RP58 Volume 4

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERALS/TANESCO Public Disclosure Authorized

SONGO SONGO GAS DEVELOPMENT AND POWER GENERATION

Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT - WAYLEAVE VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION SCHEME

SOCIO-ECONOMICBASELINE DA TA Public Disclosure Authorized

INSTITUTE OF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

MARCH 2005 Public Disclosure Authorized I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The Ministiy of Energy and Minerals (MEM) through Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (in collaboration with the World Bank) has commissioned the Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA), of the University of Dar es Salaam to undertake a socio- economic baseline survey for the Songo Songo gas project. The purpose of this baseline study is to establish minitorable social and environmental variables including monitoring the restoration of livelihood for the affected p eople and s ocio-economic i mpact o project to the communities. f t he

METHODOLOGY

Both secondary and primary data were collected from different sources. Secondary data were collected mainly from previous studies, literature and official reports covering the study area. Primary data were collected from villages that will be receiving different categories of services in the four districts, that is, villages with proposed gas power plus water; solar power plus water and water service only. Thirteen villages were selected for this study: eight villages from areas that would receive gas power plus water, three villages from areas earmarked for solar power plus water and two villages from areas that would receive water supply only. The distribution of the villages in each district was as follows: one village per district in Temeke and Mkuranga, six villages in Rufiji district, and five villages in Kilwa district that were randomly selected. In each village both affected and non-affected households were selected for interviews in a proportion 1:1 ratio. About 2.5% of of the households were selected randomly for interviews, making total of 303 households. a Total households per village ranged from 8 to 43 households. Apart from household surveys, the team conducted village meetings in project 22 villages in the site. The aiIn of these meetings was to gather qualitative information and quantitative on socio-economic and cultural issues such as economic social activities, access to services, cultural and ritual issues, land tenure and inheritance. The baseline survey was designed to collect data for the following monitorable variables: * Principal and secondary economic activities; * Accessibility and status of community services; * Housing conditions- quality of housing; * Ownership of assets such as cars, TV, radio, iron; * Resource base-land assets, cropping patterns, productivity, agricultural inputs, forestry resource; * Income and expenditure levels-income from various sources; total expenditure; expenditure on food and energy * Sources and type of energy for cooking e.g., electricity, charcoal, kerosene, wood, and fuel

i * Sources of energy for lighting e.g.,- electricity, kerosene, candle, fire wood Data was analysed using Excel and SPSS and findings has been summarised and Figure. in Tables

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

BASELINE DATA BY PEROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAPS) Information on land tenure, rents and transfer systems as well as inventory and access to common property natural resources are provided in section 3.0. Generally, there are not much rent and transfers systems in the study area. This is partly because the area rural by nature in very and renting market transactions are very limited. Out of 152 respondents non-affected only 6.1% were renting and there were non-from the affected respondents. There is no difference in livelihoods patterns or sources between PAP and non-PAP in the project villages because all the rural people depend mainly on the same sources and means of livelihoods. All the PAP derives their livelihoods largely from farming and petty trading. Thus land, fisheries, water and forestry are the basis of rural livelihoods in the project area. Others are petty trading and business for some few PAP in areas where trading is a prionrty economic activity and a means of livelihoods. Women in Bungu village and some PAP in Ikwiriri village will be affected when the market or shops are moved from their current locations. A high proportion of the respondents depend on fuelwood for cooking and drinling water from shallow wells. Also they depend on natural forestry for building poles and thatching grasses. Game meat, fruits and vegetables are other sources o f livelihood for the PAPs and others in the project area. Commercial activities from natural resources include timber and logging. Livestock keeping is insignificant in the study area and therefore grazing and watering points for livestock are not significant issues. Fishing takes a small proportion of the economic activities although; some people in the project area are engaged in fishing. PAPs that live in Songo Songo Island or near Rufiji River (as well as other small rivers) practice fishing. Again fishing is on very small scale, just for subsistence. There is no public infrastructure and social services that will be affected by this project. This is partly because the land that will be undertaken by the project is very small (1Om). Infrastructure such as roads, wells, schools and health centers will not be affected by this project as they lay away from the way leave. Farms, land and crops will be affected however; this will not make significant changes to the livelihoods of the PAP because there is still abundant land that PAP can access within the villages. Land tenure- Access to land is not a problem in many villages. Most of the respondents acquire land through allocations made by village governments, or they purchase it or inherit it from their parents and other relatives. Thus both, the Village Land Act of 1999 and the c ustomary tenure where p eople a cquire land through traditional rules recognized legally) (that are govern access and use of land in the villages in the way leave. Rural

11 communities do not pay land rent since the areas have take not been surveyed. Some transfers place, especially when an individual decides property to sell his/her piece of land or any other to another person. In this case, the seller about can involve the village government the transfer of land and the latter charges administrative some proportion of the proceeds as costs. Such transfers are however, not officially lands office recognized until when the is notified to sanctions them. The lands in as office cannot sanction such transfer long as the area in question has not been informal. surveyed. So, transfers are indeed,

The average land ownership was 12.5 and 5.6 respectively, acres for affected male and female, while it was 5.2 and 4.9 acres for non-affected respondents affected respondents. Almost all and non-affected were the owner of the respondents 58.4% land. Out of the PAPs and 65.2% of the male and female respondents, their land through respectively acquired village govermnent allocation, compared affected respondents. to 40.9% and 56.2 for non-

A high proportion of the head of households respondents in both affected and non-affected are men. In Rufiji district, results respondents show that a high proportion of the did not attend any formal education where and female it was 33.3%-arid 40.7% for male in affected villages, respectively compared affected respondents. to 21.1% and 40% for non- Similar trends were observed in highest proportion Kilwa district. However, the of those who did not attend any both affected formal education was for women in (50%) and non-affected (44.1%). This numerous cultural is not surprising in view of the and historical factors prevalent along women are the coastal communities, where almost marginalized in all aspects of social males were life. Also 16.7% of the affected primary school dropouts. Poverty and ignorance this situation. might have contributed to

Agriculture is the principal economic activity households, for both affected and non-affected but also petty trade and wage employment women in are quite significant among both affected (20%) and non affected (18.8%) districts, respectively. households in Rufiji and Kilwa Income poverty is high among all the households non-affected households. in affected and Indeed, the condition of income poverty poverty (e.g. access to quality and non-income to environmental and social services) mirrors conditions where the rural areas the national depict worse scenarios than in urban income levels show no significant areas. While difference between affected and non-affected respondents in the two districts of Rufiji and Kilwa, the analysis across gender male respondents in Rufiji district to shows be poorer than others. About 76% of the Rufiji district earn less than one dollar males in a day compared to 70%, 64.7% and affected female, non affected male 66.7%, for and female, respectively. In Kilwa district respondents was the poorest where 80% female of them earn less than one dollar a day by male (76%) in the same category followed compared to 62.5% and 50% for non-affected respectively, households in Kilwa district. An assessment of income shows positive correlation people with age in both districts. Mature (i.e. 35-50 and 51-98 years old) earn more than younger ones (i.e. 15-30 years

iii old). Housing quality is generally poor by both respondents in affected and non-affected areas although some few people have houses with roof made of corrugated iron sheets. Public infrastructure and social services

There is no public service (such as schools, health service centers, water or bus stop) that will be affected by this project. There is also not much difference in terms of access and distance to social services, which ranges from 1 -2 km to water, bus stop, market or primary school. However, distance to health services and secondary school is about km and 21-67 lkm for secondary schools 5-10 considering being very long. All the in affected and non-affected areas respondents depend on uncovered shallow wells, as source and kerosene as the main source of water of lighting. Fuel wood is the main source energy in both affected and non-affected of cooking areas. Similarly, the majority of the own radio, bicycles and iron. respondents Very few own television, telephones and vehicles.

QUALITATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA BY VILLAGE MEETINGS The consultant team conducted village meetings in 22 villages (Table these meetings was to gather 1). The aim of qualitative information on economic activities, social services, cultural and access to ritual issues, land tenure and inheritance. The for 2-4 hours and were guided meetings lasted by a checklist of questions for Village meetings, attached as Appendix 6.3. which is

Pattern of social interaction, social networks and social support systems are several factors including tribal based on affiliations, religious bonds or ties, proximity settlements. Other factors include clan to relationships, working relationship (for those are working) and other informal channels. who These d efine the e xtent p eople interact and build social n etworks that support them in time of need. For example, in the event of death or birth, or ceremonies such as initiation, marriage, such social networks play an imnportant role in helping each other overcome the burden of death a or share the joy of birth. Such networks can go beyond to include informal money lending and other forms of support that are so critical in an area where loans from the banks are almost existent. People in rural areas live non- in close societies with strong pattern of shared and beliefs that cement their bonds. values

The project may introduce new demands such as electricity, water and other opportunities that be stimulated economic by such developments. These activities may necessitate the emergence of new patters of relationships and networks that may be required to address the new challenges. Such network can be very supportive of the new development envisioned in the project when for example; they can help people who are in need of up-front money for investing in installation networks of energy supply. Most of such are however, informal but provide services NGOs that are needed. There are few operating in the project area that includes Umoja - Tanzania wa Vijana wa Kistristo Tanzania Christian Youth Union (UVIKIUTA) and TaTEDO. in Dar es Salaam. These NGOs are based

iv Cultural and rituals these are very much influenced Islam religion (which by the coastal Swahili traditions, is the religion of most of the ethnic composition. inhabitants in these areas) and diverse The major ethnic groups for Ndengereko, Ngindo, Rufiji and Kilwa districts were Makonde and Matumbi. The activities includes initiation most practiced form of pultural for both boys and girls and traditional takes place after harvesting. dancing, which usually These cultural activities have resource use since too often; profound implications on people spend so much in order such as initiations. These to fulfill planned celebrations cultural activities have also some people in sharing their values social function of uniting the and norms that bind them together. Social services- Most of the villages have a primary secondary schools. school but there are very The quality of the primary schools few insufficient classrooms, is poor since most of them have teachers, teachers' houses and dilapidated in almost offices. Health facilities are all villages and some of the villages Dundani) do not have (e.g. Miteja, Uponda and any health service. Most of the men for health services. people rely on traditional medicine

Water services- water availability was cited to be Water was only available a problem in most of the villages. at a distance of about 1-5km. dug, water is obtained In areas where wells have been at a depth of 150m-200mn (e.g. villages use uncovered in Miteja and Njopeka). Most shallow wells during rainy of the season. Women are season, which dries up during the mostly affected as they spend dry and fetching water, about two hours or more searching sometimes women spend the whole Mtandango). This night searching for water (e.g. puts women at a high-risk and in valuable time in diverts them from spending productive work. Indeed, the consequence their poverty in these areas. to this situation is increasing

Many villages have water committee just and operating water accounts. established water committee and Other villages have Tingi are in the process of opening account and Njia Nne). Information from for them. (e.g. to construct village meetings shows that there well through several companies. were attempts FinWater (in Companies frequently cited Marendego) and JICA and Chinese were of companies attempted companies (in Miteja village). to dig water for villages without These a cost of Tshs. 20 success. Currently, water is (e.g. Mtandango, Kindwiti), Tshs. sold at Tingi and Njia Nne. 50 (in Miteja) to Tshs. 200-300 While water collection is predominantly in in most rural settings the responsibility of women in Tanzania, men dominate many Miteja, Mtandango, Nyamwage, of the water committees (e.g. and Uponda). This is contrary stipulates proportions between to policy directives that men and women and situation sustainability of the water accounts. and may threaten the Also water obtained in Uponda, Mchukwi, to be salty Jaribu Mpakani and Dundani villages and therefore not suitable for human is said the villagers consumption. Overwhelming majority feel the availability of water not of could provide only could improve their health time for women to perforrn economic but also activities such as farmring and petty

v trade. Some also think availability of water could stimulate local economic through gardening of vegetables. activities.

The most important economic activities are farming. But also timber, are quite significant fishing and logging economic activities in most of the villages visited. Energy issues: With regard to power, a high proportion of the respondents expressed interest for gas power than solar. The issue of either solar or gas turned to be critical in Somanga Ndumbo village where the meetings was not completed due to violence erupted by villagers. Most of the villagers did not want to get solar power because of limited use. They all wanted gas power. While most villagers are willing to use gas power, the current tariffs are beyond the reach of the majority. This is partly supported by the answers to the two questions posed to them i.e., willingness and ability to pay. A high proportion of villagers were willing to use gas power the services but only small proportions mentioned they were actually able to afford the cost. In Mohoro village for example, all were willing to use gas power but only villagers 17 were said they could pay for the service while it was 7 said the same in Mchukwi village. The number of people who said they could able to use gas power was much higher be in Utete, Kibiti, Ikwiriri, Bungu and Chamazi villages. A high proportion of the respondents said they could afford to pay up to Tshs. 100 000 and requested the rest to be provided as loan. According to the villagers, the loan could be included in the monthly bills.

Most villagers are optimistic that gas power could boost their economy. them availability of electricity According to could be used for businesses such as timber well as fishing and agricultural and logging as processing. They also hope that availability could attract investors from of electricity other regions of the country and other countries, result could boost local economies which as a and employment. However, the frequent cited business and logging may timber suggest a negative impact on natural resource forests. Capacity building for local especially authorities and institutions need to be strengthened address some of these issues. to

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA BY DISTRICTS Household Characteristics and Demographic Issues Sixty eight percent of the respondents were 45 years. Average districts is 6.5 households' size for all people. This is relatively higher than both regional persons per (i.e. 4.1 persons and 4.4 household in Lindi and Pwani regions respectively) 4.9 persons and national average (i.e. per household as per 2002 census report). About 47 % of the people in Mkuranga and 89% in Kilwa were born while 90% of the respondents in the same districts in Rufiji have migrated from other areas residential areas. Search to their present for land and settlement are the main reasons such movement. Only that have caused 12% of people who moved to Temeke and Mkuranga life as a reason for migration. cited better The level of education among the people in is relatively low. Less than 40% these districts of the respondents have attended primary education.

vi ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Principal Economic Activities

Principal economic activities are activities that form the main source of livelihoods and income earnings of the people in a specific area. Figure 1 presents the principal economic activities in the four districts in the study area. Figure A: Principle economic activities (%)

120 -

100 - *n 80 Craft UM . 8 0OWage - employment _ 60 0 Petty trading - .U- * Business *D 40-' - 4 a4 '1Agriculture - 20 : . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .... :..

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA Districts

Figure A shows that agriculture is the principal economic activity and means of livelihood for majority of people in all the three districts. In Rufiji, Kilwa and Mkuranga districts the dependency on agriculture is over 80% while it is 36% for Temeke. These figures show an increasing trend of dependency on agriculture as principal economic activity from the 1994 figures. In 1994 dependency on agriculture was about 69% for the households in Lindi and Coast regions. The increasing dependence on agriculture could be attributed to factors such as increased demand for food following the start of the Songo Songo gas project, road construction and bridge construction that have attracted large numbers of labourers, and the improvement of infrastructure (the road and the Mkapa bridge), which has improved access to markets.

Other economic activities include petty trading, wage employment and business. These activities are widely practiced in Temeke district. A small proportion of respondents practice casual labour.

Secondary Economic Activity

Secondary economic activities supplements primary economic activities as means of livelihoods for the people. In most cases, secondary economic activities take place during off-seasons for the principal economic activities although sometime they may co-exist. Secondary economic activities in the study area include agricultural gardening, petty

VIl trade and construction. Figure B shows proportion of households that are engaged in specific secondary economic activities in the study area. Figure B: Secondary Economic Activities (%)

120 100 - Casual labour * Fishing 8 Craft (mason, carpenter) > 60 OWage employment 40@ 0 Petty trading X Business 20 , Agnculture

LU 0::L

Districts

Agriculture is also an important secondary economic activity in all districts. However, in Mkuranga, petty trade is the major secondary economic activity where it engages about 67% of the respondents in the area.

Land Ownership and Farming Technology

Land ownership ranges from an average of 3.9 acres per household in Temeke to an average of 6.3 acres per household in Rufiji district. Few people practice-shifting cultivation for crops such as cassava, paddy, millet and simsim. Access to land is not a constraint. A high proportion of respondents get land through bush clearing. Also land is acquired through inheritance as well as through village government allocations.

