कᴂद्रीय भूमि जल बो셍ड जल संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण विभाग, जल शक्ति मंत्रालय भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti Government of

AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES DISTRICT,

उत्तर मध्य छत्तीसग褼 क्षेत्र, रायपुर North Central Chhattisgarh Region, Government of India Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan in , Chhattisgarh

Type of Study Blocks Officer engaged

1. Sri S. Acharya, Scientist-D 2. (AAP:2015-16) 3.

Data compilation, Data Gap Analysis 4. Sri M. Gobinath. AHG & Data Generation 5. Lailunga (AAP:2016-17) 6. Raigarh 7. Pusaur Sri R. K. Tripathy, Scientist-B 8. Baramkela (AAP:2016-17) 9.

Data Interpretation, Integration, Aquifer Mapping, Management All the above 9 blocks Sri A. K. Biswal, Scientist-D Plan & Report writing

North Central Chhattisgarh Region Raipur 2020 DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

RAIGARH DISTRICT

1. GENERAL INFORMATION i) Geographical area (Sq. km) 6,527.44 ii) Administrative Divisions (As on 2017) a) Number of Blocks 9 b) Number of Villages 1485 iii) Population as on 2011 Census 1,493,984 iv) Average Annual Rainfall 1274mm

2. GEOMORPHOLOGY i) Major Geomorphological Units Chhattisgarh plain region and Northern hill ii) Major Drainages Basin (Mahanadi, Mand, Kurket, Kelo & Ib)

3. LAND USE (ha) As on 2016-17 i) Forest Area 59904 ii) Net Area Sown 267329 iii) Double cropped Area 32538

4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES Alfisols-Red sandy gravelly & Red sandy, Inceptisols-Shallow black Ultisols- Red & Yellow, lateritic

5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS, in ha Paddy-243081, Wheat-2769, Pulses-28565, (As on 2016-17) Tilhans-144.35, Fruits and vegetables- 665

6. IRRIGATED AREA BY DIFFERENT SOURCES in ha (As on 2016-17) i) Dug wells 772 ii) Tube wells/Bore wells 32314 iii) Canals 18609 iv)Tanks 4720 v) Other sources 7200 vi) area Irrigated more than once 29644

7. NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB (As on March’2019) i) No of Dug wells 123 ii) No of Piezometers 20

I 8. PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Recent Alluvium & Laterite (Sand, clay) Gondwana Supergroup (Sandstone, shale, coal) Chhattisgarh Supergroup (Limestone, Dolomite, Sandstone, shale) Basement Crystallines (Granites, Gneiss, Schists & metamorphic)

9. HYDROGEOLOGY i) Major Water Bearing Formations Weathered & fractured sandstone, shale, limestone, siltstone, and Granite gneisses. ii) Pre-monsoon Depth to Water Level 1.18 to 32.6 mbgl

iii) Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level 0.01 to 22.7 mbgl

iv) Long Term Water Level Trend for 10 yrs Pre-monsoon-Fall: 0.02 to 3.88 (2008-2017 Vs 2018) in m/yr Rise: 0.05 to 10.18 Post-monsoon-Fall: 0.02 to 4.28 Rise 0.03 to 3.27

10. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB (As on March’2019) i) No of Wells Drilled EW: 108, OW: 28, PZ: 22 ii) Depth Range (m) 21 to 400.28 iii) Discharge (litres per second) 0.2 to 22.42 iv) Transmissivity (m2/day) 1.35 to 142.75

11. GROUND WATER QUALITY i) Presence of Chemical Constituents EC for Shallow aquifer is 30 to 1514 and for deeper aquifer is 84 to 2320 µS/cm at 25°C , PH- 6.5 to 8.9, All the chemical constituents are well within permissible limit except Iron and Fluoride and Nitrate at few places. ii) Type of Water Calcium-Magnesium-Bicarbonate (Ca-Mg- HCO3) and Calcium-Sulphate (Ca-SO4) type for shallow aquifer & Calcium-Bicarbonate (Ca- HCO3) type for deeper aquifer respectively.

12. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES in Ham (Estimated as on March’2013) i) Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge 41166.73 ii) Total Annual Ground Water Extraction 20292.35 iii) Ground Water Resources for Future use 20327.56 iv) Stage of Ground Water Development 50.09 %

II 13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Mass awareness at Kharsia in the year 2002-03 was organized. It was followed by two tier training at Raigarh and three tier training at Gharghoda, Kharsia.

14. EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE & RAIN WATER HARVESTING i) Projects Completed by CGWB (No & Amount Nil spent) ii) Projects Under Technical Guidance of CGWB Nil (Numbers)

15. GROUND WATER CONTROL AND REGULATION i) Number of Over Exploited Blocks Nil (Stage of Extraction > 100%) ii) Number of Critical Blocks Nil (Stage of Extraction> 90%) iii) Number of Blocks Notified Nil

16. MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES 1. Due to large scale pumping from Raigarh Formation for irrigation, the water level in this formation goes deep in summer and the sustainability of shallow hand pumps are threatened. 2. With increasing dependency on hand pumps for drinking water, iron contamination in ground water has emerged as biggest problem in parts of Gondwana covered area of Gharghoda- Tamnar- Dharamjaigarh- Kharsia- Lailunga blocks. 3. At few locations nitrate and fluoride concentrations are found beyond the permissible limit.

III CONTENTS

FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Scope of the study 1 1.3 Methodology 2 1.4 Location, Administrative set up & Demography 3 1.5 Land use 3 1.6 Cropping pattern 6 1.7 Irrigation 7 1.8 Minerals, Industries and Mining activities 9 1.9 Soil 9 1.10 Drainage 11 1.11 Geomorphology 14 1.12 Prevailing Water Conservation and recharge 14 practices

II. HYDROMETEROLOGY 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Temperature 16 2.3 Evaporation 16 2.4 Humidity 16 2.5 Wind Velocity 16 2.6 Rainfall 16 III. GEOLOGY 3.1 Geology and structure 18

IV. DATA COLLECTION & 4.1 Introduction 20 GENERATION 4.2 Exploration data 20 4.2.1 Well design 22 4.3 Water Level data 24 4.4 Hydrochemical data 24 4.5 Achievement 26

V. AQUIFER DISPOSITION 5.1 Principal & Major aquifer groups 27 5.2 Ground Water Regime monitoring 32 5.2.1 Decadal Ground Water level fluctuation 32 5.2.2 Ground Water Level Trend 33 5.2.3 Ground Water flow direction 41 5.3 Ground Water Resources 41 5.3.1 Replenishable ground water resources or 41 Dynamic ground water resources 5.3.2 Static Ground Water Resources 42 5.4 Ground Water Quality 42 5.4.1 Drinking water quality 42 5.4.2 Irrigation water quality 45 5.4.3 Industrial water quality 48 5.4.4 Arsenic contamination 48 5.4.5 Uranium contamination 48 5.4.6 Type of Ground Water 48 i VI. AQUIFER MAPPING & 6.1 Ground Water related issues & problems 50 MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.2 Status of Aquifer Mapping & Salient findings 50 1. Dharmajaigarh block 50 2. Ghorghoda block 51 3. Tamnar block 52 4. Kharsia block 52 5. Lailunga block 53 6. Pusaur block 54 7. Raigarh block 55 8. Sarangagarh block 55 9. Baramkela block 56 6.3 Status of Ground Water Development Plan 57 6.4 Aquifer Map 59

VII. SPRING 7.1 Study of Spring 66 7.2 Springs in Gondwana rocks 67 7.3 Springs in Crystalline rocks 67 7.4 Some important springs 67 7.5 Management of spring water 68

VIII. SUM UP 8.1 Recommendations 70

REFERENCES 72 ANNEXURES I, II, III (A) & III (B) 73-101 ABBREVIATIONS a msl above mean sea level BDR Basic Data Report CGWB Central Ground Water Board Dia Diameter DTW Depth To Water EC Electrical Conductivity EW Exploratory Wells GW/ gw Ground Water ham Hectare meter lpcd litres per capita per day lpm litres per minute lps liters per second m bgl meter below ground level MCM/mcm Million Cubic Meter NCCR North Central Chhattisgarh Region NHNS/ NHS National Hydrograph Network Stations OW Observation Well PZ Piezometre

ii FOREWORD

Groundwater resources are being developed over years in order to meet domestic, irrigation and industrial requirements. The spatial distribution of availability of ground water resources however, is uneven and is being indiscriminately exploited by various users thereby creating relentless pressure. On the other hand rapid urbanization, industrialization and land use changes has resulted decline of water levels in many parts of the country.

There is an urgent need for scientific approach for proper management of the available ground water resources for sustainability of this precious natural resource for present and future generation.

Central Ground Water Board has been in the forefront of activities for occurrence, development, and management of this resource through various scientific studies and techniques. Over the last four decades CGWB, NCCR, Raipur has gathered a huge amount of data regarding ground water resources of Chhattisgarh. Based on this experience aquifer mapping of Raigarh district was prepared with the vast amount of data generated and available with North Central Chhattisgarh Region. The report embodies all the features of ground water and related aspects of the study area including physiography, meteorological conditions, hydrology, drainage, geomorphology, geology, hydrogeology, ground water resources, hydrochemistry, geophysics, ground water problems etc.

The report titled “ A REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPPING & MANAGEMENT PLAN IN RAIGARH DISTRICT, CHHATTISGARH” ” is prepared by Sh. A.K.Biswal, Scientist-D and is the result of untiring efforts Sh. S.Acharya, Scientist-D; S. K. Shrivastava, Scientist ‘D’and Sh. R.K.Tripathy, Scientist-B. It was a Herculean job and required hard working. I appreciate the concerted efforts put by the author to make it possible to bring the report in its present shape. I hope this report will no doubt be useful and worthy for the benefit of Raigarh district and would be a useful document for academicians, administrators, planners and all the stakeholders in ground water.

Though utmost care has been taken to minimize the errors, some errors may have inadvertently crept in. It is expected that these mistakes will be taken in the proper spirit.

Dr. Santanu Samanta (REGIONAL DIRECTOR (I/C)) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Raigarh district covers a geographical area of 6836.35 sq. km. It is situated in the north eastern part of the Chhattisgarh lying between latitudes 21°20’21” to 22°47’13” N and longitudes 82°55’36” to 83°42’16” E50’and is divided into 6 tehsils and 9 blocks, comprising 5 Urban Centers and 1438 villages . Raigarh district is surrounded by in the north, in the south, the state of border in the east , Janjgir-Champa and Korba districts in the west. According to 2011 census record the total population of district is 1,493,984. Nearly 84% of the population lives in rural areas. SC and ST community constitutes 49 % of the total population. The density is 211 persons per sq.km. The percentage of literacy is 73.26. Nearly 33 % of the geographical area is covered by forests. About 27% of the net sown area is irrigated by all sources. Ground water contributes nearly 48.5% of the net irrigated area.

Raigarh district is industrially developed. There are 35 large scale industries and 8 Medium scale enterprises exist in the district. Raigarh district is full of major minerals like Coal, Quartzite, Limestone and Dolomite. As a result of which some mineral based industry can also be seen in the district. Coal mining is prominent in Dharamjaigarh & Tamnar blocks.

The district experiences Sub-tropical climate characterized by extreme cold in winter and extreme hot in summer. The average annual rainfall is 1274 mm (average of last five years i.e 2012- 2017). The annual temperature varies from 10oC in winter to 46oC in summer. The relative humidity varies from 85 % in rainy season to 35-40 % during winter. The district is mainly drained by thet rivers- Mand, Kelo, Kuruket and Ib which are perennial in nature. The drainage system in Raigarh district originate at the southern part and flow in N and to NE direction before joining the Mahanadi river.

Geomorphologically the entire district can be divided into two physiographic regions namely Mahanadi plain (Chhattisgarh plain) and Northern hills of Chhotanagpur plateau. Chhattisgarh plain covers the southern part of the district and is divided into two parts by Mahanadi river. The general elevation of the plain ranges between 190 and 240m amsl. The elevation in case of structural hills ranges from 300 to 1000 m amsl. This region has a general slope towards the south. The foothills are characterized by pediments.

Geologically the district is mainly covered by rocks of Archaean to Cretaceous age, with some isolated pockets of Recent to Sub-recent alluvium. Based on the water bearing property, the rocks of the district can be divided into (i) hard rock comprising crystalline and metamorphic and consolidated sedimentary rock of Chhattisgarh Super group (ii) Soft rock comprising semi consolidated rock belonging to Gondwana Super group and younger alluvium. The Gondwana sediments cover 40% area of the district.

All the nine blocks were studied under NAQUIM program in 2012-17. The aquifer material controlling ground water flow in the district can be broadly divided into two major media (1) Porous media (Shallow Aquifer) and (2) Fractured media (Deeper Aquifer). The major aquifer groups in Raigarh district are (i) Basement crystalline and metamorphic, (ii) Chhattisgarh Super group (Chandrapur Group ,Raipur group, Charmuria & Raigarh formation), (iii) Gondwana Super Group & (iv) Alluvium and Laterites.

Hydrogeologically, the shallow aquifers both in hard and soft rock in the district are wide spread and largely in use except in few parts of Baramkela, Pusaur and Raigarh blocks. The shallow aquifers are being tapped through dug wells, dug cum bore wells or shallow bore wells drilled to a depth of 60 m. The weathered mantle and shallow fractures mainly constitute the shallow aquifers. The thickness of weathered mantle varies from 5 to 20m bgl. The potential fractures in case of basement crystalline type of rock are mostly confined within the depth of 60 m. Depth to water level in bore wells varies from 4 to 12 mbgl. The casing depth varies from 6 to 35 mbgl. Majority of wells are showing discharge in the range of 1 to 6.5 lps . The specific capacity value for granites varies from 1.43 to 29 lpm/m. The potential fracture zones in Chandrapur group of rocks are encountered within the depth of 60 m. Depth to a water level in bore wells varies from 4 to 17 mbgl. The casing depth varies from 6 to 12 mbgl. Majority of wells are showing discharge in the range of 1 to 3 1ps. The specific capacity value for Chandrapur varies from 5 to 35 lpm/m. In case of Raipur group of rocks, the potential fractures are mostly confined to the depth of 60 m. Depth to water level in bore wells varies from 4 to 17 mbgl. The casing depth varies from 6 to 30 mbgl. Majority of wells are showing discharge in the range of 1 to 10 1ps. Transmissivity of Raigarh Formation varies from 2-35 m2/ day whereas the Storativity is recorded between 0.14 x 10-4 and 1.18 x 10-6. The maximum part of Gondwana area is covered by Barakar Formation. Barakar is the most promising formation covering an area of 1644 sq. km. The deeper aquifer zones encountered between 150-400m bgl has maximum of 6m piezometric head above ground level. The Barakars are represented by thick sequence (>500 m) of sandstone, shale, clay stone, and sand shale intercalation. The Barakar are only coal bearing formation in the district. Number of coal seams has been found in the area both in shallow and deeper zone. Coal mining in the district is presently restricted to Dharamjaigarh and Tamnar blocks. Barakar Formation is the good aquifers in the district and forms ground water worthy areas. Yield ranges from negligible to 10.5 lps. The Transmissivity and Storativity of Barakar Formation ranges between 1.35to 143 m2/ day and 0.04 to 0.00079 respectively.

280 nos. of observation wells were established and monitored in pre & post monsoon period to acess the ground water regime of the district including the national hydrograph stations. The water level analysis data indicates that the static water level in the district varies from 2.01 to 32.6 mbgl in pre- monsoon, from 0.01 to 22.7 mbgl in post-monsoon period. The fluctuation varies from 0.01 to 28.32 m. Long term trend analysis of water level data of these NHS in post-monsoon period shows 64 % of the wells registered fall in water level and 36% of the dug wells showed rise in the water levels. The overall scenario shows shift in water use from phreatic to semi-confined zone and increased draft for irrigation purpose in selected pockets of Baramkela- Pusaur- Raigarh and Kharsia blocks.

The regional ground water flow direction is towards south-west. In south eastern part of the district the ground water flow direction is towards south-east. In the north -central part of the district the contours are comparatively closer indicating the steepness of the terrain thereby the gradient of ground water flow is high in comparison to the other part of the district. It may also be seen that the flow of ground water is mostly towards the major drainage suggesting that the base flow is towards the drainage system. The Net Ground Water Availability for future use from all the sources in the district is 41166.73 ham. The Net Ground Water Availability for future use is 4318.72 ham. Current Annual Ground Water Extraction for all purposes is 20292.35 ham out of which 16093.58 ham is for irrigation. The overall Stage of Ground Water Extraction in the district is 50.09 %. As per the NAQUIM study in the district either 4863 nos. of irrigation tube wells or 8874 nos. of irrigation dug wells or combination of both can be constructed at suitable locations in the district for more ground water development and to create more irrigation potential. Also 285 nos. of Percolation tank , 952 nos of Nalas bunding cement plug/ check dam, 2286 nos. of recharge shaft and 1703nos. of Gully plugs /Gabbion structures may be constructed throughout the district that can recharge 124. 45 mcm water to underground to sustain the ground water resources in a long term basis.

A large number of springs were found to occur in the district and are mostly on the northern part of Mahanadi basin covering Dharamjaigarh, Gharghoda, Lailunga, Tamnar, Kharsia and Raigarh block. Most of the springs are restricted to Gondwana formation & Chandarpur sandstones. Majority of the springs of the district are low in discharge and seasonal in nature. To improve the discharge and sustainability of seasonal springs, rain water harvesting in suitable place can be beneficial.

The quality of ground water in the phreatic zone is well within permissible limit of BIS standards and is suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes except few locations. The ground water of Raigarh district in overall is calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate (Ca-Mg-HCO3) and calcium-sulphate (Ca- SO₄) type for shallow aquifer & calcium-bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3) type for deeper aquifer respectively. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author is grateful to Shri G C Pati, Chairman, Central Ground Water Board for giving opportunity for preparation of the National Aquifer Mapping & Management report of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh. I express my sincere gratitude to Shri G.L.Meena, Member (WQ & WTT) & Sh. S.Marwaha, Member (Scientific), CGWB for giving valuable guidance, encouragement and suggestions during the preparation of this report. The author is thankful to Dr. S.K.Samanta, Head of the Office, Central Ground Water Board, NCCR, Raipur extending valuable guidance and constant encouragement during the preparation of this report. The author is also thankful to Sh. A.K.Patre, Sc.D; Sh. J.R.Verma, Sc.D; Smt.Priyanka Sonbarse , Sc-B; Sh.R.K.Dewangan, Sc-B & Sh. Uddeshya Kumar, Sc-B and other officers and officials of all the sections of the office for the help rendered & for providing the needful data during the preparation of this report on “AQUIFER MAPPING & MANAGEMENT PLAN IN RAIGARH DISTRICT, CHHATTISGARH”.

A.K.Biswal Scientist-D

1 AQUIFER MAPPING & MANAGEMENT PLAN IN RAIGARH DISTRICT, CHHATTISGARH

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives: The groundwater is the most valuable resource for the country. The demand for ground water for various types of use is increasing day by day; consequently indiscriminate development of ground water has taken place and the ground water resource has come under stress in several parts of the country. On the other hand, there are also areas where adequate development of ground water resources has not taken place. These facts underscore the need for micro-level study of the aquifer systems of the country. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) is involved in hydrogeological investigations covering major part of the country and as per requirement; the reappraisal of ground water regime is being taken up in priority areas to generate the background data on regional scale. CGWB has also carried out ground water exploration in different phases with prime objective of demarcating and identifying the potential aquifers in different terrains for evaluating the aquifer parameters and also for developing them in future. The reports and maps generated from the studies are mostly based on administrative units such as districts and blocks and depict the subsurface disposition of aquifer on regional scale. However, due to paradigm shift in focus from development to management of ground water in last one decade, the need for more reliable and comprehensive aquifer maps on larger scale has been felt for equitable and sustainable management of the ground water resources at local scale. Volumetric assessment of ground water and strategies for future development and management are the primary objective of aquifer mapping.

1.2 Scope of the study: The aquifer maps are the maps depicting aquifer disposition, giving lateral and vertical extension. The maps will also provide information on the quantity and quality. Aquifer mapping is a multidisciplinary scientific process wherein a combination of geological, hydrogeological, geophysical, hydrological and quality data is integrated to characterize the quantity, quality and movement of ground water in aquifers.

