DOCSLIB.ORG

Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity of Taxoids and Lignans From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity of Taxoids and Lignans From Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 (2003) 265–270 Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of taxoids and lignans from the heartwood of Taxus baccata L. Esra Küpeli, Nurgün Erdemoglu,˘ Erdem Ye¸silada∗, BilgeSener ¸ Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 6330, Ankara, Turkey Received 20 November 2002; received in revised form 27 August 2003; accepted 1 September 2003 Abstract Four taxoids (taxusin, baccatin VI, baccatin III and 1␤-hydroxybaccatin I) and five lignans (lariciresinol, taxiresinol, 3-demethylisolaricire- sinol-9-hydroxyisopropylether, isolariciresinol and 3-demethylisolariciresinol) were isolated from the heartwood of Taxus baccata L. (Tax- aceae) growing in Turkey through chromatographic techniques. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of these compounds were investigated. All the compounds were shown to possess significant antinociceptive activity against p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal contractions, while only lignan derivatives significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice. © 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antinociceptive; Lignans; Taxaceae; Taxoids; Taxus spec 1. Introduction L. (European yew) is the single representative in Turkey (Davis and Cullen, 1965). Until now, a large number of Genus Taxus L. (Taxaceae), yew, is widely distributed in taxoids possessing different skeleton systems, as well as the northern hemisphere, and has recently attracted a great lignans, flavonoids, steroids and sugar derivatives have been deal of attention as sources for an anticancer agent, pacli- isolated from various Taxus species (Baloglu˘ and Kingston, taxel (Taxol®), a unique diterpene taxoid originally extracted 1999; Parmar et al., 1999). During our course of studies on from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia (Wani the bioactive components, the chloroform-soluble portion et al., 1971; Baloglu˘ and Kingston, 1999; Parmar et al., of ethanolic extract of the heartwood of Taxus baccata af- 1999). Paclitaxel has been approved for the treatment of forded four taxoids; taxusin (1), baccatin VI (2), baccatin ovarian and breast cancers as well as Kaposi’s sarcoma and III (3) and 1␤-hydroxybaccatin I (4), along with five lig- non-small-cell lung cancers. It is also under clinical trial for nans; lariciresinol (5), taxiresinol (3-demethyllariciresinol) treatment of several other cancers in combination with other (6), 3-demethylisolariciresinol-9-hydroxyisopropylether chemotherapeutic agents (Rowinsky, 1997; Eisenhauer and (7), isolariciresinol (8) and 3-demethyl isolariciresinol (9) Vermorken, 1998). (Erdemoglu,˘ 1999). However, due to the poisonous properties of yew, few Lignans are known to possess various biological activ- records have been encountered as traditional medicine in ities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxi- the literature. Yew leaves are reported to be used in tradi- dant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects (Cho et al., tional medicine as abortifacient, antimalarial, antirheumatic 2001a). Two of the isolated lignans from Taxus baccata and for bronchitis (Bryan-Brown, 1932; Appendino, 1993; heartwood mentioned above; lariciresinol (5) and isolari- Ballero and Fresu, 1993), while dried leaves and barks were ciresinol (8) were shown to possess potent in vitro inhibitory used against asthma (Singh, 1995). It was also listed in effect on tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣) production (Cho Avicenna’s cardiac drugs (Tekol, 1989). et al., 2001b). Since TNF-␣ is known as one of the main There are eight Taxus species and two hybrids in the pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted during the early phase world (Van Rozendall et al., 1999) and Taxus baccata of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, etc. (Cho et al., 2001a), the above-mentioned traditional use of Taxus species in in- ∗ Corresponding author. Fax: +90-312-2235018. flammatory diseases, i.e. asthma and rheumatism may be at- E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Ye¸silada). tributed to its lignan derivatives. On the other hand, a lignan 0378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.005 266 E. Küpeli et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 (2003) 265–270 fraction possessing 5 and 8 from Fagraea racemosa were 2.2.4. Isolation of lignans also shown to possess analgesic effect on writhing symp- Fraction VII (5.65 g) was rechromatographed on a silica toms in mice (Okuyama et al., 1995). gel column eluting with CHCl3:CH3OH (100:0 → 92:8, As related with the above-presented data, this study is de- v/v) to give 64 subfractions. The subfrs. 