 450 CANCER 400 350 • While cancer mortality for Minnesota 300 250 women overall is lower than the national 100,000 200 average, Native American women here Per 150 are two times more likely to die from 100 50 cancer than Native American women 0 nationally. Native American women African American Asian Hispanic White in Minnesota are 10% more likely to American Indian be diagnosed with cancer than white Incidence 375.6 449.6 247.2 337 409.7 Minnesota women, but 58% more likely Mortality 175.2 240.8 114.3 84 152.6 to die from it (Figure 9).38

Source:Source: MCSS, MCSS, in Minnesota in Minnesota Cancer Cancer Facts and Facts Figures and 2009 Figures 2009 • Minnesota’s African American women are 8% less likely than white women to get cancer, but 15% more Table 5. Proportion of Minnesota Women that are Uninsured by likely overall to die from the disease: 20% more likely to die from lung cancer, Age and Region, 2008 ACS 40% more likely from colon and rectum Census AGE cancer, and 21% for breast cancer.39 Region 0-18 19-25 26-40 41-64 65 or older All • Cancer disproportionately affects West Edge 8.2% 13.3% 9.5% 8.8% .4% 7.5% women in the northeastern region of Northeast 8.4% 26.7% 14.4% 10.0% .3% 10.5% the state. Breast and cervical cancer East Central 5.9% 13.8% 9.0% 7.9% .3% 7.0% incidence and lung cancer mortality are Exurban 6.3% 14.2% 6.0% 6.2% .3% 6.1% significantly higher for women in this 40 Anoka 6.7% 19.8% 7.7% 5.2% .4% 7.0% region than the statewide average. Washington Carver Scott 4.1% 9.1% 7.4% 4.0% 3.1% 5.1% ACCESS TO CARE Dakota Hennepin 4.9% 16.4% 6.9% 4.8% .0% 5.4% • Women of color are more likely to Minneapolis 8.1% 24.0% 19.1% 9.6% 2.4% 12.3% be uninsured than white women, with Ramsey 4.2% 16.9% 12.0% 6.7% .0% 7.1% approximately 25% of Latina women 41 Southeast 3.6% 14.5% 6.8% 5.3% .2% 5.3% falling into this category.

For a map of U.S. Census Bureau regions in Minnesota, see page 2. • The rate of uninsured varies across the state and is highest among 19- 25 year old women. Within this age group, rates range from a high of 26% in northeastern Minnesota to a low of 9% in Carver, Scott and Dakota counties (Table 5).42 • A majority of uninsured women in Minnesota work full-time. Approxi- mately 61% of Latina women and 56% of Asian women who are uninsured work more than 35 hours per week, earning a median income of $20,000.43

11 WHAT YOU CAN DO in 30 minutes or less: Improve the health & Table 6. Birth Rate per 1,000, 15-19 Year Old Minnesota Women, well-being of Minnesota 2003-2007 women and girls. White Black Native Asian Hispanic American Northwest (HPDist1) 24.44 34.48 121.16 11.43 84.55 • Bring healthy food to your next family, Northeast (HPDist2) 22.16 61.25 99.12 9.7 38.92 work or community gathering. West Central (HPDist3) 22.09 49.02 137.91 12.63 75 • Take the stairs, park the car at the far East Central (HPDist4) 22.05 64.71 81.11 25.48 70.43 end of the lot, walk to the store, bike, do Southwest/Southcentral (5) 23.2 53.08 77.42 35.64 150.55 yoga - just move your body! Encourage Southeast (HPDist6) 20.86 55.17 49.35 33.47 149.84 your kids, friends, family, colleagues to Metro (HPDist7) 13.76 72 86.71 52.15 106.77 do the same. Source: Minnesota Department of Health, Health Prevention District = HPDist • Mentor a girl or young woman in your * Sample size under 100 for some regions and race/ethnicities life; caring relationships with adults help create resiliency. • Create an ongoing, open dialogue Table 7. Proportion of Sexually Active Minnesota 9th Graders that with girls and boys in your life about Never Use Any Birth Control reproductive and sexual health. 1998 2007 • Send a healthy e-card to a friend: American Indian Male 30.1% 35.6% http://bit.ly/9J2tr1. Female 31.1% 43.9% • Invest in organizations that support Black Male 25.7% 35.0% or provide access to quality, affordable, Female 28.0% 47.2% comprehensive health and reproductive Hispanic or Latino Male 38.1% 34.8% care for all women and girls. Female 30.0% 38.6% Asian Male 42.2% 48.0% Female 54.6% 52.8% White Male 26.5% 28.4% Female 29.2% 34.2% Mixed Male 27.4% 35.1% Female 30.6% 35.0%