It explains the components of the Aquifer Classification System, outlines the assumptions underlying the map information presented and also summarizes the content of an aquifer classification map. The goal is to help the map users understand the strengths and limitations of the information contained on the aquifer classification maps so that they can apply that information appropriately to their particular water and land management needs. The system and maps are designed to be used together and in conjunction with other available information as a screening tool for setting groundwater management priorities. They provide a way of comparing aquifers within a consistent hydrogeological context and prioritizing future actions at various planning levels. The maps may provide some background information for site-specific projects. However, the maps are not to be used for making site-specific decisions. The classification of an aquifer reflects the aquifer as a whole and at a specific time. Groundwater conditions, such as the degree of vulnerability and water quality, can vary locally and over time respectively. This variability in the data sometimes requires subjective decision-making and generalising of information for an entire aquifer. As such the following nine blocks were studied under NAQUIM program in 2012-17 as following table 1.1.

1 Table-1.1: Details of area covered under NAQUIM in Raigarh dist Sl. No. District Block Geographical Area (sq.km) 1 Dharamjaigarh 1537.69 2 Gharghoda 433.04 3 Tamnar 469 4 Kharsia 400.79 5 Raigarh Lailunga 910.35 6 Pusaur 510.3 7 Raigarh 942.72 8 Sarangarh 851.12 9 Baramkela 781.34 Raigarh district Total 6836.35 Source: District Statistical Book-2017

1.3 Methodology: The activities under the aquifer project can be summarized as follows: i) Data Compilation & Data Gap Analysis: One of the important aspect of the aquifer mapping programme was the synthesis of the large volume of data already collected during specific studies carried out by the Central Ground Water Board and various other government organizations with a new set of data generated that broadly describe an aquifer system. The data were compiled, analysed, synthesized and interpreted from available sources. These sources were predominantly non-computerised data that were converted into computer based GIS data sets. On the basis of these available data, Data Gaps were identified.

ii) Data Generation: It was evident from the data gap that additional data should be generated to fill the data gaps in order to achieve the objective of the aquifer mapping programme. This was done by multiple activities like exploratory drilling, hydro-chemical analysis, use of geophysical techniques as well as detail hydrogeological surveys. About 133 nos. of exploratory wells & observation wells drilled by CGWB and through outsourcing in various periods in different formation, 280 nos of key observation wells (dug wells, hand pumps and piezometers) established during the survey and 335 nos of ground water samples from different sources representing shallow as well as deeper aquifers were studied carefully and analysed before preparing the aquifer map and management plan.

iii) Aquifer map Preparation: On the basis of integration of data generated through various hydrogeological and geophysical studies, aquifers have been delineated and characterized in terms of quality and potential. Various maps have been prepared bringing out the Characterization of Aquifers. These maps may be termed as Aqifer Maps depicting spatial (lateral and vertical) variation of the aquifers existing within the study area, quality, water level and vulnerability (quality and quantity).

2 iv) Aquifer Management Plan: Based on the integration of these generated, compiled, analysed and interpreted data, the management plan has been prepared for sustainable development of the aquifer existing in the area.

1.4 Location, Administrative set up & Demography: Raigarh district, the Sanskardhani i.e. cultural capital of Chhattisgarh is known for its coal reserves and power generation for the state as well as the country. It is well known for its 'kosa' or tasar, a kind of fine silk created by the silkworm feeding on mulberry fruit. Raigarh district is situated in the north eastern part of the Chhattisgarh. It is situated between latitudes 21°20’21” to 22°47’13” N and longitudes 82°55’36” to 83°42’16” E50’and is divided into 6 tehsils and 9 blocks, comprising 5 Urban Centers and 1485 villages (Table-1.2 & Map-1.1). Raigarh district is surrounded by Jashpur district in the north, Mahasamund district in the south, the state of Odisha border in the east and Janjgir-Champa and Korba districts in the west. Geographically it covers an area of 6836.35 Sq Km. According to 2011 census record the total population of district is 1,493,984. Mahanadi, Kelo and Mand are the main river of Raigarh district. The entire district can be divided into two physiographic regions namely Mahanadi plain (Chhattisgarh plain) and Northern hills of Chhotanagpur plateau. Chhattisgarh plain covers the southern part of the district and is divided into two parts by Mahanadi river. Raigarh is one of the mineral rich district of Chhattisgarh. It is well known for its coal mines and some minor minerals are also found here like Limestone, Dolomite and Quartzite etc. Raigarh is one of the major producers of steel in country. Table-1.2: Administrative details of Raigarh district (As per 2017) Sl.no Tehsil Block Number of Towns Nagar Village Villages Panchyat / pancahyat Nagar Nigam 1 Dharamjaigarh Dharamjaigarh 1 Nagar 118 189 Panchayat 2 Lailunga Lailunga 0 0 73 121 3 Gharghoda Gharghoda 1 Nagar 61 83 Tamnar Panchayat 42 117 4 Kharisya Kharisya 1 Nagar 82 138 Panchayat 5 Raigarh Raigarh 1 Nagar Nigam 86 155 Pussore 81 148 6 Sarangarh Sarangarh 1 Nagar 125 286 Baramkela Panchayat 93 248 Total 6 9 5 5 761 1485 Source: District Statistical Book-2017

1.5 Land use: The total geographical area of the district is 6836.35 sq.km. Nearly 33 % of the total area is covered by forests. Agricultural land covers 2998.55 sq.km. Waste/Barren land covers 144.03 sq.km. Area under nonagricultural use is 561.71sq.km. The net sown area during the year 2016-17 is 2673.29 sq.km. Area sown more than once i.e double cropped area is 325.38 sq. km while the gross cropped area accounts 2998.67 sq. km. The land use/land cover map of Raigarh district is presented in Map-1.2 and detail land use pattern for the district is shown in table 1.3. 3 Map-1.1: Administrative map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

4 Map-1.2: Landuse map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

5 Table-1.3: Land use pattern in Raigarh district during the year 2016-17(in ha) Sl. Blocks Revenue Area not Non Agricultur Net sown Double Gross No forest area available agricultural al Fallow area cropped cropped for & Fallow land area area cultivation land 1 Dharamjaigarh 42014 13499 16096 5981 23400 2970 49611 2 Lailunga 5320 10757 8603 2719 26897 6241 35476 3 Ghorghoda 4575 4720 9047 6689 23877 1927 22582 4 Tamnar 2143 5754 4789 5593 36810 3121 24897 5 Raigarh 3391 9353 7954 4578 32244 9814 26370 6 Pussaur 246 5924 3136 3620 21252 1330 33138 7 Kharsia 1466 6000 5890 2894 24000 897 25804 8 Sarangarh 176 9345 3931 2393 32585 2891 39931 9 Baramkela 576 6506 4894 1769 46264 3347 42058 Total 59904 71858 64340 36236 267329 32538 299867 Source: District Statistical Book-2017

1.6 Cropping pattern: Kharif is the main cropping season in the district and Paddy is the main crop followed by wheat, maize and jawar. The pulses, oil seeds, fruits, vegetables, reshe, mirch masala and sugarcane etc. are also grown in the district. Rice is sown in nearly 91% of the net sown area. The cropping pattern in the district is shown in table 1.4. Mainly paddy and cereals are cultivated both in kharif and rabi season. The season wise cropping details are presented in table-1.5 A & B.

Table-1.4: Cropping pattern in Raigarh district during the year 2016-17(in ha) Sl. Blocks Kharif Rabi Cereal Pulses Tilhan Fruits Mirch Sugar- No Rice Wheat Jowar Others / Masala cane & Vege Maize tables 1 Dharamjaig 46074 3537 36939 72 453 697 6838 3554 98 114 24 arh 2 Lailunga 32546 2930 24092 303 183 382 7205 1923 39 165 60 3 Ghorghoda 21087 1495 17310 33 2 184 3232 1406 170 32 6 4 Tamnar 23937 960 20024 34 27 66 3762 493 70 61 6 5 Raigarh 23314 3056 23066 282 28 100 1093 1043 101 55 6 6 Pussaur 26878 6260 27101 797 20 315 1619 1301 19 187 90 7 Kharsia 23818 1986 22901 526 21 78 1431 456 60 27 0 8 Sarangarh 36798 3133 36705 248 56 130 1266 732 15 57 0 9 Baramkela 32216 9842 34943 474 35 254 2119 2440 93 238 243 Total 266668 33199 243081 2769 825 2206 28565 13348 665 936 435 Source: District Statistical Book-2017

Table 1.5 A: Season wise cropping pattern Rainfed Irrigated Rice, Wheat, Soyabean, Arhar kodo, Rice, Sunflower, Maize, Vegetable, Moong, Til, Maize, Mustard Soyabean, Arhar, Sugarcane Source: Commissioner Land record-2017

6 Table 1.5 B: Season wise cropping area (in ha) Crop Season Kharif Rabi Paddy 215100 14430 Cereals 216090 17260 Pulses 24500 4480 Oilseeds 8090 5270 Vegetables 17980 5750 Wheat Nil 2780 Maize 890 50 Sugarcane Nil 440 Grand Total 266668 33199 Source: Commissioner Land record-2017

1.7 Irrigation: The district is benefitted by two major irrigation projects namely- (i) Hasdeo Bango (ii) minimata which is completed projects which have an ultimate potential of 392 lakh hectares and 40.87 lakh hectares respectively covering Raigarh, Bilaspur and Korba districts.

The net irrigated area during the year 2016-17 is 68203 hectares. The percentage of the irrigated area to net sown area in Raigarh district is 26.8%. Irrigation by ground water covers almost 48.5 % of the net irrigated area. The area irrigated by various sources is presented in table1.6 and is also shown in Fig- 1 (A&B). Table-1.6: Area irrigated by various sources in Raigarh district during the year 2016-17(in ha) SN Blocks Canal Bore wells/ Dug wells Talabs Irrigated Irrigat Net Irrigate Gross % of o (private and Tube wells area by ed Irri- d area irrigate Net Govt.) other area gated more d area irrigate Nos Irrigated Nos Irrigated Nos Irrigate Nos Irrigate sources by area than d area area area d area d area GW once to. Net (ha) sourc area es sown 1 Dharamjai 14 744 491 967 955 267 151 412 1276 1234 3708 2880 4050 8.16 garh 2 Lailunga 13 1981 112 285 561 112 171 148 568 397 3001 1435 3273 9.22 3 Ghorghoda 12 236 368 836 394 84 77 91 407 920 1746 1233 1887 8.35 4 Tamnar 1 22 200 284 391 72 137 27 318 356 786 715 804 3.22 5 Raigarh 12 2059 1375 3890 246 59 365 544 617 3949 7105 2942 7584 28.75 6 Pussaur 0 0 3014 10489 309 102 516 1589 695 10591 12980 6141 13697 41.33 7 Kharsia 8 3795 955 1987 201 21 176 175 293 2008 6804 1904 7164 27.76 8 Sarangarh 15 6433 1036 1665 391 25 537 619 1620 1690 11120 2702 11640 29.15 9 Baramkela 6 3339 3426 11911 278 30 601 1115 1406 11941 20953 9692 21633 51.43 Total 81 18609 10977 32314 3726 772 2731 4720 7200 33086 68203 29644 71732 24 Source: District Statistical Book-2017

7 Fig.1-A: Area irrigated in % by different sources in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

Fig.1-B: Area irrigated in % by Surface & GW sources in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

8 1.8 Minerals, Industries and Mining activities:

Raigarh district is full of major minerals like Coal, Quartzite, Limestone and Dolomite. As a result of which some mineral based industry can also be seen in the district. The production details of major & minor minerals in the district in 2011-12 are given in the table-1.7.

Table-1.7: production of mineral in Raigarh district during 2010-11 S.NO. NAME OF MINERAL PRODUCTION in tones Major Minerals 1 Coal 18611087 2 Quartzite 125860 3 Limestone 635 4 Dolomite 127 Minor Minerals 1 Lime Stone 577855 2 Normal Stone 371220 3 Murram 3948 4 Clay (Brick) 4933 Source: - District Statistical Hand Book 2010-11, Raigarh. Raigarh district is industrially developed. There are 35 large scale industries and 8 Medium scale enterprises exist in the district. Raigarh district is known for its coal reserves and power generation for the state. located in Raigarh district is one of the major coal field areas in India. It lies in the valley of the , a tributary of the Mahanadi. Mand Raigarh Coalfield, along with Korba and Hasdo Arand Coalfields forms the South Chhattisgarh Coalfields. Mand Raigarh Coalfield includes the areas earlier known as North Raigarh, South Raigarh and Mand River Coalfields. Of at least twelve seams in the Mand Valley, the Mand and Taraimar seams are important. Mand Raigarh Coalfield is spread over an area of 520 square kilometres (200 sq mi). The field has a potential for mining of power grade coal, much of which can be extracted through open cast mining. Gare block has been identified for captive mining by private companies. According to the Geological Survey of India total reserves (including proved, indicated and inferred reserves) of non-coking coal in the Mand Raigarh Coalfield is 18,532.93 million tonnes. Out of this 13,868.20 million tones is up to depth of 300 metres, 4569.51 million tonnes is at a depth of 300-600 metres and 95.22 million tonnes is at a depth of 600–1200 m. NTPC has planned to set up the 5 x 800 MW Lara Super Thermal Power Project in Raigarh district. Coal requirement will be met from Talaipalli coal block of Mand Raigarh Coalfield.

1.9 Soils : Generally soils are classified on the basis of texture, mineral content and presence of salts and alkalies. However in present context the classification and distribution is adopted as per the soil orders in US soil taxonomy and their Indian equivalents. There are 12 orders in US soil taxonomy but only three orders are found in Raigarh district. They are described in brief below and given in table1.8 (A). The distribution of different soil types in Raigarh district is presented in Map-1.3.

9 Map-1.3: Soil map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

10 Table-1.8 (A): Soil Classification (Type wise) Sl.No. US Soil Taxonomy Indian Equivalents 1 Ultisols Red and Yellow soil 2 Inceptisols Shallow black soil 3 Alfisols Red gravelly soil Red loamy soil Red sandy soil

The soils of the district have a large aerial variation. The red coloured residual soil is derived from the lateritisation of shale and sandstones and the areas covered by such type of soil are known as ‘Bhata’. The black coloured soils are locally known as ‘Kanhar similarly there are pale yellow sandy loamy soils which are locally known as ‘Matasi” and ‘Dorsa’. The following table1.8 (B) gives the overall picture of soil type area wise in Raigarh district whereas the Map-1.4 depicts the depth wise distribution of weathered layer in Raigarh district. The map indicates that the northern and central part of Raigarh district occupies weathered layer from 15 to 20 m depth. The maximum weathered layer is seen in eastern part mainly in Charmuria limestone formation which is 30 to 36 m depth. However in case of Gondwana formation, drilling is to be done through rotary drilling using slotted pipe.

Table-1.8 (B): Soil Classification (Extent wise) Major Soils (common names like red Area (‘000 ha) Percent (%) sandy loam deep soils (etc.,) of total Entisol (Bhata-gravely) 48.22 16.0 Inceptisol (Matasi-Sandyloam) 141.03 46.8 Alfisols (Dorsa-clayloam) 86.89 28.9 Vertisols (Kanhar-clayey) 22.76 7.6 Others (Sandy) 2.13 0.7 Total 301.03 100.0

Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of Chhattisgarh

1.10 Drainage: The drainage system of the district (Map-1.5) may be divided into two parts. The streams and rivers originating in the northern hills of Chhotanagpur plateau have southward slope and most of the important rivers- Mand, Kelo, Kuruket and Ib are perennial in nature. The drainage system has moderate and steep valleys between hill ranges. The drainage pattern is dendritic to sub parallel. Kuruket nala joins Mand river which finally joins Mahandi at Chanderpur before draining the entire northern and central parts of the district. Kelo and Ib rivers also join Mahanadi. The drainage system originating at the southern part of the district flow in N and to NE direction before joining the Mahanadi river. These rivers are non-perennial in nature except the Lath nala. The drainage pattern is parallel to sub parallel and controlled by the structural and linear hills developed in the southern parts of the district.

11 Map-1.4: Weathered Layer map (depth wise) of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

12 Map-1.5: Drainage map (major) of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

13 1.11Geomorphology: Broadly, the entire district can be divided into two physiographic regions namely Mahanadi plain (Chhattisgarh plain) and Northern hills of Chhotanagpur plateau. Chhattisgarh plain covers the southern part of the district and is divided into two parts by Mahanadi river. The Mahanadi valley extends in Raigarh and Sarangarh blocks between Chanwardal and Sarangarh hills. The general width of the plain is about 24 kms on both sides of the river. The general elevation of the plain ranges between 190 and 240m amsl. This area comprises one of the most fertile tracts and is thickly populated region in the district. A linear hill range, the Chanwardal hills, runs from northwest to southwest all along the northern limits of Mahanadi plain. A linear hill range known as Sarangarh hills in Sarangarh block extend in north-south direction and towards south bifurcates in SW-NE and western direction. These hill tracts disturb the plain topography of Sarangarh block. These structural hills are covered with thick forests in the north of Chanwardal hills. The altitude goes on increasing towards Dharamjaigarh and Lailunga. The elevation ranges from 300 to 1000 m amsl. This region has a general slope towards the south. This is characterized by hilly tract and intermediate plains, flanked by high mounds or hillocks rising to an altitude of more than 700 m amsl. The foothills are characterized by pediments. This region is feeder to the drainage network of the northern portion of the district, and has narrow and moderate steep valleys between hill ranges . The geomorphological map of Raigarh district is presented in Map-1.6.

1.12 Prevailing Water Conservation and recharge practices:

There are 2731 nos of ponds which are used for irrigation of 4720 ha. Besides there are nos of small ponds exist in the district which are mainly used for various domestic purposes and artificial recharge. Under MGNREGA , till date 296 nos of ponds have been completed for water conservation and water harvesting purpose. 1135 nos of ponds are ongoing for water conservation and harvesting. However these ponds need to be renovated for the optimum ground water recharge. There are some check dams and nalla bunds prevailed in the district which is constructed for ground water recharge purposes.

14 Map-1.6: Geomorphological map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

15 CHAPTER-II

HYDROMETEROLOGY

2.1 Introduction: The Raigarh district experiences sub-tropical climate and is characterized by extreme summer and winter seasons. The summer months are from March to May and the months of April and May are the hottest. The rainy season extends from the month of June to September with well distributed rainfall through southwest monsoon. Monsoon generally breaks in the third week of June and is maximum in the months of July and August. Winter season is marked by dry and cold weather with intermittent showers during the months of December and January.

2.2 Temperature: The temperature in the district changes continuously with the season and even in day and night. The temperature decreases progressively after October. The winter season lasts till February. January is the coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature at 30°C and the minimum is around 10°C. During winter season, the night temperature sometimes may drop below 10°C. The temperature increases rapidly from mid February till May and sometimes up to mid-June (summer season). The mean daily maximum temperature in summer season goes up to 46°C and nights are slightly warmer during May and mid-June. The monsoon period is generally pleasant. With the withdrawal of the monsoon by the end of September, day temperature rises a little and then both day and night temperatures begin to drop rapidly.

2.3 Evaporation The evaporation variations are almost sympathetic with the variations of temperature. The evaporation is maximum in the month of May and minimum during the months of December and January.

2.4 Humidity The atmospheric humidity is usually low during summer months around 25%. However humidity slowly starts building up from third week of May and it reaches maximum around 85% during monsoon period. The humidity again decreases in winter season and it varies between 30 to 40% during winter season.

2.5 Wind Velocity The wind flows easterly or westerly during the southwest monsoon period. During post-monsoon and winter seasons the wind directions are between north and east and sometimes westerly. The wind speed of more than 10 km/hr is recorded during the monsoon months (from June to September). In the post-monsoon and winter months (from October to February), the wind speed is less than 5 km/hr and in the summer months (March to May) the wind speed is more than 7 km/hr.

2.6 Rainfall The Raigarh district receives rainfall mainly from south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid August/September with heaviest showers in the months of July and August. The average annual rainfall for the district is around 1274 mm (Average of the last five years i.e.2012 to 2017). 16 Table 2.1 is presented below to show annual rainfall in Raigarh district for the period of five years from 2012 to 2017. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months.