11–13 were sub- signed to investigate in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinoci- jected to prep.-TLC with CHCl3:CH3OH (90:10, v/v) to ceptive activity of lignans and taxoids isolated from the give 5 (45.7 mg, yield: 0.0028%) and 7 (20.2 mg). From chloroform-soluble portion of ethanolic extract of the heart- subfrs. 14–22, 7 (42.6 mg) was also obtained through re- wood of Taxus baccata. crystallization from CHCl3 and total yield of 7 was 62.8 mg (0.0039%). The subfrs. 47–52 was further separated by prep.-TLC using CHCl3:CH3OH (80:20, v/v) system to 2. Experimental afford 6 (84.6 mg, 0.0052%). The subfrs. 28–33 was crys- tallized from CHCl3 to give 8 (41.3 mg, 0.0026%). The 2.1. Plant material subfrs. 58–64 was subjected to a silica gel CC eluting with CHCl :CH OH (100:0 → 80:20, v/v) and then prep.-TLC The heartwood of Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae) was col- 3 3 using CHCl3:CH3OH (80:20, v/v) to afford 9 (71.4 mg, lected from the vicinity of Camlihemsin, Rize, in June 1995, 0.0044%). from wild trees (altitude 1400 m). An authenticated voucher specimen (GUE 1560) was kept in the Herbarium of Faculty 2.3. Pharmacological procedures of Pharmacy, Gazi University. 2.3.1. Animals 2.2. Chemical procedures Male Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) were purchased from the animal breeding laboratories of Refik Saydam Central 2.2.1. General Institute of Health (Ankara, Turkey). The animals left for Column chromatography was performed by using Silica 2 days for acclimatization to animal room conditions were gel (Kieselgel 60, 0.063–0.200 mm, Art. 7734, Merck) and maintained on standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. The Kieselgel 60 F254 (0.5 mm thickness, Art. 5554, Merck) food was withdrawn on the day before the experiment, but was used for prep.-TLC. Analytical TLC was performed allowed free access of water. A minimum of six animals was on precoated plates (Kieselgel 60 F254, Art. 5554, Merck) used in each group. Throughout the experiments, animals and visualized under UV254 light, and then sprayed with were processed according to the suggested ethical guidelines anisaldehyde reagent and heated. for the care of laboratory animals. 2.2.2. Extraction, isolation and purification 2.3.2. Preparation of test samples for bioassay The air-dried and powdered heartwood (3078 g) was ex- Test samples were given orally to test animals after sus- tracted with 95% EtOH at room temperature. The ethanolic pending in a mixture of distilled H O and 0.5% sodium extract was evaporated to dryness in vacuo and a red- 2 carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The control group animals dish residue was obtained. The residue was diluted with received the same experimental handling as those of the test H O and then extracted with CHCl 2 3. The CHCl3-soluble groups except that the drug treatment was replaced with ap- portion was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a propriate volumes of the dosing vehicle. Either indomethacin residue (49 g), which was subjected to column chromatog- (10 mg/kg) or acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) (100 mg/kg) in raphy eluted with increasing polarities of different solvents 0.5% CMC was used as reference drug. (hexane → acetone → CHCl3 → CH3OH)togiveseven main fractions (frs. I–VII) according to TLC. Each fraction 2.3.3. Antinociceptive activity was further purified by CC, prep.-TLC or recrystallisation. 2.3.3.1. p-Benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction 2.2.3. Isolation of taxoids test in mice (Okun et al., 1963). Sixty minutes after the Compound 1 was obtained from the fr. II by CC elut- oral administration of test samples, the mice were intraperi- ing with hexane:acetone (100:0 → 60:40, v/v) mixture toneally injected with 0.1 ml/10 g body weight of 2.5% to give seven subfractions (subfrs.). The subfrs. 5–7 was (v/v) p-benzoquinone (PBQ; Merck) solution in distilled crystallized from acetone to afford 1 (171 mg, 0.011%). H2O. Control animals received an appropriate volume of Fraction III was chromatographed on prep.