Farming technology is poor. Cultivation is done without any mechanization and input use is very limited. Farmers follow a rotational fallow system involving a few years of cultivation followed by up to six years of fallow. Yield in both pure and mixed stand is low.

Income Levels

Income levels are low to most of the respondents. In Temeke and Rufiji district, average incomes for the respondents was Tshs. 800,000 per annum while it was Tshs. 700 000 and Tshs. 600 000 for Mkuranga and Kilwa districts, respectively. These annual income levels translate into marginal per capita income of Tshs. 125,000, Tshs. 117,126, Tsh

viii 123,000 and Tsh 98,236 for Temeke, Mkuranga and lower than Kilwa districts respectively. This is the national average, which is about Tshs. such levels, 266,400 per capita per annum. With over 60% of the respondents eam than below Tshs. 365,000 per annum or one dollar a day. These findings are consistent less of 2002, with Household Budget Survey report which shows that income poverty is people still rampant in rural areas and that are still in the absolute poverty category. most Household Expenditure Household expenditure per month varies from one Tshs. 53,000 district to another. For exarnple, it is in Mkuranga; Tshs. 103.000 in Temeke; 72,828 Tshs. 87,789 in Kilwa and Tshs. in Rufiji. In all the districts, over 60% figures of the expenditure is on food. Overall indicate that expenditure is higher these than income. The interesting question do local people cope with this situation? is how

Dependency on Natural Resources Level of the respondents' dependency on natural on Table resources for their livelihoods is 1 below. Overall, the level of dependency shown the districts on natural resources is higher in except in Temeke where only 38.9% all they depend of the respondents have indicated on natural resources for their livelihoods. that es Salaam, Temeke is an urban district in Dar where numerous opportunities exists resource for the people to earn a living. Natural use is mainly for medicinal plants, provision fuel wood and building poles. With of electricity in the area, it is possible the may that demand for charcoal and fuel decline in the long run, however, harvesting wood mills are established for timber may increase if more saw due to improved roads and availability who have lost their of electricity. Also people houses would temporarily put pressure for building materials. on natural resource especially It is estimated that about 1612 people Songo Songo project. will be affected by the

Table A: Dependency and access to Natural Resources (%). DISTRICTS TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFLII KILWA OVERAL Access to natural 38.9 93.3 resources 89.8 83.2 81.8 Bush meet 2.8 13.3 22.9 22.1 19.8 Timber 8.3 20.0 32.5 23.2 26.1 Medicinal plants 19.4 80.0 Wild 53.5 90.5 49.8 fruits 5.6 40.0 Beekeeping 38.9 31.9 32.8 2.8 6.7 8.3 9.5 7.9 Building poles 44.4 100 81.5 90.5 80.9 Fuel wood 55.6 100 89.8 94.7 87.8

ix The Status and Quality of Socio-Economic Services. The quality of the houses varies from one district to another. respondents in The majority of the Temeke district have relatively good houses concrete floors and that have brick walls, corrugated iron sheets for roofing. The quality other districts i s generally of the houses. in the bad. Most o f t he respondents have h ouses with grass or coconut leaves, that are thatched poles and mud walls and earth floor. Also respondents rely on sources majority of the of drinking water that are not covered. Mkuranga the worst situation followed district has by Kilwa and Rufiji. Pit latrine is the in the study area. common type of toilets

The major source of lighting is kerosene. Although s ome v illages s uch Mkuranga district have access a s D undani i n to grid power services, majority of people due to unaffordable cost. do not utilize it

Fuel wood is by far the major source of energy for cooking. Except dependency on fuel in Temeke district, wood ranged from 79% in Rufiji to 100 percent use of charcoal is significant in Mkuranga. The in Temeke district followed by Rufiji district. The ownership of assets in all the sampled households in the study area is low, except for radios that are owned by majority of households. Most of the respondents in Temeke district own television sets, pushcarts and telephones.

Socio-Economic Baseline Conditions by Villages Receiving Different Services. An attempt was also made to document the socio-economic villages by baseline conditions of the service that will be provided. These are villages plus water, that would receive gas power solar power plus water and water supply monitoring only. Such data are important for and future assessment of the impact of the people. Songo Songo project to the local

Quality of Houses

Table 2 shows that the quality of houses in village by type of services of the respondents have is poor. About 80% houses of mud floor; over 70% have houses poles and mud. However, with walls made of over 50 % of the respondents in villages power and solar with proposed gas power supply have houses that have corrugated materials compared iron sheets as roofing to only 12.5% of the respondents in villages supply only. The majority with p roposed water ofthe respondents in the villages that are water supply only have houses proposed to have that have grass thatches or coconut leaves.

x Table B: Housing Condition in Villages by type of Services to be provided.

SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED Gas power House construction-floor (%) Solar power Water Mud 80.3 Cement 79.5 81.3 19.7 House construction-wall (__l 20.5 18.8 Poles and mud 72.5 Sun dried bricks 84.6 100 2.0 2.6 Concrete brick and burnt bricks - 24.5' 12.3 House construction-roof (%) - Grass 12.9 Coconut leaves 5.3 12.5 34.7 Corrugated 39.5 68.8 iron sheets 50.5 55.3 12.5 Access and dependence on Socio-Economic Services provided. by type of services to be

Figure 3 shows percentage of household accessing specific project site. This figure type of services by in the shows that the majority of the respondents sources of water for rely on uncovered the drinking, they use pit latrines, and the major source of they depend on kerosene as lighting and fuel wood as source of cooking. in villages with the However, households proposed solar power plus water supply poorest kind of scheme seem to have the socio-economic services. In these villages uncovered sources all respondents depend on of water for drinking purposes and depend on kerosene over 95% use pit latrines, and all as the source of energy for lighting energy for cooking. and fuel wood as source of

lThis sample includes households from Singino village (Temeke). The (Kilwa Masoko), Ikwiriri, Kibiti and four townships make a total of 135 households Chamazi the respondents out of 303 interviewed (Table from these four townships had houses 1). Even if all cement floor, of corrugated iron sheets, concrete/burnt it would have made only 44% of bricks and qualities the total sample. Unfortunately not mentioned above. While majority have all houses had the three well corrugated iron sheets (50.5%) the as earth floor. Similarly, since the sample walls are of poles as households, was stratified by service category and the findings above are not unusual. randomly selected

xi Figure C: Quality of socio-economic services (%)

120

100 _ _

> 80 -mi _Uncovered water R 6 I Pit latrine toilets 0 Kerosene as source of lighting a) 40 - Fuel wood as source of cooking 20 0 Gas Power plus Solar Power plus Water service only Water Water Villages' Services

Monthly Expenditure

Average monthly expenditure is about Tsh. 78,000 per household and most of it is on food. There is not much difference across the villages with proposed different services to be provided.

Expenditure on energy shows interesting trends. Villagers proposed for gas power appear to have high expenditure on energy for cooking than the other two categories. The expenditure on kerosene in gas power proposed villages was about Tshs. 6,200 per month. This was higher than in other villages earmarked for other services. Expenditure on charcoal for cooking was higher in villages that are to get water supply only but the difference between villages on this type of expenditure; overall it was about Tshs. 4,000 per month in all the villages despite type of services to be provided

Expenditure on dry cell batteries for radios and expenditure on electricity for TV and videos in villagers proposed for gas power supply is higher than in other villages - about Tshs. 4,500 per month. However, expenditure on dry cell batteries alone is about Tsh.2, 000 per month. Villages that are proposed to get gas power service have high expenditure on energy for lighting i.e. about Tshs 4,700 per months as opposed to Tshs. 2,495 and Tshs. 1,150 for villages that will get water supply and solar power supply, respectively. The main energy for lighting is kerosene. Few respondents in villages under gas power villages use electricity for lighting e.g. in Kibiti and lkwiriri. Other sources of energy in all villages include touches and candles whose costs is also low.

Overall, total monthly expenditure on energy is slightly higher in villages that will get gas power (Tshs. 16,707.9) than in that will get water supply only (Tshs. 10,851.3) and those for solar power supply (Tshs. 10,133.6).

However, the costs on energy as indicated above should be taken as indicative rather than conclusive. A separate and detailed study would be needed to provide comprehensive and more reliable data that may shed more light in to the dynamics of energy costs against the

xii proposed development. For example, many people in rural areas do not buy they simply go to the woodlots/forest fuel wood; and collect dry wood. In this study collect fuel wood themselves people who use 1.8 to 2.0 hours. Converting such a time terms would require more into money analysis of the parameters and is at the moment of this study do so. not intention

Although, expenditures on energy appear to be on the high side, this does not directly imply the ability of the people to shift to alternative sources of energy. The underlying issue would be the costs effectiveness of the new sources and changes in the mind set the targeted communities. A high proportion of of the respondents use kerosene for and fuel wood and charcoal for lighting cooking. These are purchased in small lots daily basis and in rural areas; for use on some of these are treated as free goods obtained common resource pool. from the

Dependency and Access to Natural Resources Access to natural resource is high by all respondents households in all the villages however, in the villages with proposed solar respondents power supply have the highest level of who rely on building poles for houses and these villages fuel wood for cooking. Since are proposed for solar power, the dependence continue to increase, on fuel wood will perhaps as population increases following the improved services in the area. socio-economic

Table C: Dependence and Access to Natural Resources by proposed services (%) Gas power Solar power Water Overall plus water plus water service only Access to natural resources 86.3 94.9 100.0 93.7 Bush meet 20.6 35.9 6.3 20.9 Timber 34.3 34.3 - 22.9 Medicinal plants - 28.2 31.3 19.8 Wild fruits 52.0 64.1 37.5 51.2 Beekeeping 40.2 30.8 50.0 40.3 Building poles 84.5 100 100 94.8 Fuel wood 76.5 92.3 87.5 85.4

Socio-Economnic Baseline for Songo Songo Island

Socio-economic services in the Songo Songo Island are summarized in Table Comparing with villages on mainland 4. districts of Rufiji, Mkuranga and Kilwa, Songo Songo Island appears to have better houses and socio-economic conditions. Proportions of houses with corrugated iron sheets roof are much higher in the island than in other villages on the mainland in the project area.

xiii The main economic activity is fishing. Other economiic activities are agriculture, business and craft. Petty trade and wage earnings are not very important as in the mainland areas. Secondary economic activities are once again high for fishing and agriculture. About 14.3% of the respondents are also wage employees.

However, like in the mainland districts, the quality of toilets, water and lighting facilities is poor. There is high dependency on forestry resources for medicinal plants and fuel wood as source of energy for cooking. Asset ownership is limited; a high proportion of the respondents have radio and bicycles and only few own irons. The condition and access to socio-economic services such as primary schools, shops and health services is good, but not so good for secondary schools, roads and markets. Household income expenditure is high in the Island totaling to Tshs. 100,000 per month and about two thirds of this is used for buying food only. Table D. Quality of housing and socio-economic services for the Songo Songo Island

Service Percentage Economic activity Principal-Fishing 43.8 Economic activity Secondary-Fishing 42 House construction - Cement floors 83.3 House construction - Bumt or concrete brick walls 33.3 House construction - Corrugated iron sheets roof 66.7 Water supply from uncovered well 50 Households with pit latrine toilet 66.7 Households using kerosene as source lighting 100 Households using fuel wood as source of cooking 83.3 Households owning radio and bicycle 83.3

xiv Conclusions and Recommendations

From the above analysis, Temeke district appears to have relatively better socio- economic conditions followed by Rufiji and Kilwa. Mkuranga district has the least socio- economic conditions. Overall, however, there are no significant differences between affected areas and non-affected areas in most of the parameters examined in the project areas. Women lag behind men in different aspects including education and income levels. This project may contribute significantly in improving the socio-economic conditions and the livelihoods of the people in the project site. Electricity and water will be available to more people, which may then stimulate further livelihoods developments and changes in the of the people. However, given the low food, incomes and high expenditures on the shift to better services such as having electricity development in homes and even using it for activities will depend on a number of factors growth and i ncluding t ariffs, e conomic the general willingness of the people to invest changes may in electricity. Also, major not be seen in the short term period and therefore, Private Operator the govemment, the and the District Councils may need to develop ensure the strategies that would services that are provided to the people are sustainable people. and beneficial to all the

The project is also likely to improve access to clean and safe water. However, this also depend on availability of will reliable sources of water. Through the Limited Environmental Assessment, which is part of this study, it has been established that there is insufficient amount of water from the sources to meet the planned extended supply all the villages earmarked for water to supply. Detailed analysis and studies to availability of water is needed determine in order to ensure sustainable supply to the communities. Such initiatives are already underway as the project is now carrying out studies determine the sources and availability to of water that will be provided through the project.

xv

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i LIST OF TABLES ...... x...x...xix LIST OF FIGURES ...... xx GLOSSARY ...... x...... xxi

1.0 INTRODUCTION .. 1.1 Background to the study .. 1 1.2 Objective of the study .. 1 1.3 Justification of the study ..

2.0 METHODOLOGY .. 2 2.1 Secondary data collection .. 2 2.2 Primary data collection .2 2.2.1 Sampling framework ...... 2...... 2 2.2.2 Sample size ...... 3...... 3 2.2.3 Socio-economic monitoring variables .4...... 4 2.3 Data analysis .. 4 2.4 Report Structure .. 6 3.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .6 3.1 BASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS . 6 3.1.1 Household characteristics ...... 6...... 6 3.1.2 Land Tenure, Rents and Transfer Systems ...... 8 3.1.3 Principal economic activities ...... 9...... 9 3.1.3a Economic Activities in Ruriji District .9

3.1.3b Economic Activities Kilwa District .10 3.1.4 Income levels by affected and non affected respondents in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts ...... 10 3.1.5 Income levels by Gender ... 11

xvi 3.1.5b Income levels by gender in Kilwa District ...... 12 3.1.6 Income levels by age in affected and non affected HH in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts ...... 12

3.1.7 Housing Quality ...... 14 3.1.8 Accessibility to social services by gender ...... 16 3.1.9 Sources of water by affected and non affected households ...... 18 3.1.10 Source of Lighting for Rufiji and Kilwa districts ...... 20 3.1.11 Source of energy for cooking in Rufiji and Kilwa districts ...... 21 3.1.12 Ownership of Assets ...... 21 3.2 BASELINE CONDITION ACROSS DISTRICTS ...... 22 3.2.1 Social and Demographic Issues ...... 22 3.2.2 Present Principal Economic Activities...... 23 3.2.3 Present Secondary Economic Activities ...... 24 3.2.4 Total Household Annual Income ...... 25 3.1.5 Income Eamings ...... 26 3.2.6 Household Monthly Expenditure Levels ...... 26 3.2.8 Access and dependence on Natural Resources ...... 27 3.2.9 Quality of Houses ...... 28 3.2.10 Access and Quality of Socio - Economic Services ...... 29 3. 2.11 Ownership of Assets ...... 30 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE BY SERVICE CATEGORY ...... 31 3.3.1 Quality of Houses ...... 31 3.3.2 Distance to Services ...... 32 3.3.3 The Quality of Socio-Economic Services by Village Service Category ...... 33 3.3.4 Monthly Household Expenditure by category of services to be provided ...... 34 -3.3.5 Access to Natural Resources ...... 38 3.4 SOCIO- ECONOMIC BASELINE DATA FOR SONGO SONGO ISLAND .... 39 3.4.1 Principle and Secondary Economic Activities ...... 39 3.4.2 Quality of Houses ...... 39 3.4.3 Access and use of Socio-Economic Services on Songo Songo Island ...... 40 3.4.4 Ownership of Durable Assets ...... 41 3.4.5 Access to Social Services ...... 41 3.4.6 Status of Social Services ...... 41 3.4.7 Dependence to natural resources on the Island ...... 42 3.4.8 Monthly Household Expenditure on the Songo Songo Island ...... 42 4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 43 4.1 CONCLUSION ...... 43 4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 43

xvi'i 5.0 REFERENCES ...... 44 6.0 APPENDICES .45

Appendix 6.1: Terms of Reference ...... 45 Appendix 6.2: Baseline Survey Questionnaire .47 Appendix 6.3: Checklist of Questions for Village Meetings .53 Appendix 6.4: Socio- Economic Baseline Data for Project .54 the Four Districts Under the