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH • Teen birth rates in Minnesota are drastically higher for girls of color than for white girls. For Minnesota’s Native American and Asian teens, the birth rate is almost double the national average (107.9 compared to 59 births per 1,000 among Native Americans and 49.8 versus 17.3 for Asians).44 • Birth rates for white girls are highest in greater Minnesota (Table 6). Among white teens, birth rates are higher in rural areas (2003-2007) than in the metro area.45

CAPI (Minneapolis) leads Refugee & Immigrant Women for Change, a coalition of nonprofit organizations that includes the Liberian Women’s Initiative of Minnesota, Centro, Inc., Lao Assistance Center, SEWA-AIFW, and African Health Action Corporation. Together, the groups fight poverty and social inequalities through achievement of gender equality for refugee and immigrant women in Minnesota. The coalition is a grantee of the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota.

12 Figure 10. Proportion of Minnesota 9th GradersFigure Thinking 10: About or Attempting Suicide, 2007 Proportion of Minnesota 9th Graders Thinking About or Attempting Suicide, 2007 60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Native Black Hispanic Asian White Mixed Total American Suicidal Thoughts Boys 23.5 16.8 16.7 18.2 17.7 26.9 18.3 Suicidal Thoughts Girls 47.6 25.0 36.4 33.2 29.8 45.6 31.4 Suicide Attempt Boys 11.0 7.7 5.8 5.3 4.0 9.1 4.8 Suicide Attempt Girls 21.0 7.0 16.2 8.3 7.7 16.5 8.9

Source:Source: Minnesota Minnesota Student Student Survey Survey Trend Trend Database, Database, analysis analysis by the by Centerthe Center on Women on Women and Publicand Public Policy Policy

• While fewer 9th graders in Min- MENTAL HEALTH 16% of Latina 9th grade girls, and 37% nesota have sexual intercourse, risky • Girls of color and lesbian/bisexual of lesbian/bisexual girls (grades 9 and behaviors have been on the rise since girls are more likely to experience 12) attempted suicide. Approximately 1998 for sexually active teens (Table mental health challenges. Approximately 28% of sexually abused white 9th grade 7). Forty-seven percent (47%) of sexually 46% of 9th grade Native American girls girls attempted suicide, with higher active 9th grade African American girls and 60% of lesbian/bisexual girls have rates among Latina (42%) and Native never use any form of birth control; 31% hurt themselves on purpose, compared to American (36%) girls and lower rates of white girls never talk with their partner 26% of the state’s 9th grade girls, overall. among African American girls (23%).50 about preventing pregnancy. Sexually One in five white 9th grade girls, a quarter • Women and girls of color are less active Asian girls and boys are least likely (25.2%) of Black and a third or more of likely than their white counterparts to talk about or use birth control.46 other 9th grade girls of color self-report to receive therapeutic treatment.51 • Risky behaviors contribute to depression: Native girls, 46%; Latina girls, Fifty-seven percent (57%) of African 49 high rates of STD infections among 32%; and Asian girls, 31%. American girls and 51% of Asian girls Minnesota’s adolescent girls (aged 15- • Almost twice as many Minnesota who reported a mental or emotional 19). The rate of increase in Chlamydia girls report suicidal thoughts or at- problem lasting a year or more had not among the state’s teen girls doubled tempted suicide as boys (Figure 10). received treatment, compared to 33% 52 from 3% (2005-2006) to 7.7% (2006- Girls of color, abused girls, and girls of white girls. 1 2007).47 Adolescent girls (aged 15-19) who have had one or more female represent 7% of Minnesota’s popula- sexual partners are especially at risk: in tion, but 30% of Chlamydia cases.48 2007, 21% of 9th grade Native girls,