-TLC with hex- dosing vehicle. The mice were then kept individually for ane:acetone (70:30, v/v) to give 2 (40.5 mg, 0.0025%). observation and the total number of abdominal contractions Fraction IV was crystallized from hexane:acetone (1:1) (writhing movements) was counted for the next 15 min, mixture to afford 3 (155.4 mg, 0.0096%). Fraction V was starting on the fifth minute after the PBQ injection. The data subjected to CC over a silica gel column eluting with represent average of the total number of writhes observed. CHCl3:CH3OH (100:0 → 90:10, v/v) mixture and then The antinociceptive activity was expressed as percentage prep.-TLC with CHCl3:CH3OH (80:20, v/v) to provide 4 change from writhing controls. Aspirin (ASA) (100 mg/kg) (76.4 mg, 0.0047%). was used as reference drug. E. Küpeli et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 (2003) 265–270 267 2.3.4. Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema CH3OC O OCOC H3 The modified method of Kasahara et al. (1985) was 18 19 used with modifications in measuring periods (Ye¸silada and 10 9 11 7 Küpeli, 2002).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Duke of York Gardens Tree Walk Guide (PDF, 890KB)
    Set on the banks of the River Freshney, work on the Duke of York Prior to this, the area was mainly farmland with the River Freshney The park is separated by a foot path that links York Street with Haven Gardens began in 1877 but it wasn’t opened until September meandering through it, and in1787 the only street present was Avenue. The eastern side of the park consists of areas to sit and take in 1894. The Mayor of Grimsby, George Doughty, performed the Haycroft Street which led to the south bank of the River Freshney. the wildlife whilst the western side of the park provides a more active opening ceremony accompanied by his wife and family. offering including play equipment, parkour, football and basketball. 1 Silver Birch Betula pendula 4 Holm Oak Quercus ilex 7 Holly Ilex aquifolium Holm oaks are different to other oaks in Distinguished by its white bark, the silver birch They can live for 300 years and can be seen flowering that they keep their leaves all year, they improves the soil by taking on otherwise here in October and November, and holly is dioecious are evergreen. They still produce acorns, inaccessible nutrients deep in the ground with its meaning that male and female flowers are found on which are smaller than our native oak very deep roots. These nutrients become part of different trees. The male flowers are scented and the acorns. the tree which are recycled when the leaves fall. female flowers, once pollinated by insects, produce bright red berries throughout winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Homogenous Genetic Structure in Populations of Taxus Baccata with Varied Proportions of Male and Female Individuals
    Silva Fennica vol. 49 no. 4 article id 1236 Category: research article SILVA FENNICA www.silvafennica.fi ISSN-L 0037-5330 | ISSN 2242-4075 (Online) The Finnish Society of Forest Science Natural Resources Institute Finland Monika Litkowiec 1, Beata P. Plitta-Michalak 1, Andrzej Lewandowski 1 and Grze- gorz Iszkuło 1,2 Homogenous genetic structure in populations of Taxus baccata with varied proportions of male and female individuals Litkowiec M., Plitta-Michalak B.P., Lewandowski A., Iszkuło G. (2015). Homogenous genetic structure in populations of Taxus baccata with varied proportions of male and female individuals. Silva Fennica vol. 49 no. 4 article id 1236. 14 p. Highlights • Polish populations of Taxus baccata showed a high level of genetic diversity within popula- tions and moderate genetic differentiation between them after nSSR marker testing. • No significant differences in the genetic variation between T. baccata male and female indi- viduals were observed, and microsatellite loci neutrality was verified. • Determining the sex ratio in T. baccata populations is not essential to develop a clear under- standing of genetic differentiation and diversity within and between populations of this species. Abstract English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a strictly outcrossing and dioecious species whose popula- tions are small and isolated. It is known that sex ratios may vary in natural populations due to local environmental conditions or stochastic events. However, unbalanced sex ratios may have negative impacts on genetic diversity through enhanced genetic drift and inbreeding. The present study represents one of the first attempts to compare the genetic variation at microsatellite loci within and between populations with different gender proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • IHCA Recommended Plant List
