Glencoe Social Studies CURRENT EVENTS UPDATE SPRING 2006 Greatprograms Availablefromglencoe

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✓π Journey Across Time ✓π The American Vision ✓π Journey Across Time: Early Ages ✓π Glencoe World Geography ✓π Human Heritage: A World History ✓π American Odyssey: The United States in the 20th Century and Beyond ✓π Our World Today: People, Places, and Issues ✓ππ Glencoe World History ✓π The World and Its People ✓π Glencoe World History: ✓π The World and Its People: Eastern Studies Modern Times ✓π The World and Its People: Western Studies ✓π World History: The Human Experience, Early Ages ✓π The American Journey ✓ππ Economics: Principles and Practices ✓π The American Journey: Reconstruction to the Present ✓π Economics: Today and Tomorrow ✓π The American Journey to World War I ✓ππ Street Law ✓π The American Republic to 1877 ✓π United States Government: Democracy in Action ✓π Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, and You ✓π Understanding Psychology ✓π The American Republic Since 1877 ✓π Sociology and You

Time Learning Ventures is proud to partner with Glencoe/McGraw-Hill to create this Social Studies Current Events Update. To subscribe to Time Magazine and get free access to over 80 years of historic and engaging archival Time content, call 1-800-843-Time or visit www.time.com/customerservice GLENCOE SOCIAL STUDIES Current Events Update NATION politics The Man Who Bought Washington, DC...... 2 white house When George Met Jack...... 4 Did Libby Lie?...... 5 Has Bush Gone Too Far?...... 6 supreme court Judging Mr. Right...... 8 hurricane katrina An American Tragedy...... 10 New Orleans Under Water...... 12 ✍ WORKSHEET: Interpreting Maps and Charts...... 14 persons of the year An Unlikely Alliance...... 15

WORLD iraq A Rebel Crack-Up?...... 17 ✍ WORKSHEET: Violence in Iraq: A Gallery of Views...... 19 middle east Can Militants Make Peace?...... 20 Troubled Soil...... 21 kashmir Nightmare in the Mountains...... 22 germany Can a New Chief Remake Germany?...... 24 france Why Paris Is Burning...... 25 SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND BUSINESS science Global Warming: The Culprit?...... 26 medicine A Transplant First...... 28 society A Jury of Their Peers...... 29 business War on the Water Front...... 30 Wal-Mart’s Urban Romance...... 31 ✍ WORKSHEET: Current Events in Review...... 32 Answers...... 33

Copyright © 2006 Time Inc. All rights Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is trademark registration in the United For information on time Magazine, reserved. Permission is granted to repro- prohibited without prior written permis- States and in the foreign countries where please call: 1-800-843-time. duce the material contained herein on the sion of the publisher. time Magazine circulates. condition that such material be repro- Articles in this edition of time reports Send all inquiries regarding Glencoe duced only for classroom use; be provided originally appeared in time. Some selec- products to: to students, teachers and families without tions have been edited or condensed for Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ISBN-13: 978-0-07-876764-7 charge; and be used solely in conjunction inclusion in this collection. time and the 8787 Orion Place with Glencoe products or time Magazine. Red Border Design are protected through Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN-10: 0-07-876764-4 1 POLITICS The Man Who Bought Washington, DC From deep inside the Republican elite, Jack Abramoff brought new excesses to the lobbying game. Who is he, and how did he get away with it for so long?

By KAREN TUMULTY/WASHINGTON and tapping a grassroots operation of Christian conservatives to help stop any rival casinos. And here were two qualities that jack by the next year, with elections rolling around, Abramoff looked for in a prospective lob- Abramoff had the Coushattas dreaming even big- bying client: naiveté and a willingness to ger. “You can control Louisiana,” Worfel recalls part with a lot of money. In Abramoff telling the tribal leaders. early 2001 he found both in “You could help elect Senators and Tan obscure Indian tribe called the Representatives and attorney gen- Louisiana Coushattas. Thanks to the erals in the state of Louisiana, and thriving casino that the tribe had then they’re going to remember that erected on farmland between New the Coushattas helped them. And Orleans and Houston, a tribe that they know that if you helped them, had subsisted in part on pine-needle well, they know that you can come basket weaving was doling out after them down the road if they stipends of $40,000 a year to every don’t help you, see?” The Coushat- one of its 800-plus men, women and tas went for it. On election night, children. But the Coushattas were they watched their chosen candi- also $30 million in debt and worried dates with excitement and discov- that renewal of their gambling compact would be ered that the $9.3 million they had given Scanlon blocked by hostile local authorities and that their had produced … nothing. casino business would be eaten away by others That’s probably because much of the $32 million looking to get a piece of the action. So tribal lead- that the Coushattas paid Abramoff and Scanlon ers were eager to hear from the handsome, well- over two years went not toward increasing the dressed visitor who had flown in from Washington tribe’s influence but toward lining the two partners’ with his partner on a private jet, shared some of pockets. Nearly $11.5 million in secret kickbacks their fried chicken in the council hall, then waited was funneled by Scanlon back to Abramoff, accor- for them to turn off the tape recorder that they ding to court papers filed in early January, as the used for official business. man who was once one of Washington’s highest- William Worfel, then a member of the council, paid lobbyists pleaded guilty to fraud, tax evasion recalls Abramoff saying if the Coushattas gave and a conspiracy to bribe public officials. him enough money, he could make their problems Abramoff’s plea agreement admits to expansive go away. He and his partner Michael Scanlon, a schemes to defraud not just the Coushattas but also onetime press secretary for congressional leader three other tribes and the lobbying firm Abramoff Tom DeLay who ran his own public relations worked for, and it acknowledges buying off public firm, came through, attacking the tribe’s political officials, in part by laundering his clients’ funds opponents, blitzing the state with television ads through legitimate-sounding think tanks and

2 time, january 16, 2006 POLITICS

public-policy groups, some of which Abramoff the director of the fbi’s Washington field office, and Scanlon themselves set up. The stocky fig- Michael Mason, congratulated some 15 agents and ure in the black fedora who left the federal court- 15 support staff members under him on the case for house after telling Judge Ellen Huvelle of his “a huge accomplishment” in squeezing Abramoff to “tremendous sadness and regret for my conduct” make a deal after 18 months of investigation and was barely recognizable as the flamboyant power negotiation, one that made “a huge contribution to broker who used to send lawmakers and their ensuring the very integrity of our government.” staffs on junkets around the world and entertain But he added that “the case is far from over.” them back in Washington with golf outings, free Another official involved with the probe told meals at his expensive restaurant, and concerts and Time that investigators are viewing Abramoff as games enjoyed from the luxury skyboxes he main- “the middle guy” suggesting there are bigger targets tained at nearly every arena and stadium in town. in their sights. The fbi has 13 field offices across The Abramoff scandal has already taken down the country working on the case, with two dozen the political player who invented the system that agents assigned to it full time and roughly the has helped keep Republicans in power for more same number working part time. “We are going to than a decade. The once-feared DeLay, whose chase down every lead,” Chris Swecker, head of office had been Abramoff’s biggest claim to access the fbi’s criminal division, told Time. and influence on Capitol Hill, announced he would Just following the money that Abramoff spread resign as House majority leader. Because of DeLay’s across Washington should give them plenty to do. tightfisted regime that rewarded loyalists and pun- So toxic are any campaign donations tied to him ished detractors, his departure is sure to set off that panicked lawmakers from House Speaker not just a fight for his old job but also some ugly Dennis Hastert ($69,000) to Republican Senator score settling. Conrad Burns ($150,000) to Democratic Senator The Coushattas’ tale is only a small piece of an Max Baucus ($18,892) can’t give it away to charities investigation that, with the 46-year-old Abramoff’s fast enough. Even President Bush is giving the agreement to cooperate with federal prosecutors, American Heart Association the $6,000 that he could become one of the biggest corruption received from Abramoff, his wife and one of the probes in U.S. history, possibly putting dozens Indian tribes he represented. of lawmakers in legal or political jeopardy. It has The fact that the scandal is breaking at the begin- already netted Scanlon, 35, who pleaded guilty to ning of midterm-election season promises that it similar charges in November and is also cooper- will be amplified in political ads and coverage ating. In an internal e-mail obtained by Time, around the country. Even though he gave away the contributions he took Top 20 congressional recipients of contributions from Jack Abramoff, his wife, the Indian tribes that hired him and SunCruz Casinos, from 1999 to 2005 from Abramoff and his J.D. Hayworth, Ariz. $101,620 clients, Montana Senator J. Dennis Hastert, Ill. 69,000 Thad Cochran, Miss. 65,500 Burns will continue to face Conrad Burns, Mont. 59,590 Richard W. Pombo, Calif. 54,500 questions about every Jim McCrery, La. 52,750 Breakdown of all move he made that helped John T. Doolittle, Calif. 50,000 contributions by Patrick J. Kennedy, R.I. 42,500 political party the lobbyist. “I hope,” said Patty Murray, Wash. 40,980 DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS Don Nickles, Okla.* 40,000 $1.5 $2.9 Burns, “he goes to jail and Charles B. Rangel, N.Y. 36,000 million million we never see him again.” π Dave Camp, Mich. 35,500 John A. Boehner, Ohio 32,500 Harold Rogers, Ky. 32,000 Bob Ney, Ohio 31,500 34% 66% Questions Harry Reid, Nev. 30,500 1. Billy Tauzin, La.* 30,500 What did Abramoff admit Tom DeLay, Texas 30,500 Source: in his plea agreement? Denny Rehberg, Mont. 30,000 *No longer Center for a member Responsive Byron L. Dorgan, N.D. 28,000 of Congress Politics 2. How has this scandal af- fected Tom DeLay?

time, january 16, 2006 3 WHITE HOUSE

Abramoff children with Bush and House Speak- er Dennis Hastert, who is now pushing to tighten When George lobbying laws after declining to do so last year when the scandal was in its early stages. Most of the pictures have the formal look of Met Jack photos taken at presidential receptions. The im- White House aides deny Bush knew Abramoff, ages of Bush, Abramoff and one of his sons appear but photos suggest there’s more to the story to be the rapid-fire shots—known in White House parlance as “clicks”—that the President snaps By ADAM ZAGORIN and MIKE ALLEN with top supporters before taking the podium at fund-raising receptions. Over five years, Bush s details poured out about the illegal has posed for tens of thousands of such shots— and unseemly activities of Republican lobby- many with people he does not know. A ist Jack Abramoff, White House officials sought Abramoff knew the game. In a 2001 e-mail to a to portray the scandal as a Capitol Hill affair with lawyer for tribal leader Lovelin Poncho, he crows little relevance to them. Peppered for days with about an upcoming White House meeting he had questions about Abramoff’s visits to the White arranged for Poncho and says it should be a price- House, press secretary Scott McClellan less asset in his client’s upcoming said the now disgraced lobbyist had “The President re-election campaign as chief of Loui- attended two huge holiday receptions does not know siana’s Coushatta Indians. The e-mail, and a few “staff-level meetings” that [Jack Abramoff]....” now part of a wide-ranging federal were not worth describing further. investigation into lobbyists’ relation- “The President does not know him, —Scott McClellan, ships with members of Congress, nor does the President recall ever White House offers a window into Abramoff’s will- meeting him,” McClellan said. press secretary ingness to invoke Bush’s name to The President’s memory may soon impress clients. be unhappily refreshed. Time has seen five Abramoff was once in better graces at 1600 photographs of Abramoff and the President that Pennsylvania Avenue, having raised at least suggest a level of contact between them that Bush’s $100,000 for the President’s re-election cam- aides have downplayed. While Time’s source paign. During 2001 and 2002, connections to the refused to provide the pictures for publication, White House won him invitations to Hanukkah re- they are likely to see the light of day eventually ceptions, each attended by 400 to 500 people. because celebrity tabloids are on the prowl for The White House describes the number of them. And that has been a fear of the Bush team’s Abramoff’s meetings with staff members as “a for the past several months: that a picture of the few,” even though Bush aides have precise data President with the admitted felon could become about them. Pressed for particulars, McClellan the iconic image of direct presidential involvement said with brio, “People are insinuating things in a burgeoning corruption scandal. based on no evidence whatsoever.” Senate mino- In one shot that Time saw, Bush appears with rity leader Harry Reid of Nevada has demanded Abramoff, several unidentified people and Raul details, saying in a letter to Bush that Abramoff Garza Sr., a Texan Abramoff represented who was “may have had undue and improper influence then chairman of the Kickapoo Indians, which within your Administration.” π owned a casino in southern Texas. Another photo shows Bush shaking hands with Abramoff in front Questions of a window and a blue drape. Three other photos 1. Describe the photos of Abramoff and Bush. are of Bush, Abramoff and, in each view, one of the 2. How much money did Abramoff raise for Pres- lobbyist’s sons. A sixth picture shows several ident Bush’s re-election campaign?