Table-2.1: Annual Rainfall (mm) in Raigarh district for the years (2012-2017) Block Rainfall in mm 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Dharamjaigarh 1234.2 1061.5 1336.9 1406.4 2548.4 Lailunga 1371.2 915.1 1022.4 1068.9 1120.5 Ghorghoda 1497 1540.3 1207.2 1290 1259.6 Tamnar 1296.1 1099.3 896.9 1011.5 1184.8 Raigarh 1443.9 1090.5 977.7 1485.6 1583 Pussaur 1139.5 1469.8 1048 1696.9 1784.8 Kharsia 1368.3 1451.3 1399.4 1113.3 1433.9 Sarangarh 964 2105.6 1620.7 1062.7 884 Baramkela 799.7 1215.8 1008.7 957.4 877.8 Average 1234.8 1327.69 1168.66 1231.5 1405.5 Annual Rainfall of Raigarh district Source: Land and Revenue Department,

17 CHAPTER-III

GEOLOGY

3.1 Geology and structure: The district is mainly covered by rocks of Archaean to Cretaceous age, with some isolated pockets of Recent to Sub-recent alluvium. Based on the water bearing property, the rocks of the district can be divided into (i) hard rock comprising crystalline and metamorphic and consolidated sedimentary rocks of Chhattisgarh Super group (ii) Soft rock comprising semi consolidated rocks belonging to Gondwana Super group and younger alluvium (Map-3.1).

The crystalline and metamorphic rocks mainly occur along the northern boundary of the district with some patchy occurrence in Baramkela, Sarangarh, Kharsia and Raigarh blocks. The crystalline in parts of Dharamjaigarh- Lailunga- Tamnar blocks are part of Chhotanagpur- gneissic complex. These are mainly composed of quartz mica schist and quartzite with granite gneiss, intruded by granite and dolerite. The Chhotanagpur gneissic complex covers 20% of the district area. The rocks of unclassified metamorphic belt of Bilaspur- Raigarh-Ambikapur occur in parts of Kharsia, Ghargoda blocks in linear patches. The south and south central part of the district is covered with unmetamorphosed & structurally less disturbed Proterozoic sediments of Chhattisgarh Supergroup. These sediments cover nearly 40% of total area of the district; these are horizontally bedded non-fossiliferous formations. The Chhattisgarh Super group in the district can be classified into two Groups i.e. Chandrapur and Raipur group The Raigarh Formation in the district has been intruded by dolerite dyke trending WNW- ESE. The outcrop of dolerite dykes can be seen in Kharsia-Raigarh blocks around Bhupdeopur- Gejamunda- Nansian and Aneri and Karrakot villages in Baramkela block. These are mainly doleritic to gabbroic in texture, hard and massive.

The Gondwana sediments cover 40% area of the district. The Gondwana rocks of the area are divided into (1) Talchir Formation (2) Karharbari Formation (3) Barakar Formation and (4) Kamthi Formation. The Gondwana rocks are faulted and intrusives are rarely present in the district. The Talchir Formation in the district is mainly represented by shale and silty shale with occasional boulder bed at the base. The shales are thinly laminated and bedded and interbedded with silty shale. Talchir shale is found in some parts of Kharsia and Dharamjaigarh blocks and Karharbari formation in the Dharamjaigarh block. Talchir Formation is overlain by Karharbari Formation, which consists of sandstone and shale intercalation. It occupies only small patches in the district. Barakar Formation covers maximum part of Gondwana area. The Barakars are represented by thick sequence (>500 m) of sandstone, shale, clay stone, and sand shale intercalation. The Barakar are only coal bearing formation in the district. Many coal seams have been found in the area both in shallow and deeper zone. Coal mining in the district is presently restricted to Dharamjaigarh and Tamnar blocks. The Barakar sandstone/ shale is semi -consolidated, horizontally to low dipping strata. The sandstone is sub-arkosic in composition, fine to coarse grained, poor to moderately sorted. The shales are generally black and carbonaceous. Kamthi occupies the second largest area within Gondwana covered area. Being the youngest member Kamthi formation occupies the hilltops of Gondwana hills. Sandstones and shales mainly represent them. These sandstones are rich in iron contents, dirty to brownish colour. Kamthi in the district is generally devoid of coal seams.

18 Alluvium and Laterite occupy small isolated patches. The Alluvium is generally present all along the major streams. The right bank of Mahanadi in Baramkela block has linear patches of alluvium. These mainly consist of fine sand, silt and gravel (Panhchdhar). The thickness of this alluvium varies between 2 to 10 m. The laterites are both insitu and transported in nature and widely distributed over the district. More than 5 m. thick laterite cover over dolomite of Baramkela and Pausar has been observed.

Map-3.1: Geological map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

19 CHAPTER-IV

DATA COLLECTION & GENERATION

4.1 Introduction: About 136 nos. of exploratory wells & observation wells drilled by CGWB and through outsourcing in various periods in different formation, 280 nos of key observation wells (dug wells, hand pumps and piezometers) established during the survey and 335 nos of ground water samples collected from different sources representing shallow as well as deeper aquifers were studied carefully and analysed before preparing the aquifer map and management plan (Map-4.1).

4.2 Exploration data: Exploration was carried out in Raigarh district covering both semi-consolidated Gondwana rocks and consolidated hard Crystalline and Chhattisgarh Supergroup of rocks. The systematic hydrogeological studies (SHS) of the district was carried out in AAP 1989-90, which provided the momentum for other activity, and the exploration of the semi consolidated Gondwana formation commenced in AAP 1991- 2002. Out of 136 numbers of explorations, CGWB has drilled 85 nos of EW, 28 nos of OW. 23 nos of EW also drilled under Accelerated Drilling programme in 2001. Also 22 nos of piezometers were drilled by CGWB in the district to record the static water level in various periods for shallow and deeper aquifers. The sites for exploration were selected on the basis of hydrogeological investigations that was carried out with the help of geological map, lineament map, geomorphological map based on remote sensing studies and the quadrangular map no 64 O of GSI on 1:25000 scale and also as per the requirement given by State PHED. The ultimate sites were pinpointed with the help of surface geophysical investigations at many points. The aquifer parameter of various shallow and deeper aquifers were calculated based on long term (1000 minutes) pumping tests, preliminary yield test and slug test of bore/tube wells during exploratory drilling. Variable discharge test, SDT (Step draw down test) has been conducted in several wells of Gondwana semi consolidated formation through three or four steps. The well loss and formation loss components of draw down were calculated by determining the well loss coefficients (B) and formation loss coefficients (C). The well efficiency and specific capacity determined by SDT can also be indicative of hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer. The details of the exploration is given in Annexure-I. The status of bore wells drilled in each block of the district is shown in table 4.1.

Table-4.1: Status of exploration (EW) in Raigarh district (formation wise) Gondwana Gunderdih Charmuria Chandrapur S.N Block Crystallines Total formation Shale Limestone Sandstone 1 Dharamjaigarh 16 - - - 9 25 2 Lailunga - - - - 4 4 3 Ghorghoda 12 - - - - 12 4 Tamnar 9 - - - - 9 5 Raigarh 1 4 - - 1 6 6 Pussaur - 14 3 - - 17 7 Kharsia 2 8 - 1 7 18 8 Sarangarh - 6 2 4 - 12 9 Baramkela - 4 1 - - 5 Total 40 36 6 5 21 108 20 Map-4.1: Map showing the location of exploratory wells, key observation wells & GW sampling in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

21 4.2.1 Well design:

Hard and soft rocks need separate well design. Since Raigarh district is mostly covered by hard rock, so well construction is relatively an easy job. With the help of high capacity DTH rigs, 200 m deep wells can be constructed within 10-12 hrs in hard rock areas. In these wells of hard rock, casing the initial weathered thickness is a bit time taking. Once the weathered zone is sealed with casing, drilling through massive formation is just a matter of time. The penetration rates (depth drilled per minute) are high in general . Constraints come whenever there is collapsible fractured zone or crushed breccia struck below massive rock. Drilling through highly cavernous, clay filled zone (e.g. Temer, Semra) or zone of very high discharge (e.g. Baramkela, Kutela) also produce hindrance to drilling process. Higher the weathered thickness (more than 20-25 m) over massive hard rock need combination rigs to construct a successful well. In such area gravel pack rotary wells have to be constructed to tap the weathered zone. Many a times low yielding hard rock wells are developed for enhancing yield either through hydro-fracturing, blasting or through chemical treatment (particularly for clay filled cavernous zones by sodium hexa meta phosphate). PVC casing is preferred where ever ferric oxide problem persist in ground water of hard rock.

In these wells protective casing of 4” to 6” diameter and length varying from 9 m to 36 m is required for the weathered and collapsible zone (Fig. 2). The cavernous limestone/dolomite sometimes cause drilling problem even after the top weathered zone is cased, due to filling of sticky clay. Sometimes this zone needs casing to complete the drilling operation successfully. Alluvium covered hard rock need combination rig, so that the upper alluvium can be drilled through rotary rig to construct a gravel pack well followed by DTH drilled uncased hole. In soft rock, gravel pack wells drilled by Rotary rigs are the best. Filter point wells are preferred in very shallow alluvial cover area. Though it is easy as well as economical to construct filter point wells, normally they have short life span (less than 5 years). In semi- consolidated Gondwana rocks, gravel pack tube wells are constructed by rotary rig. The pilot hole is drilled first up to the desired depth followed by geophysical logging. Based on the litho log and geophysical log well assembly (combination of blank and slotted pipes) is recommended (Fig. 3). Well assembly is lowered after the reaming of the well bore by bit of suitable size. Lowering of assembly is followed by gravel shrouding and development of the well by cleaning the slots by jetting and air compressor.

It has been observed that State and private agencies have drilled bore wells in semi-consolidated Gondwana rocks by DTH method but the wells did not withstand pumping whereas the durability of such bores are more when they are fitted with hand pumps which implies that the semi-consolidated Gondwana rocks of the state have enough strength to stand without the support of mud cake but can’t sustain pumping. The bentonite mud used during drilling operation is difficult to remove by the prevailing well development techniques for these rocks and resulted in chocking of pores as well as decline in well efficiency. So, local mud can be used as alternative for drilling which can easily be removed by developing the well as a result the efficiency of the well can be improved. Even large diameter wells drilled by DTH method followed by gravel shrouding and well development by jetting can be a cheaper alternative for construction of well in Gondwana rocks.

22 Fig. 3: Design of Kotrimal Bore well and relation with Drill Time Log, Litholog, SP Resistivity Log 23 and Resistivity Log 4.3 Water Level data: Ground water is a dynamic system. It always remains under the influence of time dependant recharging and discharging factors. Due to this continuous influence, water level of the aquifer system fluctuates and the range depends on the period of influence. The recharge to the ground water system is controlled by many factors such as rainfall, seepage from reservoirs, lakes, ponds, rivers and irrigation, etc. The output from the ground water system includes ground water withdrawal, natural seepage to rivers and sea, evaporation from shallow water table and transpiration through vegetation.

Central Ground Water Board started monitoring the ground water regime through the All India National Hydrograph Network Stations from 1969 onwards. The density of observation wells was increased year after year. During the survey 280 nos of observation wells were established including 58 nos of NHS which were monitored four times in a year for NHS and two times (Pre-monsson & Post- monsoon) for newly established key observation wells during the following periods. May - 20th to 30th of the month - represents water level of Pre-monsoon period. August - 20th to 30th of the month - represents peak monsoon water level November - 1st to 10th of the month- represents water level of Post-monsoon period. January - 1st to 10th of the month- represents the recession stage of water level

Ground water levels, observed over a period, provides valuable information on the behavior of ground water regime, which is constantly subjected to changes due to recharge and discharge. The difference between these two factors results in the decline or rise in the ground water storage. When the recharge exceeds discharge there will be rise in the ground water storage whereas decline in the storage will be observed when recharge is less than discharge. The response of these factors is ultimately reflected on the water level of the area and their fluctuation. The phreatic water table of an area is the subdued replica of surface topography, which is regionally controlled by the major river basins and locally controlled by the watersheds. This is termed as phreatic aquifer in the report which represents the weathered formation of the area. Since all the developmental activities is listed by administrative unit in the state hence the block wise or district wise water level data is needed for planning developmental activity. On the basis of analysis of water level data, the changes in the ground water regime have been discussed. For every set of measurement the data was analyzed and maps like Pre and post-monsoon depth to water level, Water level fluctuation and Long term (decadal) water level trend have been prepared. The historical water level data available were analyzed to have long-term trend in water level behavior of all the basins within the state. Separate maps were prepared for pre-monsoon and post- monsoon decadal trend. These water level trends were analyzed to understand the ground water regime variation in long-term basis. The details of the water level data is given in Annexure-II.

4.4 Hydrochemical data: The hydrochemical analysis of the ground water of the district was based mostly on the analysis of 335 ground water samples collected during the survey and exploration from key observation wells as well as exploratory wells. The samples were distributed throughout the district representing all the + + + + ------aquifers (Map-4.1). The parameters analysed were EC, pH, Ca , Mg , Na , K , CO3 , HCO3 , Cl , SO4 , - - NO3 and F . These analyses do not represent a particular year or period in a year (pre or post monsoon). During the year 2016, 66 numbers of ground water samples from ground water monitoring wells of CGWB in Raigarh district were analysed for Arsenic. Further, a special study has been taken up by

24 CGWB to assess the Uranium contamination in ground water in the year 2019 where 95 nos of ground water samples were analysed in the chemical laboratory of CGWB, Chandigarh. All the chemical analyses presented here have been carried out in the laboratory of CGWB, NCCR, Raipur. EC and pH were analysed using EC and pH meters respectively. Ca, Fe, CO3, HCO3 and Cl were analysed using titrimetric methods. K and Na were analysed by flame photometer, SO4 and F by Spectrophotometer, NO3 by UV Spectrophotometer and Arsenic was analyzed by AAS. The samples which were analyzed for major cation and anion species are balanced electrochemically within +10 percent. The obtained results give the overall existing scenario of the ground water hydrochemistry of Raigarh district. With respect to the results the suitability of ground water for drinking, agriculture and industrial purposes has been described.

The ground water samples were collected in good quality, cleaned and well-washed polyethylene bottles of one litre with necessary precautions. The water samples were divided in two portions. The 1st portion was used for measurement of physical parameters, cations and anions. The 2nd portion was acidified with few drops of ultra pure acid (E. Merck) for analysis of the iron and arsenic. The bottles were labeled with respect to collecting points, date and time in order to avoid any error between collection and analysis. The collected water samples brought to laboratory for determining physicochemical parameters by the standard methods given in APHA 19th edition, 1995. All the chemicals were used AR grade of pure quality. Distilled water was used for the preparation of all the reagents and solutions. The pH measured by using WTW digital pH meter (model 7110) with an accuracy of ± 0.01% and Electrical Conductivity measured by WTW digital Conductivity meter (model 7110) with an accuracy of ± 0.01% respectively. Total hardness and calcium were measured by EDTA complex ometric titration method. Magnesium was calculated by the difference of total hardness and calcium ion concentration (TH - Ca). The sodium and potassium were determined by flame photometer. The carbonate and bicarbonate was measured by titration method and by the obtained concentration of carbonate and bicarbonate, the total alkalinity was computed and reported in mg/l as CaCO3. Chloride was measured volumetrically by silver nitrate titrimetric method using potassium chromate as indicator. Sulphate was measured by spectrophotometer (Cecil) method using barium chloride as precipitating agent. The nitrate was determined by UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 220 nm. Fluoride was determined by ion selective electrode (Orion 4 star) using TISAB solution. The iron was determined in the acidified water samples by ECIL Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model no. 4141). Arsenic was analysed by the combination of hydride generator and AAS.

To know the suitability of ground water for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes different methods are used as described below.

The result of the chemical analysis of ground water samples was compared with IS 10500 BIS: 2012 for the drinking purposes. The BIS standard mentions the acceptable limit and indicates its background. It recommends implementing the acceptable limit. Values in excess of those mentioned as “acceptable” render the water is not acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of an alternative source but upto the limits indicates under “permissible limit” in the absence of alternate source, above which the sources will have to be rejected.

The type of ground water is ascertained by the pipe diagram. Ground water always contains some amount of dissolved constituents; their presence affects the soil structure, permeability and aeration which ultimately affect the plant growth. Several factors such as Sodium soluble percentage (SSP), Residual 25 sodium carbonate (RSC), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Percentage sodium (%Na) and Kelly index (KI) are defined for irrigation water suitability . The US Salinity Diagram developed by the US Salinity laboratory in 1954 is an important tool to classifying irrigation water. It is a plot of SAR verses electrical conductivity and used to decide the suitability of ground water for irrigation purposes. Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of the water is calculated by applying the equation given below in which the values are expressed in meq/l. The sodium in water replaces Ca in the soil by Base Exchange process decreasing the soil permeability. Water with less than or equal to 50 SSP value is of good quality and more than 50 is not suitable for irrigation as permeability will be very low. =( /( + + ))∗ The concentration of carbonate and bicarbonate also plays a very vital role for classification of irrigation water. The relative abundance of sodium with respect to excess of carbonate and bicarbonate over alkaline earth also affects the suitability of water for irrigation purpose and this excess is denoted by residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and is determined by the formula as given, where all ions in meq/l. = ( + ₃) − ( + ) The most common measure to assess sodicity in water and soil is called the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). The SAR defines sodicity in terms of the relative concentration of sodium (Na) compared to the sum of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions in a sample. The SAR assesses the potential for infiltration problems due to a sodium imbalance in irrigation water. = /√( + )/ Percentage sodium (%Na) is an indication of the soluble sodium content of the groundwater and also used to evaluate Na hazard. In all natural waters, %Na is a common parameter to assess its suitability for irrigation purposes since sodium reacts with the soil to reduce permeability. % =(( + ) /( + + + ))∗ Kelly’s ratio (KR) introduced by Kelly, is an important parameter used in the evaluation of water quality for irrigation. This parameter is based the Na, Ca and Mg levels in the groundwater. According to this classification, groundwater with a KR value greater than one (>1) is deemed unfit for irrigation. = /( + ) Corrosivity ratio CR are used for know the suitability of water for irrigation purpose. Here it is used for industrial water suitability in ground water of Chhattisgarh. Corrosivity ratio (CR) indices formula is described below. The Corrosivity ratio (CR) is calculated using the under mentioned formula in which the ions are in mg/l units. The groundwater with corrosivity ratio <1 is considered to be safe for transport of water in any type of pipes, whereas >1 indicate corrosive nature and hence not to be transported through metal pipes and it is not suitable for industrial or domestic purposes. = ( / . ) + ( ₄/ )/ ( ₃ + ₃)/

4.5 Achievement: To understand the regional hydrogeological behavior of Raigarh district, this complex aquifer setup has been classified into aquifer system on the basis of their lithology and age. The aquifer characteristics, its extent and the ground water quality are analyzed on the basis of these broad classifications. Ground water flow pattern, long and short term dynamics is also studied block wise. Finally the Aquifer maps were prepared and accordingly Aquifer Management Plan has been formulated for Raigarh district.

26 CHAPTER-V

AQUIFER DISPOSITION

5.1 Principal & Major aquifer groups:

The aquifer material controlling ground water flow in the district can be broadly divided into two major media (1) Porous media (Phreatic Aquifer) and (2) Fractured media (Deeper Aquifer). The principal aquifer groups in Raigarh district are: (i) Basement crystalline and metamorphic (ii) Chhattisgarh Super group (Chandrapur Group ,Raipur group) (iii) Gondwana Super Group (iv) Alluvium and Laterites The major aquifer groups in Raigarh district are (Map-5.1): (i) Chhotnagpur Granite Gneiss (ii) Chandrapur Sandstone (iii) Gunderdih Shale ( Raipur group represented by Raigarh formation) (iv) Charmuria Limestone ( Raipur group represented by Raigarh formation) (v) Gondwana Sandstone (vi) Alluvium and Laterites

The phreatic aquifer both in hard and soft rocks in the district is wide spread and largely in use. This aquifer is being tapped mainly through dug well upto a depth of 20 m broadly. However extraction of ground water is done at many places except in few parts of Baramkela, Pusaur and Raigarh blocks by tapping dug cum bore wells or shallow bore wells drilled to a depth of 60 m that generally represents shallow aquifer which is generally connected to phreatic aquifer.. The weathered mantle and shallow fractures mainly constitute the shallow aquifers. The thickness of weathered mantle varies from 5 to 20m bgl. Nearly 90% of dug wells are in the depth range between 5 and 15 mbgl. The hand pumps installed by PHED for drinking water taps the shallow fracture zone down to 60 m bgl. The deeper aquifers have been identified in both hard and soft rocks. From the data collected, the characteristic of different aquifers in the district are deciphered and described as follows:

(i) Basement crystalline and metamorphic : These crystalline and metamorphic rocks mainly occur along the northern boundary of district with some patchy occurrence in Baramkela, Sarangarh, Kharsia and Raigarh blocks. The crystalline in parts of Dharamjaigarh- Lailunga- Tamnar blocks are part of Chhotanagpur- gneissic complex. They mainly composed of quartz mica schist and quartzite with granite gneiss, intruded by granite and dolerite. The Chhotanagpur gneissic complex covers 20 % of the district area. The rocks of unclassified metamorphic belt of Bilaspur - Raigarh-Ambikapur occurs in parts of Kharsia, Ghargoda blocks in linear patches. Equivalents of Bastar gneiss occur in Raigarh, Sarangarh and Baramkela blocks in small patches. The fracture zones are encountered in the depth range of 13 to 80 mbgl. However the potential fractures are mostly confined to within the depth of 100-200 m depth. Depth to water level in bore wells varies from 4 to 12 mbgl. The casing depth varies from 6 to 34.9 mbgl. The casing length also indicates thickness of the

27 Map-5.1: Map showing major Aquifer groups in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

28 weathered formation. Majority of wells are showing discharge in the range of 1 to 6.5 1ps. The highest discharge of 6.5 lps was obtained at Chaurenga village in Lailunga block. The specific capacity value for granites varies from 1.43 to 29 lpm/m. The distribution of ground water in these formations shows that the morphological low areas have better ground water prospect than the highs.