13 At the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota, we look forward to the day when women enjoy SECTION 4 equal influence at all levels Power and Leadership of government, business and nonprofits, bringing new per- spectives and expertise that advance equality and justice.

At all levels of leadership, from school boards to county commissions and from the Legislature to Fortune 500 companies, women remain conspicuously underrepresented across the nation. In Minnesota, progress for wom- en leaders has flat-lined in most professions, and in some areas, is on the decline. A growing body of research shows that the most productive companies have the most women in leadership. Diverse women leaders also signal to our girls that their options are limitless and to our boys that women are equals. In this global economy, we cannot afford to leave any of the state’s talent on the sidelines.

POLITICAL POWER • More than 50% of Minnesota’s coun- to 27% (Figure 11). A quarter of our city ty commissions do not include a single councils have no women and 55% of woman, and the percentage of women those that have women, have only one. commissioners is in decline (Figure 11). • Even on Minnesota school boards, • Between 2006 and 2008, the propor- men outnumber women. Since 2004, tion of Minnesota’s women city council only 37% of the state’s school board members dropped 1 percent, from 28% members have been women.53

Figure 11. Proportion of Women Serving on Minnesota Local Figure 14: Proportion of Women Serving on Minnesota Local Government bodies, 1998-2008 The White House Project (Minnesota) Government Bodies, 1998‐2008 works across the state to engage and 40 37 37.6 School Board prepare greater Minnesota and metro 35.5 34.9 37.2 women in the political process as voters, 35 33.6 activists and candidates through train- City Council ings, inspiration and networking. The 30 28.1 nonprofit is a grantee of the Women’s 26 27.3 Mayor 25.1 24.5 24.5 Foundation of Minnesota. 25 County 20 Commission 14.5 15.9 14.5 14.4 13.2 15 14.8 15.2 10 13.2 12.3 12.1 11.4 11.2 Source:Source: Minnesota 5 LegislativeMinnesota Office onLegislative the Economic Office Statuson the ofEconomic Women 0 Status of Women 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

14 Figure 12. Proportion of Minnesota Local Elected Officials Holding Leadership Positions Prior to Running for Office by GenderFigure and 16: ProportionOrganization of Minnesota Type, 2009 Local Elected Officials Holding Leadership Positions prior to Running for Office by Gender and Organization Type, 2009

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0% Political Community/ Political Party Labor Unions Business Education Nonprofit Faith‐Based Women's Campaigns Neighborhood women 9% 12% 6% 15% 24% 33% 34% 41% 21% men 8% 9% 10% 15% 8% 20% 25% 31% 1%

Source: Center on Women and Public Policy, 2009 survey of local elected officials

Source: Center on Women and Public Policy, 2009 survey of local elected officials

Figure 13. Minnesota Fortune Figure500 17: in the northern and western areas of the 56 Type of Executive PositionsMinnesota by Gender, Fortune 2008 500 state. A similar pattern occurs at the Type of Executive Positions by Gender, 2008 local level. • Women of color and LBT (Lesbian,

HR Bisexual, Transgender) women are very uncommon at all levels of government. At the legislative level, there is one CFO Latina; the only Hmong woman retired Women in 2010, and the only African American CEO Men woman in 2008; and there is one openly gay lesbian. No woman of color has ever