4 time, january 30, 2006 WHITE HOUSE

testimony to the grand jury. Specifically, he mis- represented his conversations with nbc’s Tim Did Libby Lie? Russert, Time’s Matt Cooper, and Judith Miller of How a smart and loyal aide to Vice President the New York Times. He told the grand jury that Dick Cheney got indicted for allegedly lying Russert had asked him whether he knew Wilson’s about his role in defending the Iraq war wife worked for the cia and that he was surprised to learn this from Russert. But according to the By JEFF CHU indictment, Libby did not in fact discuss this with Russert, and he already knew about the identity of he chief of staff to vice president dick Wilson’s wife. The indictment also alleges that Cheney, I. Lewis Libby, has been indicted on Libby lied in testifying that he told both Cooper and Tcharges of obstruction of justice, perjury and Miller that he had learned about Wilson’s wife making false statements. The indictment was from other reporters. Miller served 85 days in jail handed down by a federal grand jury investigat- for refusing to reveal her source, and, earlier this ing the leak of the identity of a covert cia opera- month, testified to the grand jury about her con- tive. Special counsel Patrick Fitzgerald, who heads versations with Libby only after he granted her a the two-year-old investigation, believes that Libby personal waiver. Plame’s identity was first revealed lied about how he learned—then to the public in July 2003, by shared with reporters—the iden- “Mr. Libby gave the Robert Novak, a syndicated tity of Valerie Plame, a covert cia FBI a compelling story,” columnist who referred to her as operative who is married to Joseph Special Counsel Patrick “an Agency operative on weapons Wilson, a former diplomat who of mass destruction.” has been fiercely critical of the Fitzgerald said in a Tensions between the Admin- Bush Administration’s claims press conference. But istration and the cia grew in mid- about weapons of mass destruc- that story “was not true. 2003 along with doubts over the tion (wmd) in Iraq. “Mr. Libby Administration’s claims that Iraq gave the fbi a compelling story,” It was false….” was seeking nuclear weapons. Fitzgerald said in a press conference. But that Wilson went public with the news that, more than story “was not true. It was false … and he lied a year earlier, he had privately refuted, on behalf of about it afterwards, under oath and repeatedly.” the cia, claims about an African connection to Karl Rove, President George W. Bush’s senior Saddam Hussein’s alleged wmd arsenal. Wilson advisor and deputy chief of staff, was not indicted, suggested that Cheney knew before the war that the but in a sign that Fitzgerald's two-year investigation claims were bogus. People who worked with Libby is not yet over, Rove remains under investigation. tell Time that he regarded Wilson’s criticisms as part Libby submitted his resignation shortly after the of a wider effort by the cia to shift blame to the indictment was announced but denies any wrong- White House for the faulty pre-war claims about doing; the case is expected to go to trial in 2007. Iraq’s wmd. The indictment contains five counts against Libby served as the right-hand man to one of Libby—two for perjury, for allegedly lying to the the most powerful Vice Presidents in U.S. histo- grand jury; two for making false statements to fbi ry. For the moment, Libby has been thrust into the investigators; and one for obstruction of justice, for spotlight. In that glare, prosecutors hope to find allegedly impeding the grand jury’s investigation. answers. “As soon as we can get it done, we will,” If found guilty, Libby could face 30 years in prison said Fitzgerald. “We need to know the truth.” π and a fine of $1.25 million. The indictment alleges that Libby made a “false, Questions fictitious and fraudulent statement” when he was 1. Who is Valerie Plame? questioned by the fbi. It also says that he lied in his 2. On what grounds was Libby indicted?

time.com, october 28, 2005 5 WHITE HOUSE Has Bush Gone Too Far? The President’s secret directive to let the National Security Agency snoop on American citizens without warrants sets off a furor

By RICHARD LACAYO when at least one party to the exchange was in the U.S.—the circumstance that would ordinarily n the aftermath of the september 11 trigger the warrant requirement. For four years, attacks, White House officials were haunted by Bush’s decision remained a closely guarded secret. two questions. Were there other terrorists lying In the weeks since December 16, 2005, when the in wait within the U.S.? And, given how freely program was disclosed by the New York Times, it the 19 hijackers had been able to operate before has set off a ferocious debate in Washington theyI acted, how would we know where to find and around the country about how the rule of them? It didn’t take long before an aggressive law should constrain the war on terrorism. That idea emerged from the circle of Administration development ensures that the President will hawks. Liberalize the rules for domestic spying, start the new year preoccupied for a while with they urged. Free the National Security Agency a fight over whether his responsibility to prevent (nsa) to use its powerful listening technology to another attack gave him the power to push aside eavesdrop on terrorist suspects on U.S. soil without an act of Congress—or, to use the terms of his having to seek a warrant for every phone number harshest critics, to break the law. it tracked. But because of a 1978 law that forbids The nsa intercepts are just one instance of the the nsa to conduct no-warrant surveillance inside Bush Administration’s effort to pursue the war on the U.S., the new policy would require one of terrorism unhindered by some long-established two steps. The first was to revise the law. The legal norms. In the White House version of how other was to ignore it. that struggle must be conducted, it’s acceptable to In the end, George Bush tried the first. When hold captured suspects indefinitely without trial, that failed, he opted for the second. In 2002 he hand them over for questioning to nations known issued a secret Executive Order to allow the nsa to to torture prisoners, define American citizens as eavesdrop without a warrant on phone calls, enemy combatants who can be detained without e-mail and other electronic communications, even charges, resist efforts by Congress to put limits on the rough interrogation of detainees and allow the cia to establish secret prisons abroad. Any and all of those things may be necessary, but this is shaping up as the year when we take a long, hard look. Because they required the President to plainly bypass an act of Congress, the no-warrant wiretaps may be the sharpest expression yet of the Administration’s willingness to expand the scope of Executive power. When the nsa was established, in 1952, there were few legal limits on its power to spy within the U.S. Then came the intelligence-gathering abuses of the Nixon years, when the nsa as well as the

6 time, january 9, 2006 WHITE HOUSE

fbi were used by the White House TIME POLL nsa to work without a warrant to spy on civil rights and anti-Viet- when it chooses to, the agency has nam War activists. In 1978 Con- Looking For Change continued in many cases to apply ■ Would you like the next President to gress passed the Foreign Intelli- be similar to George W. Bush in for them. Last year it sought 1,754.) fisa terms of policies and programs or gence Surveillance Act ( ), which completely different? But the court has been subjecting required the nsa to obtain a warrant the applications to closer examina- Similar 36% any time it wanted to monitor com- tion. It substantially modified 94 of Different munications within the U.S. (Out- 60% last year’s requests—reducing the side the U.S., it still enjoys a free Don’t know 5% scope, timing or targets in the orig- hand.) The new law created the ■ There will be elections for the U.S. inal application. House of Representatives next year. If the fisa court, an 11-member secret elections were held today, would you be The White House says Congress more likely to vote for the Republican or panel whose job it is to hear the the Democratic candidate in your implicitly gave Bush the power to nsa requests and issue—or deny— district? approve the no-warrant wiretaps the warrants. In the event that the Republican 36% in a resolution it passed on Sep- nsa comes upon a situation that Democrat 48% tember 14, 2001. That measure seems to require immediate action, Other 4% authorized the President to use “all the law permits the agency to Don’t know 11% necessary and appropriate force eavesdrop without a warrant so long against those nations, organizations, ■ President Bush’s approval ratings in as it applies for one within 72 hours. the past few months have been among or persons” involved in the 9/11 at- the lowest of his presidency. Do you But the Administration says that think the President can recover from tacks. Tom Daschle, then the Senate fisa recent setbacks and regain his higher advances in technology since approval ratings in the ﬁnal three years Democratic majority leader, says was passed make the court’s proof his presidency? the Administration knows it did not cedures too slow to contend with Can recover 46% have that implicit authority because Not likely the immense flood of electronic to recover 49% White House officials had sought chatter that now passes in and out Don’t know 5% unsuccessfully to get congressional of the U.S. and which the agency leaders to include explicit language ■ Have any of the following had a has much improved means of negative impact on how you rate approving no-warrant wiretaps in capturing and analyzing. Justice President Bush’s job performance? the resolution. Attorney General fisa Percentage saying “very negative”: Department officials say a sur- Policies in Iraq 45% Gonzales says the Administration veillance request can take up to a Higher gas/energy prices 45% decided to go forward with the pro- week to prepare, even for seasoned Federal budget deﬁcit 39% gram anyway because it was con- Putting people close to him in lawyers. “When you get a terrorist’s high places in the government vinced that the President possessed regardless of their experience 39% cell phone and there are 20 num- Handling of hurricane- the inherent power to act. recovery efforts 37% bers in it,” a former Administration Handling of economy 35% When we talk about trade-offs official says, “you can’t fill out one Failure of Social Security between freedom and security, it’s initiative 32% of these for every one of them.” Investigations and indictment a mistake to assume they will be surrounding outing of CIA The White House insists that the agent 26% short-term adjustments. The emer- nsa is looking into only the com- Proposals dealing with illegal gency powers that we agree to now immigrants 24% munications of people who have may well become the American This TIME poll was conducted by telephone Nov. 29–Dec. 1 among 1,004 known links to al-Qaeda. If that’s so, adult Americans by SRBI Public Affairs. The margin of error for the entire way for years. We may still agree to the program’s critics ask, then why sample is ±3 percentage points them, but it is essential to know not just apply to the fisa court first for a warrant, es- exactly what costs they come with. π pecially when the court has rarely stood in the way of any warrant request? According to the Justice Questions Department, from 1979 to 2004 the court approved 1. When and why was fisa passed? 18,724 wiretaps and denied only three, all in 2003. 2. What two options did the Bush Administration (Despite the 2002 presidential order allowing the have for expanding surveillance in the U.S.?

time, january 9, 2006 7 SUPREME COURT Judging Mr. Right An inside look at a judge who walked a careful path to the top

By NANCY GIBBS kind of boy whose eighth-grade math teacher kept his birthday in her birthday book all these years, o listen to people who have known alone among her generations of students. “I like to him longest, what sets John Roberts apart think that was an omen for wonderful things to is not so much his individual virtues but come,” says Dorothea Liddell. He was way clever, how they fit together: a great talker who she recalls, so much so that if he didn’t get a concept T listens well, a natural talent who works she knew she had to teach it again, but “he never unnaturally hard, a regular guy who moonlights as flaunted his intelligence over the other kids.” For a legal star. He was originally nominated to fill the high school, Roberts applied to La Lumiere, a vacancy created by the pending retirement of competitive Catholic boarding school about 12 Justice Sandra Day O’Connor. But following the miles away in La Porte, Indiana. “I won’t be content death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Presi- to get a good job by getting a good education,” he dent Bush quickly named Roberts to take over the wrote at age 13 in an application letter. “I want to court’s top spot. The Senate confirmed him as get the best job by getting the best education.” Chief Justice on September 29, in a 78–22 vote. Roberts made it through Harvard in three years, Roberts’ resume reads so perfectly that it is easy summa cum laude, on his way to Harvard Law to find the little flakes of destiny littered through his School. Cambridge in the mid-1970s was a less storybook life. Born in Buffalo, New York, he was unruly place than it had been during the height of raised in Long Beach, Indiana, a small town on the the war protests, and while Roberts was known for southeastern edge of Lake Michigan. He was the being personally conservative right down to his un- varying choice of chocolate-chip ice cream, he was never rigid or doctrinaire. He rose to become the managing editor of the Law Review, sometimes sleeping overnight in the office. “There were a few people on the Law Review that were social conservatives, [with] very strong views about abortion and separation of church and state. John was not one of them,” recalls classmate Steve Glover. “John’s approach, as I recall it, was very lawyerly, in the sense that he was very much focused on case law and the precedent that courts had set before.” That mind-set prepared him well for the appren- ticeship that followed Harvard and that he cherished above all: his clerkship with Judge Henry Friendly, a Second Circuit judge known for his careful, almost handcrafted, opinions and for being mindful of what his legal forebears had laid out. In some ways

