Ethnomedical Study of Plants Used As Therapy Against Some Digestive System Ailments Among Takkad People of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Mathias et al., Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci., March 2013, Vol. 12 No.1, P.xx-xx

ETHNOMEDICAL STUDY OF PLANTS USED AS THERAPY AGAINST SOME DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AILMENTS AMONG TAKKAD PEOPLE OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA.

Mathias, S.N. 1*, Ilyas, N.2 and Musa, K.Y.3

1Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria 3Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria

Author for correspondence: [email protected]; +23408039737900 ABSTRACT

An ethnomedical survey was carried out to collect information on the use of medicinal plants by the Takkad people of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Medicinal plants used as therapy against some diseases of the digestive system were targeted for the study, of which a total number of 22 species of these plants were reported from four village-areas covering the entire region. Information was obtained using questionnaire during an interview- interactive-session from people who were knowledgeable in Takkad Traditional Medicine. Consequently, 7 ailments of the digestive system diseases namely diarrheal, dysentery, parasitic stomach worm, stomach ache, toothache and ulcer, were recorded based on epidemiology. Stomach ache recorded the highest of all the ailments mentioned in this category. Dosage-regiment for all the recipes cited as therapeutic indications were grossly unregulated and unspecified, like is found in most rural communities. It was generally concluded that there could be an endemic situation in disease of stomach ache in this region, most likely due to non-hygienic practices, and hence, information of this kind would be of benefit in rural health care needs, regional vegetation conservation and epidemiological research into natural products, leading to drug discovery.

Key words: Digestive system; Ailment; Takkad; Epidemiology; Recipes; Traditional Medicine

INTRODUCTION as a survey research into the use of such plants in unlettered societies. However, the Ethnomedical study is an aspect of strategy of study with emphasis on ethnobotanical study which conceptualized epidemiology has proved very resourceful the ethnomedicinal use of plants based on and invaluable in the selection of epidemiology. Epidemiology however, is phytomedicine, which has most often than the study of how often diseases occur in not served as a lead to drug discovery. different group of people and etiology. Farnsworth (1966) had earlier noted five All these concepts are then summarize as approaches in the selection of plant for the use of plants in primitive societies pharmacological screening of which the (Manzoor et al., 2006). ethnomedical survey approach is inclusive. The scientific study of plants and their Consequently, Khafaghi and Deweder therapeutic significance is mostly carry out (2000) reported that sampling base on the

ethnomedical survey approach had showed 9°33'N - 9°41'N and longitude 80 28'E - 80 comparatively, a greater percentage yield 35'E, North Central Guinea Savannah of bioactive useful medicinal compound region of Nigeria. The Takkad people of over the other methods. Nigeria are situated in two states of the Secondary metabolism in plants provides Federation: Plateau and Kaduna states. us with overwhelming variety of This is largely a hilly (mountainous) area, compounds that are pharmacologically which extended from Kagoro in Kaura active on humans and other animals. Many local government area towards Godogodo plant-derived compounds have been in Jema'a local government area of Kaduna used as drugs, either in their original states to Ganawuri and Bachit districts in or semi-synthetic form. Plant Plateau state (Naraguta SW Sheet 164). A secondary metabolites can also serve small ethnographic Chiefdom area made as drug precursors, drug prototypes, up of three district villages covering its and pharmacological probes (Salim et entire land mass (of about 100 Km2 ) al., 2008): as drug precursor, 10- which include Fadan Attakar, Mifi and deacetylbaccatin-III can be converted Tafan village communities, as indicated in chemically in several steps into figure 1. paclitaxel, a potent anticancer drug The Takkad community is largely rural, (Holton et al., 1995); also Diosgenin, a pursues an agrarian economy, and is a self- steroidal sapogenin obtained from the identifying community group and tubers of various Dioscorea species can provincialism with a distinct linguistic be converted chemically in several tribe (dialect) called Attakar (Takkad). It steps into progesterone, a hormone that can be said to be classify into the so called can be used as a female oral ‘minority tribes’ of the north where Hausa- contraceptive; as prototype, antineoplastic Fulani is considered a major tribe of compounds such as podophyllotoxin and Northern Nigeria. This rural people often camptothecin have been isolated from collect useful plants and their parts from plant; as pharmacological probes, various habitats such as forest, scrubs, Genistein, an isoflavone found naturally grassland, cultivated fields, wetlands and in soybean, is an inhibitor of various riverbanks and use those plants following protein tyrosine kinases, which are traditional practices, which they cherish essential enzymes involved in largely. However, today like most other intracellular signal transduction. rural communities, modernity and the Genistein has been used to probe the infiltration of other 'so-called civilized interaction between protein tyrosine values' is fast changing these practices. kinases and cyclic nucleotide-gated Ethnobotanical studies of some Northern (CNG) channels, which are important and Central regions of Nigeria have earlier in mammalian olfactory and visual been conducted for some tribes of similar systems (Salim et al., 2008). ethnicity with the Takkad, namely: an ethnobotanical survey of Bauchi State These are all evidences of rekindled herbal plants and their antimicrobial interest in medicinal plants as potential activity (Adamu et. al., 2005); the sources of novel drug. However, most perception and practice of Traditional importantly therefore, is to note that these Medicine in the treatment of cancers and medicines in plant resources can only be inﬂammations by the Hausa and Fulani scientifically best harnessed into useful tribes of Northern Nigeria (Abubakar et. products by exploring the dynamics of al., 2007); Traditional Medicine practice local indigenous medicinal plant of the tribes of Igede, Tiv, and Itulo knowledge. ethnicities of Benue state (Igoli et al., 2003; Tor-Anyiin et al., 2005). The Takkad region lies between latitude