    Residential Architectural Review Committee Recommended Plant List Plant Materials The following plant materials are intended to guide tree and shrub ADDITIONS to residential landscapes at Issaquah Highlands. Lot sizes, shade, wind and other factors place size and growth constraints on plants, especially trees, which are suitable for addition to existing landscapes. Other plant materials may be considered that have these characteristics and similar maintenance requirements. Additional species and varieties may be selected if authorized by the Issaquah Highlands Architectural Review Committee. This list is not exhaustive but does cover most of the “good doers” for Issaquah Highlands. Our microclimate is colder and harsher than those closer to Puget Sound. Plants not listed should be used with caution if their performance has not been observed at Issaquah Highlands. * Drought-tolerant plant ** Requires well-drained soil DECIDUOUS TREES: Small • Acer circinatum – Vine Maple • Acer griseum – Paperbark Maple • *Acer ginnala – Amur Maple • Oxydendrum arboreum – Sourwood • Acer palmation – Japanese Maple • *Prunus cerasifera var. – Purple Leaf Plum varieties • Amelanchier var. – Serviceberry varieties • Styrax japonicus – Japanese Snowbell • Cornus species, esp. kousa Medium • Acer rufinerve – Redvein Maple • Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) • *Acer pseudoplatanus – Sycamore Maple • Acer palmatum (Japanese maple, many) • • *Carpinus betulus – European Hornbeam Stewartia species (several) • *Parrotia persica – Persian Parrotia Columnar Narrow
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Bark Reaction of Select Tree Species As an Indicator of Acid Gaseous Pollution
    Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 20, No. 3 (2011), 619-622 Original Research Assessment of Bark Reaction of Select Tree Species as an Indicator of Acid Gaseous Pollution Karolina Steindor*, Bernard Palowski, Paweł Góras, Aleksandra Nadgórska-Socha Department of Ecology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland Received: 19 July 2010 Accepted: 6 December 2010 Abstract pH values of the bark of the common tree species black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), European yew (Taxus baccata L.), and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) were evaluated to determine the acid gaseous pollution impact on their bark in eight heavily industrialized cities of southern Poland and relatively unpolluted areas of the Beskidy Mountains, Częstochowa Upland, and Nida Basin. It has been stated that the correlation between SO2 levels in the atmosphere and the reaction of tree bark exists in all investigated tree species. Hence, the reaction of the bark of these species could be used as a simple indicator of air pollution. The results suggest that the European ash bark could be the best bioindi- cator. Keywords: bark pH, SO2 pollution, biomonitoring Introduction The aim of this research was to determine whether the bark of four tree species is suitable for biomonitoring of Gaseous pollution of the atmosphere, harmful for forest acid gaseous air pollution. The pH of the bark of black ecosystems, requires monitoring systems. There is a need to locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), sycamore maple (Acer find methods that allow determining the condition of the pseudoplatanus L.), European yew (Taxus baccata L.), and environment in a given area in an easy and inexpensive way.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of a Suicide Attempt by Taxus Baccata Leaves Poisoning
    ica Clin l T of ox l i a c n o r l o u g o y J ISSN: 2161-0495 Journal of Clinical Toxicology Case Report A Case of a Suicide Attempt by Taxus baccata Leaves Poisoning Beñat de Alba Iriarte1*, Eva Lorea Gil Rodríguez1, Edurne Bereciartua Urbieta1, María Elena Redín Sarasola1, Txoan Ormazabal Zabala2, Mikel Díez Bengoechea2, María Asunción Vives Almandoz1, Adolfo Garrido Chércoles1, Oscar Quintela Jorge3 1Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostia University Hospital, Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; 2Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostia University Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; 3National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Department of Madrid, Chemistry