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% held statewide elected office. • While women running for the state Source:Source: Center Center on Women on Womenand Public and Policy Public analysis Policy of analysispublicly available of publicly data available data Legislature are winning at equal rates to men, women candidates and elected officials are more qualified by some • Minnesota has never had a woman governor. In 2010, Speaker of the Minnesota measures than their male counterparts.57 House, Rep. Margaret Anderson Kelliher, became the first woman to receive major Women were more likely to hold lead- party endorsement for governor. ership roles in almost all sectors before 58 • A recent decline in the number of women candidates for the state Legislature running (Figure 12). does not bode well for reaching parity at this level.54 At 34%, Minnesota is a national leader (4th in the country) in the proportion of women serving in our state Legislature. But progress has stalled, well short of women’s share of the population.55 • Overall averages mask the fact that large parts of greater Minnesota are not rep- resented by women at all. Most of the 16 Senate districts (24% of all Senate Districts) that did not have a single woman candidate from 1997-2008 are in greater Minnesota,

15 WHAT YOU CAN DO in 30 minutes or less: BUSINESS Help diversify power and • None of Minnesota’s 21 Fortune 500 companies are led by a woman, and women leadership in Minnesota. make up less than 20% of most corporate boards in the state. Approximately 27% of our top 100 companies have no women directors and 32% have no women corporate officers; and from 2008 to 2009, these percentages declined.59 • Step into your own leadership and • Most of the executive officers in Minnesota’s 100 largest publicly held companies encourage other women to do the hold human resource titles and not financial titles; 66% of Minnesota’s Fortune 500 same. Run for elected office, go for a Human Resources executive officers are women, but only 16% of Chief Financial work promotion, negotiate your salary, Officers(Figure 13).60 join a corporate or nonprofit board — just do it! L AW • Suggest a woman colleague for a promotion where you work. • Once the majority of Minnesota’s seven-member Supreme Court, women now hold just two seats. With the exception of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, the • Visit www.womenwinning.org to learn about women running for office. If you proportion of women on the state bench has stalled at around 29% (Figure 14). like them, support them by donating to Representation in some rural areas, such as western Minnesota’s 8th judicial their campaign. district, drops to 10% (one woman).61 • Sponsor a woman to participate • Only one woman has ever been appointed to the Federal 8th Circuit Court of in The White House Project’s (www. Appeals. This powerful court, which includes Minnesota, sits just below the U.S. thewhitehouseproject.org) and/or 62 Supreme Court and has the worst gender diversity of any circuit court in the country. 1 Tri-College NEW Leadership Institute’s (www.tri-college.org) training. • Launch a women’s leadership net- Figure 14.Figure Proportion 18: Proportion of Women of Women Judges Judges in in Minnesota, Minnesota, 1985‐ 20081985-2008 work at your company and build your own network.

60% • Support organizations that build power and leadership for all women 50% and girls in Minnesota. 40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 All State Judges 9% 15% 21% 24% 27% 27% 28% 29% 29% State District Court 5% 13% 19% 23% 26% 26% 27% 27% 28% State Appeals Court 25% 19% 25% 19% 31% 31% 38% 38% 47% Supreme Court 25% 57% 43% 29% 29% 29% 29% 29% 29%

Sources:Source: American American Bench, Bench, 2006 ‐2006-0909 Gender RatioGender Summaries; Ratio summaries, American Bench, American 1990‐2005; Bench, 1990-2005; MinnesotaMinnesota Legislative Legislative Manual, Manual, 1985‐89, 1985-89, analysis byanalysis Center on by Women Center and on Publicwomen Policy and Public Policy

Tri-College NEW Leadership Development Institute (Moorhead) convenes an annual five-day residency conference to engage women in developing leadership skills in grassroots community organizing, community activism, and running for elected office. The nonprofit is a grantee of the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota.