(ii) Chhattisgarh Super group (Chandrapur Group, Raipur group including Charmuria & Raigarh formation) :

The rocks of Chhattisgarh Super group comprise of both phreatic and semi confined aquifer in weathered mantle, fractures and cavernous zones. The south and south central part of district is covered with un-metamorphosed, structurally less disturbed Meso-Neo proterozoic sediments of Chhattisgarh Super group. These sediments cover nearly 40% of total area of the district. These are horizontally bedded non-fossiliferous formations. The Chhattisgarh Super group in the district can be classified into two Group i.e. (a) Chandrapur and (b) Raipur group.

(a) Chandrapur Group: The Chandrapur Group in the district consists of Orthoquartzitic to subarkosic sandstone and black shale. The sandstone mainly occupy the ridges in Sarangarh, Baramkela, Pusaur, Raigarh and Kharsia blocks, where as the black shale mainly occurs in the plains of Sarangarh block around Tamtora- Bataupali area. Purple shale interbedded with sandstones is seen at many places within the Chandrapur Group. The sandstones of Chandrapur Group in the district are affected by marginal faults. The prominent N-S trending faulted ridge which divides the Baramkela and Sarangarh blocks attains an elevation of 314 m amsl. The N 30°W- S 30°E trending sandstone ridge which divides the district into nearly two half has a faulted contact with Raigarh Formation (Raipur Group). This linear ridge attains a maximum elevation of 560 m amsl where the sandstone beds are horizontal to southerly dipping. Apart from these a small faulted block occurs in east of Kharsia, where roughly NS linear ridge of Chandrapur sandstone attends elevation of 457 m amsl having faulted contact with Raigarh Formation in north and with Granite and Gondwana sediments in east. The Chandarpur Sandstone covers 753 sq. km area mostly in hill ranges. The sandstone of Chandarpur is highly silicified and devoid of primary porosity. They produce springs in the area. The low-lying Chandarpur sandstone covered area has phreatic aquifer. However deep fractured zone at Kerajhar and Kutela has been found, controlled by deep- seated lineaments. The Chandarpur shale is aquiclude in nature; they hardly possess any weathered zone and cover a small area in Sarangarh and Raigarh block. The distribution of ground water in Chandarpur group is poor and the movement of water is restricted along joints and fractures. The fracture zones are encountered in the depth range of 60 to 120 mbgl. However the potential fractures are mostly confined to within the depth of 60 m. Depth to a water level in bore wells varies from 4 to 17 mbgl. The casing depth varies from 6 to 20.85 mbgl. The casing length also indicates thickness of the weathered formation. The discharge obtained from the wells drilled in the Chandrapur formation varies from 1 to 12.5 lps. The highest discharge of 12.5 lps was obtained at Kutela village in Sarangarh block. The specific capacity value for Chandrapur varies from 5 to 35 lpm/m.

(b) Raipur Group: The Raipur Group is represented by Raigarh Formation in the district. The Chandrapur sandstones are overlain by argillo-calcareous rocks representing Raigarh Formation in Baradwar sub basin. This formation occupies low lying area and is dominated in blocks of Baramarkela, Pusaur, Raigarh, Kharsia and parts of Sarangarh blocks. The Raigarh Formation is equivalent of Charmuria and Gunderdehi Formation of Hirri sub basin. The Raigarh Formation is mainly composed of

29 shale-limestone-dolomite. These are generally horizontally bedded, unmetamorphosed, thinly laminated intruded by series of dolerite dyke. The Raigarh Formation around Kudhri-Sarangarh-Hardi-Temerlaga in Sarangarh block, Kanthpali- Sahajpali in Baramkela block and Balolda in Kharisa block can be clearly distinguished into Charmuria Formation and Gunderdehi Formation. The Charmuria Formation in Sarangarh has light greenish cherty Ranidhar member (Das, etal 1992) at base. Schinitzer (1969) classified these limestones as Sarangarh bituminous and siliceous limestone. Murthy (1987) has correlated these limestones equivalent to Charmuria limestone.

Two widely spread dolomite member has been identified during the present study within the Raigarh formation. One occurring in the Baramkela block and another in Raigarh block. Approximately 300 sq.km area around Baramkela- Saria- Gobarsingha- Katangpali is occupied by these black coloured, course grained, bedded, non stromatolitic dolomite. These are facies variation of Gunderdih shale and occupy the upper part of sequence. In the transition zone, the dolomites are purple coloured and massive in nature. The outcrop of massive purple argillaceous dolomite can be seen along the Kinkari nala around Kankidipa and Manipura. The outcrop of black dolomite can be seen in Katang nala section near Katangpali and Kariganthi. The dolomite around Raigarh is dolostone in composition and is buff to cream coloured & thinly bedded to medium bedded. These dolomites are showing dip of 20° at few places. The outcrops are exposed at Raigarh- Sarangarh road at Sangitarai and on Raigarh – Jharsguda road on nala section near Tamtikra and by the side of railway crossing on Raigarh-Kotra road. The lateral facies variation is observed in the excavation being carried out for the layout of pipeline for water supply to Jindal power and steel plant from Mahanadi. Stromatolitic limestone above shale has been observed in Lath nala section near Madhopali, near Ulkhar in Sarangarh block and in the canal system near Kulba- Sarwani area in Raigarh block. These are equivalent to Chandi limestone/ Bamnidihi limestone as stromatolitic limestone is not found in Gunderdehi – Charmuria Formation and Raigarh formation.

The ground water occurrence in areas covered by Raipur group represented by Raigarh Formation, (148 sq.km) is in phreatic or semi confined condition. This formation is represented by Charmuria limestone & Gunderdih shale. The Gunderdih shale is calcareous in subsurface and many times gypsiferous, having good secondary porosity in parts of Raigarh, Pusaur and Kharsia blocks. The Charmuria formation in Pusaur block is predominantly dolomite having cavernous zones and is good repository of ground water. Seasonal weak auto flow conditions exist at few places within Raigarh Formation like Gotma village. The fracture zones are encountered in the depth range of 60 to 120 mbgl. However the potential fractures are mostly confined to within the depth of 100 m. Depth to a water level in bore wells varies from 4 to 17 mbgl. The casing depth varies from 6 to 30.56 mbgl. The casing length also indicates thickness of the weathered formation. The discharge obtained from the wells drilled in the Charmuria limestone varies from 0.5 to 19.5 lps. The highest discharge of 19.5 lps was obtained at Baramkela village in Baramkela block. The shally part of Raigarh Formation is represented by Gunderdih shale in Kharsia, Pusaur, Raigarh, Baramkela and Sarangarh blocks. The fracture zones are encountered in the depth range of 60 to 120 mbgl. However the potential fractures are mostly confined to within the depth of 100 m. The casing depth varies from 6 to 35.5 mbgl. The casing length also indicates thickness of the weathered formation. The discharge obtained from the wells drilled in the Gunderdih shale varies from 0.5 to 22.42 lps. The highest discharge of 22.42 lps was obtained at aurda village in Pusaur block. The dolerite dykes within the Raigarh Formation in Raigarh block have acted as good barrier obstructing the deeper ground water movement and thus turning the northern part of these linear dykes rich in ground water. Transmissivity of Raigarh Formation varies from 2-35 m2/ day whereas the Storativity is recorded

30 between 0.14 x 10-4 and 1.18 x 10-6. The hill range of Chandarpur sandstone, north of these dykes with slope and dip towards south act as recharge area for the narrow strip of land 5 to 1km wide where a large numbers of high yielding wells exist. The potential of ground water immediately south to the dyke is moderate. Overall the Raigarh Formation covered area in the district is good for ground water development because of its high yield potential. The aquifer can be divided into two zones shallow and deeper aquifers. The sustainability of the shallow zones in hard rocks particularly in the bore wells tapping Raigarh Formation in Baramkela- Raigarh-Sarangarh- Pusauar and Kharsia blocks are under threat. Many dug wells and hand pumps get dried up during summer. The shallow aquifer in Granitic terrain also has poor sustainability but not that severe as in areas covered by Raigarh Formation. The dug wells are abandoned or defunct in large parts of Raigarh-Pusaur and Baramkela blocks.

(iii) Gondwana Super Group :

Rocks of lower Gondwana occur in the northern and central part of district. The Gondwana sediments covers 40% area of the district . The semi-consolidated Gondwana Formations occupies the entire Gharghoda and Tamnar block and large part of Dharamjaigarh block and parts of Kharsia, Raigarh and Lailunga blocks. The area covered by Gondwana Formation has no problem of sustainability. The weathered zone followed by granular and fractured zone provides sufficient water to the wells. In the Gondwana formation the deeper aquifer to a depth of 400 m bgl has been deciphered. The deeper aquifer zones in Gondwana Formation are more productive than shallower zones. The tube wells constructed beyond 200m depth have good discharge. All other wells having depth range of 200m have limited discharge. In these wells the upper 30m zone has not been tapped. The Gondwana rock of the area is divided in to (a) Talchir Formation (2) Karharbari Formation (b) Barakar Formation and (c) Kamthi Formation. The Gondwana rock is faulted and Intrusives are rarely present in the district.

(a) Talchir Formation: The Talchir Formation in the district is mainly represented by shale and silty shale with occasional boulder bed at the base. The shale are thinly laminated and bedded and interbedded with silty shale. The Talchir is predominantly shale and are aquiclude in nature is devoid of any deeper zone and have only phreatic zone. The area is suitable for dug wells and shallow tube wells only. Talchir shale are found in small part of Kharsia and Dharamjaigarh blocks. Primary as well as secondary porosity is poor, general yielding capacity of well is less than 3 lps.

(b) Karharbari Formation: In the Dharamjaigarh block, Talchir Formation is overlain by Karharbari Formation which consists of sandstone and shale intercalation. It occupies only small patches in the district. Moderately potential formation.

(c) Barakar formation: The maximum part of Gondwana area is covered by Barakar Formation. Barakar is the most promising formation covering an area of 1644 sq. km. The ground water occurs in both phreatic and semi-confined to confined condition. Two distinct perennial auto flow zones have been demarcated, one in Tamnar and the other one at Gharghoda and Dharamjaigarh blocks in the Mand and Kelo river sub basins respectively. The deeper aquifer zones encountered between 150-400m bgl has maximum of 6m piezometric head above ground level. At Tamnar water with temperature as high as 50°C and high Sulphur contamination has been encountered in the tube wells drilled by GSI and CGWB. This free flowing zone having a linear extent of nearly 15 km from Devgarh to Milupara via Tamnar is a result of synclinal axis passing through this area within Barakar Formation (Tewari, 1999). Oozing of

31 springs is common in Barakar sandstone/shale area. The Barakars are represented by thick sequence (>500 m) of sandstone, shale, clay stone, and sand shale intercalation. The Barakar are only coal bearing formation in the district. Number of coal seams has been found in the area both in shallow and deeper zone. Coal mining in the district is presently restricted to Dharamjaigarh and Tamnar blocks. The Barakar sandstone/ shale are semi consolidated, horizontally to low dipping strata. The sandstone is subarkosic in composition, fine to course grained, poor to moderately sorted. The shales are generally black and carbonaceous. Barakar Formation is the good aquifer in the district and forms ground water worthy areas. Yield ranges from 0.38 to 10.5 .The highest discharge of 10.5 lps was obtained at Kudekela village in Baramkela block. The Tansmissivity value for Raigarh formation varies from 1.35 to142.75 m2/day and Storativity ranges from 0.04 to 0.00079.

(d) Kamthi Formation: Kamthi occupies the second largest area within Gondwana covered area. Being the youngest member Kamthi Formation occupies the hill tops of Gondwana hills. They are mainly represented by sandstone and shales. These sandstones are rich in iron contents, dirty to brownish colour. Kamthi in the district is generally devoid of coal seams. Kamthi formation formed potential aquifer for ground water point of view. Kamthi covered area has good granular zone in shallow depth in comparison to that of Barakar Formation. Springs are also common in the Kamthi Formation. The Kamthi- Karharbari area is suitable for both shallow and deep tube wells.

(iv) Alluvium and Laterites :

Alluvium and laterite occupies small isolated patches. The Alluvium is generally present all along the major streams. The right bank of Mahanadi in Baramkela blocks has linear patches of alluvium. These mainly consist of fine sand, silt and gravel (Panhchdhar). The thickness of this alluvium varies between 2 to 10 m. The laterite both insitu and transported in nature is widely distributed over the district. More than 5 m. thick laterite cover over dolomite of Baramkela and Pausar has been observed.

5.2 Ground Water Regime monitoring: During the study, 280 nos. of wells both dug wells and hand pumps were established and monitored (Annexure-II) both in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period. These include 58 no. of. National Hydrograph Network Stations established in the district to monitor the water levels four times a year and water quality once a year. The water level analysis data indicates that the static water level in the district varies from 2.01 to 32.6 mbgl in pre-monsoon, from 0.01 to 22.70 mbgl in post-monsoon period. The fluctuation varies from 0.01 to 28.32 m. However the details of the water level variation is explained in block wise report. The water level map prepared for the district is presented in (Map-5.2 A, B &C).

5.2.1 Decadal Ground Water level fluctuation: The pre-monsoon & post-monsoon water level data of 2018 has been compared with the pre- monsoon & post-monsoon mean decadal (2008-2017) water level data to ascertain the rise and fall of ground water level. Long term trend analysis of water level data of NHS shows fall in 80 % (59 % having upto 2 m fall) and rise in 20% of dug wells in pre-monsoon whereas in post-monsoon 62.68 % (55 % having upto 2 m fall) of the wells registered fall in water level and 37% of the dug wells showed rise in the water levels. The overall scenario shows shift in water use from phreatic to semi-confined zone and increased draft for irrigation purpose in selected pockets of Baramkela- Pusaur- Raigarh and Kharsia

32 blocks. The statistical analysis shows that more than 70% abstraction structures of the district lie within these blocks and tap shale- dolomite- limestone belonging to Raigarh Formation. The table-5.1(A&B) gives the comparison of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon water level data in 2019 with the mean decadal pre & post-monsoon water level data (2009-2019). Table-5.1(A): Decadal pre-monsoon water level fluctuation in Raigarh district No. of Wells/Percentage Showing Fluctuation No. Range of Fluctuation Total No. of of Wells Wells Rise (m) Fall (m) Rise (m) Fall (m) Rise Fall

Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 79 0.05 10.18 0.02 3.88 19 9 2 43 6 0 30 49 24.05% 11.39% 2.53% 54.43% 7.59% 38% 62%

Table-5.1(B): Decadal Post-monsoon water level fluctuation in Raigarh district

No. No. of Wells/Percentage Showing Fluctuation Total No. of of Range of Fluctuation Wells Wells Rise (m) Fall (m) Rise (m) Fall (m) Rise Fall Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 >4 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 67 0.03 3.27 0.02 4.28 8 1 1 41 15 1 10 57 11.94 1.49 1.49 61.19 22.39 1.49 14.9 85.1% % % % % % %

The table shows that 62% of the wells show falling of water level in pre-monsoon period and 85% of the wells show falling of post-monsoon water level. The overall scenario shows shift in water use from phreatic to semi-confined zone and increased draft for irrigation purpose in selected pockets of Baramkela- Pusaur- Raigarh and Kharsia blocks. The statistical analysis shows that more than 70% abstraction structures of the district lie within these blocks and tap shale- dolomite- limestone belonging to Raigarh Formation.

5.2.2 Ground Water Level Trend:

The historical water level data from 2009 to 2019 were analyzed to have long-term trend in water level behavior in Raigarh district. The Pre-monsoon trend shows a fall of 0.02 to 3.88 & rise of 0.05 to 10.18 cm/yr respectively. The post monsoon trend is important from the aquifer management point of view since it is related with the ground water extraction. The post-monsoon trend analysis (Table-5.2 & Map-5.3) indicates that 64 % of the wells show declining trend to the tune of 0-7 cm/yr with an average declining trend of 1.5 cm/yr. The rising trend is shown by 36 % of wells in the tune of 0 to1.3 cm/yr. The hydrograph of some of the wells are presented in Fig-4 A to D. The declining trend in post-monsoon period indicates the declining trend in ground water recharge which may be attributed to the declining trend in rainfall as well as reducing trend in the area for ground water of recharge. 33 Map-5.2 A: Pre-monsoon water level map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

34 Map-5.2 B: Post-monsoon water level map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

35 Map-5.2 C: Water level fluctuation map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

36 Table-5.2: Ground water level trend (2009-2019) in Post-monsoon period in Raigarh district SN District Block Site name Longitude Latitude Trend (2010-2019) Remarks postmonsoon 1 RAIGARH Tamnar Gare Nhs 83.49 22.14 -0.002417 Declining 2 RAIGARH Gharghoda Gharghoda 83.35 22.17 -0.002714 Declining 3 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Kurekela 83.1 22.2 -0.012785 Declining 4 RAIGARH Gharghoda Chimtapani 83.42 22.27 0.002275 Rising 5 RAIGARH Gharghoda Dumarpali 83.28 22.29 0.001401 Rising 6 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Hati 83.1 22.3 0.012962 Rising 7 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Barpali 83.27 22.33 -0.010652 Declining 8 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Bartapali 83.17 22.33 -0.014346 Declining 9 RAIGARH Lailunga Laripani 83.47 22.34 -0.01495 Declining 10 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Gersa 83.24 22.35 -0.011392 Declining 11 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Amapali 83.23 22.37 -0.006782 Declining 12 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Khadgaon1 83.12 22.38 -0.018183 Declining 13 RAIGARH Lailunga Lailunga1 83.58 22.38 -0.027389 Declining 14 RAIGARH Lailunga Lailunga2 83.58 22.39 -0.002859 Declining 15 RAIGARH Lailunga Salkhiya 83.52 22.42 -0.014643 Declining 16 RAIGARH Lailunga Rajpur.1 83.49 22.44 -0.01369 Declining 17 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Sisringa 83.31 22.46 -0.013918 Declining 18 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Dharamjaigarh PZ 83.21 22.46 -0.012405 Declining 19 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Bakaruma 83.44 22.51 -0.007178 Declining 20 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Golabuda 83.4 22.63 -0.020439 Declining 21 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Kapu 83.34 22.67 -0.012581 Declining 22 RAIGARH Sarangarh Damdarha 83.12 21.45 -0.017226 Declining 23 RAIGARH Baramkela Baramkela 83.26 21.52 -0.024171 Declining 24 RAIGARH Sarangarh Bataupali 83.13 21.54 -0.001644 Declining 25 RAIGARH Baramkela Saria1 83.3 21.56 -0.019395 Declining 26 RAIGARH Sarangarh Hirri1 83.14 21.63 -0.014562 Declining 27 RAIGARH Sarangarh Rera 83.09 21.63 -0.021415 Declining 28 RAIGARH Sarangarh Pindri 83.16 21.66 0.008759 Rising 29 RAIGARH Pussore Bonda 83.3 21.72 -0.022257 Declining 30 RAIGARH Pussore Tetla 83.33 21.79 0.001212 Rising 31 RAIGARH Pussore Tadola 83.38 21.8 0.005432 Rising 32 RAIGARH Raigarh Kotra 83.31 21.87 -0.0066 Declining 33 RAIGARH Raigarh Raigarh 83.4 21.89 -0.00959 Declining 34 RAIGARH Raigarh Raiharg S 83.4 21.89 -0.073682 Declining 35 RAIGARH Raigarh Raigarh D 83.4 21.89 0.01384 Rising 36 RAIGARH Raigarh Kerajhar 83.3 21.96 -0.011417 Declining 37 RAIGARH Kharsia Chaple 83.2 21.98 0.006123 Rising 38 RAIGARH Kharsia Kharsia 83.1 21.99 -0.014667 Declining 39 RAIGARH Kharsia Kharasia S 83.1 21.99 -0.032347 Declining 40 RAIGARH Kharsia Kharasia D 83.1 21.99 -0.022133 Declining 41 RAIGARH Kharsia Farkanara 83.11 22.02 -0.012171 Declining 42 RAIGARH Tamnar Taraimal1.1 83.38 22.06 -0.003101 Declining 43 RAIGARH Dharamjaigarh Edu 83.13 22.08 -0.008274 Declining 44 RAIGARH Tamnar Samaruma 83.35 22.08 -0.015655 Declining 45 RAIGARH Gharghoda Bhangari 83.25 22.13 -0.017466 Declining

37 Map-5.3: Long term trend map for Post-monsoon period of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

38 Fig-4 A: Hydrograph of Golabuda

Fig-4 B: Hydrograph of Kapu

39 Fig-4 C: Hydrograph of Taraimal

Fig-4 D: Hydrograph of Barapali

40 5.2.3 Ground Water flow direction:

The regional ground water flow direction is towards south-west (Map-5.4). In south eastern part of the district the ground water flow direction is towards south-east. In the north -central part of the district the contours are comparatively closer indicating the steepness of the terrain thereby the gradient of ground water flow is high in comparison to the other part of the district. It may also be seen that the flow of ground water is mostly towards the major drainage suggesting that the base flow is towards the drainage system.