Service, Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT Taxus baccata is one of the most poisonous trees in the world. It contains taxanes and toxic alkaloids: the most dangerous one is the taxine. It is a fairly common plant in our environment and could be extremely dangerous; however, yew poisoning is quite rare. Cases may occur by voluntary or accidental ingestion. Therefore, the rapid orientation and diagnosis of suspected episode are important, in order to treat it quickly. There are no specific clinical or analytical alterations in this intoxication and it is very difficult to determine in each case the evolution of the episode. Patients who ingest a lethal dose frequently die due to cardiac arrest, in spite of resuscitation efforts. At present, no specific therapy exists. Therapeutic procedures reported in the literature are only referred to in published case reports, so there is insufficient evidence to recommend any treatment in yew poisoning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Green Ark Classroom Resources
    The green ark Classroom resources Resource 1: Images of the Green man A foliate head in the shape of an acanthus leaf at Bamberg cathedral, Germany, early 13th century. By Johannes Otto Först Carved capital, south door of Maria Laach Abbey, Germany. By Dietrich Krieger The green ark Classroom resources Painted wooden roof boss from Rochester Cathedral, Kent (medieval). By Akoliasnikoff Banksia Man by Australian artist. His reinterpretations of Green man incorporates native Australian flora. By Graham Wilson Al-Khidr "the Green One". The green ark Classroom resources Resource 2: Examples of Green men The Green man at the Lost Gardens of Heligan, Cornwall.. Example of Green man . The green ark Classroom resources Green man mask made of parts of natural materials (mainly parts of plants). The green ark Classroom resources Green man mask template. By Sherri Osborn, About.com The green ark Classroom resources Resource 3: Images of sacred grove in the East Khasi Hills, state of Meghalaya, North East India The green ark Classroom resources Resource 4: Tree information panels Common Yew, Taxus baccata Description: The common Yew is a conifer densely branched with a massive trunk reaching up to 20m tall. Religious relevance: The common Yew is the most widely planted tree in Christian churches, chapels, cemeteries. The origins of planting Yew trees in religious places dates back to the Celts who because of the tree!s longevity and its! wood Common Yew Taxus baccata. resistance to decay believed that the tree By MPF united death with eternal life. Hazards: Most parts of the plant are poisonous (they consist taxane alkaloids) apart from the bright red aril, the fleshy casing on the seed, which is eaten by birds such as starling and blackbird and that way the seed is dispersed.
    [Show full text]
  • Castanea Sativa
    Castanea sativa Castanea sativa in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats M. Conedera, W. Tinner, P. Krebs, D. de Rigo, G. Caudullo The sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is the only native species of the genus in Europe. The broad diffusion and active management by man resulted in the establishment of the species at the limits of its potential ecological range, which makes it difficult to trace its original natural area. The present distribution ranges from North-Western Africa (e.g. Morocco) to North-Western Europe (southern England, Belgium) and from south-western Asia (e.g. Turkey) to Eastern Europe (e.g. Romania), the Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia) and the Caspian Sea. In Europe the main chestnut forests are concentrated in a few countries such as Italy, France and the Iberian Peninsula. The sweet chestnut has a remarkable multipurpose character, and may be managed for timber production (coppice and high forest) as well as for fruit production (traditional orchards), including a broad range of secondary products and ecosystem services. The sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a medium- large deciduous tree that may reach 30-35 m. When cultivated, the tree is long-living (up to 1 000 years) and may also reach Frequency < 25% a significant girth (up to 12 m at breast height). The bark is 25% - 50% 50% - 75% brown-greyish and often has net-shaped venations with deep > 75% furrows or fissures. Leaves are oblong-lanceolate (8-25 cm long, Chorology Native 5-9 cm broad) with a dentate-crenate margin and a brighter Introduced green upper leaf surface.