16 End Notes

1American Community Survey 2008, data obtained from 22Minnesota Crime Survey, data collected and obtained 42ACS-IPUMSUSA 2008 IPUMS-USA (http://usa.ipums.org/usa/) and analyzed from the Minnesota Department of Public Safety, Office of 43ACS-IPUMSUSA 2008 by the Center on Women and Public Policy, Humphrey Justice Programs (OJP)and the Greater Twin Cities United 44Minnesota Organization on Adolescent Pregnancy, Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota (ACS Way, analysis by OJP and the Center on Women and Pub- Prevention and Parenting, Minnesota Adolescent Sexual IPUMSUSA 2008) lic Policy, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University Health Report 2009, (MOAPPP 2009) available at: http:// 2 of Minnesota (MN Crime Survey 2008) American Community Survey 2008, published tables www.moappp.org/Documents/2009AdoHealthReport.pdf obtained from Social Explorer (http://www.socialexplorer. 23MSS 2007 45Minnesota Department of Health, analysis by Judy Palermo com/pub/home/home.aspx) and analyzed by the Center on 24 MSS 2007 46MSS 2007 Women and Public Policy, Humphrey Institute of Public 25A Future, Not a Past Project Minnesota data collection, 47MOAPPP 2009 Affairs, University of Minnesota (ACS SE 2008) available from the Women’s Foundation of Minnesota. 48MOAPPP 2009 3ACS IPUMSUSA 2008 26Minnesota Department of Public Safety, Office of Justice 49MSS 2007 4WAGE Project, www.thewageproject.org Programs (OJP), Youth in Minnesota Correctional Facili- 50MSS 2007 5ACS SE 2008 ties: Responses to the 2007 Minnesota Student Survey, 51US Department of Health and Human Services, Mental 6ACS SE 2008 available at: http://www.ojp.state.mn.us/cj/publications/ Reports/2009_Youth_in_Correctional_Facilities.pdf Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, available at: http:// 7ACS IPUMSUSA 2008 27 www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/home.html 8 MSS 2007 ACS-IPUMSUSA 2008 52 28 MSS 2007 9 Walrath, C., Ybarra, M., Holden, W., Liao, Q., Santiago, Minnesota Office on the Economic Status of Women, 53 R., & Leaf, R. (2003). Children with reported histories of Minnesota Legislative Office on the Economic Status of “Women and Green Jobs in Minnesota,” available at: sexual abuse: Utilizing multiple perspectives to understand Women, Women in Elected Offices of Minnesota Local http://www.oesw.leg.mn/ clinical and psychological profiles.Child Abuse & Neglect, Elected Bodies, available at: http://www.commissions.leg. 10Minnesota Student Survey Trends Database, 2007, ana- 27, 509-524. state.mn.us/oesw/wmnpuboff/localgov09ve.pdf lyzed by the Center on Women and Public Policy, Humphrey 54 29MSS 2007 Sally J. Kenney et al, “Are We Progressing Toward Equal Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota (MSS Representation for Women in the Minnesota Legislature,” 2007) 30Saewyc, E.M., Magee, L.L., & Pettingall, S.E. (2004). CURA Reporter, Fall/Winter 2009, available at: http:// Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behavior among 11ACS-IPUMSUSA 2008 www.cura.umn.edu/reporter/09-Fall-Wint/Kenney_et_al.pdf sexually abused adolescents. Perspectives on Sexual and 12Income is No Shield, Part III: Assessing the Double Burden: 55 Reproductive Health , 36(3), 98-105. Minnesota Legislative Office on the Economic Status of Examining Racial and Gender Disparities in Mortgage Women, “Women in the Minnesota Legislature (at http:// 31MSS 2007 Lending, available at: http://www.expandcra.org/resources/ www.commissions.leg.state.mn.us/oesw/wmnpuboff/2008. 