5.3 Ground Water Resources: The ground water Resources of Raigarh district has been estimated on the basis of revised methodology GEC 2015. Ground water resources have two components – Replenishable ground water resources or Dynamic ground water resources and Static resources.

5.3.1 Replenishable ground water resources or Dynamic ground water resources: As per resource estimation March 2017, the Net Ground Water Availability for future use from all the sources in the district is 41166.73 ham. The Net Ground Water Availability for future use is 4318.72 ham. Current Annual Ground Water Extraction for all purposes is 20292.35 ham out of which 16093.58 ham is for irrigation. The overall Stage of Ground Water Extraction in the district is 50.09 %. Baramkela (77.72%) has the highest stage of ground water extraction while Lailunga (20.66 %) has the lowest stage of ground water extraction. The Annual GW Allocation for for domestic Use as on 2025 is 4318.72 ham with highest quantity in Raigarh block and lowest in Gharghoda block. The Net Ground Water Availability for future use is 20327.56 ham. The block wise resource is presented in Map-5.5 and table 5.3. Table-5.3: Block wise Resources as estimated in 2017 of Raigarh district

Does the water Catego Level Trend during Net Annual Current Annual Ground Water Extraction Annual GW rizatio Pre and Post Ground Stage of Extractable (Ham) Allocation n Monsoon show a Water Ground Sl. Ground for for (OE/Cr significant falling Block Availabili Water No Water Domestic itical/ trend (Yes /No) ty for Extraction Recharge Use as on Semi future (%) (Ham) 2025 critical/ Total use If Yes Irrigation Industri Domestic Safe) Extrac Yes/No Value use al use use tion (cm/yr)

Semi- 6464.93 4615.03 0 409.4 5024.43 507.06 1342.84 77.72 Yes 17 1 Baramkela Critical 2 Dharamjaigarh 6368.46 1979.39 0 501.25 2480.64 558.09 3830.98 38.95 Safe No 3 Gharghota 2798.23 1007.97 24.04 197.77 1229.78 224.93 1541.29 43.95 Safe No 4 Kharsia 2672.69 1111.15 224.02 370.38 1705.55 415.15 922.37 63.81 Safe No 5 Lailunga 5215.77 762.64 0 315.15 1077.79 349.93 4103.2 20.66 Safe No Semi- 4371.35 3009.6 0 349.98 3359.58 406.13 955.62 76.85 Yes 40 6 Pusaur Critical 7 Raigarh 5651.97 1623.81 178.81 833.23 2635.85 966.85 2882.5 46.64 Safe No 8 Sarangarh 5716.85 1260.4 0 555.53 1815.93 618.52 3837.93 31.76 Safe No 9 Tamnar 1906.48 723.59 0 239.21 962.8 272.06 910.83 50.5 Safe No Total 41166.73 16093.58 426.87 3771.9 20292.35 4318.72 20327.56 50.09 41 5.3.2 Static Ground Water Resources: An attempt has been made to assess the Static Ground Water Resources Raigarh district which is the resource that remains available below the dynamic zone of water table fluctuation. This is not replenished every year and extracting this water is ground water mining. The quantum of ground water available for development is usually restricted to long term average recharge or dynamic resources. For sustainable ground water development, it is necessary to restrict it to the dynamic resources. Static or in- storage ground water resources could be considered for development during exigencies that also for drinking water purposes. It is also recommended that no irrigation development schemes based on static or in-storage ground water resources be taken up at this stage. The following table-5.4 presents the ground water resources of Raigarh district.

Table-5.4: Ground water Resources of Raigarh district Sl. Block Recharge Stage of Static Dynamic No worthy Extraction Resource Resource Area (Ha) in % in Ham in Ham 1 Dharamjaigarh 95749 38.95 2982.007 6368.460 2 Baramkela 90034 77.72 1560.109 6464.930 3 Gharghoda 29935 43.95 1314.745 2798.230 4 Kharsia 31449 63.81 678.669 2672.690 5 Lailunga 75115 20.66 1278.758 5215.770 6 Pusaure 51030 76.85 423.753 4371.350 7 Raigarh 78841 46.64 598.403 5651.970 8 Sarangarh 74912 31.76 938.797 5716.850 9 Tamnar 23800 50.50 961.520 1906.480 Total 550865 50.09 10736.76 41166.730

The table shows that the total static ground water resource of Raigarh district is 10736.76 Ham beside the dynamic ground water resource of 41166.73 ham. The highest Static Ground Water resource is 2982 Ham for Dharamjaigarh block whereas the lowest static ground water resource is 423.75 Ham for Pusaur block.

5.4 Ground Water Quality: Ground water quality of shallow aquifer as well as deeper aquifer in Raigarh district for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes is assessed on the basis of analysis of ground water samples collected from 284 nos. of observation wells for shallow aquifer & 55 exploratory wells for deeper aquifer (Annexure-IIIA & B). Apart from these, 60 nos. of water samples & 95 nos of water samples were also analysed to assess the arsenic and uranium contamination respectively.

5.4.1 Drinking water quality: The concentrations of various parameters for both shallow & deeper aquifers are presented in the following table5.5.

42 Map-5.4: Ground water table map of Raigarh district, Chhatisgarh

43 Map-5.5: Ground water resource map of Raigarh district, Chhatisgarh

44 Table-5.5: Ground water quality data for shallow & deeper aquifer Sl. Parameters Shallow Aquifer Deeper Aquifer Remarks No (in ppm) Min Max Avg Min Max Avg 1 Slightely acidic to pH 6.5 8.4 7.43 6.59 8.9 7.85 alkaline in nature 2 EC is higher side at some EC(in µS/cm 30 1680 463.32 84 2320 580.16 places for both shallow at 25° C) and deeper aquifer. 3 Total 0 350 110.85 14.75 350 160.37 Alkalinity 4 HCO3 6 427 138.71 18 427 195.68 5 Cl 3.55 327 47.91 7 128 30.79 6 Shallow aquifer is SO4 0 442.6 29.32 0 126.5 10.08 sulphate contaminated at some places 7 Shallow aquifer is F 0 2 0.3 0.02 0.99 0.47 fluoride contaminated at some places 8 Deeper aquifer is hard at TH 10 585 150.44 20 995 163.3 some places. 9 Ca content is beyond Ca 2 190 34.98 2 364 50.18 permissible in deeper aquifer at some places 10 Mg 0 68 14.86 1 47 12.81 11 Na 0.8 181.5 26.43 3.7 255 58.6 12 K 0.1 140 12.03 0.7 53.3 5.51

The above table-5.5 indicates that the ground water of shallow aquifer is slightely acidic to alkaline in nature. High concentrations of nitrate beyond the permissible limit were observed at Sayang, dhengudi, Elong, Chirra, Chunkunidand, Koradish , Dhanpuri, Bakarmuda and Boro of Dharamjaigarh block, Harradih, Bhengari, Samaruma, Chhota Nawapara, Bahirkela, Gharghori, Patrapali, Narayanpurand Rumkera of Ghorghoda block, Gourmuri, Saraipali, Kachkoba, Devgaon and Bijna of Tamnar block and Pindri of Sarangarh block. High concentrations of fluoride were found at Damdhara (1.7 mg/l), Kanakbira (2.0 mg/l) of Sarangarh block and Lipti (1.9 mg/l) of Dharamjaigarh block. In some of the locations very high iron contents was recorded. Arsenic and Uranium were not observed in ground water of the district. Except few locations where the nitrate and fluoride concentrations are found beyond the permissible limit, the ground water of Raigarh district was found suitable for drinking purposes.

5.4.2 Irrigation water quality: To know the suitability of water for irrigation purposes SSP and KI are computed. By obtained value of SAR and EC the US Salinity diagram is plotted in Fig-5 (A&B). The following table-5.6 presents the locations of less suitable from irrigation point of view on the basis of SAR, SSP, KI & RSC.

45 Map-5 A: US salinity plot for deeper aquifer of Raigarh district, Chhatisgarh

Map-5 B: US salinity plot for shallow aquifer of Raigarh district, Chhatisgarh

46 Table-5.6: Area less suitable for shallow aquifer ground water Irrigation Sl. No. Location EC in m µ/cm SAR SSP KI RSC 1 Karigashi 908 3.533 57.18 1.34 -1.992 2 Kerakhol 517 2.338 53.79 1.16 -0.41 3 Taraimal 477 2.478 55.34 1.24 0.393 4 Kharsia 892 3.420 55.70 1.26 -0.405 5 Amapali 555 2.743 55.59 1.25 0.2 6 Lohrapani ( Poyl 349 1.4 para) 2.080 53.00 1.13 7 Jharmunda 416 2.555 55.99 1.27 -0.41 8 Odekora 307 1.799 50.14 1.01 0.007 9 Bathanpali 239 1.512 54.46 1.20 0.397 10 Kotra 420 2.489 55.55 1.25 0.180 11 Bangrusian 292 1.512 54.46 1.20 0.69 12 Dhansara 531 2.536 53.23 1.14 -0.09 13 Kudhri 372 2.646 60.31 1.52 0.887 14 Godam 1223 6.14 70.51 2.39 2.6 15 Pindri 1011 5.31 69.17 2.24 2.8 SAR-Sodium absorption ratio, SSP- Sodium soluble percentage, KI-Kelly Index, RSC-Residual sodium Carbonate

The above table shows that shallow aquifer ground water is likely to be less suitable for irrigation at Karighasi, Kerakhal,Taraimal,Kharsia, Ampali,Loharpani, Jharmunda, Odekera, Bothanpali, Kotra, Bangursia, Dhansera,Kudri,Pindri & Godam on the basis of SSP & KI value. Taking RSC into consideration, only Godam & Pindri show variation that is above 2.5. However all these wells within the range of SAR. SAR value more tha 26 indicates the unsuitability from irrigation point of view due to very high soium water. But none of the sample is above SAR 26 value. However an attempt has been made to classify the shallow aquifer ground water quality on the basis of WQI (Water Quality Index). The result is presented in table-5.8.

Table-5.8: Classification of ground water quality for irrigation use based on WQI Sl. No Location WQI Class Restriction 1 Chharatanagar 275.19 II Slight 2 Chhotanawapara 180.21 II Slight 3 Banai 165.14 II Slight 4 Saraipali 170.42 II Slight 5 Kachkoba 257.69 II Slight 6 Devgaon 190.31 II Slight 7 Gare 150.41 II Slight 8 Urba 289.19 II Slight 9 Godhi 187.53 II Slight 10 Bangursian 198.6 II Slight 11 Barapali 169.6 II Slight 12 Harradih 434.66 III Moderate 13 Chhaldonia 342.04 III Moderate 14 Gourmuri 321.05 III Moderate 15 Nagoi 436.96 III Moderate

47 The above table shows that only 4% sample shows slightly restriction on irrigation and 1% show moderate restriction on irrigation. Hence overall it may be concluded that the ground water from shallow aquifer is suitable for irrigation purposes. However careful study may be done for irrigation in above areas as mentioned in above three tables.

5.4.3 Industrial water quality: The ground water collected from Karighashi of Dharamjaigarh block was found high value of corrosivity ratio (8.9) and water is unsuitable for industrial uses and some locations like Boro, Auranav, Kharsiya, Sisringa and Bayasi were found less corrosive nature of water and rest of the location it is suitable for industrial purposes.

5.4.4 Arsenic contamination: No arsenic contamination in ground water is found in any ground water sample collected in Raigarh district.

5.4.5 Uranium contamination: The maximum uranium content in ground water is found at Semra, Pusaure block which is about 0.00927 mg/l. There are also traces of uranium found at some locations in Lailunga block namely at Gosaibih (0.00787 mg/l), Jorapalli (0.00726 mg/l). Since according to BIS the maximum permissible limit of Uranium is 0.03 mg/l (as per WHO provisional guidelines), the ground water in Raigarh district is safe from Uranium contamination point of view.

5.4.6 Type of Ground Water: The piper diagram (Fig-6(A&B) indicates that the ground water of Raigarh district is calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate (Ca-Mg-HCO3) and calcium-sulphate (Ca-SO4) type for shallow aquifer & calcium-bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3) type for deeper aquifer respectively.

48 Fig.6 A: Piper diagram for Deeper Aquifer in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

Fig.6 A: Piper diagram for Deeper Aquifer in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

Fig.6 B: Piper diagram for Shallow Aquifer in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

49 CHAPTER-VI

AQUIFER MAPPING & MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 Ground Water related issues & problems: 1. Due to large scale pumping from Raigarh Formation for irrigation, the water level in this formation goes deep in summer and the sustainability of shallow hand pumps are threatened. 2. There is no spacing criteria for the drilling of bore well leading to the exploitation of groundwater resources. 3. With increasing dependency on hand pumps for drinking water, iron contamination in ground water has emerged as biggest problem in parts of Gondwana covered area of Gharghoda-Tamnar- Dharamjaigarh- Kharsiya- Lailunga blocks. 4. At few locations nitrate and fluoride concentrations are found beyond the permissible limit. 5. Drying up of existing springs.

6.2 Status of Aquifer Mapping & Salient findings: All the 9 blocks of Raigarh district have been covered under aquifer mapping. The details of the findings of the aquifer mapping & management plan of all the 9 blocks of Raigarh district have been explained in separate chapters. However the salient features of the aquifer mapping & management plan for the nine blocks are explained as follows:

1. Dharmajaigarh block:

Area- 1537.69 sq.km taken for study. Average annual rainfall is 1517.48 mm. 23.61% of the net irrigated area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal aquifer systems in the block are Achaean & Gondwana formation both in phreatic and fractured condition & the major aquifer groups are (i) Archaean gneissic complex and (ii) Gondwana Sandstone. Korar and Mand river forms the major drainage system in the block and Paddy, Wheat and Gram are the major crops produced in the block.

The average ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period is 8.16 mbgl with a range from 3.8 to 13.8 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it is 5.64 mbgl with a range from 1.4 to 12.3 mbgl. The average fluctuation is 2.52 m varying from 0.2 to 7.05 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is no appreciable change in water level both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon period at most of the locations. The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 17.32 m. The average yield of Gondwana sandstone is 4.32 lps with a transmissivity of 1.35 to to 142.75 m²/day and average drawdown is 23.8 m. One to three sets of most potential fracture zone lies between 100 to 200 m depth in Gondwana sandstone. Similarly the average yield of granitic terrain in the block is 1.42 lps with an average drawdown of 26.15 m. One to Two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie beyond 100 m of depth. The average transmissivity of this aquifer is 6 m2 /day.

50 Appreciable impact on ground water regime in & around Nawapara due to pumping of huge quantity of ground water because of coal-mining, considerably high nitrate content in shallow groundwater in some locations & deeper ground water level in some areas in the post-monsoon period is the major ground water issues in the block. Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge is 6348.46ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 38.95 % thus under safe category. In terms of Supply side management, since the stage of extraction in the block is only 38.95 %, there is ample scope of development. Since the stage of development in the block is only 38.95 %. So there is ample scope of development. In order to achieve 60% stage of ground water withdrawal, development may be taken up by constructing 837 nos of tube wells or 1862 nos of dug wells at suitable places that can create an irrigation potential of 1489.5 ha of paddy, 3351.5 ha of wheat ,Ground Nut, Sunflower and 4465.7 ha of Mustard & Pulses . However in a long term sustaining basis, we have to go for artificial recharge, particularly to recharge the area of deeper water level. As such 27 nos. of percolation tank, 89 nos. of nala bunding/cement plug/check dam, 214 nos of recharge shaft and 160 nos of gully plug/gabion structures can be constructed that can recharge 11.72 mcm ground water. Ground water coming out as mine dewatering can be utilised to control the impact of mine dewatering by creating garland recharge well system.

2. Ghorghoda block:

Area: 433.04 sq.km taken for study. Average annual rainfall is 1358.82 mm. 33% of the net irrigated area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal Aquifer System in the block is Gondwana formation both in phreatic and fractured condition and the major aquifer group in the block is Gondwana sandstone. Kurket and Kola River flowing towards south-west forms the major drainage system in the block. Paddy, Wheat and Gram are the major crops produced in the block.

The average ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period is 7.02 mbgl with a range from 3.4 to 13.1 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it is 4.99 mbgl with a range from 1.92 to 8.69 mbgl. The fluctuation ranges from 0.01 to 5.6 m with an average fluctuation of 1.872.04 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is no appreciable change in water level both in pre- monsoon and post monsoon period at many of the locations. The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 18 m.

The average yield of Gondwana sandstone is 4.32 lps with a transmissivity of 1.35 to to 142.75 m²/day and average drawdown is 23.8 m. One to three sets of most potential fracture zone lies between 100 to 200 m depth in Gondwana sandstone.

High nitrate content at some locations & deeper water level (more than 5m in the post- monsoon period) in some areas are the major issues so far as ground water scenario in the block is concerned. Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge is 2798.23 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 43.95 % thus under safe category. Since the stage of development of groundwater in the block is only 43.95 %, there is ample scope of development. Since the stage of development of groundwater in the block is only 43.95 %, there is ample scope of development. In order to achieve 60% stage of ground water development in this block, development may be taken up by constructing 281 nos of tube wells or 624 nos of dug wells at suitable places that can create an irrigation potential of 499 ha of paddy, 1122.5 ha of wheat, Ground Nut, Sunflower and 1496.67 ha of Mustard & Pulses . However in a long term sustaining basis, we have to go for artificial recharge, particularly to recharge the area of deeper water 51 level. As such 28 nos. of percolation tank, 95 nos. of nala bunding/cement plug/check dam, 229 nos of recharge shaft and 170 nos of gully plug/gabion structures can be constructed that can recharge 12.33 mcm ground water.

3. Tamnar block:

Area: 469 sq.km taken for study. Average annual rainfall is 1097.72 mm. 51.25 % of the net irrigated area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal Aquifer System in the block is Gondwana formation both in phreatic and fractured condition and the major aquifer group in the block is Gondwana sandstone. Kola river flowing towards south-west forms the major drainage system in the block. Paddy, Wheat and Gram are the major crops produced in the block.

The average ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period is 7.54 mbgl with a range is 3-15.6 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it is 5.22 mbgl ranging from 1.8 to 13 mbgl. The fluctuation ranges from 0.1 to 7.33 m with an average fluctuation of 2.33 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is no appreciable change in water level both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon period at many of the locations. The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 18 m.