8 time, august 1, 2005 SUPREME COURT that training was even more informative than the clerkship that followed, with Justice William Rehnquist. ALITO SWORN IN AS Those poring over the Roberts record will have a tough time finding an ideology. Law professors 110TH SUPREME can afford to offer grand theories; practicing lawyers want to win. The very best players—and Roberts is COURT JUSTICE unquestionably one—can argue all sides of any Samuel Alito was sworn in as the nation’s 110th issue, because that is what they get paid to do. So Supreme Court justice on January 31 after being all the selective readings of his case file obscured confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 58–42. The vote the point that he argued for and against affirmative was the closest confirmation for a nominee since action, for and against environmental regulations, Justice Clarence Thomas was confirmed 52-48 in argued that Roe v. Wade should be overturned 1991. Alito, 55, replaces retiring Justice Sandra Day when he was representing a Republican President O’Connor, a moderate swing vote and the first woman and then described it as settled law when speaking appointed to the high court. as a nominee to become an appellate judge. The confirmation vote came a day after an at- Roberts seemed on a fast track to judicial glory tempt by some Democratic senators to filibuster his in 1992, when George H.W. Bush tapped him for nomination fizzled. In the end, only 24 of the cham- the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals ber’s 44 Democrats went along with the filibuster, a at the age of 36. But he encountered his first set- maneuver allowed under Senate rules to block a back when the bid died in the Senate with Bill vote by extending debate indefinitely. Sixty votes are Clinton’s victory. Then George W. Bush tried in needed to pass a motion to end debate, called a 2001 and finally succeeded in 2003. In the mean- cloture motion; the Senate voted 72–25 to cut off de- time, Roberts spent most of the 1990s biding his bate, thereby killing the filibuster. time, getting rich as a corporate lawyer at Hogan Arguing against cutting off debate, Sen. John & Hartson, one of Washington’s largest firms, Kerry—who spearheaded the filibuster effort with his where he quickly emerged as the supreme com- fellow Massachusetts Democrat, Sen. Ted Kennedy— mander of Supreme Court battles. Between his said Alito’s record during his 15 years on the 3rd government and corporate jobs, he argued 39 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has given “the extreme cases before the high court and won 25 of them. right wing unbelievable public cause for celebration. At 50, Roberts is by far the youngest member of That just about tells you what you need to know,” the court. Only Clarence Thomas, 57, is close, Kerry said. “The vote today is whether or not we will while all the rest are over 65, and John Paul take a stand against ideological court packing.” Stevens is 85. The burning question now, with But Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist said the O’Connor and Rehnquist gone, is, How will the move to cut off debate fulfilled a “very straightforward court rebalance? principle—a nominee with the support of a majority of When Roberts spoke during the confirmation senators deserves a fair up-or-down vote.” process of the lump in his throat whenever he —From CNN.com, February 1, 2006 climbed the marble stairs of the Supreme Court building, it rang true to anyone who had ever the law is shaped to ride in and blowtorch it. He watched him in action. And it would match the may just prove willing to conserve even opinions history and mystery of the court if it turned out he faults. If that is so, then it will not be the liberals that Roberts ultimately alienates conservatives who come to wonder at George Bush’s choice. π and not those who fear any Republican appointee. Roberts may agree in spirit with those who see the Questions past 50 years of jurisprudence as too expansive 1. For what judges has John Roberts clerked? and too intrusive but respect too much the way 2. Why is Roberts’ ideology hard to pin down?

time, august 1, 2005 9 HURRICANE KATRINA An American Tragedy How the U.S. failed the city of New Orleans in its greatest hour of need

By NANCY GIBBS Watching helpless New Orleans suffering day by day left people everywhere stunned and angry ew orleans lives by the water and and in ever greater pain. These things happened fights it, a sand castle set on a sponge nine in Haiti, they said, but not here. “Baghdad under feet below sea level, where people made water” is how former Louisiana Senator John music from heartache, named their drinks Breaux described his beloved city, as state officials for hurricanes and joked that one day told him they feared the death toll could reach as Nyou’d be able to tour the city by gondola. high as 10,000, spread across Louisiana, Missis- A city built by rumrunners and sippi and Alabama. No matter what slave traders and pirates was never the final tally, the treatment of the going to play by anyone’s rules or living, black and poor and old and plan for the future. So as Katrina, sick, was a disgrace. The problem wicked and flirtatious, lingered in with putting it all into numbers is the Gulf with her eye on the town, that they stop speaking clearly once many citizens decided they would they get too big: an estimated half a stay, stubborn or stoic or too poor to million refugees, a million people have much choice. As for the ones without power, 30,000 soldiers, up packing up to go, officials told them to $100 billion in damage. “This is to take a look around before leav- our tsunami,” said Mayor A.J. Hol- ing, because it might never be the loway of Biloxi, Mississippi. same again. Around the country, people By the time President Bush touched down in the watched the scene in growing horror, as babies tormented region, more than just the topography and old people and diabetics and those worn out had changed. Shattered too was a hope that four surviving the storm died on live television for all years after the greatest man-made disaster in our to see. Churches started assembling comfort kits; history, we had got smarter about catastrophe. Is it Red Cross volunteers prepared 500,000 hot meals really possible, after so many commissions and a day. commitments, bureaucracies scrambled and The private response was all the more urgent rewired, emergency supplies stockpiled and because the public one seemed so inept. Somehow prepositioned, that when disaster strikes, the whole Harry Connick Jr. could get to the New Orleans newfangled system just seizes up and can’t move? Convention Center and offer help, but not the It may be weeks before the lights come back on National Guard. Bush praised the “good work” on and months before New Orleans is mopped out, a Thursday, then called the results “not acceptable” year before the refugees resettle in whatever will on Friday. By then, 55 nations had offered to pitch come to function as home, even without anything in—including Sri Lanka, whose disaster scars are precious from the days before the flood. But it still fresh. may take even longer than that before the nature of But it was in New Orleans where the cameras this American tragedy is clear: whether the storm converged, a city that had braced for the worst, then of 2005 is remembered mainly as the worst natural briefly exhaled when it looked as if the threat disaster in our history or as the worst response to had passed. Several hours after the storm moved a disaster in our history. Or both. through on Monday, August 29, some streets were

10 time, september 12, 2005 HURRICANE KATRINA

essentially dry. Then shortly after midnight, a air, no working toilets. Reports came that four of the section almost as long as a football field in a main weakest died that first night. Members of the city's levee near the 17th Street Canal ruptured, letting ems team made their way there only to find anar- Lake Pontchartrain pour in. The city itself turned chy. “We tried to start triaging and getting the spe- into a superbowl, roadways crumbled like soup cial needs in one section,” a technician recalls, but crackers as the levees designed to protect them his team was overwhelmed by the hungry crowd were now holding the water in. Engineers tried and retreated with armed guards to Army trucks. dropping 3,000-pound sandbags, but the water Only by Friday did some palpable help arrive, in just swallowed the bags. the form of thousands of National Guard troops and The levee breach left 80% of the city immediately lumbering convoys of supplies. Virtually alone, submerged and 100,000 people stranded. Canal Lieutenant General Russel Honore, commanding Street lived up to its name. As the temperature Joint Task Force Katrina, seemed to be moving rose, the whole city was poached in a vile stew of pieces into place. He was out in the streets with his melted landfill, chemicals, corpses, gasoline, snakes, troops, directing convoys and telling anxious canal rats; many could not escape Was Katrina the worst Guardsmen to keep their weapons their flooded homes without help. pointed down. Among those who could, only a natural disaster in U.S. Americans sometimes ask what final act of desperation would drive history—or the worst the government does and where them into the streets, where the response to a disaster? their tax money goes. Among other caramel waters stank of sewage things, it pays for all kinds of in- and glittered with the gaudy swirls Or both? visible but essential safety nets and of oil spills. A New Orleans TV station reported life belts and guardrails that are useless right up that a woman waded down to Charity Hospital, until the day they are priceless. Following Katrina, floating her husband’s body along on a door. furious critics charged that the government had not For the first time ever, a major U.S. city was heard the warnings. Instead, it cut the funds for simply taken offline, closed down. Food and water flood control and storm preparations and mangled and power and phones were gone; authority was all the chain of command. An angry debate opened but absent. Most of the people left to cope were about how much the demands of the Iraq war, least equipped: the ones whose Social Security on both the budget and the National Guard, were checks were just about due, or those who made for eating into the country’s ability to protect itself at the Greyhound station only to find it already closed, home. Just one month after Katrina struck, Hurri- or those confined to bed or who used a wheel- cane Rita devastated portions of Louisiana and chair. “We’re seeing people that we didn’t know Texas, causing an estimated $9 billion in damage. exist,” declared Federal Emergency Management (Read more about Rita and hurricanes on pages Agency (fema) director Michael Brown in a mo- 26 and 27.) Republican Congressman Jim Mc- ment of hideous accidental honesty. Rescue work- Crery of Louisiana argues that Katrina and Rita ers could hear people pounding on roofs from the have revealed how much doesn’t work. “Clearly,” inside, trapped in attics as the waters rose. The said McCrery, “with all the money we’ve spent, lucky ones were able to cut holes with knives and all the focus we have put on homeland security, we axes to reach the open air. Emergency workers are not prepared for a disaster of this proportion hovered from house to house, plucking out the whether it’s induced by nature or man.” π living, leaving bodies behind. The seething center of the angry Crescent City Questions was the Superdome, refuge of utterly last resort for 1. What event caused by Hurricane Katrina led to 25,000 people who had waited out the worst of the the massive flooding in New Orleans? storm while the sheet-metal roof peeled like fruit, 2. According to critics, what did Katrina reveal letting the rains pour in. Soon there was no light, no about decisions made by the government?

time, september 12, 2005 11 WHEN THE AN AMERICAN TRAGEDY LEVEE BREAKS New Orleans is surrounded by a 350-mile (563 km) system of levees that hold back the waters of the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. When three levees New Orleans Under failed, the city filled like a bathtub 17th STREET CANAL Helicopters dropped giant sandbags in an effort to seal the initial breach a /abac t Canal

is heying—kr Levee Levee walls v tra

1 OVERTOPPING 17th St. Floodwaters may have risen past the tops Canal of the levees. The city’s pumping system, breach Lakeview designed to handle smaller storms, lost Metairie power and failed ve. Canal

Orleans A Interstate 10

17th St. Canal

NEW

2 BREACHING Jefferson Memorial Medical Because the flooding didn’t begin Center until after the hurricane, some suspect the levees may have leaked from within. The water Water- pressure would have turned tiny Levee University treatment Hospital cracks into gaping holes plant

Tulane University Memorial Loyola Medical University Center Audubon St. Charles Park Hospital 3 REPAIR Tulane Crews have been trying Hospital to plug the collapsed levees with giant sandbags and concrete barriers. Once the levees are sealed, the LOUISIANA SUPERDOME challenge of As aid began to trickle into the city, draining the city thousands waited for evacuation Mississippi River j

begins. That job a could take mes nielsen—afp/get months

TIME Graphic by Ed Gabel and Lon Tweeten; text by Kristina Dell ty images Sources: Dean Gesch, U.S. Geological Survey; Army Corps of Engineers; Digital Globe; New Orleans Times-Picayune. Inset model of downtown New Orleans “Intelligent 3D Map” provided by ITspatial, imagery provided by Sanborn Mapping

12 time, september 12, 2005 Approximate extent of flooding French Quarter The storm passed, and the city had survived. Then a levee broke. Water The worst-case scenario had arrived

Superdome

Lake Pontchartrain University of New Orleans

Pontchartrain London Ave. Park Canal breach

London Ave. Canal DOWNTOWN Second London Ave. City Canal breach MOSTLY DRY Park Much of New Orleans’ main business Mount Olivet district is built Cemetery Interstate 10 on the highest ground in the city. The Superdome Fairgrounds wasn’t so lucky ORLEANS Industrial Charity Hospital St. Claude Canal breach Medical St. Louis Center Cemetery 1 and 2 Canal St.

French Levee Quarter

Arabi

West Bank

WHERE WATER IS HIGHER THAN LAND New Orleans sits in a wide, shallow bowl, with the levees of the Mississippi as one rim and the levees of Lake Pontchartrain Garden District as the other. The bottom of the bowl is filled with small ridges, which created small islands when the city flooded Lake Pontchartrain More than 12 ft. (3.7 m) above City sea level Metairie Park CONVENTION CENTER Lynn Jackson, 46, hugs her daughter john pendygraf after being rescued from her home French Quarter Sea level

t—st. petersburg times Downtown Audubon Park Garden District More than Mississippi River 9 ft. (2.7 m) below Vertical scale is exaggerated sea level

time, september 12, 2005 13 Name Date WORKSHEET✍ The Impact of Hurricane Katrina

In “An American Tragedy” on pages 10 and 11, Nancy Gibbs presents evidence from a variety of sources to help readers understand Hurricane Katrina’s impact on New Orleans. Take a closer look at the piece and use the questions below to see how Gibbs uses statistics, quotes and anecdotes to tell the story.