Mathias et al., Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci., March 2013, Vol. 12 No.1, P.xx-xx

Fig. 1: Location of the Takkad Chiefdom Area in Kaura L.G.A. of Kaduna State-Nigeria. (Modified from Map obtained from Department of Land Survey, Kaura L.G.A.)

This study attempts to document the and analysis. medicinal plants use of the Takkad tribe Data on the use of plant for the ailments of with emphasis on plants used as therapy the digestive system, which include for diseases of the digestive system. The diarrheal, dysentery, pile, stomach ache, subject study is so carried out to toothache, and ulcer, were procured from disseminate the dynamics of local four Takkad villages found in three district knowle dge and their complimentary use in areas that make up the entire Takkad primary healthcare. It is strictly aimed at community. Consequently, a sample frame establishing a database of the plants of of about 10 interview sessions was Takkad people of Kaduna State that administered to each village. The sample exhibits healing activities towards some population constitutes herbalist or GIT related ailments, using the traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) ethnomedical survey research approach. as well as old men and women who are knowledgeable in Takkad TM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling Technique/ Procedure Data Collection/Analysis The survey expedition of Takkad region The method of data selection/collection includes the collection of information, asked question on what ailments of the procurement of medicinal plants and their digestive system (earlier mentioned above) subsequent identification, classification were treated by which plant species (i.e.

ailment-plant enquiry)—as was used by the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria- Betty (2004). Data were subsequently Nigeria. Descriptive statistical tools of acquired by direct interview with the local tabulation tables and frequency people through the aid of a designed distribution tables for group and ungroup questionnaire tool that was modified and data and bar chart, were utilized to adopted from Sofowora (1993). A tape analyzed findings. recorder was also used complimentarily to record all the information furnished, which RESULTS include: methods of plant The interactive interview sessions targeted collection/preparation, dosage mode, 40 persons for four villages, but only 31 dosage-regimen, duration of treatment, sessions were possible, which indicates an duration of practice , sources of overall response rate of 75%. Table 1 knowledge, extend of patronage and level summarizes response rate during the of success in curing the ailment with the interview session. The survey recorded a used prescription/ recipes. The informants total of 22 plants species represented by were followed to the habitat of collection 21 genera from 16 families. and images of the plant species were also Epidemiological analysis of the 22 plants obtained with aid of a camera to facilitate showed that they were mentioned (cited) their subsequent identification. Herbarium 27 times against 7 ailments as therapeutic specimens were then prepared for all the indications. This is shown in tables 2 and 3 procured plants according to standard respectively, while prevalence of ailments procedure. Final identification (both is shown in figure 2, indicating the disease colloquially and scientifically) was made of stomach ache as being the most at the herbarium unit by the taxonomy prevalent, with the highest frequency of staff of Biological Science Department of occurrence.