Appendix 7.0: Socio-Economic Baseline by Services Provision .67 Appendix 8.0: Socio-Economic Data for Sougo Songo Island .72

xviii I LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1. HOUSEHOLD SAWLE PER VILLAGES ...... TABLE 2: HOUSEHOLD 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF AFFECTED AFFECTED AND NON- HOUSEHOLDS IN RUFIJI DISTRICT TABLE 3: HOUSEHOLD (%)...... 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF AFFECTED AFFECTED AND NON- HOUSEHOLDS IN KILWA DISTRICT TABLE 4: LAND (%) ...... 8 TENURE RENTS AND TRANSFER SYSTEMS TABLE 5: ECONOMIC ...... 9 ACTIMTIES IN RUFIJI DISTRICT TABLE 6: PRINCIPAL (%) ...... 10 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN KILWA TABLE 7: INCOME DISTRICT (%) ...... 10 LEVELS BETWEEN AFFECTED AND PERSONS ...... NOT AFFECTED TABLE 8: INCOME LEVELS BETWEEN AFFECTED 11 PERSONS AND NOT AFFECTED IN RUFUI DISTRICT (%)...... TABLE 9: INCOME LEVELS BETWEEN GENDER 11 AFFECTED BY AFFECTED AND NON PERSONS IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) TABLE 10: HOUSING ...... 12 QUALITY IN RUFUI DISTRICT (%) ...... TABLE 11: HOUSING QUALITY 15 IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) ...... TABLE 12: SOURCES OF ...... 16 WATER BY AFFECTED AND NON AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS IN RUFUI DISTRICTS TABLE ...... 13: SOURCES OF WATER IN KILWA 19 DISTRICTS BY AFFECTED AND NON AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ...... TABLE 14: 19 TYPE OF TOILETS IN RUFIfl AND KILWA TABLE 15: DISTRICTS ...... 20 SOURCE OF LIGHTING IN RUFLII AND TABLE 16: SOURCE KILWA DISTRICTS ...... 20 OF COOKING ENERGY IN RUFIJI ...... AND KILWA DISTRICTS TABLE 17: OWNERSHIP 21 OF ASSETS IN KILWA AND TABLE 18: DEMOGRAPHIC RUFIJI DISTRICTS (%) ... 22 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISTRICTS ...... STUDY AREA BY TABLE 19: PROPORTION (%) 23 OF HOUSEHOLDS' INCOME BY LEVELS TABLE 20: ACCESS AND USE (TSHS)26 OF NATURAL RESOURCES (% RESPONDENTS)28 TABLE 21: ACCESS TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC TABLE SERVICES (%)...... 22: OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS (%) ...... 30 TABLE 23: QUALITY OF HOUSES 31 BY SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED ...... TABLE 24: PROPORTION (%) OF RESPONDENTS 32 SERVICES SUGGESTING THAT SOCIAL THEY RECEIVE IS OF GOOD QUALITY TABLE 25: ACCESS ...... 34 TO NATURAL RESOURCES (%) TABLE 26: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ...... 38 SERVICES ON THE ISLAND ...... TABLE 27: ACCESS AND USE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC 39 TABLE 28: SERVICES (%) ...... 40 ACCESS TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES ...... 41

xix LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: INCOME LEVELS BY AGE CATEGORIES BY AFFECTED OR NOT AFFECTED (%) ...... FIGURE 13 2: INCOME LEVELS BY AGE IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) ...... FIGURE 3: DISTANCE 14 TO SOCIAL SERVICES BY GENDER IN RUFIJI DISTRICT (KM) ...... 17 FIGURE 4: DISTANCE OF SOCIAL SERVICES BY MALE AND FEMALE FOR KILWA DISTRICT (KM) ...... 8 FIGURE 5: PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (%) ...... 24 FIGURE 6: SECONDARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (%) ...... FIGURE 7: HOUSEHOLD 25 ANNUAL INCOME (TSHS) ...... 26 FIGURE 8: EXPENDITURES LEVELS (TSHS.) ...... 27 FIGURE 9: QUALITY OF HOUSES ...... FIGURE 29 10: DISTANCE TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES BY VILLAGE SERVICES (KM) ...... 33 FIGURE 11: MONTHLY EXPENDITURE BY VILLAGE SERVICE (TSHS.) ...... FIGURE 12: 35 EXPENDITURE ON DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR COOKING (TSHS) ...... FIGURE 36 13: EXPENDITURE ON DRY CELLS FOR RADIOS BY SERVICE CATEGORY ...... 36 FIGURE 14: EXPENDITURE ON LIGHTING ENERGY ...... 37 FIGURE 15: TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON ENERGY ...... 38 FIGURE 16: QUALITY OF HOUSES (%) ...... FIGURE 40 17: RESPONDENTS' ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES AS GOOD OR MODERATE (%) ...... 42

xx GLOSSARY

MEM MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERALS

IRA INSTITUTE OF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TANESCO TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED SPSS STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES VIP VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINE TSHS TANZANIAN SHILLING

LEA LIMITED ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT

SIA SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

URT UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PAPS PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS PIU PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT DSM DAR ES SALAAM

HH HOUSEHOLD

TV TELEVISION

NGO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION Yr YEAR

xxY i i Ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

The Government of Tanzania acting through Tanzania Company National Electric Supply Limited (TANESCO) is implementing the and Power "Songo Songo Gas Development Generation Project ". The project involves pipeline village land up-take for the wayleave. It also includes compensation and packages socio-economic impact mitigation for the affected villages along the gas pipeline of the and Songo Songo Island. Some impact mitigation includes the following activities:

* Establishment of 4.5MW generation plant at Somanga to generate enough electricity for 10 villages/townships, vs.; Kilwa Masoko, Kilwa Kivinje, Nangurukuru, Somanga Ndumbo, Muhoro, Utete, Ikwiriri, Kibiti, Mchukwi Village and Hospital and * Establishment of electricity Bungu; feeder from Somanga to Utete and also Kibiti and Bungu after serving lkwiriri, a line split at Nyamwage, including Rufiji River well as Songo Songo Island; crossing as * Management and operation of the gas based power villages; generation and transmission to 9 * Build-Own-Operate (BOO) solar home system providing services to 26 villages; * Construction of water facilities to 44 villages.

TANESCO and the Government of Tanzania expect these development activities to boost socio-economic development of the concerned villages and contribution to poverty reduction. TANESCO commissioned the Institute of Resource Assessment of the University of Dar es Salaarn to undertake socio-economic of the and environmental assessment above-mentioned activities. The focus of the issues: assignment is to address three main (a) inventory of socio-economic baseline information; and (b) limited environmental socio-economic impact assessment and; (c) resettlement population. action plan for the affected This report addresses the q uestion o f s ocio-economic affected communities. b aseline d ata for the

1.2 Objective of the study

The objective for this socio-economic baseline study is to document the baseline for the Songo socio-economic Songo project area for future monitoring and of the proposed development assessing the impact (i.e. transmission lines ad supply of the affected communities. energy and water) to

1.3 Justification of the study

The implementation of Songo Songo project will have impact to the communities aspects. First, some people will in two lose their assets permanently or will be disconnected their current livelihoods as well to as social cultural ties. According to the government valuation report (URT 2004) 1612 people will be affected. Even if these people are

1 compensated fairly it is not clear whether they will be able to restore their current livelihoods or even improve it. Assessing whether livelihoods have been restored or not, is only possible if baseline data has been collected before project implementation starts. This report thus contributes to meeting this objective. Second, the government, through TANESCO is spending huge sums of money in developing the infrastructure. The main objective of such investment is to stimulate development in the areas. Unless socio- economic baseline data are collected at the beginning, it may be difficult to assess the impact of the projects on people's welfare and development.

2.0 METHODOLOGY

In order to establish baseline information, this study used a variety of methods and approaches as outlined below:

2.1 Secondary data collection

The team undertook an extensive review of the earlier work in the project area, including the following sources:

Socio-economic Baseline Survey Data of affected communities prepared by ACRES International (2004). * Socio-economic conditions on the Songo Songo Island by SonGas. * Social and Environmental Monitoring and Compliance consultancy managed by the MEM's Project Implement Unit (PIU). * The Environmental and Social Assessments and Management Plan (2001); * Limited environmental analysis (LEA) and social assessment framnework (SAF) and preliminary water survey 2003; * Environmental impact assessment by MEM/HBT AGRA Limited (1994) * Also, the team reviewed other reports related to this assignment from IRA and other sources.

2.2 Primary data collection 2.2.1 Sampling framework

Although the terms of reference required the focus of t he s tudy t o b e for t he a ffected persons only, the team undertook broader area stratification based on affected and non- affected, service provision (gas power, solar power and water supply) and by districts in the four districts in the study area. The study identified and listed all the persons who have been directly affected by the project and should be compensated and some of them were included in the household sample interviews.

The decision to have broader sampling framework rather than focusing on the affected persons only was based on a number of reasons.

2 * The review of earlier work shows that generally the four districts less similar socio-economic have more or and cultural characteristics. What makes is probably the a difference accessibility and proximity to Dar e s S alaam local institutions C ity, c apacity for and availability of socio-economic services. * The impact of the project will affect all the people in the project negatively or positively. area either * All the people who have been affected directly have decided to by cash. This get compensation means, there will be no need for physical relocation Consequently, majority to new areas. of the affected persons will remain within their current residence. the villages of * Baseline data will provide comprehensive monitoring people benchmarks for all the in the project site and not just affected persons. 2.2.2 Sample size

Villages were stratified by service provision. Thirteen villages were selected household sampling as follows. for

* 8 villages from areas that would receive gas power plus water * 3 villages supply, from areas that will get solar energy plus water, * 2 villages and; from areas that would get water service only. In Temeke and Mkuranga districts one village was selected per district for household data collection. These were Chamazi and Dundani respectively. In Rufiji district, six villages were randomly selected i.e. Bungu A, Ilwiriri, Nyamwage Kibiti, Uponda, Jaribu Mpakani and while in Kilwa, five villages were Nangurukuru, selected. These were Singino, Somanga Ndumbo, Matandu and households Marendego. About 2.5% of the per village were selected randomly for interviews, households. making a total of 304

Baseline information collected included: * List of eligible people for compensation; * Livelihood system, * Income and expenses pattern, * Production systems, * Labour force, * Social organization. * Standard of living; * Information on health; * Access and quality of socio-economic services; * Durable assets; * None fixed assets.

3 Identification of vulnerable people e.g. by ethnic, disabilities land etc were also made. Also tenure systems, cultural issues, access and quality of services examined. and infrastructure were

A household questionnaire was developed as tool for data collection. The questionnaire is attached as appendix 5.1. Table 1.0 summarizes villages that were sampled and the number of households that were selected per village.

Apart from household surveys, the team also conducted village meetings in 22 villages under the project. The aim of these meetings was to gather qualitative and quantitative information on economic activities, access to social services, cultural and ritual land tenure and inheritance. issues,

2.2.3 Socio-econoniuc monitoring variables

The purpose of developing baseline information i s to d evelop m initorable v ariables t o assess the impact of the project to the affected conmmunities. approach The study adopts the developed by ACRES Intemational (2004) and modified necessary to where it was address these specific terms of reference. The principal variables d eveloped monitorable r elate t o p hysical l iving c onditions a nd income earning However, this study capacities. adds indicators on sources of energy for lighting and cooking. important for future research This is on the impact of Songo Songo gas project on people's livelihood and welfare because large part of the project is about the supply of energy. In survey data for the following variables was collected. * Economic activities-principal and secondary- Principal economic refer to p rimary activities economic activities, which are the m ajor s ource while secondary o f I ivelihoods economic activities refer to seasonal and generally supplements principal economic activities. * Community services-accessibility and status; these refers to schools, health services, markets, transport and water supply * Housing conditions- i.e. the quality of housing; size, quality of roofing walls and floor material, * Ownership of durable assets- cars, TV, radio, iron etc; * Resource base-land assets, cropping pattems, productivity, agricultural forestry resource; inputs, * Income and expenditure levels-income from various sources; total and food expenditure. expenditure * Energy sources for cooking-electricity, charcoal, kerosene, firewood; * Energy sources for lighting - electricity, kerosene, candle, firewood 2.3 Data analysis

Data was analysed using Excel and SPSS and findings have been sumnmarised and Figures below. in Tables

4 Table 1. Houselhold Sample per villages

Region District Villages Village selected Villages selected No. HH selected for Total HH Type under the for meetings of service for HH interviews selected project interviews DSM Temeke 2 1 1 Chamazi 36 Gas power Coast Mkuranga 4 1 1 Water Dundani 15 Gas power Rufiji 30 11 6 Water Bungu A 23 Gas power and Water

Uponda 18 Solar power and Water Jaribu mpakani 21 Water

Nyamwage; 16 Gas power and Water

Ikwiriri; 36 Gas power and Water

Kibiti 43 Gas power and Water

Lindi Kilwa 14 9 5 Singino; 20 Gas power and Water

Nangurukuru 16 Gas power and Water

Somanga Ndumbo; 30 Solar power and Water

Marendego; 8 Solar power and Water Matandu 22 Total 50 22 Water service only 13 304

5 2.4 Report Structure

The Report is divided into 6 sections. The first section is introduction includes of the study, which background, objectives, and justification of the study. methodology Section two provides while section three provides findings and discussion. These four areas, are provided in by affected, by districts, by service provision (i.e gas power, water solar power and service only) and by Songo Songo Island. Section four recommendations is conclusion and while section 5 provides References and Appendices are Six. in Section

3.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 BASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS The following section provides details of the baseline information households for the affected in the project site. The information is compared households. with non-affected

3.1.1 Household characteristics

3.1.1a Rufiji districts

In Rufiji district, about quarter o f t he respondents in a ffected households were female compared to 12.5% for the non-affected households. The size of household was slightly higher in affected household both for male (7.0) and female (7.2)-headed households compared to the non-affected households. Education-wise there was not much difference between affected and non-affected h ouseholds. B oth c ategories h ad h igh p roportion respondents who o f did not attend any formal education. There was no head out of all respondents of household who was disabled and very few households in disabled the sample had some members of the families. Primary school dropouts were male-headed relatively high among households both for affected and non-affected respondents.

6 Table 2: Household characteristics of affected and non-affected District (%) households in Rufiji

Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Sex of the head of Household (%) 75.3 24.8 87.5 Household 12.5 size 7.0 7.2 6.5 Disabled (%) 5.2 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.2 Education (%) None 37.9 33.3 21.4 Completed 40.0 Primary education 44.8 44.4 55.7 Completed 40.0 Secondary education 10.3 22.2 5.7 Attending 10.0 Secondary Education 0 0 1.4 Drop outs 0 primary 6.9 0 12.9 Dropouts 0 secondary 0 0 14.0 College 0 0 0 1.4 0 Technician/vocational training 0 0 1.4 0 3.1.1b Kilwa District

Majority of the head of households in both affected and non-affected HH were men. Male-headed households in affected respondents had the highest family size of 7.6 while it was 4.0, 5.6 and 5.0 persons for affected female, non-affected male and female respondents, respectively. Education levels were worse in Kilwa district compared to Rufiji. Majority of the respondents had no formal education and women without formal education were the majority. Very few of the respondents in all categories managed to go to secondary schools. About 16% of the male respondents in affected households are primary school dropouts. The high dropouts are attributed by factors such as lack of funds and low educational motivation in the area.

7 Table 3: Household characteristics of affected and non-affected households in Kilwa District (%)

Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Sex of the head of Household (%) 93.8 6.2 91.5 8.5 Household size 7.6 4.0 5.6 5.0 Disabled (%) 0.1 0 0.1 0

Education (%) ____ None 20.9 50 39.7 42.1 Completed Primary education 48.8 25 46.6 57.9 Completed Secondary education 11.6 25 3.4 0 Attending Primary Education 0 0 0 0 Attending Secondary Education 1.4 0 1.7 0 Drop outs primary 16.3 0 5.2 0 Dropouts secondary 2.3 0 0 0 College 0 0 1.7 0

3.1.2 Land Tenure, Rents and Transfer Systems

Generally, there are not much rent and transfers systems in the study area. This is partly because the area in very rural by nature and renting market transactions are very limited. Out of 152 of the non-affected respondents only 6.1% were renting houses and there were none from the affected respondents. Overall however, rural communities do not pay land rent since rural areas have not been surveyed. Some transfers take place, especially when an individual decides to sell his/her piece of land or any other property to another person. In this case, the seller can involve the village government about the transfer of land and the latter charges some proportion of the proceeds as administrative costs. Such transfers are however, not officially recognized until when the lands office is notified to sanctions them. The lands office cannot sanction such transfer in as long as the area in question has not been surveyed. So, transfers are indeed, informal.