The average yield of Gondwana sandstone is 4.32 lps with a transmissivity of 1.35 to to 142.75 m²/day and average drawdown is 23.8 m. One to three sets of most potential fracture zone lies between 100 to 200 m depth in Gondwana sandstone.

High nitrate content at some locations & deeper water level (more than 5m in the post- monsoon period) in some areas are the major issues so far as ground water scenario in the block is concerned. Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge 1906.48 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 50.8 % thus under safe category. Since the stage of development in the block is only 50.8 %, there is ample scope of development. Since the stage of development in the block is only 50.8 %. So there is ample scope of development. In order to achieve 60% stage of ground water withdrawal in the block of Tamnar, development may be taken up by constructing 194 nos of tubewells or 242 nos of dug wells that can create an irrigation potential of 194 ha for paddy, 436 ha for wheat, Ground Nut, Sunflower & 581 ha for Mustard & Pulses .

4. Kharsia block:

Area: 400.79 sq.km taken for study. Average annual rainfall is 1353.24 mm. 35.5% area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal aquifer system in Kharsia block are Gondwana formation, Raigarh formation & Chhotnagpur group both in phreatic and fractured condition and the major aquifer groups are (i) Chhotnagpur granite gneiss, (ii) Barakar sandstone (iii) Chandrapur Sandstone & (iv) Gunderdih shale. The drainage system is mostly controlled by Mand river, Kurket river and Borai river all flowing southwards forming part of Mahanadi basin. Paddy, Pulses, oil seeds are the major crops produced in the block.

The ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period ranges from 2.26 to 29.01mbgl with an average of 10.45 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it ranges from 0.5 to 6.6 mbgl with an average of 2.51 mbgl. The fluctuation ranges from 1.63 to 28.52 m with an average fluctuation of 52 8.04 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is no appreciable change in water level both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon period at most of the locations . The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 17.66 m.

The average yield of Granite gneiss is 1.42 lps with transmissivity of 1-12 m²/day & average drawdown is 26.15 m. One to two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie beyond 100 m depth. Similarly the average yield of Gondwana sandstone is 4.32 lps with a transmissivity of 1.35 to to 142.75 m²/day and average drawdown is 23.8 m. One to three sets of most potential fracture zone lies between 100 to 200 m depth in Gondwana sandstone. The average yield of Gunderdih shale is 6.41 lps with avg transmissivity of 14.58 m²/day & average drawdown is 13.91 m. One to three sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie within 100 m depth in Gunderdih shale. Similarly the average yield of Chandrapur sandstone is 4.79 lps with a range from 0.85 to 12.5 lps with an average transmissivity of 2.3 m²/day and average drawdown is 21.46 m. One to two sets of most potential fracture zone lies within 100 m depth.

No proper spacing criteria between wells, silting of the existing tanks and low yielding capacity of gneissic formation are the major ground water issues in the block. Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge 2672.69 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 63.85 % thus under safe category. In terms of Supply side management, we have to go for artificial recharge, particularly to recharge the area of deeper water level. As such 22 nos. of percolation tank, 74 nos. of nala bunding/cement plug/check dam, 177 nos of recharge shaft and 132 nos of gully plug/gabion structures can be constructed that can recharge 9.63 mcm ground water which will enhance the ground water resource of Kharsia block.

5. Lailunga block:

Area: 910.35 sq.km taken for study. Average annual rainfall is 1099.62 mm. 24% of the total irrigated area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal aquifer system in Kharsia block are Gondwana formation & Chhotnagpur group both in phreatic and fractured condition and the major aquifer groups are (i) Chhotnagpur granite gneiss, (ii) Barakar sandstone. The drainage system is mostly controlled by Khadun river, Kelo river and San river all flowing southwards forming the part of Mahanadi basin. Paddy, Pulses, oil seeds are the major crops produced in the block.

The ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period ranges from 3. 3.03 to 22.55 mbgl with an average of 9.68 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it ranges from 0.43 to 12.19 mbgl with an average of 2.58 mbgl. The fluctuation ranges from 2.6m to 8.07m with an average fluctuation of 4.1 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is no appreciable change in water level both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon period at most of the locations . The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 15.76 m.

The average yield of Granite gneiss is 1.42 lps with transmissivity of 1-12 m²/day & average drawdown is 26.15 m. One to two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie beyond 100 m depth. Similarly the average yield of Gondwana sandstone is 4.32 lps with a transmissivity of 1.35 to to 142.75 m²/day and average drawdown is 23.8 m. One to three sets of most potential fracture zone lies between 100 to 200 m depth in Gondwana sandstone.

53 Poor ground water development, silting of the existing tanks and low yielding capacity of gneissic formation are the major ground water issues in the block. Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge 5215.77 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 20.66 % thus under safe category. In terms of Demand side management, wherever ground water has been used for field irrigation should be replaced with micro irrigation methods such as sprinklers, drip irrigation etc. which may save 30 to 40% ground. In terms of Supply side management, we have to go for artificial recharge, particularly to recharge the area of deeper water level Percolation Tank (10) , Nala bund & Check dam (34),Recharge shafts (81) and gully plug/gabion structure (60) may be constructed that can recharge 4.39 MCM water to underground . Since the stage of development of groundwater in the block is only 20.66 %, there is ample scope of development. In order to achieve 60% stage of ground water development in this block, development may be taken up by constructing 1285 nos of tube wells or 2855 nos of dug wells at suitable locations that can create an irrigation potential of 2284.5 ha of paddy, 5140 ha of wheat, Ground Nut, Sunflower and 6853 ha of Mustard & Pulses .

6. Pusaur block:

Area: 510.3 sq.km taken for study having a total Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge of 4371.35 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 76.85 % and is under semi-critical category. 86.22 % of the total irrigated area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal aquifer system in Pusaur block is Raipur group both in phreatic and fractured condition and the major aquifer groups are (i) Gunderdih Shale (ii) Charmuria Limestone.

The average ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period is 13.71 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it is 8.45 mbgl. The average fluctuation ranges is 5.25 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is appreciable change in ground water level with a falling trend of 40 cm/year both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon period. The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 17.17 m.

The average yield of Gunderdih shale is 6.41 lps with avg transmissivity of 14.58 m²/day & average drawdown is 13.91 m. One to three sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie within 100 m depth in Gunderdih shale. The average yield of Charmuria limestone is 9 lps with avg transmissivity of 17.855 m²/day & average drawdown is 19.63 m. One to two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie within 100 m depth in Charmuria Limestone.

The major ground water issues are: (i) In several regions there is deeper water table due to excessive withdrawal for irrigation, (ii) No proper spacing criteria between wells (iii) Silting of the existing tanks. In terms of Demand side management, change in cropping pattern from paddy in Rabi season to maize can lead to improvement of stage of ground water extraction to 36.41 from 76.85%. . In terms of Supply side management, by constructing artificial recharge structure such as Percolation Tank (40) , Nala bund & Check dam (133), Recharge shafts (320) and gully plug/gabion structures (238), the ground water resource can be increased to 17.43 mcm more.

54 7. Raigarh block:

Area: 942.72 sq.km taken for study having a a total Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge 4371.35 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 46.64 % and is under safe category. 55 % of the area is irrigated by groundwater. Most of the ground water development has been concentrated in eastern part of the block and water level is showing declining trend in eastern region. The Principal aquifer system in Raigarh block is Chhotnagpur group, Gondwana formation & Raipur group both in phreatic and fractured condition and the major aquifers are (i) Gunderdih Shale (ii) Chhotnagpur Granite Gneiss (iii) Gondwana Sandstone & (iv) Chandrapur Sandstone.

The average ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period is 9.76 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it is 5.88 mbgl. The average fluctuation ranges is 3.87 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is no appreciable change in water level both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon period at most of the locations . The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 13.4 m.

The average yield of Gunderdih shale is 6.41 lps with avg transmissivity of 14.58 m²/day & average drawdown is 13.91 m. One to three sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie within 100 m depth in Gunderdih shale. The average yield of Granite gneiss is 1.42 lps with transmissivity of 1-12 m²/day & average drawdown is 26.15 m. One to two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie beyond 100 m depth. Similarly the average yield of Gondwana sandstone is 4.32 lps with a transmissivity of 1.35 to 142.75 m²/day and average drawdown is 23.8 m. One to three sets of most potential fracture zone lies between 100 to 200 m depth in Gondwana sandstone. The average yield of Chandrapur sandstone is 4.79 lps with a range from 0.85 to 12.5 lps with an average transmissivity of 2.3 m²/day and average drawdown is 21.46 m. One to two sets of most potential fracture zone lies within 100 m depth.

The major ground water issues in the block are: (i) Though the stage of g.w. development is 46.64 %, but it is concentrated only to the eastern part of the block (ii) No proper spacing criteria between wells (iii) Silting of the existing tanks (iv) Low yielding capacity Chandrapur formation. In terms of Supply side management, Since the stage of development of groundwater in the block is only 46.64 %, there is ample scope of development. In order to achieve 60% stage of ground water development in this block, development may be taken up by constructing 472 nos of tube wells or 1049 nos of dug wells that can create an irrigation potential of 838.8 ha of paddy, 1887.5 ha of wheat, Ground Nut, Sunflower and 2516.6 ha of Mustard & Pulses . However in a long term sustaining basis, we have to go for artificial recharge, particularly to recharge the area of deeper water level. As such 5.58 mcm water can be recharged to the underground by constructing Percolation Tank (13), nala bund / Check dam (42), Recharge shafts (101) and gully plug/gabion structures (75).

8. Sarangagarh block:

Area- 851.12 sq.km taken for study. Average annual rainfall is 1327.4 mm. 22% of the total irrigated area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal aquifer system in Raigarh block is Raigarh group, Chandrapur group & Chhotnagpur group both in phreatic and fractured condition and the major aquifers are (i) Gunderdih Shale (ii) Charmuria Limestone (iii) Chhotnagpur Granite Gneiss & (iv) Chandrapur Sandstone. Mahanadi and its tributaries Lilar, Lath, Khundi, Manal Nala forms the major drainage system in the block and Paddy, Wheat and Gram are the major crops produced in the block. 55 The ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period ranges from 3.23-131 mbgl with an average of 6.39 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it ranges from 1.5-8.6 mbgl with an average of 3.96 mbgl. The fluctuation ranges from 0.3-9.3 m with an average fluctuation of 2.43 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is no appreciable change in water level both in pre- monsoon and post monsoon period at most of the locations. The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 11.21 m.

The average yield of Gunderdih shale is 6.41 lps with avg transmissivity of 14.58 m²/day & average drawdown is 13.91 m. One to three sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie within 100 m depth in Gunderdih shale. The average yield of Charmuria limestone is 9 lps with avg transmissivity of 17.855 m²/day & average drawdown is 19.63 m. One to two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie within 100 m depth in Charmuria Limestone. The average yield of Granite gneiss is 1.42 lps with transmissivity of 1- 12 m²/day & average drawdown is 26.15 m. One to two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie beyond 100 m depth. The average yield of Chandrapur sandstone is 4.79 lps with a range from 0.85 to 12.5 lps with an average transmissivity of 2.3 m²/day and average drawdown is 21.46 m. One to two sets of most potential fracture zone lies within 100 m depth.

Inherent character of aquifer giving low yield and declining of water level are the major ground water issues in the block. Total Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge 5716.85 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 31.76 % and is under safe category. In terms of supply side management, since the stage of groundwater extraction in the block is only 31.76 %, there is ample scope of development. In order to achieve 60% stage of ground water development in this block, development may be taken up by constructing 1794 nos of tube wells or 2242nos of dug wells at suitable locations that can create an irrigation potential of 1794 ha of paddy, 4036.6 ha of wheat, Ground Nut, Sunflower and 5382.2 ha of Mustard & Pulses . In a long term sustainable basis, we have to go for artificial recharge, particularly to recharge the area of deeper water level by construction of Percolation Tank (64), Nala bund & Check dam (214),Recharge shafts (513) and gully plug/gabion structures (382) to recharge 27.95 mcm water to underground.

9. Baramkela block:

Area: 781.34 sq.km taken for study. Average annual rainfall is 971.88 mm. 76% of the total irrigated area is irrigated by groundwater. The Principal Aquifer systems in the block are Chhotnagpur group, Raigarh Group & Chandrapur Group both in phreatic and fractured condition & the major aquifers are (i) Gunderdih Shale (ii) Chhotnagpur Granite Gneiss & (iv) Chandrapur Sandstone. Mahanadi, Kenkamdi and Jira river flowing towards north-east forms the major drainage system in the block. Paddy, Wheat and Gram are the major crops produced in the block.

The ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre monsoon period ranges from 3.25 to 25.5 mbgl with an average of 11.6 mbgl and during post-monsoon period it ranges from 2.5 to 19.5 mbgl with an average of 7.32 mbgl. The fluctuation ranges from 0.3 to 14.75 m with an average fluctuation of 4.29 m. The long term ground water level trend indicates that there is appreciable change in water level with a falling trend of 17 cm/year both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon period. The average weathered thickness of the phreatic aquifer is around 19.6 m.

56 The average yield of Gunderdih shale is 6.41 lps with avg transmissivity of 14.58 m²/day & average drawdown is 13.91 m. One to three sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie within 100 m depth in Gunderdih shale. The average yield of Granite gneiss is 1.42 lps with transmissivity of 1-12 m²/day & average drawdown is 26.15 m. One to two sets of potential fracture zone mostly lie beyond 100 m depth. The average yield of Chandrapur sandstone is 4.79 lps with a range from 0.85 to 12.5 lps with an average transmissivity of 2.3 m²/day and average drawdown is 21.46 m. One to two sets of most potential fracture zone lies within 100 m depth. High stage of groundwater development, inherent character of aquifer giving low yield, growing water consuming crops in spite of critical stage of development and declining of water level are the major ground water issues in the block. Total Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge 6464.93 ham and present stage of ground water extraction is 77.72 % and is under semi-critical category. In a long term sustainable basis, we have to go for artificial recharge, particularly to recharge the area of deeper water level by construction of Percolation Tank (81), Nala bund & Check dam (271), Recharge shafts (650) and gully plug/gabion structures (485) to recharge 35.40 mcm water to underground.

6.3 Status of Ground Water Development Plan: The ground water development in the district is being done by dug wells and tube well/ bore wells. The dug well depth varies from 5 to 20 m and the diameter varies from 1 to 4 m. The bore wells drilled in the area are 60 to 150 m deep with diameter of 100 to 150 mm. Diesel or electric operated pumps of 1 to 5 HP or traditional tenda is used to lift the water from dug wells for irrigation purposes. The submersible electrical pumps of 3 to 5 HP are used for irrigation purpose in case of bore wells in the area. The bore wells in the area can irrigate an area of 0.5 to 2.5 ha for paddy. The stage of ground water development estimated for Baramkela block is 77.72%, for Dharamjaigarh block is 38.95%, for Gharghoda block is 43.95%, for Kharsia block is 63.81%,for Lailunga block is 20.66%, for Pusaur block is 76.85%, for Raigarh block is 46.64%, for Sarangarh block is 31.76% and for Tamnar block is 50.8%.The overall stage of development in the district is 50.09%. The block wise stage of ground water extraction map in the district is depicted in Map-5.5. The details of artificial recharge structures to enhance ground water resource and nos. of irrigation tube wells or irrigation dug wells or combination of both that can be constructed at suitable locations in the district for more ground water development and to create more irrigation potential are presented in the table-6.1(A) & table 6.2 (B) respectively.

57 Table-6.1 (A): Details of AR structures in Raigarh district Block Percolation Nalas bunding Recharge shaft Gully plugs Total tank recharge cement plug/ recharge Gabbion structures recharge capacity 0.2192 check dam capacity recharge capacity in mcm mcm recharge capacity 0.00816mcm 0.0073 mcm 0.0326 mcm Baramkela 81 271 650 485 35.40 Dharamjaigarh 27 89 214 160 11.72 Gharghoda 28 95 229 170 12.33 Kharsia 22 74 177 132 9.63 Lailunga 10 34 81 60 4.39 Pussore 40 133 320 238 17.43 Raigarh 13 42 101 75 5.58 Sarangarh 64 214 513 382 27.95 Tamnar 0 0 1 1 0.02 Total 285 952 2286 1703 124.45

Table-6.1 (B): Details of irrigation tube wells and dug wellsto be constructed in Raigarh district Block Stage of Number of TW Number of DW Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation ground Recommended in Recommended potential potential potential water each block (Assuming (Assuming unit draft likely to be likely to be likely to be extraction unit draft as 1.6 as 0.72 created created for created (%) ham/structure/year) ham/structure/year) for paddy wheat, for (Ha) Ground Mustard Nut, & Pulses Sunflower (Ha) (Ha) Baramkela 77.72 Dharamjaigarh 38.95 837 1862 1489.5 3351.5 4465.7 Gharghoda 43.95 281 624 499 1122.5 1496.67 Kharsia 63.85 Lailunga 20.66 1285 2855 2284.5 5140 6853 Pussore 76.85 Raigarh 46.64 472 1049 838.8 1887.5 2516.6 Sarangarh 31.76 1794 2242 1794 4036.6 5382.2 Tamnar 50.8 194 242 194 436 581 Total 50.09 4863 8874 7099.8 15974.1 21295.17 Taking crop water requirement of Paddy as 90cm, wheat, groundnut & Sun flower as 40cm and Pulses & Mustard as 30cm

From the table 6.1(A), it is depicted that 285 nos. of percolation tank, 952 nos. of nala bunding/cement plug/check dams , 2286 nos. of recharge shafts and 1703 nos. of gully plug/gabion structures may be constructed at suitable locations that can enhance the ground water source to 124.45 mcm more.

Similarly from the table 6.1(B), it is depicted that 4863 nos of irrigation tube wells or 8874 nos of irrigation dug wells or combination of these two may be constructed in the district that can likely to create an irrigation potential of 7099.8 ha for paddy, 15974.1 ha for wheat, Ground Nut, Sunflower and 21295.17 ha for Mustard & Pulses respectively.

58 6.4 Aquifer Map: Finally on the basis of above studies such as the aquifer characteristic of various aquifer groups & ground water level behavior in various seasons, the following maps for Raigarh district were prepared: (i) Aquifer map 3-dimesional (Map-6.1) (ii) Aquifer map 2-dimensionsl, (Map-6.2 A & B) (iii) Hydrogeological map of Raigarh district (Map-6.3) (iv) The yield potential map based on the exploration (Map-6.4) (v) Ground water development potential & Artificial recharge Prospect (Map-6.5)

59 Map-6.1: 3-Dimensional Disposition of Aquifer in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

60 Map-6.2 A: 2-Dimensional Disposition of Aquifer in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

Map-6.2 B: 2-Dimensional Disposition of Aquifer in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

61 Map-6.2 C: 2-Dimensional Disposition of Aquifer in Kharsia block Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

Map-6.2 D: 2-Dimensional Disposition of Aquifer inPusaure block Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

62 Map-6.3: Hydrogeological map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

63 Map-6.4: Yield potential map of Aquifer in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

64 Map-6.5: Ground water Development Potential & Artificial Recharge Prospects map of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

65 CHAPTER-VII

SPRING

7.1 Study of Spring: Spring discharge constitutes an additional source of ground water in hilly areas which emerges at the places where ground water level cuts the surface topography. The spring discharge is equal to the ground water recharge minus the outflow through evaporation and evapotranspiration and vertical and lateral sub-surface flow. Thus, Spring discharge is a form of ‘Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge’. It is a renewable resource, though not to be used for Categorisation. Spring discharges multiplied with time in days of each season gives the quantum of spring resources available during that season. During the survey, spring study was also carried out. A large number of springs were found to occur in the district and are mostly on the northern part of Mahanadi basin covering Dharamjaigarh, Gharghoda, Lailunga, Tamnar, Kharsia and Raigarh block. Occurrence of spring is controlled by geomorphology, geology and structures and abundance of water which depends on climate, rainfall, and hydrogeological conditions in the area. Springs are not reported from the Raigarh Formation, covering large part of the area in the district (1655 Sq.km.). Most of the springs are restricted to Gondwana formation & Chandarpur sandstones such as Ramjharna of Bhupdeopur, springs of Botalda and Chhote Pandermura etc. The springs of Raipur group and Crystallines are less and are seasonal in nature. The list of some of the springs is given in Table 7.1 and is presented in The yield potential and the recommended suitable abstraction structures for the area are shown in (Map-7.1).