Table 1: Ethnomedical survey zones and their response rate of information procured

Takkad Respondents Response rate Villages aTraditional Healer Old Men Old Women Total % Age: 40-70 yrs 50-80 yrs. 45-70 yrs. Chicham No. of interviews 4 3 1 8 80 bNo. of persons 3 2 1 6 Fadan Attakar No. of interviews 5 2 3 10 100 No. of persons 4 1 3 8 Mifi No. of interviews 2 1 – 3 30 No. of persons 1 - - 1 Tachira No. of interviews - 6 3 9 90 No. of persons – 4 1 7 Total 12 16 7 30 75 aAt least 10 interview sessions was conducted for each group bValues for number of persons informed number of plants collection: these are not use in evaluating response rate—hence not bolded

Table 2: Some Medicinal Plants used among the Takkad communities and their Vernacular Names

c Family/Specie V/No. Takkad Name *Hausa Name [Acanthaceae] Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. 90006 Mumuruk Tsaamiyar Makiiyaayaa Peristrosphe bicalyculata Nees 2863 Grufu Lemun dagi, Tubaanin dawaaki [Anacardiaceae] Heeria pulcherima Sensu Eyles. 254 KanAtini Shuwarka Jangargari [Annonaceae] Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. 3129 Kochi ulu Kauchi [Asparagaceae] Asparagus africanus (Lam.) Oberm. 900179 Alyemchu Tarko beeraa [ Astaraceae] Blumea aurita (L.F.) DC. 1160 Bpandra

Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach.&Thonn.)CD.Adams 534 Sangkali [Bignoniaceae] Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. 1381 Aghud Sansami, Jiri, Turken dookii [Caesalpinoideae] Paltaphorum africana Lam. 2891 Ugyang Senna nigricans Vahl Ulan abin Halallamai (Kats) Senna obtusifolia (L.)Irwin & Barneby 1370 ShuiLamang Tabbasa [Caryophyllacea] Stellaria media (L.) Vill. 161 Kh'aamkan Tsuwawun kare, Gwuwar kare [Euphorbiaceae] Hymenocardia acida Tul. 7108 Bakhyak Croton lobatus L. 180 Kuku Namijin-Zaki, N/Gaskiya [Loranthaceae] Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC) 1270 Kochi Ulan Kauchin dooruwa [Malvaceae] Sida acuta Burro.f. 65 Suup [Menispermaceae] Cissampelos mycrunata A. Rich. 1643 Atra Bakinkundo [Mimosoideae] Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)Benth. 7 Ulan Dooruwa [Moraceae] Ficus abutilifolia (Miq.) Miq. 90074 Abuiyag Yandii, Wa, Wa Kunkumi [Polygalaceae] Borreria radiata DC. 2810 Kankwe Danfarkami Nauclea latifolia Smith. 1268 Utiyat Igiyaa [Sterculiaceae] Waltheria indica L. 271 KanAfan Yakufa, Gobir, Han kufaa

cVoucher Number *Hausa name implying a major language spoken within Northern Nigeria

Table 3: Some Identified dGIT Ailments during the Interview with the Takkad

Group of ailment Ailment Number of Citations

Digestive system Diarrheal 4 Dysentery 3 Parasitic stomach worm 4 Pile 2 Stomach ache 7 Toothache 5 Ulcer 2

Total number of citations 27 d Gastrointestinal track

Prevalence of Ailment Indicated

Number of Citations Fig. 2: Relative occurrence of some Ailments of the Digestive System in terms of their Number of Citations in the Surveyed Takkad Villages

DISCUSSIONS used as therapy for GIT problems for the Medicinal plants use and associated first time. Results of the study showed the knowledge/believes ethnomedical survey approach as The study presented here describes resourceful and a good strategy for the identification and documentation of sourcing information of local indigenous ethnomedicinal plants of Takkad region traditional medical health care.

Table 4: Takkad Traditional Medicine Practice Showing Mode of Preparation, Dosage-regiment used in Digestive System Ailments

Ailment Specification/Specie Preparation: Mode of Preparation, Dosage-regimen Remarks Diarrhoeal Nelsonia canescens Fresh whole plant is extracted in cold water by maceration. Extract is taken 3 Disappearance of symptom is interpreted a cure times a day in a small cupful. Cissampelos mycrunata Aqueous decoction of fresh leaves is taken orally when warm. Symptom is expected to disappear in due course.