Land tenure- Both, the Village Land Act of 1999 and the customary tenure where people acquire land through traditional rules (that are recognized legally) govem access and u se o f 1and in the villages in the way leave. Land ownership and tenure has been presented in Table 3. Land is still not a problem in many villages. Most of the respondents acquire land by allocation from village governments, purchase or inherit. In this study average land ownership was 12.5 and 5.6 acres for affected male and female, respectively, while it was 5.2 and 4.9 acres for non-affected respondents. Almost all respondents affected and non-affected were the owner of the land. Out of the PAPs respondents 58.4% and 65.2% of the male and female respondents, respectively acquired

8 their land through village government allocation, compared to 40.9% and 56.2 affected respondents. Also for non- acquiring land through purchasing was considerable respondents affected and non-affected. by all

Table 4: Land Tenure rents and transfer systems

Affected Non-affected Male Land Owned Female Male Female 12.5 5.6 Land Tenure 5.2 4.9 Owner . 100 Tenants 100 100 93.9 0 0 How acquired? 0 6.1 Through Village Government allocation 58.4 Purchased 65.2 40.9 56.2 33.3 Inherited 30.4 45.0 28.1 8.3 4.3 13.6 15.6 Distance to the farm (km) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4

3.1.3 Principal economic activities

Significant source of livelihood by PAPs in the study area is extracted resources such as land, forestry from common and water. A high proportion of the respondents on agriculture, fuel wood for depend cooking and shallow water for drinking. Also on natural forestry for building they depend poles and thatching grasses. Game meat, vegetables are other major resource fruits and of livelihood for both the PAPs and Non-PAPs respondents. Commercial activities from natural Although resources include timber and logging. village governments exist in every village resources, and are supposed to manage the they do not have c apacity to implement them. resources (except As a result, m ost the natural timber and logging) are extracted freely without the governrnent. Livestock any consultation from keeping is insignificant in the study area and and watering points for therefore grazing livestock are not significant i ssues. F ishing proportion of the economic also t akes a s mall activities. It is only the people who live either Songo Island or near R ufiji in the Songo River (as well as other small rivers) who Again fishing is very practice fishing. informal whereby people do fishing mainly However, in areas such for subsistence. as Songo Songo Island where fishing contributes of a living, there some to almost 40% informal institutions established to coordinate interests of the fisherrnen. and oversee The following section provides economic and non-affected respondents. activities by affected

3.1.3a Economic Activities in Ruriji District

Majority of the respondents in Rufiji districts for affected and non- affected HH depend on agriculture for livelihood. Except for non-affected female households who 57.9%% of

9 the respondents depend on agriculture, other three categories had more than respondents 75% of the who depend on agriculture. Petty trade (21.1%) was also women respondents important for from non-affected households while wage employment important was to female households both in affected (20.0%) and non villages. affected (18.8%)

Table 5: Economic activities in Rufiji District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Agriculture 75.9 80.0 75.9 Commerce 57.9 8.6 0 8.6 4.2 Petty trade 5.7 0 3.4 21.1 Wage 5.2 20.0 5.2 Carpenter 18.8 1.4 0 5.2 Fisher 0 0 0 1.7 0 3.1.3b Economic Activities Kilwa District

Kilwa district had a high proportion of male respondents who depend on agriculture both in the affected and non-affected households. Women dependency on agriculture was relatively low in the affected households - i.e. 33.3%.

Table 6: Principal Economic Activities in Kilwa District (%)

Affected Non affected Male Female Male Agriculture Female 77.3 33.3 72.2 Cornmerce 50.0 0 33.3 11.6 Petty 25.0 trade 9.1 33.3 0 Wage 25.0 2.3 0 7.0 0 Carpenter 0 0 0 Fisher 0 9.1 0 2.3 0

3.1.4 Income levels by affected and non affected respondents in Rufiji Districts and Kilwa

An assessment of the income levels show that both affected and non-affected households have more people who earn less than one dollar a day. Income per annum is Tshs. 938,250, and Tshs. 721,750, for affected and non-affected households in Rufiji districts compared to Tshs 791,538 and Tshs. 648,462, respectively for Kilwa distnrct. These incomes translates into Tshs. 134,036 and Tsh. 100,243 per capita incomes for affected and non affected, respectively, in Rufiji district compared to Tshs. 121,775 and Tshs. 124,704, for Kilwa district, respectively.

10 Table 7: Income levels between affected and not affected persons

RUFIJI K[LWA Income level Affected Non-Affected Affected Non income/year 938250 affected 721750 791538 648462 Per capita income 134036 100243 121775 124704 Below 50,000 21.1 19.7 27.4 21.7 50,001-364000 43.4 46.1 40.0 39.2 364001-500,000 6.6 5.3 6.5 15.2 500,001-1000,000 13.1 21.0 15.2 17.4 Over 1000000 15.8 7.9 10.9 6.5

3.1.5 Income levels by Gender

3.1.5a Income levels by gender in Rufiji District An examination of income levels by gender show between a s light and i nsignificant difference males and female in low income levels incomes in both areas but differences emerge as increases (Table 15). For example, overall, poorest it appears male respondents are the among in all the categories. This category than had 76% of the people who earn less one dollar a day compared to 70%, 64.7% affected and 66.7%, for affected female, non- male and non-affected female, respectively. non-affected Only female in both affected and households had 20% and 33.3% of respondents, between Tshs. 500, 000 respectively who earn and Tshs. 1,000,000 per annum while male affected and non affected who respondents in both earn this level of income was very low. Table 8: Income levels between affected and not affected (%) persons in Ruriji District

Affected Non affected Male Female Below 50,000 Male Female 24.0 30.0 19.4 0 50000-364,000 52.0 40.0 45.3 66.7 364,001-500000 6.0 500001-1000000 10 5.0 0 8.0 20.0 5.5 Over 1000 000 33.3 8.0 0 2.8 0

11 3.1.5b Income levels by gender in Kilwa District

In Kilwa district, affected households seem to be poorer than non-affected households. In this category 76% and 80% of the male and female respondents earned less than one dollar a day compared to 62.5% and 50% for non-affected respectively. Also about 40.8% of the male in non-affected households earned b etween T shs. 3 64,001 t o T shs. 500,000 compared to other categories. However, 50% of the female respondents in non- affected households earns between Tshs. 500,000-Tshs. 1000,000.

Table 9: Income levels between gender by affected and non affected persons in Kilwa District (%)

Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Below 50,000 24.0 20 25.0 50.0 50000-364,000 52.0 60 37.5 0 364,001-500000 8.0 0 40.8 0 500001-1000000 8.0 20 4.2 50.0 Over 1000 000 8.0 0 12.5 0

3.1.6 Income levels by age in affected and non affected HH in Ruriji and Kilwa Districts

Looking on the income earnings across the age categories the results show again that most of the respondents earn less than Tshs. 364,000 per annum. Affected persons in Rufiji district seem to be poorer than the not affected persons. There was no respondent under age 15-30 years who earned above Tshs. 364,000 compared to 37.5% for non affected respondents. However, 6.7% of the affected respondents of the age 31-50 years earned above one million while there was non from the same age in non affected respondents. A lso t here w as n o one who earned over a million for respondents of age between 51-98 in non- affected, but 27.3% o f t he respondents in affected respondents earned between Tshs. 364,001 and Tshs. 500,000 per annum.

12 Figure 1: Income levels by age categories by affected or not affected (%)

Affected Non affected

80 70- 60 - c Below 50000 X50 * | *50000-364000U = 40 -0364001-500000 @ 30 - - 0500001-1000000 IL - S - _ | * Over 1000,000 20 10 0 15-30 31-50 51-98 15-30 31-50 51-98 Age categories

Most of the respondents in Kilwa district eam below Tshs. 364,000 per annum. Examining income eamings across age categories between affected and non-affected, shows that 33.3% of the respondents with age of 15-30 years earns below Tshs. 50,000. There is not much difference in income earnings for the age group 31-50 years for both affected and non-affected. However, quite high proportion of the respondents from the age of 51-98 are eaming above one million shillings that is 16.7% in affected households and 12.5% in non-affected households.

13 Figure 2: Income levels by age in Kilwa District (%)

Affected Non Affected

cs40-4D- S

40-

0

15&51-93 31d) 1530 31@ 5t9B~~~~135000-la 10 i" t ||

3.1.7 Housing Quality

3.1.7a Housing quality in Rufiji District

The quality of houses is not very different from the districts' analysis and analysis by service provision in section 3.1.9 .and 3.2, respectively. Most of the respondents had poor quality houses of mud floor, poles and mud walls and coconut/grass roofs. A comparison between affected and non-affected people also shows not much difference as majority had poor houses.

14 Table 10: Housing Quality in Rufiji District (%)

Affected Non affected Male Female Floor Male Female 82.8 78.9 80.0 Mud 70.0 17.2 21.1 20.0 Cement 30.0

Wall Poles and Mud 81.0 73.7 77.1 Sun dried brocks 80.0 8.6 5.3 2.9 Burnt bricks 0 8.6 10.5 7.1 Concrete bricks 10.0 1.7 10.5 12.9 10.0 Roof Grass . 15.5 16.7 Corrugated 7.2 0 iron sheets 39.7 44.4 Tiles 53.6 60.0 1.7 0 1.4 Coconut leaves 10.0 43.1 38.9 37.7 30.0

3.1.7b Housing quality in Kilwa District In Kilwa district, almost all respondents both affected and non-affected The situation was more had poor houses. serious for over 90 % of the male in affected households poorest housing quality. who had

15 Table 11: Housing Quality in Kilwa District (%)

Affected Non affected Male Female Male Floor Female Mud and poles 95.5 66.7 65.1 75.0 Cement 4.5 33.3 34.9 Wall 25.0 Poles and Mud 95.5 66.7 90.7 75.0 Sun dried brocks 0 0 4.7 0 Bumt bricks 0 0 0 0 Concrete bricks 4.6 33.3 4.7 25.0 Roof Grass 15.9 50.0 23.2 Corrugated 50.0 iron sheets 6.8 0 23.3 Tiles 25.0 0 0 2.3 0 Coconut leaves 77.3 50.0 51.2 25.0

3.1.8 Accessibility to social services by gender

3.1.8a Accessibility to social services by gender

Basic social services are found at a distance of about 1 and 2 km for both affected non-affected households and in Rufiji district. However, access to secondary school furthest - 9.6km. is

16 Figure 3: Distance to social Services by gender in Rufiji district (km)

Affected Non Affected

12-

EY10 \4= Drinking water 8 ~~~~~~~~~~~-U-W-Shops Markets 8 - 6 x \ >- Primary school

-*.-\Secondary school .4- Health services 2 -~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~ A ~~~~~~~~BusI stop

2

Male Female Male Female Sex of respondents

3.1.8b Accessibility to social services by gender in Kilwa district

Distance to Secondary school and Health services are very long for all categories of persons. Secondary school services are available at a distance of 63.4km for affected males while it is 45km, 24.7 km and 21.5 km for affected females, non affected male and female respondents, respectively. Average distance to water services for affected females is 3.5 km. Also Health services were far especially for non affected females (7.5km) compared to 3.8kn for males. In affected households health services were are located at least at 5.1km and 4.4 km for male and female respondents respectively.

17 Figure 4: Distance of social services by male and female for Kilwa District (km)

70-

60

50 - \ Drinking water AX \+-w Shops . 40- trkets

- Rimary school C X 30 ---- Secondary school + F-ealth services 20 - | --- Bus stop

0

Male Female Male Female Sex of the respondents

3.1.9 Sources of water by affected and non affected households

3.1.9a Sources of water by affected and non affected households in Rufiji Districts

The quality and access of water services is very poor for almost all respondents. A high proportion of the respondents depend on uncovered shallow wells for both drinking and cooking water. Respondents who depend on other sources apart from uncovered wells such as piped water and communal pipe stand are very few. Few females in affected households depend on buying water (33.3%) and borehole wells (25.0%).

18 Table 12: Sources of water by affected and non affected Districts households in Rufiji

Affected Non affected Male Female Male Pipe inside Female house 0 0 2.3 Pipe outside 0 0 0 2.3 Communal 0 pipe stand 2.3 0 2.3 River 0 9.1 0 7.0 Covered wells 0 13.6 0 2.3 Uncovered 0 wells 72.7 66.7 76.7 Rain water 75.0 2.3 0 2.3 Bought water 0 0 33.3 2.3 Boreholes 0 0 0 2.3 25.0

3.1.9b Sources of water in Kilwa districts by affected and non-affected households Like-wise, in Kilwa district a high proportion of respondents ranging depend on uncovered from 57.9% to 80% wells. The second source of water is covered wells from affected male for respondents (20.7%) and female (21.1%) affected households and non-affected households. female (20.0%)

Table 13: Sources of water in Kilwa Districts by households affected and non affected

Affected Non affected Male Female Male Pipe inside house Female 1.7 0 0 0 Pipe outside. 3.4 0 Communal 4.3 0 pipe stand 8.6 10.5 River 7.1 0 1.7 0 0 Covered wells 0 20.7 21.1 5.7 Uncovered 20.0 wells 60.3 57.9 80.0 Rain water 70.0 1.7 10.5 0 Bought water 0 1.7 0 12.9 10.0

19 3.1.9c Type of toilets in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts

Pit latrines are the main toilets for over 90% of the respondents in both Rufiji and Kilwa districts.

Table 14: Type of Toilets in Rufiji and Kilwa districts

Affected Non affected Rufij i Male Female Male Female Flush toilets 1.7 0 1.4 0 Pit latrines (VIP) 8.6 10.5 5.7 10 Pit latrine 89.9 1 89.5 92.9 90.0 Kilwa Male Female Male Female Flush toilets 0 0 4.7 0 Pit latrines (VIP) 2.3 11.1 9.3 0 Pit latrine 97.7 88.9 86.1 100

3.1.10 Source of Lighting for Rufiji and Kilwa districts

Kerosene is almost exclusively the only source of lighting for both affected and non- affected respondents in both Rufiji and Kilwa districts. Electricity use is very low in both Kilwa and Rufiji district where about 4.5% and 2.3% males in affected and non affected respondents in both Rufiji and Kilwa districts have reported use of electricity.

Table 15: Source of Lighting in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts

Affected Non affected Rufiji Male Female Male Female

Kerosene 93.0 100 98.6 90 Electricity 3.5 0 1.4 10 Generator 3.5 0 0 0 Fuel wood 0 0 0 0 Kilwa .

Kerosene 95.5 100.0 93.0 100 Electricity 4.5 0 2.3 0 Generator 0 0 0 0 Candle 0 0 0 0

20 3.1.11 Source of energy for cooking in Rufiji and Kilwa districts

Fuel wood is the major source of energy for cooking for affected and non-affected respondents. However, the dependence on fuel wood for cooking is slightly higher in Kilwa district where about 90% of the respondents depend on fuel wood compared to about 80% for Rufiji district. Charcoal use is higher in Rufiji district where 35% of both affected and non-affected households reported using it.

Table 16: Source of cooking energy in Ruriji and Kilwa districts

Affected Non affected Rufiji Male Female Male Female Fuel wood 77.6 77.8 81.4 80 Charcoal 17.2 16.7 15.7 Kerosene 10 5.2 5.6 2.9 10 Kilwa Male Female Male Female Fuel wood 95.5 88.9 93 95 Charcoal 4.5 11.1 4.7 5 Kerosene 0 0 2.3 0

3.1.12 Ownership of Assets

Many people own radio, bicycles and iron. Respondents who own TV, motorcycle, pushcart and telephone are very few. Only 1.7% of the male respondents in Rufiji district own vehicles. The s ame appears to b e the c ase i n Kilwa district where majority owns radio, bicycles and iron. Only 2.2% of the respondents own vehicles.

