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Inventaire Des Espèces De Profondeur De Nouvelle-Calédonie = Census Of Instftut de recherctle pour 1 développemenl CENTRE DE OUM DOCUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES et TECHNIQUES Publication éditée par: Centre IRD de Nouméa Institut de recherche BP A5, 98848 Nouméa CEDEX pour le développement Nouvelle-Calédonie Téléphone: (687) 26 10 00 Fax: (687) 26 43 26 L'IRD propose des programmes regroupés en 5 départements pluridisciplinaires: 1 DME Département milieux et environnement Il DRV Département ressources vivantes III DSS Département sociétés et santé IV DEV Département expertise et valorisation V DSF Département du soutien et de la formation des communautés scientifiques du Sud Modèle de référence bibliographique à cette revue: Adjeroud M. el al., 2000. Premiers résultats concernant le benthos et les poissons au cours des missions TYPATOLL. Doc. Sei. Tech. Il 3, 125 P ISSN 1297-9635 Numéro 116 - Novembre 2005 © IRD 2005 Distribué pour le Pacifique par le Centre de Nouméa. CONCEPTION BERTRAND RICHER DE FORGES MISE EN PAGE JEAN PlERRE MERMOUD MAQUETTE DE COUVERTURE MARIKA TORTELIER TRAITEMENT DES PHOTOGRAPHIES NOËL GALAUD ISSN 1297-9635 Numéro 116 - Novembre 2005 © lAD 2005 INvENTAIRE DES ESPÈCES DE PROFONDEUR DE. NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE CENSUS OF DEEP-SEA SPECIES OF NEW CALEDONIA Bertrand RICHER DE FORGES, Christian HOFFSCHIR, Céline CHAUVIN, Claude BERTHAULT Bertrand RICH ER DE FORGES, Christian HOFFSCHIR, Céline CHAUVIN, Claude BERTHAULT, UR 148, Systématique, adaptation, évolution, Centre IRD, BP AS Nouméa CEDEX, Nouvelle-Calédonie Mots clés: INVENTAIRE FAUNISTIQUE; BENTHOS; CAMPAGNE OCEANOGRAPHIQUE; INVERTEBRE AQUATIQUE; BASE DE DONNEES/NOUVELLE CALEDONIE 116 - Novembre 2005 Sciences de la mer INvENTAIRE DES ESPÈCES DE PROFONDEUR DE NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE CENSUS OF DEEP-SEA SPECIES OF NEW CALEDONIA Bertrand RICHER DE FORGES, Christian HOFFSCHIR, Céline CHAUVIN, Claude BERTHAULT SommairelSummary RÉSUMÉlABSTRACT 7 L'EXPLORATION DES FAUNES DE PROFONDEUR DE L'INDO-PACIFIQUE 9 1- LA SITUATION AVANT 1960: LES GRANDES EXPÉDmoNS 9 2- EXPLORATION DEPUIS 1960 9 2.1 - Historique sommaire de l'exploration dans l'Indo-Pacifique .9 2.2 - Contexte biogéographique . .. 9 2.3 - La zone bathyale dans l'Indo-Pacifique . Il 2.4 - La distribution des profondeurs bathyales dans l'Indo-Pacifique. Il 2.5 - Evolution temporelle des zones bathyales ... 12 3 - L'EXPLORATION DES ZONES BATHYALES DE L'INDO-PACIFIQUE 14 3.1 - Les campagnes françaises. 14 3.2 - Les campagnes étrangères dans le Pacifique sud-ouest 17 3.3 - Caractéristiques de l'échantillonnage. 17 3.4 - Les moyens d'investigation. .18 3.5 - Stratégie d'échantillonnage.. ... 20 3.6 - Tri et conservation... .. 20 4 - POURCENTAGES D'ESPÈCES NOUVELLES . ......•........................................... 21 5 - LA BASE DE DONNÉES « OCÉANE ,. DE NoUMÉA 22 REMERCIEMENTS 23 EXPLORATION OF THE INDo-PACIFIC DEEP-SEA FAUNA 35 1 - EXPWRA110N BEFORE 1960: THE GREAT EXPEDmONS 35 2 - Exploration since 1960 35 2.1 - Simplified history ofthe lndo-Pacific exploration. .35 2.2 - Biogeographical context. .35 2.3 - The bathyal zone in the lndo-Pacific.. .36 2.4 - Repartition ofthe bathyal depths in the lndo-Pacific.. ..36 2.5 - Temporal evolution ofthe bathyal zone. .. .36 3 - EXPWRATION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC BATHYAL ZONE .. .....••....•.•••....... " ...••...•••• 37 3.1 - The French cruises .37 3.2 - Foreign cruises in the SW pacifie.. .37 3.3 - Sampling characteristics. .... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. 37 3.4 - Sampling methods (boats, sonars, dredges, trawls, traps) .. 37 3.5 - Sampling plan. .. 38 3.6 - Sorting andfixation .. 38 4 - PERCENTAGE OF NEW SPEClES ••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••.••••••• 38 5 - THE "OCEANE" DATABASE •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 ACKlYOWlEDGMENTS• ••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••• 39 RÉFÉRENCES BmLIOGRAPIDQUES 1REFERENCES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 EsPÈCES RÉCOLTÉES DANS LA ZEE DE NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE À PLUS DE 100 M•••••••••••••••••• 45 CATALOGUE OF SPEClES COllECrED IN THE ZEE OF NEW CALEDONLA AT A DEPTH GREATER THAN 100 M. ANNEXE 1: Liste bibliographique des travaux concernant le benthos bathyal et abyssal en Nouvelle-Calédonie 71 APPENDIX 1: List ofrejerences on the deep sea fauna of New Caledonia 71 ANNEXE 2: Collaborations développées aux plans national et international en pour l'exploitation des campagnes d'exploration du benthos profond de l'Ind<H>uest Pacifique APPENDIX 2: List ofexperts involved in the taxonomie description ofNew Caledonian deep sea fauna 97 ANNEXE 3: Cartes des monts sous-marins de la Ride Norfolk 103 APPENDIX 3: Bathymetrie maps of the Norfolk Ridge Seanwnts 103 Numéro 116 - Novembre 2005 DOCUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES el TECHNIQUES Résumé Un rapide bilan des connaissances sur la faune benthique de profondeurs supérieures à 100 m est présenté. Il per­ met de situer la Nouvelle-Calédonie dans l'Indo-Pacifique, en richesse spécifique comme en effort de recherche. Une analyse détaillée des campagnes d'exploration françaises est faîte. De 1984 à 2003, 1468 opérations de dra­ gages ou de chalutages ont eu lieu dans la ZEE de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Toutes les données correspondantes sont regroupées dans la base de données « Océane» au Centre IRD de Nouméa. Un inventaire des 2515 espèces de profondeur de Nouvelle-Calédonie est ensuite dressé par groupe zoologique et ordre alphabétique des familles. Ces études ont conduit à la description de 1322 espèces nouvelles, soit un taux de 52.5%. Trois annexes donnent une bibliographie exhaustive de celle faune de profondeur, la liste des très nombreux taxo­ nomistes qui ont contribué, depuis J998, à l'entreprise internationale de sa description (155 chercheurs de 21 pays) et les cartes bathymétriques des principaux monts sous-marins. Abstract A rapid panorama of Ihe deep sea fauna knowledge, deeper th an 100 m, is shown, posilioning the specijic rich­ ness and sampling New Caledonia effort in the 1ndo-Pacijic. A detailled presentation of the french exploration oceanographie eruises is done. Sinee 1984, no less than 1468 benthic samples in the New Caledonia EEZ have been done. Ail these data are now integrated in the "Océane" database at IRD Center in Noumea. This document give an invenlOry of2515 deep sea speeies from New Caledonia, presented by zoologieal groups and families by alphabelic order. 1322 new species were deseribed from New Caledonia (52.5%). ln annexe is given: a complete list ofreferences eorresponding to the description ofthis fauna and Ihe list oftaxo­ nomists involved (155 seientists from 21 eoul1/ries); the bathymetric maps ofthe main seamounts. 7 L'EXPWRATION DES FAUNES DE PROFONDEUR DE L'INDO-PACIFIQUE 1 - La situation avant 1960: Les grandes cadre de ces campagnes MUSORSTOM et assimilées expéditions (campagnes Biocal, Biogeocal, Musorstom 1 à 10, Bordau 1 et 2, Karubar, Benthaus, Salomon 1) est Le domaine tropical Indo-Pacifique s'étend sur près sans aucun doute le plus cohérent jamais effectué de 100 millions de km 2, dont seule une infime partie dans le domaine bathyal de l' Indo-Pacifique (Fig. 1). est partiellement connue au plan de la composition des faunes benthiques profondes. Pour la plupart des 2.1 - Historique sommaire de l'explo­ mers et archipels, il faut souvent remonler aux ration dans l'indo-Pacifique grandes campagnes historiques pour trouver quelques bribes d'information: l'état de l'art au Le benthos de profondeur de l'Indo-Pacifique était début du 21~m" siècle est essentiellement inchangé connu surtout par les résultats des grandes expédi­ par rapport à la fin du 19~mo siècle qui avait été mar­ tions comme celles du « Challenger », de la qué par les campagnes du Challenger (1872-1876) « Valdivia », de l' « Albatross », de la « Siboga », de 1'« Investigator» et de la « Galathea ». Le nombre de la Siboga (1896) en Indonésie, de l'Albatross (1909-1913) aux Philippines, et de l'investigator de prélèvements effectués au cours de ces expédi­ tions est toutefois relativement faible, en regard de (1890-1905) dans le Goi fe du Bengale. La dernière l'immensité du domaine à explorer (WYVILLE de ces grandes campagnes « historiques» est celle THOMSON & MURRAY, 1885; WEBER,?; de la Galathea en 1950-1952. Toutefois, même les régions couvertes par les grandes campagnes histo­ ALCOCK, 1902; ANONYME, 1910; JESPERSEN & VEDEL TANING, 1934; SEWELL, 1935; riques ne l'ont été que très superficiellement: la fameuse campagne de la Siboga en Indonésie n'a BRUUN et al., 1953; WOLFF, 1964). A partir des comptes rendus de ces Grandes Expéditions, on peut réalisé que 91 stations de prélèvement de benthos à évaluer le nombre d'opérations benthiques réalisées des profondeurs supérieures à 100 mètres, pour une zone économique s'étendant sur près de 5,5 millions à la drague et au chalut dans l'Indo-Pacifique tropi­ cal entre 1813 et 1952 (Tab. 1). Les informations les de km". plus récentes sur les faunes de profondeur ont été 2 - Exploration depuis 1960 compilées par GAGE et TYLER (1992) pour l'en­ semble de l'Indo-Pacifique; pour les faunes obser­ Au cours des 40 dernières années, l'exploration des vées en submersible aux îles Hawaii par CHAVE et faunes benthiques profondes de l' Indo-Pacifique MALAHOFF (1998) et pour le cas particulier des s'est développée dans trois directions: sources hydrothermales par DESBRUYERES et SEGONZAC (1997). - les navires et équipes russes ont étudié les grandes fosses, qu'ils ont contribué à reconnaître et à carto­ 2.2 - Contexte biogéographique graphier. Leurs grandes campagnes pluridiscipli­ naires, notammenl à bord du « Vitiaz », ont collecté L' Indo-ouest-Pacifique
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