Statistics: The Power of Numbers Anecdotes: The Power of Personal Stories 4. What is an anecdote? Using a dictionary, look 1. As you read “An American Tragedy,” underline each sentence in which writer Nancy Gibbs up anecdote and write the definition here: includes statistics. Then look back at the sentences you have underlined. In your opinion, which sentence presents the most powerful and dramatic numbers? Write it here: 5. Now put a box around all the anecdotes that appear in “An American Tragedy.” Select one anecdote that particularly stands out to you and describe it here:

Quotations: The Power of Voices

2. Now circle all the sentences in the article in which Gibbs incorporates quotations. If you 6. Why do you think Gibbs chose to include this were trying to tell a friend about Katrina’s anecdote in her article? impact and had to choose one quotation to convey the storm’s devastating force, which quote would you select? Write it here:

7. Share your work. Exchange worksheets with a classmate and read your partner’s choice of statistics, quotations and anecdotes. Then dis- 3. Why did you select this quotation? Consider cuss: What does each of these elements add to the role of the person being quoted, as well as “An American Tragedy”? Working together, the content of his or her statement. Is this select the one sentence from the article that person an expert? An eyewitness? An ordi- you think best encapsulates the impact of nary citizen? A government official? Katrina. Write it here and be prepared to de- fend your choice:

14 Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures PERSONS OF THE YEAR An Unlikely Alliance Bill and Melinda Gates have teamed up with Bono, the world’s most famous rock star, to launch a global crusade against poverty

By NANCY GIBBS helped broker that first summit. “He just hap- pens to be a geek who is a fantastic musician.” hese are not the people you expect to And so another alliance was born: unlikely, come to the rescue. Rock stars are designed unsentimental, hard nosed, clear eyed and dead to be shiny, shallow creatures, furloughed set on driving poverty into history. The rocker’s job from reality for all time. Billionaires are is to be raucous, grab our attention. The engi- T even more removed, neers’ job is to make things nestled atop fantastic wealth work. 2005 is the year they where they never again have turned the corner, when Bono to place their own calls or charmed and bullied and defrost dinner or fly on com- morally blackmailed the lead- mercial jets. So Bono spends ers of the world’s richest coun- several thousand dollars at a tries into forgiving $40 billion restaurant for a nice dinner, in debt owed by the poorest; and Bill Gates, the great preda- now those countries can tor of the Internet age, has a spend the money on health trampoline room in his $100 and schools rather than inter- million house. It makes you est payments—and have no think that if these guys can de- more excuses for not doing so. cide to make it their mission The Gateses, having built the to save the world, partner with world’s biggest charity, with a people they would never oth- $29 billion endowment, spent erwise meet, care about causes the year giving more money that are not flashy or dignified away faster than anyone ever in the ways that celebrities normally require, then has, including nearly half a billion dollars for the no one really has a good excuse anymore for just Grand Challenges, in which they asked the very staying on the sidelines and watching. best brains in the world how they would solve a Such is the nature of Bono’s fame that just huge problem, like inventing a vaccine that needs about everyone in the world wants to meet him— no needles and no refrigeration, if they had the except for the richest man in the world, who money to do it. thought it would be a waste of time. It took about For being shrewd about doing good, for rewiring three minutes with Bono for Gates to change his politics and re-engineering justice, for making mind. Bill and his wife Melinda, another com- mercy smarter and hope strategic and then daring puter nerd turned poverty warrior, love facts and the rest of us to follow, Bill and Melinda Gates and data with a tenderness most people reserve for Bono are Time’s Persons of the Year. their children, and Bono was hurling metrics “Katrina created one tragedy and revealed an- across the table as fast as they could keep up. other,” Melinda Gates said in a speech after the “He was every bit the geek that we are,” says hurricane. “We have to address the inequities Gates Foundation chief Patty Stonesifer, who that were not created by the hurricanes but ex-

time, december 26, 2005 15 PERSONS OF THE YEAR posed by them. We have to ensure that people His rigor has been a blessing to everyone—not have the opportunity to make the most of their least of all Bono, who was at particular risk of not lives.” That just about captures the larger mission being taken seriously, just another guilty white guy she and her husband have embraced. In the poor- pestering people for more money without focus- est countries, every day is as deadly as a hurricane. ing on where it goes. Malaria kills two African children a minute, round The Gates commitment acts as a catalyst. They the clock. In that minute a woman dies from needed the drug companies to come on board, complications during pregnancy, nine people get and the major health agencies, the churches, the infected with hiv, three people die of tb. A vast universities and a whole generation of politicians host of aid workers and agencies and national who were raised to believe that foreign aid was governments and international organizations have about as politically appealing as postal reform. And struggled for years to get ahead of the problem but that is where Bono’s campaign comes in. He goes often fell behind. The task was too big, too com- to churches and talks of Christ and the lepers, cit- plicated. There is no one solution to fit all coun- ing exactly how many passages of Scripture tries, and so the model the Gates (“2,103”) deal with taking care of the Foundation and Bono have em- For rewiring politics poor; he sits in a corporate board- braced pulls in everyone, at every and re-engineering room and talks about the role of aid in level. Think globally. Act carefully. justice, Bill and reviving the U.S. brand. He gets Pat Prove what works. Then use what- Robertson and Susan Sarandon to do ever levers you have to get it done. Melinda Gates and a commercial together for his one The challenge of “stupid poverty”— Bono are TIME’s campaign to “Make Poverty History.” the people who die for want of a $2 Persons of the Year. Bono grasps that politicians don’t pill because they live on $1 a day—was much like being yelled at by activists enough to draw Gates away from Microsoft years who tell them no matter what they do, it’s not before he intended to shift his focus from making enough. Bono knows it’s never enough, but he also money to giving it away. He and Melinda looked knows how to say so in a way that doesn’t leave his around and recognized a systems failure. “Those audience feeling helpless. He invites everyone lives were being treated as if they weren’t valu- into the game, in a way that makes them think able,” Gates told fortune in 2002. “Well, when you that they are missing something if they hold back. have the resources that could make a very big im- This is not about pity. It’s more about passion. pact, you can’t just say to yourself, ‘o.k., when I’m Pity sees suffering and wants to ease the pain; pas- 60, I’ll get around to that. Stand by.’” sion sees injustice and wants to settle the score. There have always been rich and famous people Pity implores the powerful to pay attention; pas- who feel the call to “give back,” which is where big sion warns them about what will happen if they marble buildings and opera houses come from. don’t. The risk of pity is that it kills with kindness; But Bill and Melinda didn’t set out to win any the promise of passion is that it builds on the prizes—or friends. “They’ve gone into interna- hope that the poor are fully capable of helping tional health,” says Paul Farmer, a public-health themselves if given the chance. In 2005, the pioneer, “and said, ‘What, are you guys kidding? world’s poor needed no more condolences; they Is this the best you can do?’ ” Gates’ standards are needed people to get interested, get angry and shaping the charitable marketplace as he has the then get to work. π software universe. “He wants to know where every penny goes,” says Bono, the Irish-born Questions singer whose organization data (debt, aids, trade, 1. What is the aim of the alliance between Bono Africa) got off the ground with a Gates Foundation and the Gates? grant. “Not because those pennies mean so much 2. According to the writer, what makes Bono a to him, but because he’s demanding efficiency.” particularly effective activist?

16 time, december 26, 2005 IRAQ A Rebel Crack-Up? Following elections in Iraq, splits among insurgents are erupting in violence and putting al-Qaeda on the defensive as tensions boil over

By TIM MCGIRK/BAGHDAD of clashes between Iraqi nationalist groups and religious extremists linked to al-Qaeda remain ven by the standards of al-qaeda in difficult to quantify, there are signs that at least in Iraq, the suicide bombing in Ramadi on some parts of Iraq, the tension is boiling over. January 5, 2006, was stunning for its bold- Iraqi security sources with contacts in the insur- ness. The bomber had blended into the gency told Time that fighting has erupted in several ranks of Iraqi police recruits outside the cities that have long been bastions of the resis- RamadiE Glass and Ceramics Works before blowing tance, including Fallujah, Samarra, Latifiya and up his explosive vest, loaded with ball bearings Mahmoudiya. In one recent incident, according to for maximum devastation. The blast killed two an Iraqi security source, insurgents wounded a U.S. service members and more than 70 Iraqi Palestinian member of al-Qaeda, tracked him to police recruits—but it also turned out to be a a Baghdad hospital and then kidnapped him from deadly miscalculation by the jihadis and their his bed and handed him over to U.S. forces. leader, Abu Mousab al-Zarqawi. Most of the victims Some Pentagon decision makers believe that were local Sunnis, and they were joining the police the feuding within the insurgency may help U.S. force under the protection of tribal chieftains who, and Iraqi troops quell the terrorist attacks that with the U.S. military’s approval, are trying to have made parts of the country ungovernable. impose order over their violent swath of Iraq. After “We’re starting to see a little bit more every day,” the January 5 blast, according to insurgents, tribal says Army Lieutenant General Ray Odierno, chiefs in Ramadi notified al-Qaeda that they were assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of withdrawing protection in the city for the group’s Staff. In places like Ramadi and Fallujah, Odierno fighters. The jihadis responded by gunning down says, “we’ve had some Iraqi insurgents’ groups several prominent Sunni clerics and tribal leaders. actually put up defenses to protect their people Now al-Qaeda fighters who once swaggered against al-Qaeda forces.” through Ramadi are marked men. “It’s war,” says an What’s behind the rift? Even though some Iraqi Iraqi intelligence officer. insurgent groups have cooperated with jihadist For months, U.S. officials in Iraq have tried to fighters to battle U.S. troops, insurgent leaders say exploit growing differences over tactics and aims they have grown sick of al-Qaeda’s killing innocent among factions of the insurgency. Though reports Iraqi Shi‘ites, whom al-Zarqawi considers infidels. OPTIMISM, BUT OLD DIVISIONS REMAIN Iraqi public opinion is ENTIRE COUNTRY KURDISH AREA SHI‘ITE AREA BAGHDAD AREA SUNNI AREA remarkably upbeat, but behind the numbers are the ethnic rivalries that have long split the country. The Sunnis, who held power under Saddam Hussein, feel the most aggrieved