Borreria radiate A concoction is made by mixing the powder of plant with that of lime and Instant relief from stomach ache; symptoms disappear as earthworm-build. Mixed powdered drug is infused in cold water in a small treatment repeated calabash and taken orally at least twice a day. Dysentery Heeria pulcherima Roots are extracted in boiled water, after which hot extract is used to make gruel Disappearance of symptom is interpreted as cure of red guinea corn—the grains must be grounded using local stone grinder. Gruel preparation is taken orally for two days. Waltheria indica Decocted leaf extract is mixed with red potash and taken warm orally until cure Symptom disappears as treatment continues. Taken as cure is observed. Parasitic stomach worms Senna nigricans Infusion of leaf powder drug in water is made. Infused drug is taken a half Relief symptoms as medications are taken continuously. cupful, continuously until cure Pile Blumea aurita Aqueous decocted fresh roots are mixed with dairy fat. Vapour of decocted drug Symptom is expected to disappear at the end of treatment is exposed ‘aromatherapuetically’ to child's anus thrice a day for 2 weeks. Stomach ache Paltaphorum africana Fresh or dried stems, leaves or small twigs with leaves are decocted in water. Symptoms disappear in the course of treatment. Small spoonful (5times) daily is administered to infant orally. Cissampelos mycrunata Aqueous decoction of fresh leaves is taken orally when warm. Instant relief from stomach ache; symptoms disappear as treatment is repeated. Hymenocardia acida Aqueous decoction of leaves is made. Extract is fed to child orally little by little Symptoms are expected to disappear in the course of treatment. until recovery. Croton lobatus Aqueous decoction of fresh leaves is made. Potash can be added of little Symptom is expected to disappear as treatment progresses. quantity. Extracted drug of little quantity is given to child once a day. Borreria radiate A concoction is made by mixing the powder of plant with that of lime and Instant relief from stomach ache; symptoms disappear as earthworm-build. Mixed powdered drug is infused in cold water in a small treatment is repeated. calabash and taken at least twice a day. Toothache Spilanthes filicaulis A paste is made from fresh leaves of plant mixed with the leaves of Tapinanthus Pain ceased. Symptoms disappear at the end of treatment dodoneifolius. Small quantity of paste is place in the mouth on the affected tooth, for about 5minutes.

Tapinanthus dodoneifolius Aqueous macerated fresh plant leaves with small twigs is made. Extracted drug During treatment, BP is checked and would be observed to be is taken a small cupful orally for 3 days. lowered. Cissampelos mycrunata Fresh leaves are mashed into paste and used. Plant paste is placed on tooth and Symptom is expected to disappear as treatment progresses. held for sometimes. Aqueous extract of the leaves can also be taken warm. Ulcer Senna nigricans Infusion of leaf powder using water is made. Half cupful is taken continuously Relief of symptoms is observed as drug is taken continuously. until cure is observed.