21 Table 17: Ownership of assets in Kilwa and Rufiji Districts (%)

Affected Non affected Rufiji Male Female Male Female Radio 81.0 63.2 78.6 70 Television 6.9 5.3 5.7 10 Bicycles 70.7 26.3 65.7 60 Motorcycle 10.3 5.3 2.9 0 Pushcart 8.6 15.8 10.0 10 Vehicle 1.7 0 0 0 Telephone 5.2 0 5.7 10 Wheelbarrow 0 0 1.4 0 Iron 44.8 21.1 44.3 60 Affected Non affected Kilwa Male Female Male Female Radio 84.4 66.7 88.4 50.0 Television 0 0 4.7 0 Bicycles 68.9 33.3 51.2 25.0 Motorcycle 2.2 0 0 0 Pushcart 4.4 0 2.3 0 Vehicle 2.2 0 0 0 Telephone 0 0 2.3 0 Wheelbarrow 2.2 0 0 25.0 Iron 24.4 33.3 46.5 25

3.2 BASELINE CONDITION ACROSS DISTRICTS 3.2.1 Social and Demographic Issues

Average household size in Temeke, Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa districts is about 6.5 people per household (Table 2). This is relatively higher than the national average. About 47% of the respondents in Mkuranga and 89% in Kilwa were born in the same village while 53% of the people in Mkuranga and 90% in Rufiji have migrated from other areas to their present areas of residence. Search of settlement is the dominant reason for 50% of those who have migrated in Mkuranga and for 20% in Temeke and on 17.6% in Rufiji. Only 12% of people who moved to Temeke and Mkuranga cited search for better life as reason for migration. This situation may change in future with the provision of services such as water and electricity. The level of education among the people in the districts is relatively low. About 41% of the respondents in Mkuranga, 4 1.1% i n K ilwa h ave n ot attained any level of education. About 25% of the respondents in Rufiji, Kilwa and Mkuranga have attained primary level education.

22 Table 18: Demographic characteristics of the study area by districts

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA Household size (persons) 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.5 Number of disabled person in HH - 0.1 0.1 0.1 Place of birth (%) In the district - 46.7 9.6 89.1 Other places 100 55.3 90.4 10.9 Reasons for moving into this village (%) Settlement 20.0 50.0 17.6 14.3 Better life 12.0 12.5 Villagisation - - 8.0 12.5 17.6 Employment 2.4 28.0 12.5 12.1 Follow relatives 14.3 12.0 12.5 12.1 Business 2.4 4.0 - - 2.4 Looking for land 8.0 - - 11.9 Marriage - - 6.6 7.1 Farmning - 6.6 Other 21.4 20.0 - 27.4 23.8 Age categories (%) 0-25 years 20.7 22.2 24.6 21.8 26-45 years 9.7 8.1 7.7 7.3 Above 45 years 69.6 69.6 68.4 68.0 Relation to the head (%) Head 14.9 15.8 15.1 Spouse 15.5 14.5 17.9 15.9 Child 15.8 52.2 56.8 52.1 Other 52.4 6.1 1.1 7.7 3.9 Education level (%) None 16.7 41.1 37.5 Primary 41.4 31.1 23.2 40.5 Secondary 43.7 7.9 1.1 3.1 Other 2.0 18.5 7.4 7.8 7.4 Male head of proportion 52.6 50.5 48.8 52.6

3.2.2 Present Principal Economic Activities

Principal economic activities are presented in Figure 1. Except for Temeke district, agriculture is the principal source of livelihood in all the villages in the project area,

23 where dependency on agriculture is over 85% on average compared to 36.7% for Temeke. These findings show an increasing trend of dependency on agriculture as principal economic activity. In 1994 dependency on agriculture was 69% and 64.5%.for Lindi and Coast regions, respectively (MEM/HBT AGRA 1994). This might have occurred due to a number of reasons including the opening up of the southern areas and accessibility to markets following the opening of the Rufiji Bridge.

Other significant sources of incomes include petty trading, wage employment and business. These activities are especially important for Temeke district that is in Dar es Salaam. Also fishing and casual labour are practiced but only by small proportion of the respondents, with the exception of Songo Songo Island, where fishing is the principle economic activity.

3.2.3 Present Secondary Economic Activities

Secondary economic activities are presented in Figure 2. Like in the principal economic activities (Figure 1), agriculture also dominates secondary economic activities. About 47% and 41% of the respondents in Temeke and Rufiji, respectively cite agriculture as their major secondary economic activity. In Mkuranga and Kilwa districts, agriculture is a secondary activity for 33.3% and 35.4% of the respondents, respectively. Also about 66.7 % of respondents in Mkuranga cited petty trade as secondary activity, while only 24.6%, 22.7% and 6.7% cited the same in Kilwa, Rufiji and Temeke districts respectively.

Figure 5: Principal Economic Activity (%)

120 - 100 - m) 80- lPg*riculture 80 U ~~~~~~~~~~~Business = 60 - o Pettytrading fL 40- 420EWage employment

20 2 0

CD

Districts

24 Figure 6: Secondary Economic Activities (%)

120 -

100

u, 80 * Wage employment 0 * Pettytading co |* Business r 60 *Agrculture o * *Casual labour L 40 0 Rshting El Craft (mason, carpenter)i

20

0 TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA Districts

These findings suggest that agriculture still dominates livelihood of the many villages as a principal and secondary economic activity. Dependency on agriculture is higher even in urban areas like Temeke. This could be associated with retrenchment of the government employee, increased privatization (ACRES Int. 2004) and increased urban farming as income generating activities.

Despite the high dependency on agriculture, farming technology is poor and input use is very limited. Many farmers follow a rotational fallow system involving a few years followed by up to six years of fallow.

3.2.4 Total Household Annual Income

Information on economic activities varies considerably in the four districts. While more income appears to come from secondary activities for Mkuranga district it is just the opposite for Temeke, Rufiji and Kilwa. Such a situation in Mkuranga could be associated with the high proportion of the respondents who have more secondary economic activities than in other districts.

Total average income ranges from just over Tshs 800,000 for Temeke and Rufiji to just about Tshs. 700,000 for Kilwa. Mkuranga has the lowest income per annum per household; of about Tshs 600,000. Based on these figures, per capita income levels are also very low in all the districts. These are about Tshs. 125,248, Tshs. 122,969, Tshs. 117128 and Tshs. 98236 for Temeke, Rufiji, Mkuranga and Kilwa districts, respectively.

25 Figure 7: Household Annual Income (Tshs)

Annual Incomes

1000000 900000 800000 - 700000 - 600000-_ 500000- 400000-_ 300000- 200000-_ 100000

Temeke Mkuranga Rufiji Kilwa

3.1.5 Income Earnings

The results from Figure 3 show that over 60% of the respondents earn incomes below Tshs. 365, 000 or less than one dollar a day (Table 3). Mkuranga has the highest level of respondents who receive less that a dollar a day (86.7%). Respondents who earn between Tshs. 500,000 and above are only relatively higher in Rufiji (35.9%) followed by Temeke (35%). Income inequality and therefore income poverty is increasing even in rural areas where small proportions of the people are earning very high levels of incomes while the majority are living in absolute poverty.

Table 19: Proportion (%) of Households' income by levels (Tshs)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Below 50,000 5.0 26.7 23.6 17.9 18.4 50,001-364,000 55.0 60.0 37.7 48.7 49.1 364,001-500,000 5.0 6.7 2.8 10.3 4.7 500,001-I,000,000 25.0 6.7 20.8 17.9 17.1 Over l,000J000 10.0 0 15.1 5.1 10.8

3.2.6 Household Monthly Expenditure Levels

26 Figure 4 shows household expenditure levels. The figure shows that household expenditure per month ranges from Tshs. 53,000 for Mkuranga to Tshs. 103,000 in Temeke. Household expenditure for Kilwa and Rufiji is about Tshs. 87,789 and Tshs. 72,828 respectively. In all the districts, expenditure on food takes a high proportion ofthe monthly household's expenses.

Figure 8: Expenditures Levels (Tshs.)

120000-

100000

80000 i60000 Expenditure per month ----- Expenditure on food 40000

20000

0 Temeke Mkuranga Rufiji Kilwa Districts

3.2.7 Land Tenure and Ownership

Average land ownership ranges from 3.9 acres per household in Temeke to 6.3 acres per household in Rufiji district. Few respondents practice shifting cultivation for crops such cassava, paddy, millet and simsim. Access to land is not a constraint, since a high proportion of respondents get land through bush clearing especially in the districts of Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa. Through this way, they establish user rights on the land for as long it is continuously being used by the same person or family member. Also land is acquired through inheritance or through village governments' allocations. ***

3.2.8 Access and dependence on Natural Resources

Access to natural resources is presented in Table 4. A study by URT (1994) show that the coastal people rely much on traditional medicine also, Swantz (1974) has documented 77 potential medicinal plants along the coast area that the people use.

In this survey the dependency on natural resource is much higher in three districts of Mkuranga (93.3% of respondents), Rufiji (89.8% of respondents) and Kilwa (83.2% of respondents); but it is relatively low in Temeke district (38.9% of respondents). Natural resource use includes search for medicinal plants, fuel wood and building poles. With the

27 provision of electricity in the area, dependence on natural resource for charcoal and fuel wood may decline in the long run. However, due to improved communication and availability of electricity for saw milling, pressure on natural resources many increase, especially for timber and building materials as it has been observed in recently with the case of illegal logging.

Table 20: Access and use of natural resources (% respondents)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Access to natural 38.9 93.3 89.8 83.2 81.8 resources Bush meet 2.8 13.3 22.9 22.1 19.8 Timber 8.3 20.0 32.5 23.2 26.1 Medicinal plants 19.4 80.0 53.5 90.5 49.8 Wild fruits 5.6 40.0 38.9 31.9 32.8 Beekeeping 2.8 6.7 8.3 9.5 7.9 Building poles 44.4 100 81.5 90.5 80.9 Fuel wood 55.6 100 89.8 94.7 87.8

3.2.9 Quality of Houses

Except for Temeke where a high proportion of the respondents have houses with corrugated iron roofs, concrete walls and floors, the majority of respondents in Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa have poor and simple houses thatched by either grass or coconut leaves, poles and mud walls and earth floor (Figure 5). These findings are consistent with those of MEM/ACRES Int. (2004), which shows that only 14% and 3% of the population in the study area had houses with bumt bricks and concrete blocks respectively.

28 Figure 9: Quality of houses

90-

80 |c1

60- U Cenent floor 50. , * l* Burnt bricks w alils 40- * L _ a Concrete brick walls 30- t f f- | _ Coconut leaves roof 20 * Corrugated iron sheets roof 10 . Corrugated iron sheets and tles 0 TEMEKE WURANGA RUFUI KLWA Districts

3.2.10 Access and Quality of Socio - Economic Services

Overall status of access to socio-economic services is shown in Table 4.

Water services: About 66% of the respondents rely on uncovered sources of water for their drinking water. Very few have access to covered water sources, communal standpipes and piped water. This is however different in Mkuranga district where all the respondents rely on sources that are not covered for their drinking water, thus risk getting diseases. These findings however, show that percentage of people having water connected to their houses has declined from the 1994 figures. For example, in 1994, 23.1% of the Temeke population had water connected within their houses but today it is only 8.3% of the population. These changes may reflect the unmet demand of rapidly growing population in urban areas or an ever increasing breakdown of the infrastructure or both.

Lack of unreliable and clean water has had negative impact on people's health. In most villages in the project area, the common diseases mentioned were typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea. Providing clean water services in these villages will improve hygiene and reduce water born diseases.

Pit latrine: Except for Temeke, pit latrines are the common type of toilet for majority of the people in the project area. Over 87% of the respondents use pit latrines while an insignificant number have VIP latrines and flush toilets.

Sources of energy for lighting: The major source of energy for lighting is kerosene where over 95% of the respondents in all the districts use it. Electricity use is very limited and is only common in Rufiji (for 3.2% of respondents and Kilwa (for 1.1% of respondents).

29 The trend in electricity connection is shows declining levels in some districts. For example in 1994, 2.2% of the residents in Kilwa district were connected to electricity but today (2004), only 1 .1% o f the respondents have their h ouses c onnected to electricity. This decline may be associated with an increased population in the area rather than simply being a question of shift to other sources. Overall however, population being connected to electricity i s expanding c ountrywide, and i f c onnection c osts are ieduced and other related facilities are available at affordable prices, more people will opt for this source of energy.

Fuel wood is by far the major source of energy for cooking. Except for Temeke district, the dependency on fuel wood ranged from 79% of respondents in Rufiji to 100 percent respondents in Mkuranga. The use of charcoal is significant in Temeke district (36.1% of respondents). Although charcoal-making activities are quite significant in Kilwa, Mkuranga and Rufiji most of it is targeting the Dar es Salaam market, suggesting that even in cities, dependence on charcoal as an alternative source of energy is high despite having electricity supply relatively well distributed.

Table 21: Access to socio-economic services (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Drinking water from 11.1 100 69.4 74.7 65.7 uncovered water Drinking water from 63.9 14.0 7.4 17.2 covered water Pit latrine toilets 16.7 100 90.4 87.4 81.2 Pit latrine (VIP) toilets 66.7 7.4 6.3 13.9 Kerosene as source of 97.2 100 94.9 94.7 95.4 lighting Fuel wood as source of 50 100 79.0 91.6 80.8 energy for cooking I Charcoal 36.1 15.9 7.4 14.9 3. 2.11 Ownership of Assets

Proportion of respondents owning different types of assets is shown on Table 6. Ownership of a variety of assets in all the villages in the study area is low except for radio and bicycles. However, for Temeke district, a considerable number of respondents owned television sets (33.3%), pushcarts (50%) and telephone (38.9%).

30 Table 22: Ownership of assets (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUIJFI KILWA OVERAL

Radio 97.2 80 77.1 84.2 81.8 Television 33.3 - 6.4 2.1 Bicycle 44.4 - 62.4 57.9 - Motorcycle 5.6 - 5.7 1.1 57.4 Pushcart 50.0 - 10.2 3.2 4.0 Vehicle 16.7 - 0.6 1.1 12.2 Telephone 38.9 - 5.1 2.1 2.6 Wheelbarrow 5.6 6.7 0.6 2.1 2.6 Iron 75 26.3 42.7 34.7 43.2

3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE BY SERVICE CATEGORY

The analysis presented in subsection 3.1 above is based on socio-economic baseline by districts. The comparison was made across the four districts of Temeke, Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa. In this section the analysis is focused on villages as categorized by proposed services to be provided. These are gas power plus water supply, solar power plus water supply and villages which will get water supply only. The objective of this analysis is to document the current baseline data in these areas in order to enable monitoring and assessment of the impact of the proposed service provision. Table 7 presents the quality of houses by villages' service category. 3.3.1 Quality of Houses

Overall, the quality of houses is poor in all the villages. Most of the houses are made of earth floor and mud and pole walls (Table 7). However, over 50% of the respondents in villages that would get gas power plus water and solar power plus water have houses roofed by corrugated iron sheets compared to only 12.5% of respondents in villages that will get water supply only.

31 Table 23: Quality of houses by services to be provided

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power Solar power Water Overall plus water plus water service only House construction-floor (%) Mud 80.3 79.5 81.3 80.4 Cement 19.7 20.5 18.8 19.7 House construction-wall (%) Poles and mud 72.5 84.6 100 85.7 Burnt bricks 9.8 7.2 - 5.7 Concrete brick 14.7 5.1 - 6.6 House construction-roof (%) Coconut leaves and grass 47.6 44.8 81.3 57.9 Corrugated iron sheets 50.5 55.3 12.5 39.4

3.3.2 Distance to Services

Distance to socio-economic services is indicated on Figure 6. Villages that will get water supply only are relatively closer to many of the socio-economic services. Most of the services in these villages are within one kilometre distance. Distance to secondary school is extremely high for villages earmarked for proposed gas power plus water supply while distance to shops and health services is much higher in villages planned to receive solar power plus water supply.