32Minnesota Indian Women’s Resource Center, Shattered reports-and-research-library/income-is-no-shield-part- pdf) iii-062009.html Hearts: The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of American 56Database of Minnesota Legislative candidates between Indian Women and Girls in Minnesota, available at http:// 13ACS SE 2008 1998-2008 compiled by the Center on Women and Public www.miwrc.org/Sex-Trafficking-Report-Released 14Minnesota Women’s Consortium and Wider Oppor- Policy and the Department of Political Science, University 33MN Crime Survey 2008 tunities for Women, “Elders Living on the Edge: When of Minnesota, analysis by Libby Sharrow, Department of Meeting Basic Needs Exceeds Available Income in Min- 34Wilder Foundation, “Overview of homelessness Political Science in Minnesota 2006: Key facts from the statewide nesota, 2009,” available at (http://www.wowonline.org/ 57Survey of Minnesota local elected officials conducted by survey,” April 2007, available at http://www.wilder.org/ ourprograms/eesi/state-resources/documents/MNPolicy the Center on Women and Public Policy in 2009, analysis reportsummary.0.html?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1963 Brief_FINAL.pdf) by Center on Women and Public Policy 15 35Minnesota Coalition for Battered Women, 2009 ACS 2008 58Survey of Minnesota local elected officials conducted by 16 Femicide Report, available at: http://www.mcbw.org/files/ JOBS NOW Coalition, “The Job Gap, Family Budgets: the Center on Women and Public Policy in 2009, analysis u1/2009_Femicide_Report_FINAL.pdf The Cost of Living in Minnesota,” 2008 available at: by Center on Women and Public Policy http://www.jobsnowcoalition.org/verticalSites/ 36Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, http://www. 59Rebecca Hawthorne and Joann Bangs, Minnesota Census %7B9F1D3C88-376F-4061-9B43F420D6164008%7D/ cdc.gov/BRFSS/, analysis by the Center on Women and of Women in Corporate Leadership 2009, St. Catherine uploads/COLM_08_final.pdf Public Policy University, available at: http://www.stkate.edu/mn_census 17National Association of Childcare Resource and Referral 37MSS 2007 /09/3_executive_summary.html Network, Parents and the High Price of Childcare, 2009 38 American Cancer Society 2009, Minnesota Cancer Facts 60Publicly available information on Minnesota companies, Update, available at: http://www.naccrra.org/publications/ and Figures 2009, available at: http://www.mncancera analysis by the Center on Women and Public Policy, 2010 naccrra-publications/parents-and-the-high-price-of-child- liance.org/sites/528d17b0-2c73-45c9-894d-872fc0beac4e/ 61American Bench, 2006-09 Gender Ratio Summaries; care-2009 uploads/2009_MN_Cancer_Facts___Figures.pdf American Bench, 1990-2005; Minnesota Legislative 18National Association of Childcare Resource and Referral 39 American Cancer Society 2009 Manual, 1985-89, analysis by the Center on Women and Network, Parents and the High Price of Childcare, 2009 40American Cancer Society 2009 Public Policy, 2009 Update, available at: http://www.naccrra.org/publications/ 41Minnesota Department of Health “Health Insurance 62Kelly Weise, “Worst Diverse,” Missouri Lawyers Weekly, naccrra-publications/parents-and-the-high-price-of-child- Coverage in Minnesota, Early Results from the 2009 June 8, 2009, available at: http://www.hhh.umn.edu/ care-2009 Minnesota Health Access Survey,” available at: http:// centers/wpp/infinity/pdf/mo_layers_weekly.pdf 19MSS 2007 www.health.state.mn.us/divs/hpsc/hep/publications/ 20MSS 2007 coverage/2009resultshas.pdf and American Community 21Boynton Health Service, 2009 College Student Health Survey 2008, data obtained from IPUMS-USA (http://usa. Survey Report, available at: http://www.bhs.umn.edu/ ipums.org/usa/) and analyzed by the Center on Women healthdata/results/index.htm and Public Policy, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota

17 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA HUBERT H. HUMPHREY INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS CENTER ON WOMEN & PUBLIC POLICY

155 Fifth Avenue South, Suite 500 301 19th Avenue South Minneapolis, MN 55401-2626 Minneapolis, MN 55455-0429 612.337.5010 | www.wfmn.org 612.625.3409 | www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/wpp/ Find us on Facebook, Twitter & YouTube.

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