Life is better since the war 51% 73% 59% 59% 25%

U.S. was right to invade Iraq 46% 80% 58% 47% 16%

Feel very safe in neighborhood 63% 91% 82% 70% 21%

Approve of new constitution 70% 88% 85% 79% 36%

Oppose coalition forces 64% 22% 59% 72% 85%

time, january 30, 2006 17 IRAQ

Cracks in al-Qaeda’s alliance Sunnis to desert a mixed Sunni- with the Iraqi groups became more THEY WANT A STABLE Shi‘ite battalion under U.S. com- pronounced after the December DEMOCRACY ... mand. When the Sunnis refused, 15 election. Al-Zarqawi saw the ■ Which of these systems would be best al-Qaeda shelled the camp with for Iraq ... poll as a detour from his goal of ... now? ... in 5 years? mortars. In response, local insur- turning Iraq into a base from A democracy 57% 64% gents hunted down al-Qaeda’s which al-Qaeda could spread ter- A dictatorship 26% 18% chief for southern Baghdad and An Islamic state 14% 12% rorism throughout the Middle killed him and four Syrian fighters. East and Europe. Many Sunni re- ■ How much confidence do you have that the Al-Zarqawi’s men, though, have elections planned for this month (November sistance groups have a narrower 2005) will create a stable Iraqi government? shown few signs of backing down. focus: ridding Iraq of all occupa- A great deal 42% In Latifiya, al-Qaeda fighters cap- tion forces—U.S. troops and the Quite a lot 34% tured and murdered five members Not very much 14% pro-Iranian militias that slipped None 5% of the nationalist Islamic Army in across the border. Sunni politicians Iraq in mid-January and assassi- managed to convince some key ■ Percentage who think women should nated a Sunni colonel. After the be able to ... rebel groups that unless the Sunni ... vote 99% backlash in Ramadi, al-Zarqawi’s minority voted, the elections ... be a doctor 99% men supposedly retreated into the ... drive a car 84% would enhance the power of Kur- ... run for national office 80% rocky western deserts but have dish and religious Shi‘ite parties, ... instruct men at work 78% continued to target local leaders. some of which have ties to Iran. ... run for local office 77% Such clashes don’t spell the end ... be Governor 51% Election results showed that ... be President 46% of the insurgency. U.S. officials be- Sunni Arab parties will hold 55 lieve that even if terrorist attacks seats in the new parliament, up ... BUT HAVE LITTLE subsided, many Sunni insurgents from 17 in the previous one. Abu would continue attacking U.S. and Noor al-Iraqi, a leader of the Uni- PRAISE FOR THE U.S. Iraqi forces if they felt their inter- ■ Since the war, how do you feel about the way fied Leadership of Mujahedin, a in which the U.S. and other coalition forces have ests were being shortchanged by a new amalgam of four nationalist carried out their responsibilities? Shi‘ite-led government in Bagh- Very good job 10% guerrilla outfits, tells Time that 37% dad. U.S. Senator Jack Reed, who Quite a good job 27% “when al-Zarqawi’s group threat- Quite a bad job 19% was briefed on the insurgency dur- 59% ened to attack the polling centers, Very bad job 40% ing a January visit to Iraq, cautions we stood against them.” against giddiness at reports of a ■ Do you support or oppose the presence of Since then, the fissures between coalition forces in Iraq? backlash against al-Qaeda. “The the nationalists and al-Zarqawi 13% center of mass of the insurgency is Strongly support 32% have widened. U.S. political and Somewhat support 19% not the foreign terrorists,” the Somewhat oppose 21% military officers persuaded some 65% Rhode Island Democrat told Time. Strongly oppose 44% Sunni tribal chiefs to send their “They’re a small band able to cre- youths into the security forces to ■ When should coalition forces leave Iraq? ate spectacular attacks. But the ensure that Sunnis—not Shi‘ite out- When security is restored 31% real long-term danger is the Sunnis Now 26% siders—would command their After a new government continuing to fight.” The U.S. is cities’ police. But in recent meet- is in place 19% still a long way from persuading When Iraqi security ings with various insurgent groups, forces are ready 16% them to stop. π al-Zarqawi’s lieutenants made it This poll was conducted for TIME, ABC News, the BBC, NHK and Der Spiegel by Oxford Research International. Interviews were conducted in person from clear that any Iraqi who joined the Oct. 8 to Nov. 13, in Arabic and Kurdish, among a random national sample of Questions 1,711 Iraqis age 15 and older. Margin of error is ±2.5 percentage points. security forces was considered the 1. Why is there a rift between Iraqi enemy, thus drawing a battle line between the insurgents and al-Qaeda? jihadis and their former comrades. In Latifiya, 2. According to Senator Jack Reed, what long- outside Baghdad, al-Zarqawi’s fighters pressed term threat does the U.S. face in Iraq?

18 time, january 30, 2006 Name Date WORKSHEET✍ Violence in Iraq

A GALLERY OF VIEWS

The Bush Administration had hoped that after Iraq held elections on December 15, 2005, the insurgency that has brought ongoing violence to the nation would wane. While there are signs of rifts among rebel factions, as described in A Rebel Crack-Up? on page 17, violence persists in Iraq. In response to this blood- shed, commentators have offered a variety of perspectives. Study the three cartoons at left. Then answer the questions below. 1. Describe the action taking place in each image. What figures are shown? What symbols do you see? 2. In the top cartoon, why do you think the woman makes the comment she does? What does this suggest about the cartoonist’s view of the insurgents’ strategy? 3. How does the creator of the middle cartoon depict Iraq? What do the smiley face and podium stand for? 4. How does the third cartoonist view the war in Iraq? Do you share his view? Why or why not? 5. Of the three images, which do you think is most supportive of the Bush Administration’s Iraq policy? Why? Do you think the other two cartoonists support the President’s strategy? Explain. 6. Following up. Working with a small group of classmates, use library resources or the Internet to learn about the latest develop- ments regarding the insurgency in Iraq. Then write a one-page essay in which you advocate a specific course of action for the U.S. in Iraq.

Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures 19 MIDDLE EAST

the middle of Israel’s own election campaign, the Hamas victory “has people sweating,” a senior Can Militants Israeli security official told Time. “We had a plan for every eventuality in the Middle East except for Make Peace? this one.” Acting Prime Minister Ehud Olmert After its surprising election victory, Hamas is said he would not negotiate with a Palestinian the new governing power among Palestinians. government “if even part of it is an armed terrorist Now Israel and the U.S. have to consider how organization calling for Israel’s destruction.” to deal with a party they view as terrorists Virtually no one foresaw Hamas’ surge. Pre- election polls generally gave Hamas, which was By SIMON ROBINSON/RAMALLAH founded in 1987 as an offshoot of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood, about a third of the vote. But when e is an expert at plotting attacks against election day dawned on January 25, voters leaped Israel. But now the chain-smoking Hamas at the chance to rid themselves of the incompetent Hmilitary commander is trying to map out and corrupt Fatah. It was Hamas’ commitment to a different sort of plan: how to govern the welfare and social services that ultimately proved Palestinians. The operative, a veteran of 16 years appealing. Hamas also benefited from a slick and fighting Israel, met in the West Bank professional campaign. In the Gaza with other Hamas officials in late Jan- The Palestinian Strip, Hamas officials went from house uary to celebrate the militant Islamic people—and to house explaining the party’s policies. party’s victory in Palestinian legisla- observers all over By contrast, “Fatah leaders were busy tive elections and to figure out what in holding rallies with luxury cars,” says the world to do next. “People should the world—have Zakarya Ba’aloush, a disgruntled for- realize that we have an essential job: to readjust to mer Fatah security official. protecting Palestinians from Israeli ar- the stunning The thorniest problem ahead may rogance and aggression,” says the mil- be Hamas’ legacy as a terrorist organi- itary man, who declined to be named election results. zation. Israeli officials estimate that because he is on the run from Israeli authorities. Hamas has been responsible for scores of suicide “We want them to recognize the Palestinian peo- bombings that have killed hundreds of people. ple as a partner in this land.” That complicates how Israel and the West may in- That land was rocked in late January by what teract with a new Palestinian government. President Palestinians are calling the “earthquake.” Hamas, George W. Bush, who often talks of his hope that the militant organization identified as a terrorist democracy will sweep the Middle East, applauded group by the U.S. and the European Union, won the fact that Palestinians had spoken at the ballot 76 seats in the 132-seat Palestinian parliament, box, and he said the results were a wake-up call for trouncing the ruling Fatah party, which had dom- the Fatah leadership. But he also said the vote did inated Palestinian politics for more than four nothing to change the U.S. position that Hamas is decades. Fatah’s moderate leader Mahmoud Abbas a terrorist organization. If it wants to deal with the will stay on for now as President; he must find a U.S., he said, Hamas must recognize Israel and re- way to work with a legislature controlled by a nounce violence. “I don’t see how you can be a party whose commitment to Israel’s destruction is partner in peace if you advocate the destruction of a cornerstone of its charter. But before that, the a country as part of your platform,” Bush said. π Palestinian people—and observers all over the world—have to readjust to the stunning results. Questions The earthquake shook Israelis just as hard as it 1. Why is Israel nervous about Hamas winning a did Palestinians. Coming so soon after Prime majority of seats in the Palestinian parliament? Minister Ariel Sharon slipped into a coma and in 2. What accounts for Hamas’ surprise victory?

20 time, february 6, 2006 MIDDLE EAST

best hope for a durable settlement of the Pales- tinian dispute. Sharon’s credentials as an uncom- Troubled Soil promising hawk meant the public trusted him to With Ariel Sharon off the stage, Israel prepares make painful concessions for peace, even if “peace” for life after its iconic leader—while facing new for him involved imposing territorial boundaries challenges in making peace with the Palestinians without the negotiated assent of the Palestinians. By JOHANNA MCGEARY That process began last August, with Sharon’s decision to withdraw Israeli settlers from the Gaza oon after arriving home on the evening Strip and four West Bank settlements. of January 5, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Until December, the future looked relatively SSharon, 77, complained of an excruciating sunny for this corner of the world. The constant headache. He was rushed to Hadassah Hospital in fear of Palestinian suicide bombings has largely Jerusalem, where an mri scan revealed a massive dissipated from Israeli life, and Israel’s economy brain hemorrhage. Sharon underwent a two-stage emerged from a long slump to become one of operation that lasted more than eight hours. After the fastest growing in the developed world. Pros- another surgery, he remained in a medically perity and the success of the Gaza pullout boosted induced coma and was attached to a respirator. Sharon’s political confidence. When the angry Since his election as Prime Minister four years right of Likud hamstrung his government after the ago, Sharon has towered over Israeli politics, shap- Gaza evacuation, he asked Israeli President Moshe ing it to his will. But the prognoses from medical Katsav to dissolve the parliament and call for experts indicated that he would never return to the early elections to be held this March. Then he took tan leather chair at the center of the Cabinet an even bolder gamble: he left the Likud Party and table. And so the country began the wrenching built a new one, Kadima (“forward” in Hebrew) on process of moving on. Deputy Prime Minister center ground. Labor voters seeking tough secu- Ehud Olmert inherited Sharon’s duties and his rity and Likud voters ready for pragmatic solutions suffocating security retinue. flocked to Kadima. The rapid handover of power, though, did little In fact, it may well be that without the strong to ease the shock and uncertainty that accompanied hand of Sharon to reassure Israelis, it is the Sharon’s exit from public life. As Israelis moni- Palestinians who will determine the outcome of tored the Prime Minister’s condition around the the country’s March vote. The mounting turmoil clock, they knew they were witnessing the end of in the territories and the prospect of a resurgent an era—and, perhaps, the vanishing of the country’s Hamas launching new terrorist attacks could provoke an Israeli turn to the right. A Hamas official told Time that if the next Israeli government responds to the growing chaos in the West Bank and Gaza Strip with force, a “new round of con- frontation between Palestinians and Is- raelis will begin before the end of this year.” The mettle that moderates on both sides show in coming days will determine whether Sharon’s last overtures toward peace outlive him. π

Questions 1. Who is Israel’s new Prime Minister? 2. How did Sharon give hope to Israelis?

time, january 16, 2006 21 KASHMIR Nightmare in the Mountains After a devastating earthquake, delays in getting relief to the Himalayan quake zone have left millions on the edge of survival

By TIM MCGIRK/NORTHERN PAKISTAN son could present the specter of masses of people freezing to death. he rescuers had searched the rubble Most of the destruction took place in Kashmir, a for days, with little expectation of finding stunningly beautiful land of rivers, lakes and valleys anyone alive. Even the mother of 5-year-old beset by decades of conflict and tragedy. India, Zarabe Shah had given up hope, leaving which controls roughly two-thirds of the area, the ruins of Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, a and Pakistan, which controls the rest, have fought Tonce boisterous river town of about 150,000, to two wars over the disputed territory. Both gov- grieve elsewhere for her lost daughter. But what ernments said they had summoned all available happened next was proof that even in the most resources to assist the victims, but neither country’s devastated settings, miracles can happen. As response was adequate to the task. workers pounded a hole in a collapsed house, Like last year’s tsunami, the Himalayan disaster the tiny figure of Zarabe crawled presented a political opportunity out. Her shiny red dress and spiky In Pakistan, ofﬁcials for the Bush Administration, which hair were caked with dust, and she expect the ﬁnal toll hopes that by providing assistance was scared and thirsty. But other- to a Muslim country in need like wise Zarabe was unhurt—a living, to exceed Pakistan, it can help improve its breathing testament to the human 50,000 dead, with image in the Islamic world. Wash- will to survive. many thousands ington has promised $50 million in She was among the lucky ones. emergency aid, and already C-130 As military helicopters and aid con- injured and more than cargo planes are parachuting an air- voys began delivering food, water, 2 million people lift of blankets, plastic sheets, med- medicine and tents to those strand- left homeless. ical supplies and disaster-survival ed in the Himalayas, the full scale of kits to victims. But U.S. officials say the disaster became more apparent. The 7.6-mag- the military can’t afford to make an open-ended nitude earthquake that hammered northern commitment to the relief effort without hampering Pakistan and India on October 8 flattened entire antiterrorism operations in Afghanistan. Mean- villages, burying scores of people whose bodies while, relief groups trying to raise money for the remain unrecovered. In Pakistan, officials expect victims say they are encountering donor fatigue— the final toll to exceed 50,000 dead, with many perhaps caused by the massive private responses thousands injured and more than 2 million to the tsunami and to Hurricane Katrina. Jan Ege- people left homeless. In India, the quake killed land, the United Nations’ top humanitarian-aid of- more than 1,300 and left more than 100,000 with- ficial, is calling for worldwide donations of some out shelter. For the survivors, the devastation of $272 million. “We are losing the race against the the quake was followed by even more misery, as clock in the small villages,” he says. untold numbers in remote mountain villages It is in those tiny outposts that the horror is went days without seeing any sign of relief. The still being uncovered. The quake struck as children delay in getting supplies to the disaster zone were in their morning classes, in shabbily built raised fears of untreated injuries, disease and schools that crumbled under the first shock waves, malnutrition, or worse: the looming snow sea- crushing thousands of boys and girls. Four days

22 time, october 24, 2005 KASHMIR after the quake, a teacher named Said Rasool trav- into the mountains. For Rasool, as for so many eled down from his village to seek help in Balakot, still awaiting relief, hope has already run out. π his cream-colored trousers still stained with the blood of his dead students. He wandered from Questions one cluster of soldiers to another, pleading that 1. Who controls the region where the earthquake they help him try to dig out his students. But occurred? there was still too much work to be done in Balakot 2. Why does the Bush Administration believe that before the soldiers could follow the teacher up the earthquake provides a political opportunity?