Table-7.1 : List of Springs of Raigarh district S.No Village Geology Location Nos. Lat Long 1 Bargaon Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 1 22.0518 83.0358 2 Basnajhar Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 2 21.9401 83.1603 3 Botalda Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 5 22.03709 83.09829 4 Chhoe Padermura Chandarpur sandstone Hill slop 1 22.0871 83.06634 5 Choara Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 1 21.98808 83.12732 6 Kerajhar Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 1 21.96749 83.30027 7 Parsada Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 1 21.95427 83.32848 8 Ramjharna Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 1 21.98204 83.27913 9 Tilaipali Chandarpur sandstone Foot hill 1 21.82475 83.45781 10 Amlidih Gondwana Plain land 1 22.04225 83.01734 11 Bangursian Gondwana Plain land 1 21.9704 83.45046 12 Barra Gondwana Plain land 1 22.56538 83.11477 13 Bojiya Gondwana Plain land 1 22.113 83.1629 14 Lamikhair Gondwana Foot hill 1 22.16957 83.21371 15 Chhaldoria Gondwana Plain land 1 22.10269 83.35406 16 Chikatwani Gondwana Plain land 1 22.45227 83.2289 17 Dharhagaon Gondwana Foot hill 3 22.443 83.4173 18 Jobi hills-1 Gondwana Plain land 22.1519 83.03184 19 Jobi hills-2 Gondwana Plain land 3 22.14861 83.03069 20 Jobi hills-3 Gondwana Plain land 22.15265 83.01496 21 Kaharchuan Gondwana Foot hill 1 22.2386 83.6443 22 Kophermar Gondwana Plain land 1 22.1673 83.0632 23 Kurekela Gondwana Plain land 1 22.2577 83.286 24 Puchhiapali Gondwana Plain land 1 22.103 83.0506

66 25 Ruwalipahar-1 Gondwana Foot hill 22.6977 83.12542 26 Ruwalipahar-2 Gondwana Foot hill 22.686 83.1268 4 27 Ruwalipahar-3 Gondwana Foot hill 22.6855 83.13218 28 Ruwalipahar-4 Gondwana Foot hill 22.67573 83.14057 29 Tolge Gondwana Foot hill 1 22.2446 83.598 30 Tudekela Gondwana Plain land 1 22.16404 83.11831 31 Belpeda-1 Crystalline Foot hill 22.58161 83.17866 2 32 Belpeda-2 Crystalline Foot hill 22.58345 83.17536 33 Boro Crystalline Plain land 1 22.56538 83.11477 34 Charmatola Crystalline Lineament 3 22.3803 83.6577 35 Charmura Crystalline Lineament 2 22.4083 83.5184 36 Ganderpani Crystalline Foot hill 1 22.72439 83.12832 37 Rajdha Crystalline Foot hill 1 22.56941 83.2021 38 Kurra Gondwana Foot hill 1 22.419 83.4653 39 Kupakani-1 Crystalline Lineament 22.3798 83.6457 40 Kupakani-2 Crystalline Lineament 3 22.3779 83.654 41 Kupakani-3 Crystalline Lineament 22.3799 83.6569 42 Nawapara Crystalline Lineament 1 22.39336 83.56837 43 Pitha Amma Crystalline Lineament 2 22.4191 83.6495

7.2 Springs in Gondwana rocks: Large number of springs of oozing water is found at a number of places in Gondwana terrain. These springs are mostly seasonal with low discharge. At places the water small spring pool locally called as “Kurumkela” and is used for drinking and irrigation purpose. The location of the springs may be seen in various geomorphic settings such as plain gently sloping ground, foot hills, escarpments etc. The temperature of the water is around 25°C and is potable. At times the water is with soluble Fe due to around the growth of iron reducing bacteria.

7.3 Springs in Crystalline rocks: Few isolated springs are seen in crystalline rocks mainly gneiss. Discharge is very low and is seasonal in nature. The temperature of the water is around 25°C and is potable. Mostly these are found in low lying plains or at the foot hill zones. The occurrences of springs lie along EW trending line on the northern boundary of district.

7.4 Some important springs:

1. Ramjharna : This spring is situated in Bhupdeopur village which is 15 km from Raigarh on Raigarh- Bilaspur road. The spring originates from foot hill (260-280 m amsl) of Chanderpur sandstone. The spring site was developed into as a tourist place by Forest department. The spring is collected as small pool of water and is made to flow through channels constructed along the hill slopes. The water is ultimately stored in a pond which is nearly 1 km away from its origin. It is used for irrigation and other domestic purposes by local people. The temperature of the water 26.5° C and is potable. The discharge of the spring varies from 3.5 to 5.5 lps (from pre-to post-monsoon). 2. Botalda: About 10 km from Kharsiya on Kharsiya-Bialspur road a group of springs are originating from the foot hill of Chanderpur sandstone (260-280 mamsl). These springs are developed by local Hanuman Mandir trust. The spring water temperature is around 27° and is potable. The cumulative discharge varies from 78.5 lpm in pre-monsoon to 175.6 lpm in post-monsoon. At its origin group of

67 temples were constructed and is a pilgrimage. Nearly at 500m downstream of the spring a collection pond was constructed and is being used for irrigation purpose. 3. Chhote Pandermura: The spring at Chhote Pandermura (Ramjharna) originates from an isolated hill of Chanderpur sandstone is approachable from Kharsiya Chhal road Edu. The village is on Edu- Barra road. The spring is originated from a height of 300 m amsl. The spring water temperature is around 25.5° and is potablein nature. The discharge varies from 26lpm (pre-monsoon) to 60 lpm (post-monsoon). 4. Basnajhar : Spring at Basnajhar originates from foot hill of Chanderpur sandstone and can be approachable from Kharsiya- Dabhra road. The spring water temperature is around 26° and is potable. The discharge is around 30 lpm. The spring water is collected in a small pond and is used for domestic purpose by the village. 5. Kukrijharia: Spring at Kukrijharia is the only thermal spring in the district. The temperature is around 35°C. The spring is originated from a fault line where Gondwana rocks overlie above basement crystalline. The spring can be approached form Kharsiya via Kharpali. The discharge is around 20 lpm. The spring is used for domestic purposes.

7.5 Management of spring water: i) Majority of the springs of the district are low in discharge and seasonal in nature. However, discharge upto 5 lps have been found in spring of Ramjharna (Bhupdeopur) Presently, the spring water is used for drinking and irrigation purposes and also for tourism. ii) Oozing seasonal springs are beyond the scope of economic management particularly in Gondwana rocks. Such springs are mainly used by one or two owner and are able to provide economic benefit of free irrigation in less than 1 acre of area in kharif and to some extent in rabi. Oozing of spring water along the low lying nala beds provide local moist condition for agriculture in many places. iii) However, spring with more than 1 lps discharge can be managed properly for better utilization and more efficiently putting proper channel for outlet. The origin point must be cleaned and permanent embankment must be constructed. Local people have made some arrangement for collecting the flowing water in the form of small pond. Few such ponds exist at Bhupdeopur, Botalda, Basnagharh, Kurrajhar, Garhkurri. iv) The Ramghara of Bhupdeopur is used as tourist place by forest department. Large number of people visit this place annually. The water is stored in a swimming pool for tourist which is later released for the village tank from where it is used for irrigation of nearly 100-150 acres of land. v) The potential occurrence of Chhote Pandermura Chanderpur sandstone spring is not being used optimally at present and may be harvested properly and can be used for irrigation of larger area. Its geographical location is such that it can even be developed for eco-tourism also. vi) Few of the spring points are developed as local place of pilgrim such as Botalda, Chhora, Bargarh. The annual fair at Bargarh and Botalda attract tourist/ visitors form near by areas. vii) To improve the discharge and sustainability of seasonal springs, rain water harvesting in suitable place can be beneficial.

68 Map-7.1: Map showing location of Springs in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh

69 CHAPTER-VIII

SUM UP

8.1 RECOMMENDATIONS :

1. The spacing criteria between bore wells particularly in Raigarh Formation covering deeper water level area of Baramkela- Pusaur- Raigarh - Kharsia blocks should be regulated to keep control on the depletion of Ground Water level. More number of purpose build piezometers is needed to monitor behaviour of the aquifer actually in use in the district.

2. The Groundwater potential of Barakar and Kamthi Formation of Ghargoda-Tamnar-Dharamjaigar blocks are presently underutilized. The potential aquifer existing between 200 and 350 m depth has not been tapped so far. Especially designed wells can produce sustainable discharge for irrigation from these zones for the entire cultivable land of these blocks.

3. As there is scope for development in the district, either 4863 nos. of irrigation tube wells or 8874 nos. of irrigation dug wells or combination of both tube wells and dug wells can be constructed in the district for more ground water development and to create more irrigation potential.

4. Conjunctive use of water resources like creation of more ponds may be given importance.

5. Due to large scale pumping from Raigarh Formation for irrigation, the water level in this formation goes deep in summer and the sustainability of shallow hand pumps are threatened. If the water of irrigation tanks or check dam in deeper water level area of Baramkela- Pusaur- Raigarh- Kharsia blocks can be used effectively for artificial recharge through gravity head recharge well, it can enhance the sustainability of hand pumps (the life line for rural drinking water) in the area. These tanks can provide additional water for delayed recharge to aquifer after monsoon.

6. In supply side management, 285 nos. of Percolation tank, 952 nos of Nalas bunding cement plug/ check dam, 2286 nos. of recharge shaft and 1703nos. of Gully plugs /Gabbion structures may be constructed throughout the district that can recharge 124. 45 mcm water to underground.

7. Similarly 4863 nos of irrigation tube wells or 8874 nos of irrigation dug wells or combination of these two may be constructed in the district that can likely to create an irrigation potential of 7099.8 ha for paddy, 15974.1 ha for wheat, Ground Nut, Sunflower and 21295.17 ha for Mustard & Pulses respectively.

8. The deeper auto-flow zone demarcated in Devgarh-Tamnar-Milupara area may provide energy free hot water of 40 to 50°C by construction of 350-500 m deep tube wells. This zone can be explored for a probable source of geothermal energy. The shallow auto-flow zone identified in Sithra- Khadgaon area and in Dumarpali can be used for obtaining energy free source of water for irrigation by construction of tube wells of 100- 250 m depth.

70 9. The large number of springs existing in the Gondwana rocks and in Chandrapur sandstone ridges in the district can be given more attention for their proper utilization and management as energy free source of water. The sustainability of seasonal springs can be enhanced by construction of rainwater harvesting structures around such springs.

10. It is recommended that rotary drilling with DTH rigs can improve the efficiency over gravel packed tube wells in these semi-consolidated formations.

11. With increasing dependency on hand pumps for drinking water, iron contamination in Ground Water has emerged as biggest problem in parts of Gondwana covered area of Gharghoda-Tamnar- Dharamjaigarh- Kharsiya- Lailunga blocks. Recent experiments has shown that passing the iron contaminated water through bentonite clay sorbed considerable amount of iron from water by isomorphous replacement in the crystal lattice and can provide iron free drinking water .This can be adopted in the district.

12. All the unused dug wells may be converted to recharge structures by filling suitable filter material (Layers of equal thicknesses of Sand at the bottom followed by Gravels and then by Pebbles). Presently these dug wells are acting as a source of pollution to ground water due to dumping of domestic waste.

13. The source of nitrate in ground water is mostly anthropogenic. Hence, dug wells in the affected areas are to be substituted by borewells or tubewells to avoid the phreatic aquifer.

14. Creation of Sewage Traetment Plant (STP) in urban areas and construction of soak pit in rural areas should be given due importance to prevent ground water contamination.

15. Reuse of GW in urban area may be encouraged in urban areas particularly in Raigarh town.

71 REFERENCES

 Aquifer systems of Chhattisgarh, Central Ground Water Board, Govt. of India, 2012  Agrawal AP. (1981) GSI Sp.Publicatios No.3, pp- 135-140  CGWB,(2011), Geophysical Report, North Central Chhatisgarh Region, CCGWB, Raipur  CGWB,(2018), Ground Water Year Book, Chhattisgarh-2017-18, CGWB, NCCR, Raipur  CGWB, (2018), State Chemical report ,Chhattisgarh-2017, CGWB, NCCR, Raipur  CGWB, (2018) Ground Water Exploration, Chhattisgarh-2017, CGWB, NCCR, Raipur  CGWB, (2019), Master Plan for Artificial Recharge in Chhattisgarh State.  Dinesh Tewari and Arunangshu Mukherjee (2005), Ground Water Resources and Development Potential of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh. SHS unpublished report of CGWB, NCCR, Raipur.  Dyanamic Ground water Resources of Chhattisgarh as on March 2013, North Central Chhatisgarh Region, CCGWB, Raipur.  Dyanamic Ground water Resources of Chhattisgarh as on March 2017, North Central Chhatisgarh Region, CCGWB, Raipur.  Hydrogeology of Chhatisgarh, 2014, State report, North Central Chhatisgarh Region, CCGWB, Raipur  Karanth K.R. (1987) Ground water assessment development and management, the Tata Mc.Grow-hill publication, New Delhi  Water Quality assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purpose, Priyanka Tiwari, Indian J.Sci.Res. 13 (2):140-142, 2017.  District Statistical Book (Raigarh)-2017, Government of Chhattisgarh.

72 ANNEXURE-I: Exploration details in Raigarh district

SL. BLOCK LOCATION TYPE LAT LONG DEPTH CASING FORMATION ZONE ENCOUNTERED YIELD DRAW TRANSM STORATI NO (lps) DOWN ISSIVITY VITY (m) IN m²/sec 1 Dharamjaigarh Amapali EW 22.375 83.225 278.8 265 Barakar 63-78,84-89,102-124,130- 4.93 21.86 97.87 0.000786 139,142-145,151-175,177- 182,188-194,197-213,216- 224,242-262 2 Dharamjaigarh Behramar EW 22.2708 83.1083 300.5 235 Barkar Fm 71-83,88-94,100-114,14-153,160- 6.3 172,180-189,193-197,202- 206,208-232 3 Dharamjaigarh Bojiya EW 22.1294 83.1628 318 75 Barkar Fm 35-43,54-72 1 4 Dharamjaigarh Hati EW 22.3 83.0978 305.2 283 Barkar Fm 175-190.5,219-225.5,252- 3.47 28.21 15.686 260.5,274.5-280 5 Dharamjaigarh Kudekala EW 22.2083 83.1069 293.3 138 Barkar Fm 47-67,72-75,94-102,124-135 6.3 6 Dharamjaigarh Sithra EW 22.3542 83.1208 302.4 213 Barakar Fm 63-90,95-107,112-130,160- 6.3 169,171-177,183-210 7 Dharamjaigarh Baiyamura EW 22.2617 83.1033 201 Baraker Fm 8 Dharamjaigarh Kherpali EW 22.1 83.13 201 Baraker Fm 9 Dharamjaigarh Bakaruma EW 22.5122 83.4247 171 6 Biotite gneiss 28-29,114-115 1 10 Dharamjaigarh Rairuma EW 22.5172 83.3978 185 14 Biotite gneiss 89-92 1 11 Dharamjaigarh Tejpur EW 22.4817 83.3814 74 12 Biotite gneiss 50-51,71-74 1 12 Dharamjaigarh Lipti EW 22.6467 83.3967 140 12 Biotite gneiss 15-17 0.5 13 Dharamjaigarh Thakurpondi EW 22.6006 83.3983 185 20.5 Biotite gneiss 14-17,131-134 1 14 Dharamjaigarh Kapu EW 22.6697 83.3344 176 20.5 Biotite gneiss 22-26 3 15 Dharamjaigarh Sonpur EW 22.6006 83.3983 177 15 Granite gneiss 0 16 Dharamjaigarh Vijaynagar EW 22.7014 83.3567 164 17 Granulite 17-22 1 17 Dharamjaigarh Alola EW 22.6786 83.3592 177 14.5 Granite gneiss 14-18 1 18 Dharamjaigarh Shishringa EW 22.4589 83.3061 176 15 Granite gneiss 53-59 1 19 Dharamjaigarh Khadgoan EW 22.3797 83.1131 201 201 Barakar Sandstone 15 3.17 31.37 2.27 20 Dharamjaigarh Sahpur EW 22.4772 83.1819 201 201 Barakar Sandstone 88.2 2.5 16.4 1.95 21 Dharamjaigarh Duliamuda EW 22.4153 83.1375 106.5 106.5 Barakar Sandstone 66.8- 1.25 33.9 1.35

73 SL. BLOCK LOCATION TYPE LAT LONG DEPTH CASING FORMATION ZONE ENCOUNTERED YIELD DRAW TRANSM STORATI NO (lps) DOWN ISSIVITY VITY (m) IN m²/sec 22 Dharamjaigarh Barpali EW 22.4044 83.0714 201 201 Barakar Sandstone 57.7 4.5 20.75 4.25 23 Dharamjaigarh Boro EW 22.56 83.11 199.5 17.05 Barakar sandstone 4 24 Dharamjaigarh Karigadai EW 22.51 83.1419 141.5 141.51 Barakar Sandstone 27.21 25 Dharamjaigarh Amapali OW 22.375 83.225 270 265 Barakar 63-78,84-89,102-124, 130- 4.66 33.15 0.000786 139,142-148,151-175, 177- 182,188-194, 197-213,216- 244,247-262 26 Dharamjaigarh Hati OW 22.3 83.0978 87 Barkar Fm 66-83 1.77 27 Dharamjaigarh Kudekela OW 22.2083 83.1069 275 271 Barkar Fm 49-67,72-75,95-100,113-116,128- 10.5 134,143-147, 193-199,215- 220,227-233, 242-246,256-258 28 Dharamjaigarh Kudekela OW 22.2083 83.1069 275 271 Barkar Fm 49-67,72-75,95-100,113-116,128- 6.3 134,143-147, 193-199,215- 220,227-233, 242-246,256-258 29 Dharamjaigarh Sahpur OW 22.4772 83.1819 201 201 Barakar Sandstone 63.8 1.37 28.37 30 Dharamjaigarh Sahpur OW 22.4772 83.1819 155.2 155.2 Barakar Sandstone 79-88 0.7

31 Dharamjaigarh Bojia OW 22.1294 83.1628 20.65 Barkar Fm 32 Dharamjaigarh Kapu OW 22.6697 83.3344 123.00 Biotite gneiss 33 Dharamjaigarh Boro OW 22.56 83.11 107.68 Barakar sandstone

34 Dharamjaigarh Boro OW 22.56 83.11 54.34 Barakar sandstone 35 Dharamjaigarh Amagaon EW 22.4088 83.21937 135 135 Barakar Sandstone 2.3 29.72 5.41 36 Dharamjaigarh Boro OW 22.56 83.11 46.72 Barakar sandstone 37 Gharghoda Bayasi EW 22.2208 83.4 300.8 294 Barakar 75-95,116-122,131-137, 149- 7.89 25.73 28.36 157,183-189,192-198,204- 208,215-221, 228-234,238- 252,272-282, 286-292 38 Gharghoda Kudumkela EW 22.2722 83.2708 304.7 302 Barakar Fm 65-79,100-108,135-149, 163- 7.89 30.09 27.7 179,198-212,267-277, 281-300 39 Gharghoda Dumarpali EW 22.2897 83.2828 350 326 Barkar Fm 273-280,285-323 3.53 4.16

74 SL. BLOCK LOCATION TYPE LAT LONG DEPTH CASING FORMATION ZONE ENCOUNTERED YIELD DRAW TRANSM STORATI NO (lps) DOWN ISSIVITY VITY (m) IN m²/sec 40 Gharghoda Gharghoda EW 22.1708 83.3542 300.5 282 Barkar Fm 93-95,98-101,139-141, 152- 6.3 155,181-201,203-213, 226- 254,259-264, 266-268,276-279 41 Gharghoda Kotrimar EW 22.2208 83.4 300 292 Barkar Fm 63-75,94-100,120-135, 140- 7.89 19.6 142.75 0.049 147,150-156,217-229, 285-290 42 Gharghoda Phaguram EW 22.2361 83.325 350.9 245 Barakar Fm 110-117,124-150,160-167,200- 5.93 32.69 223,238.5-241.40 43 Gharghoda Phuthamara EW 22.3528 83.4528 205 103 Barakar Fm 40-48,55-70,80-100 3.88 12.74 29.21