32 Figure 10: Distance to socio-economic services by village services (km)

6 * Distance to source of dnnidrg water

5 * Distance to shops

43 * _ zDistanceto market

v _ | a0 Distance to Primary School 2 1 - - _U_ * Distance to Secondary School

0 rO . u v I.. . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~servicesDistance to dispensary/Health Gas power plus Solar power plus Water service only * Distance to Bus stop water water Villages by service

3.3.3 The Quality of Socio-Economic Services by Village Service Category.

Table 8 shows respondents' assessment of the quality of the services they receive. A high proportion of respondents mentioned the quality of primary and secondary schools to be good in all villages. Also about half of the respondents in gas power plus water supply villages and villages that would get water supply only indicated that the quality of water supply and shops were good. Further, a small proportion of the respondents in villages that will get solar power plus water have reported that services for water, shops and access to fuel wood were good. The quality of roads was reported to be good by less than 30% of the respondents and the situation was extremely bad for Mkuranga where only 2.6% mentioned the quality of road to be good.

33 Table 24: Proportion (%) of respondents suggesting that social services they receive is of good quality

VILLAGE SERVICES Gas power Solar power Water Overall plus water plus water service only Quality of water services 58.8 38.5 68.8 55.4 Qualityof shops services 58.8 38.5 68.8 41.1 Quality of market services 38.2 53.8 31.3 45.8 Quality of primary school 84.3 87.2 93.8 88.4 services Quality of secondary school 71.4 77.8 60.0 69.7 services Quality of health services 49.0 30.6 75.0 51.5 Quality of road services 37.3 2.6 43.8 27.9 Availability of fuel wood 51.0 48.7 68.8 56.2 services _

3.3.4 Monthly Household Expenditure by category of services to be provided.

3.3.4a Total monthly expenditure

Average monthly expenditure in villages that are proposed to receive gas power supply was higher than in other villages in other categories of services (Figure 7). In all three villages, expenditure on food took the highest proportion of all monthly expenses.

34 Figure 11: Monthly expenditure by Village Service (Tshs.)

90000 - 80000 - 70000 - 60000 -

° 50000 - _TotalMontly expenditure 40000 40000- - -Mothly- _ Ifood u0 expenditure 30000 - 20000 10000 0 Gas power Solar power Water service plus water plus water only Villages by Service

3.3.4b Total monthly expenditure on energy sources for cooking

Villages proposed for gas power supply have high expenditure on energy for cooking than the other two categories (Figure 8). The expenditure on kerosene was higher in gas power proposed villages than in other village categories (Tshs. 6,200 per month). Expenditure on charcoal for cooking was higher in villages that are to get water supply only but the difference between villages was insignificant, indicating that overall, expenditure on charcoal is about Tshs. 4,000 per month in all the villages despite type of services to be provided.

35 Figure 12: Expenditure on different sources of energy for cooking (Tshs)

ltOOO

1-0000U~oe

GSolarPow 6000 _ SOtwerpsrice

4000 _

2000

Fuewlod Charcoal Keromne Total Source of Energy for cooking

3.2.4c Total monthly expenditure on batteries for Radio

Villagers under proposed gas power have relatively high expenditure on dry cell batteries for radios (Figure 9). This is not surprising as this group had a high proportion of respondents with these facilities. These figures however, also include expenditure on electricity for those who also own TV and videos. Expenditure for dry cell batteries alone is about Tsh.2, 000 per month.

Figure 13: Expenditure on dry cells for radios by Service Category

5000 4500 - l 4000 3500 - 3000 i 2500 2000

10001500 - 1 500 0 Gas Power Solar Power Water service Village by Service Category

36 3.3.4d Total monthly expenditure on lighting

The main source of energy for lighting in most of the villages is kerosene. Villages that are proposed to get gas power service have high expenditure on lighting energy of about Tshs. 4,700 per months as opposed to Tshs. 2,495 and Tshs. 1,150 for villages that will get water supply and solar power supply, respectively (Figure 10). Few respondents in villages under gas power villages use electricity for lighting e.g. in Kibiti and Ikwiriri. Other sources of energy in all villages include touches and candles.

Figure 14: Expenditure on lighting energy

5000 L 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 _- 1500_ 1000 500

Gas Power Solar Power Water Service Villages by Service provision

3.3.4e Total monthly expenditure on energy by villages' service provision

Overall total monthly expenditure on energy is slightly higher in villages that will get gas power (Tshs. 16,707.9) than in other villages e.g., those that will get water supply only (Tshs. 10,851.3) and those for solar power supply (Tshs. 10,133.6).

However, the costs on energy as indicated above should be taken as indicative rather than conclusive. A separate and detailed study would be needed to provide comprehensive and more reliable data that may shed more light into the dynamics of energy costs against the proposed development. For example, many people in rural areas do not buy fuel wood; they simply go to the woodlots/forest and collect dry wood. In this study people who collect fuel wood themselves use 1.8 to 2.0 hours. Converting such a time into money terms would require more analysis of the various parameters and is at the moment not the intention of this study do so.

Although, expenditures on energy appear to be on the high side, this does not directly imply the ability of the people to shift to altemative sources of energy. The underlying issue would be the costs effectiveness of the new sources and changes in the mind set of the targeted communities, as well as deliberate incentive packages that service providers would offer to attract more people to sue the services. A high proportion of the

37 respondents use kerosene for lighting and fuel wood and charcoal for cooking. These are purchased in small lots for use on daily basis and in rural areas; these are treated as free goods obtained from the common resource pool. An innovative way of encouraging people to gradually shift to other sources of energy would be needed. The current data only shows proxy indications of the magnitude of costs involved.

Figure 15: Total expenditure on energy

18000 16000 14000 12000 10000

- 8000 6000 4000 2000

Gas Power Solar Power Water service Villages by service provision

3.3.5 Access to Natural Resources

About 94% of the respondents have access to natural resources (Table 9). Most of this access is for fuel wood, building poles, wild fruits and beekeeping.

Table 25: Access to natural resources (%)

Gas power Solar Water Overall plus water power plus service water only Access to natural resources 86.3 94.9 100.0 93.7 Bush meet 20.6 35.9 6.3 20.9 Timber 34.3 34.3 22.9 Medicinal plants 28.2 31.3 19.8 Wild fruits 52.0 64.1 37.5 51.2 Beekeeping 40.2 30.8 50.0 40.3 Building poles 11.8si4r8 2.6 Fuel wood 76.5 92.3 8bk5i 85.4

38 3.4 SOCIO- ECONOMIC BASELINE DATA FOR SONGO SONGO ISLAND 3.4.1 Principle and Secondary Economic Activities

Table 25 shows the rate of dependency on principal and secondary economic activities for m ost o f t he p eople on the S ongo S ongo I sland. T he p rincipal economic activity is fishing (43.8% of respondents) followed by agriculture (25.1% of respondents), business (12.5% respondents) and craft (for 6.3% respondent). Petty trade and wage earnings are almost not practiced on the Island.

Fishing and agriculture are also important secondary economic activities for about 43. % of the respondents respectively. About 14.3% of the respondents cite wage employment as secondary economic activity.

Table 26: Socio-economic services on the Island

Socio-Economic Household size (average persons/household) 7.2 Male/female ratio 1.7 Land owned (acres) 3.3 Principal economic activities % households Agriculture 25.1 Commerce 12.5 Craft (mason, carpenter) 6.3 Fishing 43.8 Secondary economic activities % households Agriculture 42.9 Wage employment 14.3 Fishing 42.9

3.4.2 Quality of Houses

Unlike Rufiji, Mkuranga and Kilwa, Songo Songo Island has relatively better quality houses where 83.3% of the respondents have houses with cement floor, 66.7% have houses with corrugated iron roofs and 33.3% have houses with concrete block or stones walls (Figure 15).

39 Figure 16: Quality of houses (%)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 co e )t C~~~~~~~~C O9 0) m_ > E - CD 0 - C. 0 0) 0 Building materials L)

3.4.3 Access and use of Socio-Economic Services on Songo Songo Island

There is not much difference in terms of the access and use of socio-economic services between the Songo Songo Island and mainland districts. As Table 26 shows, the main sources of drinking water are uncovered wells and boreholes. Only 16.7% of the respondents on the Island get water from covered sources. Two thirds of the toilets are pit latrine and only a third has VIP latrines. Kerosene is the main and only source of lighting. Dependence on fuel wood for cooking is high and about 17% of the respondents use charcoal for cooking.

Table 27: Access and use of socio-economic services (%)

Socio-economic service Respondents in % Borehole 33.3 Covered well 16.7 Uncovered well 50 it latrine (VIP) 33.3 Pit latrine 66.7 Kerosene 100 uel wood 83.3 charcoal 16.7

40 3.4.4 Ownership of Durable Assets

A high proportion of the respondents have radios (83.3%) and bicycles (83.3%) and only 16.7% of respondents own iron.

3.4.5 Access to Social Services

Access to basic social services on Songo Songo Island is variable. For example, access to drinking water is within 1.6 kan while it is over 3 kan and 3.2 km to primary and secondary s chool, respectively. Only s hops (200m), bus stop (700) and health services (600m) are in close proximity (Table 27).

Table 28: Access to socio-economic services

Access to services

Drinking water 1.6 Shops 0.2 Market 1 Primary school 3 Secondary school 3.2. Health services 0.6 pus stop 0.7

3.4.6 Status of Social Services

Figure 17 shows respondents assessment of the quality of social services on the Island. Most respondents consider the services to be of moderate quality, with the exception of drinking water and roads that are perceived to be bad.

41 Figure 17: Respondents' assessment of socio-economic services as good or moderate (%)

Health services

A Secondary school _

2 Prmry school

(I) Market

Shops l

Drinking water |

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Percentage

3.4.7 Dependence to natural resources on the Island

Dependence to natural resource is very high on the Island where about three quarters of the respondents depend on medicinal plants while a quarter of them depend on forestry and wild fruits from the natural resources. Also, about 85% of respondents depend on forest and bush land on the Island for fuel wood.

3.4.8 Monthly Household Expenditure on the Songo Songo Island.

Monthly household income expenditure on Songo Songo Island is about Tshs. 96,667 and about two thirds of this (Tshs 60,833) is used for food expenses.

42 4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 CONCLUSION

This study has examined the socio-economic baseline for Temeke, Mkuranga; Rufiji, Kilwa and Kilwa Districts. Specific attention was also paid to Songo Songo Island. In Kilwa District since this is the source of the gas that is to be used in power generation. The study shows that, Temeke district is relatively better in terms of socio-economic conditions, followed by Rufiji and Kilwa. Mkuranga has the worst socio-economic conditions.

There is not much difference between affected and non-affected households although the former is ranked slightly lower than the latter category in many socio-economic variables such as income levels, access to socio-economic services and education levels. Women features are below average in many socio-economic variables especially in education and incomes.

The impact of this p roject on s ocio-economic c ondition i s l ikely t o b e p ositive. M any people will have access to electricity and water, which may stimulate development in the villages and increase income-earning opportunities. However, while a high proportion of the respondents want to get electricity, most of them do not have the financial and physical ability (i.e., type of houses suitable for electricity) to be able to purchase electricity. Incomes are very low and large part of it is used in buying food. Expenditures on different types of energy source are relatively high as far as rural incomes are concerned but not sufficient enough to make any conclusions.

The project will also have positive impact on social services such as access to clean and safe water. However, this objective will only be realised if there is sufficient water in the aquifers to meet the expected demand and development. 4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to meet the project objective of supplying water to affected conmmunities, government and TANESCO should conduct detailed analysis of water reserves and sources that could be used to supply the proposed development initiatives. This will also provide further information on the extent such sources could be used. Also, given the low level of incomes, it is unlikely that most of the people will be able to access electricity, given the current costs (especially connection charges that are normally paid all at once). TANESCO, District Council and PO should develop strategies on how best such services could be made to majority of rural people so as to stimulate development and improve livelihood. District Council should start extensive sensitisation progranimes that would prepare the people to take advantage of the power supply and improve their livelihoods.

43 Ii i i 5.0 REFERENCES

ACRES Intemational (2004): Songo Songo Gas Development and Power Generation Project: Socio-economic baseline data system and manual, Final Report.

Songas Tanzania (2001): Environmental and Social Assessments and Management Plan, a summary of Environmental Impact Studies and a detailed management plan.

Mason and Lindi (1993): Statistics Techniques in Business and Economics, Irwin , Burr, Illinois.

URT (2002); Poverty and Human Development Index, Mkuki and Nyota Publisher.

MEM (2003): Limited Environmental Analysis (LEA), Social Assessment Framework (SAF) and Preliminary Water Survey. Final Report.

MEM/HBT AGRA (1994): Enviromnental Impact Assessment of the proposed Songo Songo Gas Development Project, Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals United Republic of Tanzania Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, HBT AGRA Limited Calgary, Alberta

Swantz L.W (1974): The Role of Medicine man amnong the Zaramo of Dar es Salaam, PhD Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam.

UTR (2004): United Republic of Tanzania: Songo Songo Project-Government Valuation Report: Ministiy of Land and Human Settlements.

URT (2002): Tanzania Census: Population and Housing Census General Report: Central Census Office, National Bureau of Statistics: Presidents Office, Planning and Privatisation.

44 iI i i 6.0 APPENDICES

Appendix 6.1: Terms of Reference

2.1 The Terms of Reference requires the consultant to undertake socio-economic baseline in the following areas: * Where installation of SonGas Pipeline will cover i.e. Somanga-Chamazi; * WVES Transmission lines which covers Somanga-Singino, Somanga-Nyamwage, Nyamwage-Utete, and Nyamwage-Bungu; * WVES grid extension area and; * Songo Songo Island.

2.2 Review of previous work on living standards as well as environmental status the project area. of

2.2.1 Field visit to the villages and towns affected by the project including Songo Songo Island. The purpose of the field visit is to collect primary data, which has not been covered in the previous work.

2.2.2 Collect data sample representing disaggregated socio-econornic data sample affected communities of the to be involved in the Solar Home System, gas-based generation scheme and the 5 villages to be connected to the power grid. From baseline information establish baseline socio-economic indicators against which restoration of the standards of living and improvement of sources of livelihood will be measures. The baseline indicators should include:

* List of eligible people for compensation and extent of resettlements; * Socio-economic characteristics of displaced households including description livelihood of system, income and expenses pattern, production systems, social labour, organization, standard of living, health and other relevant aspects; * Vulnerable groups that are to be displaced both in terms of indigenous people (e.g. ethnic minorities) and vulnerable households, such as non able-bodied adults; * Description of land tenure systems and how land is usually transferred, how communities relocate, inheritance and usufruct systems; * Cultural aspects include belief systems related to territory, land and natural resources u se, rituals for relocation and e stablishing houses and villages, social relationships and support networks and sense of ethnic identity and belonging to a particular area; * Services and infrastructure refers to an overview of services, utilities transportation and and an assessment of these aspects in terms of ability to cope with the proposed resettlement.

45 2.2.3 Assets survey and mapping of resource base: Data on non-fixed assets (e.g. animal husbandry and farming equipment), food sources, livelihood strategies, income sources, household income in cash or consumption, and land (including cropping patterns). Data on access to fodder, fuel wood, potable water, education, health care and markets. A Resettlement Audit will be used to ensure all livelihood assets are considered and for good representation of the sample.

2.3 Output: Socio-economic Baseline Report. The report shall include data of the affected communities and environmental as stipulated above. The report shall be accompanied by tables, maps, figures etc.