DISPUTED REGION Kashmir is the site of the world’s largest EARTHQUAKE and most militarized territorial dispute, KASHMIR IN RUINS EPICENTER with India, Pakistan and China all Around 6.2 miles staking claims to parts of the territory. The deadly earthquake struck the heart (10 km) below The rugged region is bisected by the AFGHANISTAN the surface Line of Control that separates Indian of the rugged, war-torn area hotly contested and Pakistani forces. The two countries have fought two wars over the area, but by India and Pakistan. Now both a cease-fire has been in place since Balakot 2003. countries are scrambling to get Hundreds of children die when their school People per aid to remote villages square mile collapses Fewer than 50 50 to 249 Locations of aftershocks Northern 250 to 1,250 Saidu More than 1,250 areas Peshawar Mansehra K Islamabad 40 residents die when a luxury building Abbottabad A CHINA collapses L N Bagh i E n U Rawalpindi Kamal Kote e Controlled by R ir S A m Uri o Pakistan I h f N S as C D I A K o I N Srinagar n A P d t H L A T E a ro N z l P L A 75 km A T E Muzaffarabad Jammu 75 miles Around 12,000 and M PAKISTAN people die in the Controlled by regional capital, a Kashmir India

city of 150,000 I near the epicenter Lahore S A A Y EPICENTER THE GROWING A L CRISIS H I M RUSSIA ■ Officials expect the final death toll to top 50,000 as rescuers reach more remote mountain villages INDIA CHINA ■ T With winter only a few weeks PAK ISTAN EURASIAN US CR away, relief workers are ■ Pakistan’s health- PLATE L OMAN TA scrambling to find shelter for the care facilities are EN N TI estimated 2 million people made strained to the limit. N homeless Thousands of injured CO people are without ■ INDIAN Eurasian Many roads into the high shelter or treatment, PLATE plate is mountains are wiped out, and and officials fear large crumpled heavy rain grounds some relief outbreaks of disease, ARABIAN SEA upward flights, further slowing efforts to particularly measles reach survivors INDIA INDIAN PLATE WHAT LIES BENEATH Rock of the The 7.6-magnitude earthquake was triggered by the same forces that created SOMALIA Indian plate PLATE drives against the Himalayas. The Indian plate of the Earth’s crust is moving north at around Indian Ocean Eurasian plate 2 in. (5 cm) per year, driving against the Eurasian plate. Because of those movements, southern Asia is prone to devastating earthquakes. A list of the deadliest over the past decade: Rupture zone When plates moving past Date Location Magnitude Death toll SRI LANKA each other get stuck, pressure builds until it’s Dec. 26, 2004 Indonesia 9.0 283,106 T E eventually released in an S E U R earthquake. The greater Oct. 8, 2005 Pakistan/India 7.6 50,000 (proj.) R E N R E C H the pressure, the bigger Dec. 26, 2003 Iran 6.6 The undersea H P 26,200 N P S the quake earthquake triggered a A S O E O Jan. 26, 2001 India 7.7 N 20,023 massive tsunami that C H E T E ravaged coastlines O I H L Aug. 17, 1999 Turkey 7.6 L T T TIME Graphic by Joe Lertola 17,118 from Indonesia to S N A Somalia A Note: Earth’s crust drawing not to scale. Jan. 16, 1995 Japan 6.9 5,502 M Sources: LandScan/UT-Battelle; NASA; USGS; CIA; AP

time, october 24, 2005 23 GERMANY

who will be a Social Democrat, will have a strong Can a New Chief voice as well, potentially making this an area of tension for the coalition. The two parties have in recent years differed on such matters as transatlantic Remake Germany? relations and ties with Moscow, with Schroeder Incoming Chancellor Angela Merkel faces a cultivating a close friendship with Russia’s Vladimir divided government and an uncertain future Putin and France’s Jacques Chirac while Merkel has By ANDREW PURVIS/BERLIN indicated a desire to work more closely with Lon- don and Washington. Relations between the U.S. t took three weeks of hard bargaining and and Germany deteriorated sharply over the Iraq backroom deals to settle a woefully indecisive war, and while Merkel did not back the war, she Ielection, but Germany finally has a new Chan- disapproved of Schroeder’s handling of the crisis. cellor-designate: former physics instructor Angela Merkel’s party, however, has its own differ- Merkel, 51, who will be the first woman ever ences with Washington, most importantly over the nominated for the post. question of Turkey’s joining the European Union: Although they gave up the chancellorship, the Washington strongly backs Turkey’s accession to Social Democrats will receive eight places in the the Union, while the Christian Democrats are new cabinet, including the important Foreign and openly opposed to granting Ankara full member- Finance Ministries. Merkel’s Christian Democrats ship. The Social Democrats say admitting Turkey will control six spots, including Economics, Defense is a good idea. and Interior. The political future of Schroeder, For Merkel, the resolution of what Germans who served as Germany’s chancellor from 1998 to had come to call “the Chancellor’s War” comes as 2005, is uncertain; he will not serve in the new gov- a relief. She had been widely expected to win the ernment and is expected to take a private-sector job. election outright until the final days before the The protracted negotiations over staffing the vote, and the the final result, which gave her party cabinet may yet prove easy in comparison to the just a four-seat margin over Schroeder’s Social talks currently under way over how to govern. The Democrats, came as a severe disappointment. two sides agree in principle on the need for eco- Having to hammer out an agreement with the nomic reform, but the Social Democrats are not Social Democrats means that she will have to water expected to back the tougher measures advocated down some of her more ambitious free-market- by the Christian Democrats, including weaken- oriented policies. Merkel, a protégée of longtime ing the bargaining power of labor unions. Christian Democrat chancellor Helmut Kohl, is On matters of foreign policy, as chancellor, widely respected for her intelligence and her tough- Merkel will take the lead. But the Foreign Minister, ness in party negotiations, qualities that were on display over the past few weeks as she stuck to her guns despite criticism of her campaign performance. That toughness will be further tested in the coming weeks as Germany seeks to forge a new governing program from two different governing philosophies. π

Questions 1. What distinction does Angela Merkel hold in German politics? 2. What is the most important foreign-policy disagreement between Merkel’s party and the Bush Administration?

24 time, october 11, 2005 FRANCE

The working-class suburbs of Paris are domi- Why Paris Is nated by sterile high-rise public housing, where Arab immigrants from North Africa were shunted when they started arriving in the postcolonial years. Burning Now their children and grandchildren subsist in As France is hit with its worst urban unrest squalor alongside fresh waves of African and South Time in years, takes an inside look at the Asian immigrants and their French-born children. deep-seated roots of Muslim discontent Families struggle to hang on to their dignity, while By JAMES GRAFF/PARIS drug dealers and petty criminals exploit the only business opportunities to be found in those barren he young men in hooded sweatshirts go towns. Unemployment in some neighborhoods by rapper tags—Spion, El Pach, Benou and K- surpasses 40%, and hope is a rare possession. TSoc—and like thousands of others from the The spark for last week’s chaos came on October grimy, soulless apartment blocks that ring France’s 27, with the deaths of two teenagers from the big cities, they were out cruising the mean streets jumble of apartment blocks that make up Clichy- of Paris’ banlieues, or suburbs, in early November. sous-Bois. Bouna Traore, 15, of Malian origin, and Near the city hall of Bobigny, a rough town on Zyed Benna, 17, whose parents are Tunisian, the northeastern outskirts of thought they were being chased Paris, a circle of fire marked the Unemployment in some by police. When they took refuge spot where a trash container had neighborhoods surpasses with a third teenager in the relay been set alight to provoke a po- 40%, and hope is a station of a high-voltage trans- lice patrol. “People mix it up with former, Traore and Benna were the police every day around rare possession.… electrocuted. Locals blamed here,” says Spion, 19, who is of Rioters torched thousands overzealous policing for the Moroccan origin. But this is dif- of cars and set ﬁre to deaths, although an official in- ferent, says his friend Benou, quiry found that there had been whose parents came from Algeria. buses and buildings. no pursuit. That evening an “This is May 1968—but in the banlieues.” angry group demonstrated in front of a nearby France won’t soon forget 1968, when ferocious fire station, setting off a rolling wave of nightly student riots brought down a government, and clashes between young Arabs and French riot po- at times last week Paris seemed to be reliving lice that leapfrogged across the suburbs of Paris. those tumultuous days. Night after night, another After nine nights of rage, the uprising had reached set of embittered citizens turned their forgotten as far east as Dijon and south to Marseilles, as wastelands into a battleground. The rioters were rioters torched thousands of cars and set fire to mostly Arab or black, but they were also mostly buses, schools and government buildings. French, born and bred in the neighborhoods they Liberté, egalité, fraternité are ideals that France were setting ablaze. Their anger spread in an arc has nurtured over the centuries. But they were in across northern Paris, just a few miles from the little evidence last week around Paris. Changing city’s glittering heart, as one desolate neighborhood that will require the French to confront the widen- after another joined in the mayhem. Thousands of ing disparities between those in the banlieues police and firemen struggled to douse the rebellion and the rest of the country. Until then, the rage and found themselves inflaming it. In one suburb, and resentment inflaming the streets will surely four shots, a rarity in France, were fired at the continue to smolder. π cops. French leaders tried to strike a balance between condemning the violence and seeking to Questions understand it, but they seemed powerless to 1. What sparked the violence in the Paris suburbs? impose order on the streets. 2. How did French leaders react to the outbreak?

time, november 14, 2005 25 SCIENCE Global Warming: The Culprit? Evidence mounts that human activity is helping fuel monster hurricanes

By JEFFREY KLUGER changes like this inevitably raise the question, Is global warming to blame? For years, environmen- ature doesn’t always know when to talists have warned that one of the first signs of a cli- quit—and nothing says that quite like a matological crash would be an upsurge in the most hurricane. The atmospheric convulsion violent hurricanes, which thrive in a suddenly that was Hurricane Katrina had barely warmer world. Now, after watching two Gulf Coast left the Gulf Coast before its sister Rita hurricanes reach Category 5 in the space of four Nwas spinning to life out in the Atlantic. weeks, even skeptics are starting to wonder Katrina and her kin are part of a trend of whether something serious is going on. increasingly powerful hurricanes that have been “There is no doubt that climate is changing playing out for more than 10 years. Dramatic and humans are partly responsible,” says Kevin

HURRICANE RITA

Over the past 35 years, the number of hurricanes each season has remained constant, but their average intensity has A VICIOUS CYCLE increased, with the number of Category 4 and 5 storms—the most powerful—nearly doubling. Given the swelling populations along the coasts, the danger from monster hurricanes like Rita and Katrina has risen dramatically

AREAS OF LOW PRESSURE over the 1 ocean draw in air from surrounding, higher-pressure areas. The earth’s rotation makes those winds spiral counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere Low- pressure area