The reported number of medicinal plants cited therapeutic indications practiced in (22 species) being used by the Takkad each of these regions of similar vegetation people concerning the subject area of study is of high importance and of is not small , taking into account the small pharmaceutical interest in drug discovery population size in addition to the and development. Heinrich et al., (1998) reluctance of the locals to part with vital had earlier suggested that it might be medicinal plant knowledge, especially the possible to calculate the number of TMPs. It was observed during the separate medicinal uses of a particular expedition that majority of the rural plant species and the number of times they populace patronize the few traditional have been mention by collaborators, thus healers the region is endowed with, generating a guide to the relative especially by those with little or no formal importance of particular species. The education, to seek medicinal portions source communities of these medicinal mainly for the cure of gastro-intestinal plants could be of commercial problems. This is an indication of a wider importance—considering an interesting acceptability of Traditional Medicine (TM) outcome of pharmacological activity from and a possible endemic problem on GIT any of the surveyed plants when assayed. related problem among the people. In lending credibility to the later, Cordell Communities of ‘Mifi’ and ‘Tafan’ (1995) had earlier opined that for most yielding a low response rate during the pharmaceutical companies, until a lead is survey, is an indication of deep-rooted identify and more sample required, the practices of TM practice most probably source is irrelevant. However, due to an associated with ritual conducts. Their effective result oriented research often attitude of keeping secret some TM achievable through the use of data practices can be likening to the people obtained from an ethnomedical research believes and techniques in TM that spring findings, Cordell (1995) further noted that from spiritual causes, astral influence or some companies base their collection esoteric factors. Consequently, some programme on either ecological or an traditional knowledge is been retain on ethnomedical approach. different plant resources that are of medicinal value. The world health Recipes, dosage-regimen and route/mode organization (WHO) in recognition to this applications had earlier attested that TM is an integral The result of table 5 describes and record part of local Africans, which encompassed prescription (mode of administration) of their traditional and cultural beliefs and the surveyed plant used by the people to practices of which they hold secret (WHO, cure GIT problems, is a typical form of 2002-2005). traditional medicine practice of the Takkad people. It generally showed that most Medicinal Plants of Takkad: regional recipes involve a single plant with water phytogeography (and sometimes with local liquor drink) as The documented medicinal plants as the common extractive solvents either by enumerated in table 2 showed that these maceration, decoction, boiling or a cold are typical plants of the Guinea Savannah concoction mixture. Mode of areas of the country; some of which have administration, dosage-regimen is not been recorded for the ethnic communities specific and shows that majority of the of Tiv and Igede areas of Benue State— remedies are taken orally. This agrees with North Central Nigeria (Igoli et al.,2003; results of studies carried out by Dawit and Tor-Anyiin et al., 2005). Nevertheless, the Ahadu (1993), Giday (2001) in Ethiopia as differences in vernacular names, and the well as Harami et. al., (2005) and

Abubakar et. al., (2007) in a similar study has not drastically decreased over the of Northern Nigeria. They all reported on century, is an indication that these their findings to show oral routes as a main preparations must have some truth about application mode. Furthermore, the them (Adesaya, 2005). respondent’s testimonies on their successes after using the said prescribed The present study has procured, identified portions of medication proved to their and reported acquired information on efficacy in some way. Nevertheless, the surveyed medicinal plants of Takkad that most prominent of doubts about herbal are used as therapy for some GIT ailments preparations is based on the lack of a proof without attempting to investigate their of their efficacy (Adesanya, 2005). WHO phytochemical constituents and bioassays. had earlier supported the use of traditional The importance of this aspect of the study medicine provided it is been proven has become necessary in other to detect as efficacious and safe (WHO, 1978). a lead, the chemical compounds of these Furthermore, in a bit to offer justification plants that may be the active ingredients of ethnomedicinal preparations and responsible for the cited ethnotherapuetic validation of their claims the assumption claims. This aspect of the study is hereby was made that since African population presented in a subsequent paper. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS assisted by facilitating interaction with key Though obviously, it may seem impossible informants during the survey. to adequately thank each person involve in Prof. Jehu Auta of Biological Sciences this study by name, I do sincerely wish to Department, ABU-Zaria for his assistance acknowledge the following persons in in introducing me to the Herbarium unit particular: staff. The Staff of Herbarium Unit of the The Takkad informants as well as their Biological Sciences Department, ABU- Ruling Elders—who were willing to assist Zaria in the persons of Mal. M. Musa and and generously share their knowledge with his associate U.S. Gallah, for the vital role us. A special word of appreciation to my they played in helping with the grandma, Mama Paulina Anyip (God rest identification of plant her Saul), who, despite her aging self, Dewit, A and Ahadu, A., (1993). Medicinal Plants and Enigmatic Health Practices of Northern REFERENCES Ethiopia. B:S:P:E., Adis Ababa, Ethiopia. In: Abubakar, M.S., Musa, A.M., Ahmed, A. and Hussaini, Giday, M., (2001). An Ethnobotanical study of I.M. (2007). The perception and practice of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in traditional medicine in the treatment of cancers Ethiopia. CBM:s Skriftserie 3:81-99. Uppsala and inﬂammations by the Hausa and Fulani tribes of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111: 625-629. Farnsworth, N .R. (1966). Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Plants. In: Igoli, J. O.,Ogaji, O.G., Tor-Anyiin, T.A., and Igoli, N.P. (2005). Adesanya, S.A, (2005). From nature to drugs: theories Traditional Medicinal Practices amongst the and realities. An Inaugural lecture delivered at Igede people of Nigeria. African Journal of Oduduwa Hall, Obafemi Awolowo University, th Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 12 July. Medicine, Vol. 2 (2):134 152.

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