46 Appendix 6.2: Baseline Survey Questionnaire

Narne of Enumerator ...... Date. 1.0 IDENTIFICATION

State (1=socio-economic data; 2= socio-economnic+ compensation;3= socio-economic+ compensation+ resettlement) Region Location (1=Urban 2=Rural) District Village/Area Household Number ____ Household Size Disabled persons Ethnic Place of birth If not in the village when did he/she moved into village Reasons for moving into village

2.0 Household Demographic Information ID Name Relationship Sex Age Marital Education to Head Status Level

-7 __

-~ ~ 7 Relationship to Head: 1=Head; 2=Spouse; 3=Child; 4=Grand child; 6=Brother; 5=Parent; 7=Sister; 8=In-law; 9=Friends 1O=other relative; 11 =other person Sex: l=Male; 2=Female Marital Status: l=Married; 2=Widowed; 3=Divorced; 4=Single; 5=Separated; habitation 6=Co- Education Level: l=none; 2=Primnary; 3=Secondary; 4=College; 5=TechnicaL/Vocation; 6=Attending primary School; 7=Drop-out primary school; 8=Drop-out secondary school; 9=Attending secondary school; 1O=University

47 2.0 Present Principal Economic Activities/Household Income

ID Type of Duration Location Income/yr Work (present)

3

4 _ _ _ 1______

Type of work: 1=Agricultural, self-employed; 2=Agricultural, paid labourer; 3=Agricultural, unpaid family member; 4=Mason; 5=Fisher; 6=Wage employment; 7=Commerce 8=Carpenter 9-Petty trading; 10=Casual labourer; 11 =others. Duration: 1=Full time, all year; 2=Part time, all year; 3=Seasonal Location: 1=in this village; 2=Out of this village; 3=In and out of village

4.0 Present Secondary Economic Activities/Household Income ID Type of Duration Location Income/yr Work (present)

2

6. A Pr ent Crops Pure Stand Parcel Parcel Type Number Seasonal Use Income Inputs Tools Number Area (trees) Production earned/yr L ______(Acres (Bags) P S ___

Type: 1=Cassava; 2=Paddy; 3=Millet; 4=Cashew; 5=Coconut; 6=Maize; 7=G/Nuts; 8=Beans; 9=Fruits; 10=Sweet Potatoes; ll=Simsim; 12=Peas; 13=Other; Use Primary and Secondary: 1=for household consumption; 2=for sale Inputs: 1=Fertilizer, 2=Pesticides; 3Compost manure; 4=none Tools: 1=Hoe; 2=Draft animals; 4=Mechanized equipment

48 7. A Present Crops Mixed Stand Parcel Parcel Type Number Seasonal Use Income Inputs Tools Number Area (trees) Production earned/yr (Acres) (Bags) P S

8. A Land and structures Land . Structure Parcel Type/ Area Tenure How Distance Type/ Tenure Use category (Acres) acquired to (m) category 2______=______r_ residence = -

Land: Type/category: 1 =Residential Plot; 2=Agricultural, crops; 3=Livestock; 4=Residential and agriculture; 5=Residential and commercial Tenure: 1l=Owner, 2=Tenant; How acquired: 1=Purchased; 2=Inherited; 3=Allocated by Village Goverment 4=Resettlement program Structure: Type/category: 1-=Permanent shelter; 2=Temporary shelter; Tenure: 1=Owner; 2=Tenant; 3=Non-paying resident Use: 1=Residence; 2=Commercial; 3=Other

9. B Land Size Amount of land owned (Acres)l l l l l 10 Shifting Cultivation Does household practice shifting cultivation (Il=Yes; 2=No)

Main crop grown under shifting cultivation H=Cassava; 2=Paddy; 3=Millet; 4=Maize; 5-Beans; 6=Groundnuts; 7=Sweet potatoes; 8=Siersim; 9=Peas 10=others

49 11. Housing and Living Conditions Type of floor 1=Mud; 2=Cement; 3=Floor tiles; 4=Timber 5=Mud and c ement; 6 =Cement and floor tiles; 7=other

Typeofwalls l=Poles and mud; 2=Sun-dried bricks; 3=Burnt bricks; 4=Concrete bricks; 5=Grass and mud; 6=Tin/metal sheet; 7=Cardboard/cartons; 8=Stone walls; 9=Coconut leaves/Grass; 10=Timber; 11 =other Number of rooms . 77_ Type of roof l=Grass; 2=Grass and plastic; 3=Corrugated iron sheets; 4=Corrugated Sheets and tiles; 5=Plastic; 6=Tiles; 7=Concrete; 8=Asbestos; 9=Coconut leaves; 10=Tin or Metal sheets; I1 =other

Source of drinking water l=Pipe inside house; 2=Pipe outside house; 3=Communal stand pipe; 4=River; 5=Streamn; 6=Borehole; 7=Covered well; 8=Uncovered Well; 9=Rain Water; 10-Bought Water; 11 =others

Toilet facilities l=Flush toilet; 2=Pit latrine (VIP) 3=Pit latrine; 4=none; 5=others

Main source of lighting l=Kerosene; 2=Candle; 3=Electricity; 4=Gas lamp; 5=Solar energy; 6=Fuel wood 7=other

Main source of cooking fuel l=Fuel wood; 2-Charcoal; 3=other biomass; 4=Kerosene; 5=Gas; 6=Electricity; 7=other 12.0 Ownership of Durable Goods .______Now Does household own a Radio (1=Yes; 2=No) Does household own a TV (lI=Yes; 2=No) Does household own a Bicycle (l=Yes; 2=No) Does household own a Motor Cycle (l=Yes; 2=No) Does household own an Pushcart (Il=Yes; 2=No) Does household own a Vehicle (l=Yes; 2=No) Does household own a Telephone (1 =Yes; 2=No) Does household own a Wheelbarrow (l=Yes; 2=No) Does household own an Iron (I =Yes; 2=No)

50 13.0 Distances to Services Now Distance to source of drinking water (m) Distance to Shops (m) Distance to Market (m) Distance to PrimaTy School (m) Distance to Secondary School (m) Distance to Dispensary, Health Services (m) ____ Bus Stop (m)

14. Status of Services Now

Status of source of drinzlcng water Status of Shops Status of Market Status of Primary School Status of Secondary school Status of Dispensary/Health Services Status of Roads Status of fuel wood Status: l=Good; 2=Moderate; 3=Bad

15A Household Consum tion and other Sources of Income Now Average Household Expenditure/month (TTS) Expenditure on medicine (TTS) Expenditure on clothes (TTS) Expenditure on traditional ceremonies (TTS) Average Expenditure on food/month (TTS) Household income from Rent (TTS)/yr Household income from Remittances (TTS)/yr Household income from other sources (TTS)/yr l=Food; 2=Energy, 3=Education; 4=Health; 5=Ceremonies; 6=Other

What did household spend most Income on before Gas Project l=Food; 2=Energy; 3=Education; 4=Health; 5=Ceremonies; 6=Other 16 Accesses and Use of Forest Resources Access Now Whether household has/had access to forest resources (l=Yes; 2=No) Use Now Bush meat (1=Yes; 2=No) Timber (I=Yes; 2=No) Medicinal Plants (l=Yes; 2=No)

51 Wild fruit (l=Yes; 2=No) Bee keeping (l=Yes; 2=No) Building Poles (l=Yes; 2=No) Fuel wood (1=Yes; 2=No) Other (I-=Yes; 2=No)

17.0 Compensation and Resettlement

What type of property lost?

1=House; 2=Perennial crops; 3=Business premise; 4=Burial place; 5=other (specify)

Asset type Units House 1 House 2 House 3 Cashew nuts trees (no.) Coconut trees (no) Mango trees (no) Business premise Burial place Land (acreage) Other (specify

How would you like to be compensated for your lost property? l=Give me money equivalency; 2=Give me another similar infrastructure elsewhere; 3=other, specify

52 Appendix 6.3: Checklist of Questions for Village Meetings

1.1 Number of primary school.

1.1.1 Adequacy of primary school in terms of teachers, books classrooms, desks and teachers houses and offices.

1.2 Number of secondary schools and its adequacy

2.0 Availability of social services

3.0 Available economic activities;

4.0 Poverty levels in the village

4.1 Proportion of better off people who earns over TShs 365,000;

4.2 Proportion of poor people who earns less than TShs 365,000; 5.0 Potential electric/solar uses

5.1 Willingness to use electricity;

5.2 Ability to use electricity

5.3 Expected use of energy

6.0 Current sources of water for the villagers;

6.1 Time spend to access drinking water;

6.2 Quality and quantity of drinking water;

6.3 Potential areas for TANESCO's proposed water service.

6.4 Expected benefits from the improved water services.

6.5 Does the village have water account?

6.6 Does the village have water committee?

6.7 Gender composition of the village water committee.

53 Appendix 6.4: Socio- Economic Baseline Data for the Four Districts Under the Project

TABLE 6A.1 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFJJI KILWA

Household size (persons) 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.5 Number of disabled person in HH - 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethnicity (%) Ndengereko - 26.7 58.4 1.1 Mngindo 13.0 17.0 Matumbi - 26.7 8.4 33.0 Zaramo 26.7 Makonde 33.3 6.7 4.5 7.4 Other tribes 66.7 13.2 15.4 41.8 Place of birth (%) In the district - 46.7 9.6 89.1 Other places 100 55.3 90.4 10.9 Period moved into village (%) 1921-1960 4.2 - 3.4 4.8 1961-2000 54.1 100 94.3 95.3 After 2000 41.7 - 2.3 - Reasons for moving into this village (%) Villagisation 8.0 12.5 17.6 2.4 Settlement 20.0 50.0 17.6 14.3 Employment 28.0 12.5 12.1 14.3 Follow relatives 12.0 12.5 12.1 2.4 Business 4.0 - - 2.4 Looking for land 8.0 - 11.9 Better life 12.0 12.5 - - Marriage - - 6.6 7.1 Farning - 6.6 21.4 Other 20.0 27.4 23.8

54 TABLE 6.4.2 HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA Household size (persons) 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.5 Age categories (%) 0-18 years 16.8 19.6 19.5 19.6 19-25 years 3.9 2.6 5.1 2.2 26-35 years 6.0 4.4 4.3 4.2 36-45 years 3.7 3.7 2.7 3.1 Above 45 years 69.6 69.6 68.4 68.0 Relation to the head (%) Head 14.9 15.8 15.1 15.5 Spouse 14.5 17.9 15.9 15.8 Grand child 6.1 1.1 7.7 Child 3.9 52.2 56.8 52.1 52.4 Male proportion 52.6 50.5 48.8 52.61 Marital status (%) 1 Married 32.0 40.0 34.1 31.2 Widowed 1.8 1.1 3.7 1.6 Divorced - 1.1 1.0 2.8 Single 65.8 57.9 60.2 63.5 Separated 0.4 - 1.0 1.0 Other 0 - 0.1 Education level (%) None 16.7 41.1 37.5 41.4 Primary 31.1 23.2 25.7 23.3 Secondary 7.9 1.1 3.1 2.0 College 2.6 - 0.9 0.5 Technical/Vocational 2.2 - 0.2 0.3 Attending primary school 25.9 27.4 26.0 25.9 Drop-out primaiy school 1.8 7.4 4.5 6.0 Drop-out secondary school 0.9 - 0.8 0.2 Attending secondary 6.6 1.4 0.2 University 4.4 0 0.2

55 TABLE 6.43: PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY/ HEIR INCOME

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Type of work (/) Agriculture 36.7 95.7 78.0 75.2 72.7 Business 10.0 - 6.6 3.4 5.7 Petty trading 23.3 - 5.8 8.7 8.7 Wage employment 23.3 4.3 7.1 4.7 8.2 Craft (mason, carpenter) 6.7 - 1.7 0.7 1.9

Fishing - 0.4 3.4 1.3 Casual labour 0.4 1.3 0.6 Other - - 2.7 0.8 Duration (/) Full time 75 34.8 52.1 53.0 54.4 Part Time 6.5 0 2.1 8.1 4.4 Seasonal 18.3 65.2 45.8 38.9 41.1 Location (%) Within village 66.7 100 95.0 89.3 89.9 Outside village 30 - 5.0 8.1 8.9 In and out of village 3.3 - - 2.7 1.3 Income per year (TShs) 497375 161333 570779 399209 488843

56 TABLE 6.4.4: PRESENT SECONDARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY/EH

TEMEKE MKITRANGA RUFJI KILWA OVERALL Type of work(%. Agriculture 46.7 33.3 40.9 35.4 Business 39.2 20.0 0 3.4 7.7 11.1 Petty trading 6.7 66.7 22.7 24.6 22.8 Wage employment - - 3.3 3.1 2.9 Craft (mason, carpenter) 6.7 - 0.7 1.5 2.3 Fishing 0 - 1.1 13.8 5.8 Casual labour 20 - 10.2 10.8 11.1 Duration (%) __ Full _ time 20.0 33.3 22.7 17.2 Part Time 20.6 60.0 33.3 47.7 54.7 51.2 Seasonal 20.0 33.3 29.5 28.9 28.2 Location (%) Within village 80 100 93 85.9 89.3 Outside village 20 3.5 9.4 7.1 In and out of village 0 3.5 4.7 3.6 Mean Income per year 343333 600000 253116 639333 416486 (TShs) .

57 TABLE 6.4.5: PRESENT CROPS PURE STAND (%)

DISTRICTS TEMEKE MKURANGA RUIJUI KULWA OVERAL

Present Crops Pure Stand Area (acres) 1.8 3 2.7 3.0 2.8 Median - 3 2.0 2 2 Crop type % Cassava - - 21.9 6.3 16.3 Paddy 66.7 28.6 33.3 31.3 Millet 16.7 - 1.9 4.2 2.5 Cashew - 100 31.4 35.4 31.9 Coconut - - 3.8 6.5 5.0 Maize - 5.7 4.2 5.0 G/nuts - - 4.2 3.8 Beans - - 2.1 - Fruits - - 3.8 2.1 - Simsim - - - - 0.6 Peas - - - - 0.6 Other 16.7 - 0 2.1 3.1 No. Oftress 10 100 82 103 89.1 Median 10 100 55 47 50 Seasonal production (bags) 7.8 5 13.9 10.7 45.6 Median 7 - 10 9 10 Use Primary and Secondary (%) For household consumption 50.0 - 37.2 34.0 36.5 For sale 16.7 33.0 34.0 32.4 Both 33.3 100 29.8 31.9 31.1 Inputs (%) Fertilizer - - 3.1 1.9 Pesticides 16.7 23.5 26.5 24.0 Compost manure 16.7 - - 0 0.6 None 66.7 100 73.5 73.5 -

Tools (%) _ Hoe 100 100 97.1 100 98.1 Draft animals - - - - 1.9

Mechanised equipment -- 2.9 - - Income earned per year (TShs 187000 70000 138513 428669 234286.7

58 TABLE 6.4.6: PRESENT CROPS MIXED STAND (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFLTI KILWA OVERAL Present Crops Pure Stand Area (acres) 4.2(5) 5.3 (6.4) 4.7 950 4.7 (6.1) 4.7 (5.4) 2 3 4 3 3 Crop type % Cassava % 21.1 27.3 25.3 9.5 19.7 Paddy % 1.8 2.3 8.1 8.0 7.0 Millet % 0 - 3.7 19.5 8.4 Cashew % 19.3 22.7 21.2 10.5 17.6 Coconut % 21.1 20.5 3.7 4.0 6.7 Maize % 3.5 2.3 16.5 22.5 16.7 G/nuts % 10.5 - 0.7 1.0 0.7 Beans% 3.5 - 0.3 1.0 0.8 Fruits % 10.5 25.0 10.4 4.5 9.5 S/potatoes % 8.8 - 0.3 1.0 1.3 Simsim % 1.8 - 2.7 9.0 4.5 Peas % 5.3 - 2.4 2.0 2.3 Other % 3.5 - 4.7 7.5 5.2 No of trees 49 149 138 121 120.2 Median 25 50 53 25 50 Production (bags) 51 17.5 11.4 7.7 13.8 Median 6 5 6 5 6

lUse Primary and Secondary (%) For household 45.9 37.0 42.3 57.0 46.4 consumption For sale 10.8 37.0 22.4 9.0 18.6 Both 43.2 25.9 35.2 34.0 35.0 Income eamed/yr 127121 88885.7 158440 96887 129091 Median 50000 50000 90,000 50000 60000 Inputs (%) Fertilizer 3.6 9.1 0.7 3.6 1.9 Pesticides 5.4 - 11.8 3.1 8.0 Compost manure 17.9 - - - 1.7 None 73.2 90.0 87.5 93.4 88.4