Warm, moist ascending air

High- pressure areas 2 MOIST AIR WARMED by the heat of the ocean rises through the storm, Eye intensifying the suction effect. Eventually the storm dumps some of its water as rain, which falls away and can then be pulled in again Area of heaviest rain and highest wind speeds Storm Light surge winds

ter ean wa Warm oc

Significant IF STRONG ATMOSPHERIC WINDS don’t 3 hurricane-force break this cycle, the storm becomes a winds can extend hurricane when spiraling air speeds reach 40 to 100 miles The longer a hurricane stays over 74 m.p.h. (119 km/h), forming a vortex of (64 to 161 km) warm waters like those in the Gulf rain-laden clouds that circle a calm eye from the eye of Mexico, the stronger it gets 26 time, october 3, 2005 SCIENCE

Trenberth, head of the climate-analysis section at the the era of satellites. Size up your storms in divergent National Center for Atmospheric Research (ncar) ways, and you’re likely to get divergent results. in Boulder, Colorado. “The odds have changed in Some scientists are are also studying the even favor of more intense storms and heavier rainfalls.” more alarming phenomenon of abrupt climate But do scientists really know for sure? Can man- change. Ice cores taken from Greenland in the made greenhouse gases really be blamed for the 1990s show that the last ice age came to an end not intensity of storms like Rita and Katrina? Or are in the slow creep of geological time but in the there too many additional variables to say one way quick pop of real time, with the entire planet or the other? Chris Landsea of Miami’s National abruptly warming in just three years. Hurricane Center is one of many experts who be- It’s hard to say whether any of this will convince lieve global warming may be boosting the power of global-warming skeptics. What does seem clear is hurricanes—but only a bit, perhaps 1% to 5%. “A that the ranks of those skeptics are shrinking. π 100-mile-per-hour wind today would be a 105- mile-per-hour wind in a century,” he says. “That is Questions pretty tiny in comparison with the swings between 1. What pattern in hurricane strength have scien- hurricane cycles.” What’s more, historical studies tists observed in the last 10 years? rely on measurements taken both before and during 2. How long did it take for the last ice age to end?

$63*

$43.7 Number of CATEGORY 4 AND 5 hurricanes 10 COSTLIEST U.S. Hurricanes in each 15-year span, by ocean ... and HURRICANES, 1906-2005 (in billions, 2004 dollars) West Pacific 85 are getting 116 causing *Experts think the figure could reach $200 billion 24 Indian 50 15.0 14.2 more a lot more 12.3 11.3 36 10.8 8.9 8.9 East Pacific 49 1975–89 7.0 powerful ... 16 damage North Atlantic 25 1990–2004 ’05 ’92 ’04 ’04 ’89 ’72 ’65 ’04 ’69 ’55 a ley n o es sy ille ne rin Iva Hug Agn Bet nces Dia Kat AndrewChar Fra Cam How much is global warming to blame? Since ocean heat gives hurricanes their power, it’s reasonable to conclude that global warming is at least indirectly responsible for the increase in powerful storms—but skeptics do remain Cool descending air

NORTH AMERICA Atlantic Ocean

AFRICA

°F °C The map above shows changes 6° 3.3° in water surface temperature 4° 2.2° for August 2005 compared with 2° 1.1° the August average from 1971 0° 0° to 2000 -2° -1.1° Spiral rain bands °F Change in global ocean °C surface temperature from 0.3° baseline* 0.17° Warm oc ean wa air ter 0° 0° ist mo m, -0.3° -0.17° War -0.6° -0.33° For a hurricane to *Baseline is the average form, ocean water has -0.9° surface temperature -0.5° TIME Graphic to be at least 80°F from 1971 to 2000 Source: National -1.2° -0.67° (27°C) to a depth of Oceanic and Atmospheric 150 ft. (46 m) Administration 1880 1900 ’20 ’40 ’60 ’80 2004 time, october 3, 2005 27 MEDICINE

woman might have sustained her injuries during a suicide attempt in which the dog apparently A Transplant bit her in an effort to wake her up. That raised the question of whether she was stable enough psy- First chologically to give consent to the operation, Surgeons use a donated face to reclaim a never mind care for herself afterward. But Dr. disfigured woman’s life. But troubling ethical Jean-Michel Dubernard, one of the surgeons who questions remain operated on the woman, denied the report. “There was no suicide attempt,” he told reporters. Instead, By CHRISTINE GORMAN he said, the woman took a sleeping pill after a family fight, and the dog bit her when she stepped o much of how we see ourselves—and on it in the night. She was examined by several how other people see us—is bound up in our psychiatrists, he added, who determined that she Sfaces that the idea of transplanting one person’s was a suitable candidate for transplant. visage onto another seems not just improbable Others criticized the operation as a rush to but bizarre. And yet for the past few years, surgeons make history. “I believe a better result could have at a handful of medical centers in the U.S. and been achieved with careful facial reconstruction,” Europe have been cautiously preparing for just says Dr. Denys Pellerin, vice president of the such a procedure to offer hope to patients who French National Academy of Medicine. “This have been severely disfigured by burns or acci- procedure was based on ambition.” dents. No one had yet raised a scalpel to try, in part Dubernard would have none of it. “For us, it because of numerous medical, ethical and psycho- was not a matter of being first,” he told Time. “It logical concerns that had to be considered first. just happened that we had a good candidate and That’s one reason it was so startling to learn in early a good donor and an excellent team.” December that the first face transplant—albeit a For now, the doctors are pleased with their partial one—has taken place. Doctors in France patient’s progress. “[She] is happy with the results,” reported that they took a triangular patch of facial Dubernard says. “She can finally look at herself in tissue containing the nose, lips and chin of a brain- the mirror—something she could not do just a dead donor and transplanted them onto a 38- week before.” The next few months and years will year-old mother of two who had been severely determine whether that good fortune continues. π mauled by a dog last May. By all accounts, the operation, which was ap- Questions proved by at least three different sets of public- 1. In your view, what medical, ethical and psy- health and ethics authorities, was a success. The chological concerns are posed by face transplants? match and color of the transplanted section “were 2. What issues did the French media raise con- even better than we had expected,” said Dr. cerning this particular case? Bernard Devauchelle, coordi- nator of one of the surgical MICROSURGERY teams. “In just four hours we Doctors made many painstaking connections to restore function. had re-established vascular Muscles If all goes well, the patient connections between the skin should be able to open and close her fragment and [the patient].” mouth when she speaks and eats. The facial transplant, which Nerves Both motor and sensory ﬁbers were reattached, which should allow would have been unusual feeling as well as movement. under any circumstances, Arteries and veins The woman’s stirred heated debate following blood now nourishes the new tissue. Any blockage could doom the graft. a French media report that the

28 time, december 12, 2005 SOCIETY

inal-court backlogs but have also proved they can turn around a kid who has gone wrong. A A Jury of study by the Urban Institute found that youth courts are often more effective in preventing repeat Their Peers crimes than are other methods used by cities to In youth courts, teens run the show, but discipline first-time minor offenders, which range experts say that there’s nothing juvenile from a letter of warning to referral to juvenile about this innovative form of justice criminal court. The peer-court concept dates back to 1947 in By JEREMY CAPLAN Mansfield, Ohio, where kids handled neighborhood trials for young bicycle snatchers. The mod- o complete her cross-examination, pros- ern youth court started to take shape in the early ecutor Sarah Carr, 16, had one final question 1970s, when a few cities experimented with a T for Andrew G., 17, the defendant in a recent more formal kind of peer justice. In recent years, case at the youth court in Colonie, N.Y.: “Didn’t the movement has gained momentum, cheered on you know it was wrong?” Andrew nodded shyly, by police departments and local governments eyes averted. He knew that stealing a $4.97 Star eager for justice that works and does so cost ef- Wars action figure from Wal-Mart was not only a fectively. An entire youth-court trial typically petty crime but also a geeky one in the eyes of his takes less than an hour, including deliberations. high school peers, some of whom were serving on Nationally, the program’s average cost per case is the jury. about $480, according to an American Youth Pol- In Colonie’s youth court, the jurors and lawyers icy Forum study. Probation, on the other hand, are adolescents and so are the judge and the costs about $1,635, while the cost of trying a juve- bailiff, who swears in witnesses that nile in criminal court usually ranges often include the only adults in the Youth court is from $21,000 to $84,000, according room: parents, victims and police quickly becoming to the study. officers. The perpetrators are limited an institution During deliberations in Andrew’s to first-time offenders who are under sentencing, juror Stephen McCann, the age of 19 and who admit guilt to across the U.S. 13, wondered aloud why a 17-year- minor crimes. Sentences are gener- In 1994, there were old was still playing with action ally creative forms of community just 78 such courts; figures. The jury foreman then ques- service, never jail terms, and the tioned whether Andrew should have record shows that 99% of those today the number is confessed sooner to his parents. After sentenced complete the required 1,035 and growing. all the jurors had their say, the group tasks. Doing so keeps their criminal All told, these junior reached a consensus: 30 hours of com- records clean, which helps for college munity service and an apology letter to and job applications. courts will hold more Wal-Mart. “By now he should be Youth court is quickly becoming than 100,000 trials mature enough not to steal toys,” an institution across the United this year. McCann said. “I think this will help States. In 1994, there were just 78 him resist the temptation.” π such courts; today the number is 1,035 and growing. Some are run by schools, others by police Questions departments or nonprofit groups. All told, these 1. What types of offenders are eligible to have junior courts will hold more than 100,000 trials trials in youth court? this year, according to the National Youth Court 2. How and when did youth court start? Center in Lexington, Kentucky. 3. How effective are youth courts compared to Advocates say they not only help relieve crim- other methods of preventing repeat crimes?

time, july 18, 2005 29 BUSINESS

the springs are found. In response to a new tax, he says, Nestlé would cancel a planned new plant, War on the costing the state 250 jobs. In Michigan, Nestlé is facing environmental Water Front challenges. Michigan Citizens for Water Conser- vation has filed a civil lawsuit to stop the company As the thirst for bottled water grows, a battle is from withdrawing 210 million gallons of water a brewing over precious resources—and profits year near the small town of Stanwood, arguing By JYOTI THOTTAM that groundwater levels are dropping danger- ously; Nestlé says they are healthy. The state leg- n a state better known for its lobster islature is considering 16 bills to set limits on rolls and rugged landscape, James Wilfong has withdrawals of groundwater. In a similar battle Ia radical new vision for Maine’s future. On his over Florida’s springs, Nestlé has so far prevailed. trips abroad as a Small Business Administration offi- Bottled-water producers say they are being cial in the 1990s, Wilfong came to realize that in unfairly singled out. The Maine and Michigan many places, water was worth fighting for. “The proposals “penalize an industry that is producing light went off in my head,” he says. “Water is a clean, safe, healthy product,” says Stephen Kay, Maine’s oil in this century.” spokesman for the International Bottled Water Maine has only 1.3 million people but at least 25 Association. He notes that bottled water accounts trillion gallons of drinkable water in its lakes and for less than 1% of the groundwater used every aquifers. Wilfong, a former state legislator, wants year. Irrigation is by far the biggest user. “That’s to turn that resource into cold cash. So he proposed true but irrelevant,” says Peter Gleick, president a tax on large bottled-water operations that is set of the Pacific Institute, a water research group in for a ballot referendum next year. Maine is one of Oakland, California. Any large groundwater with- several states where activists are challenging the drawal from one site risks drying up wells and $10 billion U.S. bottled-water industry. Declares wetlands in that area, he says. Wilfong: “We’re just saying, This water is not free.” If such concerns make large springwater Nestlé, with six of the top 10 brands and more sources too costly, Jeffery says, Nestlé could follow than $2.2 billion in bottled-water sales, is the largest the lead of Coca-Cola and Pepsi and shift its focus bottled-water company in the U.S., and it’s at the to selling processed municipal tap water. (“Puri-

U.S. beverage market center of a water war fied water” brands Dasani and Aquafina made Percentage change since 1999 on several fronts. As $1.9 billion last year for the two companies.) But Bottled water owner of Poland communities willing to sell their springs will still 140% Wine Spring, which uses find a market in luxury brands: rural Vanleer, Coffee 120% 500 million gallons of Tennessee, is the proud source of BlingH2O, which Carbonated Maine water a year, sells for an estimated $240 a case wholesale. And soft drinks 100% Milk Nestlé could owe $96 water-rich states like Maine could look elsewhere Tea million in tax each for their windfall; demand for bottled water in ’99 ’00 ’02 ’04 Source: Beverage Marketing Corp. year if Wilfong’s pro- Asia is strong. Says Patrick McGowan, Maine’s posal is passed. commissioner of conservation: “We look at that U.S. beverage market, 2004 Carbonated soft drinks Bottled water “His mission is as an absolute great business opportunity.” π 27.9% 12.3% misguided,” says Other Coffee Kim Jeffery, ceo Questions 13.5% 11.5% Wine Milk of Nestlé North 1. What is the largest bottled-water company in 1.1% 11.2% America, which the United States? Tea Beer 3.7% Fruit drinks 7.6% 11.2% now pays only for 2. What action have activists taken to protect Source: Beverage Marketing Corp. the land where Maine’s water?