    [Show full text]
  • RELIGION, WAR, and CHANGING LANDSCAPES: an HISTORICAL and ECOLOGICAL ACCOUNT of the YEW TREE (Taxus Baccata L.) in IRELAND
    RELIGION, WAR, AND CHANGING LANDSCAPES: AN HISTORICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ACCOUNT OF THE YEW TREE (Taxus baccata L.) IN IRELAND By J. L. DELAHUNTY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 This work is dedicated to the Lord and Mickey. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I cannot thank my assistants, both friends and family, in Ireland enough: Colin McCowan, Richard and Judy Delahunty, Con Foley, Tom Millane, and Dr. Lee. I also wish to thank my family and friends in America who aided tremendously in this endeavor: Olivia Perry-Smith, Art Frieberg, Desiree Price, Terry Lucansky, Tim Burke, and John Stockwell. Of course, I could not have done this without help from my mentors at the Geography Department: Mike Binford, Pete Waylen, and Ary Lamme. Other academics who aided in this research were William Kenney, Mark Brenner, Jason Curtis, David Dilcher, Fraser Mitchell, Edwina Cole, Tara Nolan, Bob Devoy, Mike Baillie, and David Brown. Finally, I give thanks to the Lord for creating the majestic yew tree and the beautiful island of Ireland and blessing me with the finest of family and friends. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • G3.9A Taxus Baccata Woodland
    European Red List of Habitats - Forests Habitat Group G3.9a Taxus baccata woodland Summary This habitat includes far-flung Taxus baccata woodlands in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions, where this long-lived tree dominates locally on hot, rocky slopes of lime-rich rocks, often with some Sorbus aria, Ilex aquifolium and Buxus sempervirens, though, in the deep shade beneath, with usually few herbaceous associates. In both regions, particularly in the Mediterranean, there is sometimes a suggestion that the dominance of the tree is an accident of succession where, for some reason, Taxus has excluded possible subsequent invaders or remains as a relict senescent phase of some kind of beech forest. Grazing by livestock and wild herbivores can inhibit regeneration, fire can damage the woodland structure and invasive aliens change the species composition. Conservation needs control of these threats. Synthesis Overall, there are few data to provide an overall assessment of the condition of this habitat but what little there is points to Least Concern. It includes woodlands in far-flung regions with very different extent in different countries and with differing estimates of change in extent and quality in the recent past. However, with some marginal countries having small extent and in a vulnerable state, there could be a critical loss of AOO. This fragmentation and small total cover make this habitat vulnerable to future threats. Overall Category & Criteria EU 28 EU 28+ Red List Category Red List Criteria Red List Category Red List Criteria Least Concern - Least Concern - Sub-habitat types that may require further examination No sub-habitats have been distinguished for further analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Current Information Regarding the Phytosanitary Risks of Phytophthora Ramorum and North American Conifers1
    Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium Review of Current Information Regarding the Phytosanitary Risks of Phytophthora 1 ramorum and North American Conifers Brenda Callan,2 Shane Sela,3 and Eric Allen2 On March 3, 2007 the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) sponsored a “Risks to Conifers” discussion panel to review the state of scientific knowledge regarding Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in 't Veld and conifers and the potential for the pathogen to be transported with conifer forest products moving in international trade. This panel took place during the third Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium organized by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, and the California Oak Mortality Task Force (COMTF) in Santa Rosa, California. It was attended by over 100 participants, including researchers and forest managers from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United States, and Canada. A number of reviews were presented by leading scientists in the field of P. ramorum, followed by a general discussion on the gaps in scientific knowledge. A list of presenters and the titles of their talks is available at: http://nature.berkeley.edu/comtf/sodsymposium/schedule_sections.htm#risktoconifers