59 TABLE 6.4.7: LAND AND STRUCTURES

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KULWA

Typelcategory (%) Residential plot 48.1 22.7 36.8 39.7 Agricultural Crops 27.8 27.3 41.9 37.1 Livestock 1.9 0.7 1.3 Residential and Agriculture 22.2 50.0 19.9 20.5 Residential and Commercial - - 0.7 0.7 Land acres 2.5 3.9 3.5 3.1 Tenure (%) Owner - 97.5 Tenant - 2.5 How acquired (%)? Purchased 30.0 54.8 41.5 43.7 Inherited 10.0 12.9 13.6 18.4 Allocated by VG 60.0 32.3 44.5 36.7 Resettlement programme 0 0 0.4 1.3 Distance to residence land 0.4 0.425 1.153 1.2

(Ian)_ _ _ Structure Type/category (%) Permanent Shelter 69.2 90.0 55.6 56.6 Temporary Shelter 30.8 10.0 44.4 43.4 Tenure (%) Owner 95.2 100 97.5 94.4 Tenant 2.4 - 2.5 1.9 Non paying resident 2.4 - - 3.7 Use (%) Residence 97.6 100 98.0 98.2 Conmmercial 2.4 0 2.0 1.8 Other

60 TABLE 6.4.8: LAND AND STRUCTURES DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUlFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Land owned (acres) 3.9 5.7 6.3 5.1 Median 4 4 Practices of shifting 5.7 - 5.9 9.7 6.8 cultivation (%) Main crops under shifting cultivation (%) Cassava 100 NA 22.2 21.1 Paddy - 55.6 12.5 31.6 Millet 11.1 62.5 31.6 Simsim - 12.5 5.3 Others -- 11.1 12.5 10.5

TABLE 6.4.9: HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

House construction-floor (%) Mud 19.4 93.3 80.3 77.9 72.9 Cement 80.6 6.7 19.7 21.1 26.7 Timber - - - 1.1 0.3 House construction-wall (%) Poles and mud 22.2 100 78.3 90.5 76.6 Sun dried bricks - - 1.9 2.1 1.7 Burnt bricks 5.6 - 8.3 - 5.0 Concrete brick 72.2 - 10.8 5.3 15.8 Stone walls - - 0.6 1.1 0.7 House construction-roof (%) Grass 2.8 6.7 11.0 21.1 13.0 Coconut leaves 8.3 60.0 47.7 62.1 Corrugated iron sheets 77.8 33.3 1.9 15.8 40.5 Corrugated iron sheets and tiles 8.3 39A 1.1 2.3 Tiles 2.8 _ House rooms (number) 4 3.4 4.2 3.7

61 TABLE 6A.10: SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE .KURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Uncovered water 11.1 100 69.4 74.7 65.7 Covered water 63.9 - 14.0 7.4 17.2 Communal stand pipe 5.6 - 7.6 2.1 5.3 Pipe outside house 8.3 - 3.2 4.2 3.0 Pipe inside house 8.3 - 0.6 4.2 1.7 Brought Water - - 3.8 7.4 2.6 Rainwater River

TABLE 6.4.11: TYPE OF TOILET FACILITITLES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Pit latrine 16.7 100 90.4 87.4 81.2 Pit latrine (VIP) 66.7 - 7.4 6.3 13.9 Flush toilet 16.7 1.3 2.1 3.3

TABLE 6.4.12: SOURCE OF LIGHTING (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Kerosene 97.2 100 94.9 94.7 95.4 Electricity - - 3.2 1.1 2.0 Other 2.8 1.9 4.2 2.6

62 TABLE 6.4.13: SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR COOKING (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIUI KILWA OVERAL Fuel wood 50 100 79.0 91.6 80.8 Charcoal 36.1 - 15.9 7.4 14.9 Kerosene 13.9 4.5 4.2 4.3 TABLE 6.4.14: OWNERSE1P OF ASSETS (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFUTI KIILWA OVERAL Radio 97.2 80 77.1 84.2 81.8 Television 33.3 - 6.4 2.1 Bicycle 44.4 - 62.4 57.9 - Motorcycle 5.6 - 5.7 1.1 57.4 Pushcart 50.0 - 10.2 3.2 4.0 Vehicle 16.7 - 0.6 1.1 12.2 Telephone 38.9 - 5.1 2.1 2.6 Wheelbarrow 5.6 6.7 0.6 2.1 2.6 Iron 75 26.3 42.7 34.7 43.2 TABLE 6.4.15: DISTANCE TO SERVICES (km)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MIKURANGA RUIFJI KILWA OVERAL Distance to source of 0.3 1.2 1.5 2.2 1.6 drinking water ______Distance to shops 0.37 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.9 Distance to market 0.47 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.9 Distance to Primary 0.467 1.4 1.0 1.6 School 1.2 Distance to Secondary 2.0 9.6 8.5 4.4 21.4 School Distance to 0.467 9.6 2.4 4.6 3.2 dispensary/Health services Distance to Bus stop 0.341 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8

63 TABLE 6.4.16: QUALITY OF WATER SERVICES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFlJI KILWA OVERAL

Good 52.8 33.3 45.2 28.4 40.3 Moderate 33.3 20.0 22.9 13.7 21.1 Bad 13.9 46.7 31.8 56.8 38.3

TABLE 6.4.17: QUALITY OF SHOPS SERVICES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFLJI KILWA OVERAL

Good 16.7 20.0 54.8 31.6 41.3 Moderate 69.4 73.3 40.1 56.8 50.5 Bad 11.1 6.7 5.1 10.5 7.6

TABLE 6.4.18: QUALITY OF MARKET SERVICES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFLTI KILWA OVERAL

Good 11 6.7 34.4 8.4 22.1 Moderate 38.9 13.3 47.1 33.7 40.3 Bad 50.0 80.0 .18.5 55.8 37.0

TABLE 6.4.19: QUALITY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL SERVICES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Good 86.1 46.7 86.0 71.6 79.5 Moderate 13.9 46.7 10.8 23.2 16.8 Bad - 6.7 3.2 3.2 3.0

64 TABLE 6.4.20: QUALITY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL SERVICES (%) DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKUJRANGA RUFUI KILWA OVERAL Good 5.6 53.3 53.5 26.3 26.3 Moderate 94.4 20.0 11.5 11.5 4.2 Bad - 26.7 8.9 8.9 17.9

TABLE 6.4.21: QUALITY OF HEALTH SERVICES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFUI KILWA OVERAL Good 50 13.3 46.5 23.2 Moderate 38.0 36.1 53.3 38.9 42.1 Bad 40.3 11.1 33.3 12.7 24.2 17.2

TABLE 6.4.22: QUALITY OF ROAD SERVICES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFLJI KILWA OVERAL Good 69.4 26.7 29.3 20.0 Moderate 31.0 27.8 53.3 49.0 45.3 Bad 45.5 2.8 20.3 21.7 33.7 22.8

TABLE 6.4.23: QUALITY OF FUEL WOOD SERVICES (%) DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFUI KILWA OVERAL Good 13.9 60.0 51.6 75.8 Moderate 55.1 11.1 26.7 19.1 7.4 Bad 14.9 72.2 6.7 28.0 15.8 28.4

65 TABLE 6.4.24: HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION/EXPENDITURE LEVELS PER MONTH

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA . OVERAL

Expenditurepermonth 103400 53067 72827 87787 79361 Expenditure on Food 74889 40467 61726 68000 63849

TABLE 6.4.25: WHICH EXPENDIlTURE TAKES BIGGEST OF HH INCOMES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL

Food 88.9 100 91.2 91.1 91.3 Energy 11.1 - 3.3 0 2.9 Education - 2.2 8.9 4.1 Health 3.3 0 1.7 Ceremonies - - Other - - - -

TABLE 6.4.26: ACCESS AND USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES (%)

DISTRICTS

TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIl KILWA OVERAL

Access to natural 38.9 93.3 89.8 83.2 81.8 resources Bush meet 2.8 13.3 22.9 22.1 19.8 Timber 8.3 20.0 32.5 23.2 26.1 Medicinal plants 19.4 80.0 53.5 90.5 49.8 Wild fruits 5.6 40.0 38.9 31.9 32.8 Beekeeping 2.8 6.7 8.3 9.5 7.9 Building poles 44.4 100 81.5 90.5 80.9 Fuel wood 55.6 100 89.8 94.7 87.8

66 Appendix 7.0: Socio-Economic Baseline by Services Provision

TABLE 7.1. HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS-GAS POWER PLUS WATER (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power Solar power Water House construction- floor (%) Mud 80.3 79.5 81.3 Cement 19.7 20.5 18.8 Timber _ _ _ __ House construction- wail (%) Poles and mud 72.5 84.6 100 Sun dried bricks 2.0 2.6 Burnt bricks 9.8 7.2 Concrete brick 14.7 5.1 Stone walls 1.0 House construction- roof (%) Grass 12.9 5.3 12.5 Coconut leaves 34.7 39.5 68.8 Corrugated iron sheets 50.5 55.3 12.5 Corrugated iron sheets 2.0 6.3 and tiles 4.5 3.1 4.5 House rooms (number)

67 TABLE 7.2 SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power plus water Solar power plus water Water service only Uncovered water 58.8 100 62.5 Covered water 21.6 Communal stand pipe 7.8 25.0 Pipe outside house 2.9 12.5 Pipe inside house 1.0 Brought Water 5.9 Rainwater 1.0 River 1.0

TABLE 7.3: TYPE OF TOILET FACILITIT S (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power plus water Solar power plus Water service water only 157 Pit latrine 87.3 97.4 93.8 Pit latrine (VIP) 9.8 2.6 6.3

Flush toilet 2.0 _ _ _ None 1.0

TABLE 7.4: SOURCE OF LIGHTING (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power Solar power Water service only plus water plus water Kerosene 95.0 97.4 93.8 Electricity 4.0 2.6 - Other 1.0 - 6.3

68 TABLE 7.5: SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR COOKING (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power plus water Solar power Water service only plus water Fuel wood 72.3 97.4 87.5 Charcoal 21.8 2.6 12.5 Kerosene 5.9 2.0

TABLE 7.6: OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power plus Solar power Water service only water plus water Radio 79.4 76.9 62.5 Television 6.9 2.6 0 Bicycle 60.8 66.7 12.5 Motorcycle 7.8 6.3 Pushcart 13.7 5.1 - Vehicle 1.0 - Telephone 5.9 5.1 Wheelbarrow 1.0 - - Iron 48.0 38.5 18.8

TABLE 7.7: DISTANCE TO SERVICES (kIm)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power Solar power Water plus water plus water service only Distance to source of drinking water 0.8 0.8 0.5 Distance to shops 1.1 3.5 1.1 Distance to market 1.1 0.4 1.1 Distance to Primary School 1.2 0.5 1.2 Distance to Secondary School 4.9 1.1 2.7 Distance to dispensary/Health services 2.3 3.1 1.1 Distance to Bus stop 1.0 0.3 1.4

69 TABLE 7.8: QUALITY OF SOCIAL SERVICES (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power plus Solar power plus Water service only water water Quality of water services

Good 58.8 38.5 68.8 Moderate 36.3 10.3 31.3 Bad 4.9 51.3 Quality of shops services Good 38.2 53.8 31.3 Moderate 48.0 43.0 56.3 Bad 13.7 2.6 12.5 Quality of market services Good 84.3 28.2 25.0 Moderate 11.8 51.3 31.3 Bad 3.9 20.5 43.8 Quality of primary school services Good 84.3 87.2 93.8 Moderate 11.8 10.3 6.3 Bad 3.9 2.6 Quality of secondary school services Quality of secondary school services Good 71.4 77.8 60.0 Moderate 21.4 Bad 7.1 22.2 40.0 Quality of health services Good 49.0 30.6 75.0 Moderate 40.2 47.2 18.8 Bad 10.8 22.2 6.3 Quality of road services Good 37.3 2.6 43.8 Moderate - 49.0 53.8 37.5 Bad 13.7 43.6 18.8 Quality of fuel wood services Good 51.0 48.7 68.8 Moderate 23.0 12.8 12.5 Bad 26.0 38.5 18.8

70 TABLE 7.9: HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION/EXPENDITURE LEVELS PER MONTH

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power Solar power Water plus water plus water service only Expenditure month per 79010 58895 67000 Expenditure on Food 68260 44054 60937 Expenditure on Energy * Fuel wood 1616.7 1433.3 1100 * Charcoal 3963.6 4266.7 4581.3 * Kerosene 6403.3 3280 2675 * Expenditure on Food 4724.3 1153.6 2495 * Lighting 4527.8 1211 1850.9 Total Energy cost 16707.9 10133.6 10851.3 Time spent non fetching fuel wood (hrs) 1.8 1.7 2.0

TABLE 7.10: ACCESS AND USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES (%)

VILLAGE SERVICES

Gas power Solar power Water service plus water plus water only Access to natural resources 86.3 94.9 100.0 Bush meet 20.6 35.9 6.3 Timber 34.3 34.3 - Medicinal plants _ _ 28.2 31.3 Wild fruits 52.0 64.1 37.5 Beekeeping 40.2 30.8 50.0 Building poles 11.8 2.6 - Fuel wood 76.5 92.3 87.5 84.5 100 100

71 Appendix 8.0: Socio-Economic Data for Songo Songo Island

Socio-Economic Conditions % HHI

Household size (average persons/household) 7.2 Male/female ratio 1.7 Principal economic activities (%) Agriculture 25.1 Conmmerce 12.5

Petty trading _ Wage employment Craft (mason, carpenter) 6.3 Fisher 43.8 Casual labourer Secondary economic activities (%) Proportion of respondents 43.5 Agriculture 42.9 Comnerce - Petty trading _ Wage employment 14.3 Craft (mason, carpenter) Fisher 42.9 Casual labourer _ Employment - principal economic activities Full-time 93.8 Part-time 6.3 Seasonal Within village 81.3 Outside village 6.3 In and out of village 12.5 Employment - secondary economic activities (%) Full-time 57.1 Part-time 42.9 Seasonal Within village 85.7

Outside village _ In and out of village 14.3 Land Residential plot (%) 62.5 Agricultural land (%) 12.5 Livestock (%) Residential/agricultural (%) 25.0 Owner (%) 87.5 Tenant (%) 1.5 Purchased (%) Inherited (%) 100.0 Allocated by village (%)

72 Socio-Economic Conditions % HEH Allocated by WLAP (%) Structures (%) Permanent shelter 100.0 Temporary shelter _ Owner 85.7 Tenant Non-paying resident 14.3 Residence 100.0 Cornmerce

Land owned (acres) 3.3 House construction - floors (%) Mud 16.7 Cement 83.3 Mud and Cement House construction - walls (%) Poles and mud 33.3 Burnt or concrete brick 33.3 Stone 33.3 Grass and mud House construction - roof (%). Grass 16.7 Coconut leaves 16.7 Corrugated iron sheets 66.7

House - rooms (number) 4.5

House - water supply (%) Pipe inside house Pipe outside house Communal stand pipe _ Borehole 33.3 Covered well 16.7 Uncovered well 50.0 Purchased _ House - toilet (%) Flush toilet _ Pit latrine (VIP) 33.3 Pit latrine 66.7 None House - lighting (%) Kerosene 100.0 Electricity House - cooking (%) Fuel wood 83.3 Charcoal 16.7 Electricity

73 |% Hl Socio-Economic Conditions (%) Durable goods 83.3 Radio _ _T- TV 83.3 Bicycle Motorcycle _ Pushcart Vehicle Telephone Wheelbarow 16.7 Iron services (Iam) Access to 1.6 water Drinldng 0.2 Shops 1.0 Market 3.1 Primary school 32.0 school Secondary 0.6 Health services 0.7 Bus stop

Source: ACRES International (2004); Survey data (2004)

74 Socio-Economic Conditions % I

2003 Level of services (% good or moderate) Drinldng water 16.7 Shops 50.0 Market 25.0 Primary school 100.0 Secondary school 50.0 Health services 100.0 Roads 25.0 Access to forest resources (%) Access to forest resources 25.0 Bush meat Timber Medicinal plants 75.0 Wild fiuit 25.0 Bee keeping Building poles Access to forest resources, cont. (%) Fuel wood Additional income sources (Tshs/yr) Rent Remittances 26,667 Other n/a Household expenditures (Tshs/mo) 96,667 Total 9,6 Food 60,833 Satisfaction with WLAP (%) Not satisfied 25.0 Satisfied Very satisfied Had no choice 75.0

Source: ACRES International (2004); Survey data (2004)

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