30 time, december 19, 2005 BUSINESS

11.8% (double that of white men), those job Wal-Mart’s promises are huge. But Wal-Mart’s move into the inner city has set off a debate in the black community about eco- Urban Romance nomic development. Traditional activists see the company as a corporate parasite. “Desperate peo- Eager to remake its image, the retailer is ple do desperate things. People would rather courting an unlikely ally: Black America have a supermarket than not,” says Jesse Jackson, By TA-NEHISI PAUL COATES/CHICAGO whose Rainbow/push Coalition is headquartered in Chicago. “But the point is that employment and n the past decade, wal-mart—the world’s development must go hand in hand. We need biggest retailer—has been portrayed as a brutal work where you can have a livable wage and Igiant. The company stands accused of wiping health insurance, and retirement.” out small businesses, busting unions, discrimi- Store builder Garner is unconcerned with Wal- nating against female employees, and employing Mart’s critics. “I think when you’re the biggest and illegal immigrants—not to mention the knock that the best at what you do, people want to come it is a low payer. But recently one of America’s after you,” she counters. most embattled corporations has found an ally in In Wal-Mart, local residents have found a part- one of America’s most embattled demographics. No ner of the moment with which they hope to prove longer content to let its profits do the talking, Wal- a point. Arguments about the supposed low wages, Mart is trying to remake its image, in some measure expensive health plans and gender discrimination with the aid of inner-city African Americans. are almost beside the point in the 37th Ward. “If it’s Margaret Garner, ceo of the Chicago construc- good enough for the suburbs, why isn’t it good tion firm Broadway Consolidated, is the first black enough for the city?” asks alderwoman Emma woman ever hired by Wal-Mart to build a store. In Mitts. “Why isn’t it good enough for us?” π the summer of 2003, when Wal-Mart began looking at Chicago’s West Side, the company went Questions searching for contractors to build stores in the city. 1. How many jobs will Wal-Mart create in Chicago? Wal-Mart decided to rely on Garner’s local knowl- 2. Why does Jesse Jackson criticize Wal-Mart? edge, contracting Broadway Consoli- dated first to demolish the old factory 94 that stood on the store’s site and then Lake PENETRATING Michigan to build the 150,000-square-foot THE CITY 90 superstore that will employ as many Downtown as 300 people. Garner says the Wal-Mart’s 355 90 Chicago Austin new 290 work will produce between 150 location Current and 200 construction jobs, half Wal-Mart 294 of which will go to minorities. locations City of 55 Chatham Half of those minorities will be Chicago 90 Black population as a percentage African Americans, including of total 294 population black men who often have the 94 hardest time finding jobs: ex-cons. In a city whose 80 building trades are dogged by allegations of racism and 57 in which the unemployment rate for black men is

time, september 5, 2005 31 Name Date WORKSHEET✍

____ 6. Hurricane Katrina had a Current Events In Review devastating impact on the city of: a. New London b. New York Test your knowledge of stories covered in c. New Orleans d. New Haven the Current Events Update by answering the following multiple-choice questions. ____ 7. The creators of the world’s largest charity ____ 1. The special counsel who indicted former with an endowment of $29 billion are: Vice Presidential Chief of Staff Scooter Libby is: a. The Rockefellers b. The Gateses a. Judith Miller b. Joseph Wilson c. The Fords d. The Bonos c. Archibald Cox d. Patrick Fitzgerald ____ 8. The U.S. President who nominated ____ 2. The leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq is: John Roberts to the District of Columbia Circuit a. Mousab al-Zarqawi b. Saddam Hussein Court of Appeals when Roberts was 36 was: c. Osama bin Laden d. Abu Noor al-Iraqi a. George H. W. Bush b. Ronald Reagan ____ 3. The newspaper that disclosed that the c. Richard Nixon Bush Administration is tapping communications d. George W. Bush of some Americans without a warrant is the: a. New York Times b. Detroit News ____ 9. The federal agency that has 13 field c. Washington Post d. Wall Street Journal offices investigating the Jack Abramoff scandal is: a. cia b. fbi ____ 4. The city where Wal-Mart is trying to c. nsa d. Justice Department make an alliance with the Black community is: a. New York b. Detroit ____ 10. Scientists have reported that the c. Chicago d. Los Angeles increase in powerful and deadly hurricanes is likely linked to: ____ 5. In the Paris suburbs where violent a. deterioration of the ozone layer protests took place last November, the b. global warming unemployment rate is as high as: c. nuclear proliferation a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60% d. increases in atmospheric radiation

Match each of the ____ 11. Country that has ties to some Kurdish and Shi‘ite political parties locations below with in Iraq. the description at right. Write the letter ____ 12. Moshe Katsav is the president of this country. of the correct country ____ 13. Bono, the famous rock star and one of Time’s Persons of the Year, is in the space provided. from this nation. (Note: Not all answers will be used.) ____ 14. European country where the first face transplant took place. A. Britain ____ 15. Ice cores from this island nation have shown that the last ice age B. Egypt ended abruptly. C. France ____ 16. Hamas was founded as an offshoot of Muslim Brotherhood, which D. Germany has its home in this country. E. Greenland F. India ____ 17. Democratic nation whose President has recently approved wire- G. Iraq tapping citizens without obtaining a warrant. H. Iran ____ 18. 50,000 people were killed here in a 2005 earthquake. I. Ireland ____ 19. Ramadi and Fallujah are cities in this country. J. Israel K. Pakistan ____ 20. The most recent election in this country resulted in a woman L. The United States becoming chancellor, an unprecedented event.

32 Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures Pontchartrain pour into the city. hole. The podium and smiley Why Paris Is Burning Answers 2. Critics argued that the govern- face represent the “public face” (page 25) ment had not heeded warnings that the Bush Administration is 1. The violence began following and had instead cut funding for putting on its campaign in Iraq; the deaths of two teenagers who The Man Who Bought Washington, DC flood control and storm prepara- the cartoonist suggests that this thought they were being chased (pages 2–3) tions. public message is starkly differ- by the police. 1. Abramoff has admitted to ent from the bad news that the 2. Officials tried to strike a defrauding four Indian tribes and The Impact of Hurricane Katrina generals are reporting. balance between condemning to buying off public officials. (page 14) 4. The third cartoonist sees the the violence and seeking to 2. DeLay resigned from his post Answers will vary but should be Iraq war as necessary to defeat understand it, but they seemed as House Majority Leader. supported by sound reasoning. Muslim extremism. He conveys powerless to impose order on this point of view by labeling the the streets. When George Met Jack An Unlikely Alliance bullhorn “common sense” and by (page 4) (pages 15–16) blowing the “hard-of-hearing” Global Warming: The Culprit? 1. In one photo, the President 1. The goal of the alliance is to protesters away with what he (pages 26–27) appears with Abramoff and a eliminate poverty. says. Answers will vary in 1. Scientists have observed casino owner. Another photo 2. Bono knows how to appeal to response to the final part of this that hurricanes have become shows Bush shaking hands with politicians, never leaves his audi- question but should be supported increasingly powerful over the Abramoff in front of a window ence feeling helpless, brings peo- by well-reasoned arguments. past decade. and a blue drape. Three other ple from many different ideologi- 5. The creator of the bottom 2. The entire planet warmed photos are of Bush, Abramoff and cal points of view together, and cartoon clearly believes—along dramatically in just three years. one of the lobbyist’s sons. A sixth invites everyone to participate. with the Bush Administration— picture shows several Abramoff that the U.S. mission in Iraq A Transplant First children with Bush and House A Rebel Crack-Up? is aimed at defeating Islamic (page 28) Speaker Dennis Hastert. (pages 17–18) fundamentalists who are trying 1. Answers will vary. 2. $100,000 1. Iraqi insurgents are interested to kill Americans. The other two 2. The media reported that in ridding Iraq of occupation cartoons suggest that the violence the patient was suicidal and Did Libby Lie? forces and object to al-Qaeda’s is so bad that it might prove futile therefore psychologically unfit (page 5) killing of innocent Iraqi Shi‘ites. to stay in Iraq, contrary to U.S. for the surgery; the doctors 1. Plame is a former covert cia 2. Reed sees continuing fighting policy. involved in the case denied operative and the wife of Joseph by the Sunnis as the greatest threat. 6. Answers will vary. this claim. Wilson, a former ambassador who went to Niger to assess Violence in Iraq: A Gallery of Views Can Militants Make Peace? A Jury of Their Peers assertions by Cheney’s office (page 19) (page 20) (page 29) that Iraq had tried to buy 1. In the top cartoon, an Iraqi 1. In the past, Hamas has been 1. First-time offenders under age uranium yellowcake from Niger. woman and man are crossing committed to the destruction of 19 and who admit guilt to minor 2. Libby was indicted on five the street carrying gasoline and Israel. crimes are eligible for youth counts: two for perjury, two for groceries and commenting on an 2. Voters wanted to rid them- court. making false statements to the explosion in the distance. The gas selves of the incompetent and 2. Youth court dates back to 1947, fbi, and one for obstruction of can and groceries represent the corrupt Fatah party, which was in when kids in Mansfield, Ohio, justice. basic needs that Iraqis are still power until the latest election. held neighborhood trials for lacking three years after the young bicycle snatchers. American invasion; the wide- 3. A study found that youth Has Bush Gone Too Far? Troubled Soil eyed look on the man symbolizes courts are often more effective in (pages 6–7) (page 21) the fear of everyday Iraqis due to preventing repeat crimes than 1. After the intelligence-gathering 1. Ehud Olmert, formerly Deputy the constant violence. President are other methods used to disci- abuses of the Nixon years, Con- Prime Minister, has taken over as gress passed a 1978 law called the Bush and military personnel are pline first-time minor offenders. shown looking worriedly at a Prime Minister. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance 2. Sharon’s credentials as a hawk fisa map of Iraq in the second piece. War on the Water Front Act ( ), requiring the National put him in an ideal position to The smiley face and podium (page 30) Security Agency to obtain a war- make peace with the Palestinians. rant any time it seeks to monitor represent what the public hears 1. Nestlé communications within the U.S. about Iraq from the Administra- 2. They’re proposing a ballot Nightmare in the Mountains 2. The Administration had the tion. The bottom image shows a referendum that would tax large (pages 22–23) option of revising the law or of man with a bullhorn labeled bottled-water operations. 1. India controls two-thirds of the ignoring it. “common sense” blowing away anti-war demonstrators with the Kashmir region; Pakistan controls Wal-Mart’s Urban Romance Judging Mr. Right force of his message. The man the rest. (page 31) (pages 8–9) and the protesters represent the 2. The Bush Administration sees 1. It will create between 150 and 1. Roberts worked for Second two sides of the debate on staying earthquake aid as a chance to 200 construction jobs, as well as Circuit Judge Henry Friendly and the course in Iraq. help a Muslim country and to im- 300 permanent jobs. for Chief Justice of the Supreme 2. While the U.S. is stressing the prove America’s image in the Is- 2. Jackson charges that Wal-Mart Court William Rehnquist. elections and democracy, the lamic world. does not provide a living wage, 2. He worked as a corporate woman in this cartoon is too busy retirement benefits or affordable lawyer for many years and trying to secure the necessities Can a New Chief Remake Germany? health insurance. argued both sides of many of life to be aware of when the (page 24) controversial issues. election is happening. The 1. Merkel is the first woman Current Events in Review cartoonist suggests that insur- ever to become Chancellor of (page 32) An American Tragedy gents have set out to disrupt Germany. 1. d 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. a (pages 10–11) Iraqi elections in order to cause a 2. Merkel’s party objects to 9. b 10. b 11. H 12. J 13. I 14. C 1. Katrina caused a large section in setback for the U.S. in Iraq. Turkey joining the European 15. E 16. B 17. L 18. K 19. G 20. D a main levee near the 17th Street 3. The second cartoon depicts Union, while the Bush Adminis- Canal to rupture, letting Lake Iraq as a bomb blast or black tration strongly supports the idea.