Current information indicates that only a few conifers are proven natural hosts of P. ramorum including: Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir), Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl. (coastal redwood) and Taxus baccata L. (common yew, not native to North America) (Davidson and others 2002, Maloney and others 2002, Lane and others 2004). Other North American conifer species have been observed in nature to demonstrate symptoms of the disease but have not been conclusively proven as hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Between Stem Damage, Crown Vitality and Growth Performance of European Yew in Central–East Europe
    GEOCHRONOMETRIA 47 (2020): 35-53 DOI 10.2478/geochr-2020-0029 Available online at https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/geochr/geochr-overview.xml INTERACTION BETWEEN STEM DAMAGE, CROWN VITALITY AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF EUROPEAN YEW IN CENTRAL–EAST EUROPE DENISA SEDMÁKOVÁ*, MILAN SANIGA, JÁN PITTNER, JAROSLAV VENCURIK, ROBERT SEDMÁK Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovak Republic Received 29th July 2019 Accepted 29th May 2020 Abstract As long-lived, slow-growing tree species, European yew (Taxus baccata L.) has considerable potential for den- drochronological use. The increasing probability of decline and the worsening of yew health status endanger the species diversity of temperate forests. In 2015–2017, we sampled adult yew populations with scattered occur- rence in limestone beech forests (Fagetum dealpinum), in which yew trees exhibit the top growth performance. Altogether, 150 trees were sampled (294 cores) at four localities. By using the general linear model, we investigated the interactions between stem and crown status, sex and growth performance of yew trees. Based on the previ- ous results and innovative measures of competition and canopy closure, we explored the promotion of silviculture care for female over the male trees and formulated exact release cutting rules. The results demonstrate divergent growth trends between male and female trees and the pronounced negative effects of crown and stem damage on growth performance of European yew. Expected decreases in radial growth of damaged female trees in comparison with male ones is less confirmed. Despite this, making silvicultural treatments for females as a priority is recom- mendable.
    [Show full text]
  • Dataset of Targeted Metabolite Analysis for Five Taxanes of Hellenic Taxus Baccata L
    data Data Descriptor Dataset of Targeted Metabolite Analysis for Five Taxanes of Hellenic Taxus baccata L. Populations Eleftheria Dalmaris, Evangelia V. Avramidou * , Aliki Xanthopoulou and Filippos A. Aravanopoulos * Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 238, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] (E.D.); [email protected] (A.X.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.V.A.); [email protected] (F.A.A.) Received: 30 January 2020; Accepted: 4 March 2020; Published: 6 March 2020 Abstract: Novel primary sources of one of the world’s leading anticancer agent, paclitaxel, as well as of other antineoplastic taxanes such as 10-deacetylbaccatin-III, are needed to meet an increasing demand. Among the Taxus species the promise of Taxus baccata L. (European or English yew) has been documented. In this study, the metabolite analysis of two marginal T. baccata populations in Greece (Mt. Cholomon and Mt. Olympus), located at the southeastern edge of the species natural distribution, are being explored. A targeted liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was used to determine the content of 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, 10-deacetyltaxol, paclitaxel and cephalomannine in the needles of each of the populations from three sampling periods (spring, summer and winter). This is the first survey to generate a taxane targeted metabolite data set, since it derives from Hellenic natural populations that have not been explored before. Furthermore, it has used an extensive sample design in order to evaluate chemodiversity at the population level. The analysis revealed significant levels of chemodiversity within and among the investigated populations and significant seasonal variation that could be exploited for the selection of superior germplasm native to Greece, for yew plantations and further exploitation which is necessary for the production of important taxanes.
    [Show full text]