44 Gharghoda Samaruma EW 22.0833 83.3417 223.9 208 Barakar Fm 66-81,126-138,157-163, 184-205 7.76 9.4 45 Gharghoda Bhendra EW 22.1506 83.3336 201.7 24.8 Siltstone 61.40-64.50 1 25.45 1.625 46 Gharghoda TUPAKDHAR EW 22.244 83.38 159.3 12.5 Barakar sandstone 1.2 47 Gharghoda Tendanawap EW 22.1417 83.2458 291.6 180 0.0-200. Kamthi Fm 200.- 65-90,93-115,145-153.159-165, 5.5 23.12 51.975 0.00055 ara 291.58 Barakar 168-177 48 Gharghoda Kotrimar OW 22.2208 83.4 299.2 298 Barkar Fm 61-66,69-78,120-123, 126- 138,147-153,183-186, 263-272, 277.5-283.5,291.5-296 49 Gharghoda Phaguram OW 22.2361 83.325 250.9 211 Barakar Fm 85-88,109-115,150-158, 200-206 4.43 15.92 50 Gharghoda Samaruma OW 22.0833 83.3417 201.5 198 Barakar Fm 177-195 0.38 39.6 51 Gharghoda Baroud EW 22.28718 83.34218 147 147 Barakar Fm 102-113, 3.5 26.82 52 Gharghoda Tendanawap OW 22.1417 83.2458 187 Kamthi Fm 65.0-90,93.0-11, 145-153, 159- 3.16 10.64 ara 165, 168-177 53 Tamnar Gare EW 22.1333 83.4889 352.9 346 Barkar Fm 141-150,177-183,186-192,195- 9.46 27.67 54.23 0.0172 204, 222.-228, 236-242,255- 275,290-305 , 311-322,334-343 54 Tamnar Gerwani EW 21.9958 83.3958 300.2 261 0-93.1 Kamthi Fm 93.1- 70-82,99-108,114-126, 139- 7.89 27.2 47.98 0.00044 300.15 Barakar 142,160-166,177-184,187- 190,203-209, 219-222,227- 236,242-244, 248-251,255-258 55 Tamnar Hamirpur EW 22.0375 83.525 301.5 113 0-22.11 Kamthi Fm 22.11- 87-90,92-110 2.11 31.13 3.47 301.10 Barakar Fm 56 Tamnar Tamnar EW 22.0883 83.4347 305.3 303 Barakar Fm 153-159,162.5-168.5, 190.5- 9.25 208.5,264-276, 279-285,288-300 57 Tamnar Taraimal EW 22.0292 83.375 300.8 196 Barakar Fm 64-72,92-113,132-138, 172-193 6 15.75

75 SL. BLOCK LOCATION TYPE LAT LONG DEPTH CASING FORMATION ZONE ENCOUNTERED YIELD DRAW TRANSM STORATI NO (lps) DOWN ISSIVITY VITY (m) IN m²/sec 58 Tamnar Deogarh EW 22.1286 83.3944 204 177 Baraker Fm 61-64,82-84,94-99,111-115,12- 1.33 126,132-147,154-158,160-174 59 Tamnar Gorhi EW 22.0778 83.4292 Baraker Fm 60 Tamnar Milupara EW 22.1883 83.5222 200.4 163 Baraker Fm 144-160 1.5 61 Tamnar Dhaurabhata EW 22.095 83.5236 200 90 Baraker Fm 45-85 1 16.1 62 Tamnar Gare OW 22.1333 83.4889 349 335 Barkar Fm 170-182,193-199,205-220,233- 6.32 239,244-250, 258-270,290- 305,310-322 ,326-332 63 Tamnar Gerwani OW 21.9958 83.3958 263.4 261 0.0-92.19 Kamthi Fm 70-82,100-109,120-126, 139- 5.84 92.19-263.4 Barakar 142,163-166,175-184,187- 190,206-210, 219-222,230- 236,241-244, 249-252,255-258 64 Tamnar Tamnar OW 22.0883 83.4347 400.3 354 Barakar Fm 114-126,147-270,331-351 65 Tamnar Milupara OW 22.1883 83.5222 201.1 164 Baraker Fm 106-116,144-161 1 66 Kharsia Kapharmar EW 22.1797 83.0547 119 Baraker Fm 2.88 16.2 14 67 Kharsia Nandgaon EW 22.1106 83.0672 128 Baraker Fm 68 Kharsia Chaple EW 21.9833 83.2 114 26.9 Raigarh Fm.-limestone 26-29, 92-93 1.5 2.28 69 Kharsia Ranisagar EW 21.9917 83.1944 117 17.5 GR,CRY 11--14, 17-20,21-24,28-29 7.13 4.26 70 Kharsia Fulbandha EW 21.9264 83.1806 185 20.85 Raigarh Fm.-Shale & Lst 31-34 5.75 3.47 71 Kharsia Tieur EW 22.0125 83.0333 201 12.5 Raigarh Fm. 23-26,89-92 2 34.81 16 72 Kharsia Badgad EW 22.0607 83.0392 200 13.7 Massive shale 49.5-52.5 1.4 73 Kharsia Faraknara EW 22.0941 83.0668 202 34.9 Coal seam 137.9-141.00 1.4 74 Kharsia Domnara EW 22.081 83.096 202 12 Fractured Granite Gneiss Dry 0 75 Kharsia Deradih EW 22.0821 83.0944 202 17.5 Massive Sanstone 2.2 24.68 76 Kharsia Tumidih EW 22.0814 83.0953 202 Silt stone with Calcareous 97-98.3 1.4 41.3 shale 77 Kharsia Khamar EW 22.1227 83.0173 202 28.5 Sandstone 25.1-46.4, 128.8-159.3 4.54 78 Kharsia Chitakathara EW 22.1136 83.0685 200 Wethered shale & Granite 0 79 Kharsia Dehjari EW (ADP) 22.04167 83.131944 109.3 18.3 Granite, gneiss 19.3 0.8 26.36 80 Kharsia Palgada EW (ADP) 22.0625 83.025 28 21.15 Raigarh shale 22 2 2.54

76 SL. BLOCK LOCATION TYPE LAT LONG DEPTH CASING FORMATION ZONE ENCOUNTERED YIELD DRAW TRANSM STORATI NO (lps) DOWN ISSIVITY VITY (m) IN m²/sec 81 Kharsia Kunkuni EW (ADP) 22.01667 83.183333 151 18.3 Chandrapur sandstone Seepage seep - age 82 Kharsia Botalda EW (ADP) 22.04306 83.094444 82.8 9.7 Raigarh shale 21-0-22.0 7.13 16.62 83 Kharsia Halaholi EW (ADP) 21.97083 83.044444 101.2 12.2 Raigarh shale 50.0- 60.0- 68.5 8 lps 10.38 84 Kharsia Khamar OW 22.1226 83.0174 141 26.8 Sandstone 122.7-125.7 2.21 85 Lailunga Chaurenga EW 22.4647 83.4672 24.00 Granite gneiss 86 Lailunga Jhagarpur EW (ADP) 22.34722 83.541667 101 12.2 Granite gneiss 16,22 0.2 - 87 Lailunga Rajpur EW (ADP) 22.44167 83.491667 92 22.9 Granite gneiss 17,23 0.5 12.28 88 Lailunga Dhorabija EW (ADP) 22.35833 83.659722 90 12.2 Granite gneiss 14 Negli - gible 89 Lailunga Chrirenga OW 22.4647 83.4672 24.00 Granite gneiss 90 Pusaur Chikhli EW 21.7736 83.3194 68 18.2 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 28-30, 65-68 8.68 12.22 91 Pusaur Chhichoruma EW 21.7356 83.3517 130 Raigarh Fm. 32-32.5,75-75.5,99-99.5 7 17.34 46 ria 92 Pusaur Rengalpali EW 21.76 83.45 105 32.5 Raigarh Fm. 32-32.5,99-99.5 9 19.95 11.8 93 Pusaur Kondatarai EW 21.8278 83.3583 123 14.5 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 60,90,117 3.5 5.66 15.8 0.00178 94 Pusaur Pusaur EW 21.7514 83.3958 91.5 18.5 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 28-29, 56,59,90-91.5 6 24.47 32.71 - - 95 Pusaur Aurda EW 21.8056 83.3583 72 20.5 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 22-23,44-47,51-54,69-71 22.4 3.41 4.43 - - 96 Pussore Podigaon EW 21.7047 83.3896 202 12 Fractured Dark colour 73.9-76.9, 101.3-104.4, 131.3- 7 7.1 claystone mix with 134.9 97 Pussore Umaria EW 21.7302 83.3469 202 12 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 43.4-46.4, 70.8-73.9, 83.00-86.1, 6 168.4-170.6 98 Pussore Barbhavna EW 21.7943 83.3136 28.71 6 Gunderdih shale 99 Pussore Nandgaon EW 21.79 83.3136 202 13.5 Gunderdih shale 1 100 Pussore Raibar EW 21.77 83.31 202 12.1 Gunderdih shale 0.5 101 Pussore Tetla EW 21.8 83.33 202 12 Gunderdih shale 3 102 Pussore Basanpali EW 21.79 83.41 202 35.5 Gunderdih shale 5 103 Passaur Tilgi EW (ADP) 21.75833 83.308333 101.5 22 Fracture and Shaly L.St. 26, 82,90 15 6.81 104 Passaur Tadola EW (ADP) 21.79167 83.711111 115 18.3 Shale 26, 82 10 7.7

77 SL. BLOCK LOCATION TYPE LAT LONG DEPTH CASING FORMATION ZONE ENCOUNTERED YIELD DRAW TRANSM STORATI NO (lps) DOWN ISSIVITY VITY (m) IN m²/sec 105 Passaur Pedigaon EW (ADP) 21.68056 83.383333 115 13.75 Shale 32, 82 5 16.83 106 Passaur Bhatanpail EW (ADP) 21.8 83.429167 113.5 18.1 Shale 32, 49, 57 11.5 13.5 107 Pusaur Chhichoruma OWI 21.7356 83.3517 136 12.5 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 41-41.5,111-111.5 5.6 ria 108 Pusaur Chhichoruma OWII 21.7356 83.3517 50 12 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 32.-32.5 1.5 ria 109 Pussore Podigaon OW 21.7035 83.3896 141 12 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 40.3-43.4, 98.3-101.13, 113.5- 10 116.6 110 Pussore Umaria OW 21.7302 83.3469 165 6 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 89.1-92.2, 153.2-156.2 10 111 Pusaur Kondatarai OW 21.8278 83.3583 122.00 Raigarh Fm.-Shale 112 Raigarh Bangursian EW 21.9792 83.4694 301.3 224 0-233.05 Kamthi Fm 71-98,101-110,120-142,169- 7.89 22.05 56.7 233.05-301.3 Barakar Fm 187,190-196,200-221 113 Raigarh Loing EW (ADP) 21.85833 83.486111 45.67 29.9 Granite gneiss 1 - 114 Raigarh Nandeli EW (ADP) 21.88333 83.248611 101 6.1 Shale with L. St. 25, 30 12 5 115 Raigarh Kusmura EW (ADP) 21.875 83.316667 134 12.2 Shale with L. St. 57-69, 82-92, 105-115, 119-133 3 17.73 116 Raigarh Kerajhar EW (ADP) 21.09583 83.3 115 6.1 Raigarh shale 36.8- 38.0, 43.30- 43.50 8 13.64 117 Raigarh Gejamunda EW (ADP) 21.91667 83.316667 81.88 6.1 Raigarh shale 36.1- 67.5-67.90 17 3.995 118 Sarangarh Lendhra EW 21.6461 83.0403 200 16.6 Raigarh Fm. 21-21.5 1.5 20.7 4 119 Sarangarh Resada EW 21.6167 83.0247 21 18.5 Raigarh Fm. 8--9,170-171 3.5 34.42 120 Sarangarh Kudri EW 21.6167 83.0247 175 11.2 Raigarh Fm. 8--9,170-171 3.5 34.42 4 121 Sarangarh Reda EW 21.6231 83.1014 201 6.5 Raigarh Fm-.Shale & 23-25,78-81,176-179 1 limestone 122 Sarangarh Rainisagar EW 21.59 83.0736 120 18.5 Raigarh Fm-.Shale, 14-18.5 0.5 limestone & chandrapur sandstone 123 Sarangarh Bharwan EW 21.6833 83.1197 171 9.5 Raigarh Fm-.Shale & 9-9.5,72-75 0.5 limestone 124 Sarangarh Ulkhar EW 21.6606 83.0789 200 6 Raigarh Fm-.Shale & lst 32-35 0.5 125 Sarangarh Temer Lagga EW 21.69583 83.208333 102 6.1 chandrapur sandstone 60.9 1 30.78 126 Sarangarh Dansara EW 21.5833 83.125 154 6 Raigarh Fm. 23-23.5,32-32.5 1.5 37.15 2.3

78 SL. BLOCK LOCATION TYPE LAT LONG DEPTH CASING FORMATION ZONE ENCOUNTERED YIELD DRAW TRANSM STORATI NO (lps) DOWN ISSIVITY VITY (m) IN m²/sec 127 Sarangarh Bataupali EW(ADP) 21.54167 83.125 124.2 12.2 Contact of chandrapur 36.50,55.80, 82, 110 0.85 32.32 sandstone & granite 128 Sarangarh Kutela EW(ADP) 21.59583 83.066667 116.5 12.2 Sand stone 116 12.5 8.42 129 Sarangarh Temer Lagga EW(ADP) 21.69583 83.208333 102 6.1 chandrapur sandstone 60.9 1 30.78 130 Sarangarh Kudri OW OW 21.6167 83.0247 190 16.4 Gunderdih Shale 8--9,170-171 2 35.7 131 Sarangarh Lendhra OW 21.6461 83.0403 201 6.6 Gunderdih Shale 26-27,110-111,170-171 2 44.2 3 132 Baramkela Kandurpali EW 21.5389 83.2867 200 6.5 Gunderdih Shale 26-29,99-102 0.5 133 Baramkala Baramkela EW(ADP) 21.525 83.258333 92 28.55 Gunderdih Shale 18.4 -28, 46-50, 55-60 19.5 7.55 134 Baramkala Gobar singa EW(ADP) 21.61667 83.266667 87.4 21.5 Gunderdih Shale 21-23, 34.8-36.8, 38-39, 85-87 16.8 9.9 135 Baramkala Serla EW(ADP) 21.64167 83.356944 53.2 30.56 Gunderdih Shale 27.5, 33-34,46-48,53-55 19 2.3 136 Baramkala Bonda EW 21.65445 83.3 35 26.8 Raigarh limestone 1

79 ANNEXURE-II: Static Ground Water level details in Raigarh district

S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 1 Dharamjaigarh Amapali 83.2342 22.3706 DW 9 6.55 2.45 2 Dharamjaigarh Bakaruma 83.4361 22.5125 DW 11 8.95 2.05 3 Dharamjaigarh Bojia 83.1627 22.1283 DW 7.2 4.3 2.9 4 Dharamjaigarh Boro 83.1119 22.5633 DW 11.1 8.9 2.2 5 Dharamjaigarh Chhal 83.12085 22.1234 DW 4.15 2.3 1.85 6 Dharamjaigarh Choranga 83.46297 22.46646 DW 10.5 8.5 2 7 Dharamjaigarh Derpani 83.2869 22.6442 DW 3.8 2.3 1.5 8 Dharamjaigarh Dharmajaigarh 83.2125 22.4639 DW 8.8 4.94 3.87 9 Dharamjaigarh Edu 83.1269 22.0756 DW 7.8 5.9 1.9 10 Dharamjaigarh Gersa 83.2347 22.3431 DW 6.4 6.1 0.3 11 Dharamjaigarh Golabuda 83.4042 22.6306 DW 9.9 8.9 1 12 Dharamjaigarh Kandadand 83.195 22.5367 DW 9 4 5

13 Dharamjaigarh Kapu 83.3375 22.6708 DW 7.9 5.9 2 14 Dharamjaigarh Katangdih 83.27985 22.15508 DW 8.55 7.25 1.3 15 Dharamjaigarh Khadgaon 83.1167 22.3792 DW 13.4 12.3 1.1 16 Dharamjaigarh Khamhar 83.2517 22.5797 DW 8.1 6 2.1 17 Dharamjaigarh Lipti 83.3797 22.6508 DW 6.85 4.9 1.95 18 Dharamjaigarh Sirsinga 83.3069 22.4556 DW 7.8 6 1.8 19 Dharamjaigarh Deormal 83.2028 22.134 DW 6.7 3.42 3.28 20 Dharamjaigarh Kansabahar 83.1339 22.1509 DW 4.6 2.6 2 21 Dharamjaigarh Sarasmar 83.1259 22.1542 DW 9.2 4.1 5.1 22 Dharamjaigarh Maharajganj 83.0512 22.2462 DW 6.7 3.55 3.15

23 Dharamjaigarh Tumkure 83.1361 22.1993 DW 8.5 3.95 4.55 24 Dharamjaigarh Banhar 83.1632 22.2047 DW 9.2 3.84 5.36 25 Dharamjaigarh Chutkimar 83.1559 22.1798 DW 9.9 4.2 5.7 26 Dharamjaigarh Auranar 83.1628 22.1594 DW 8.6 6.2 2.4

80 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 27 Dharamjaigarh Singhijhap 83.1841 22.1526 DW 8.1 5.2 2.9 28 Dharamjaigarh Hati 83.0924 22.3022 DW 9.1 6.12 2.98 29 Dharamjaigarh Purunga 83.1439 22.2963 DW 7 2.07 4.93 30 Dharamjaigarh Sithra 83.1058 22.3381 DW 8.3 3.7 4.6 31 Dharamjaigarh Duliamuda 83.1393 22.4152 DW 13.8 11.55 2.25 32 Dharamjaigarh Bijapara 83.1782 22.4294 DW 13.6 10.95 2.65 33 Dharamjaigarh Bayasi 83.1728 22.4371 DW 12.6 10.85 1.75 34 Dharamjaigarh Taraimar 83.1813 22.451 DW 6 5.1 0.9 35 Dharamjaigarh Durgapur 83.1565 22.4715 DW 8.3 6.8 1.5 36 Dharamjaigarh Amagaon 83.2112 22.396 DW 5.9 4.75 1.15 37 Dharamjaigarh Nawagaon 83.2039 22.3647 DW 7.35 5.7 1.65 38 Dharamjaigarh Deridih 83.2314 22.4185 DW 6.4 5.57 0.83 39 Dharamjaigarh Tendumar 83.2245 22.4328 DW 6.2 3.35 2.85 40 Dharamjaigarh Munund 83.0934 22.2435 DW 7.9 2.85 5.05 41 Dharamjaigarh Behramar 83.1123 22.2609 DW 5.1 3.5 1.6 42 Dharamjaigarh Bansajhar 83.1363 22.2363 DW 5.9 4.8 1.1 43 Dharamjaigarh Kudekela 83.1048 22.2029 DW 6.3 4.7 1.6 44 Dharamjaigarh Pandrimahua 83.1446 22.4934 DW 4.5 2.1 2.4 45 Dharamjaigarh Ududa 83.1268 22.4965 DW 8.8 7.2 1.6 46 Dharamjaigarh Bartapali 83.1864 22.3411 DW 10.3 3.25 7.05 47 Dharamjaigarh Lakshmipur 83.2153 22.5108 DW 9.25 7.4 1.85 48 Dharamjaigarh Amelipur(amt) 83.1912 22.5023 DW 6.9 4.35 2.55 49 Dharamjaigarh Chunkunidand 83.2005 22.5227 DW 10.1 8.8 1.3 50 Dharamjaigarh Chandidand 83.1885 22.5181 DW 10.2 8.24 1.96 51 Dharamjaigarh Dadardand 83.1815 22.5051 DW 9.3 7.4 1.9 52 Dharamjaigarh Jamargi 83.1938 22.5487 DW 6.15 5.55 0.6 53 Dharamjaigarh Jabga 83.1542 22.5338 DW 4.1 3.9 0.2 54 Dharamjaigarh Korigarhi 83.1451 22.513 DW 9.7 8.3 1.4

81 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 55 Dharamjaigarh Koradih 83.1377 22.5139 DW 9.75 4.3 5.45 56 Dharamjaigarh Sangra 83.119 22.5827 DW 5.25 1.4 3.85 57 Ghorghoda Amlidih 83.3327 22.1126 DW 7.3 7 0.3 58 Ghorghoda Bhalumar 83.3447 22.1194 DW 6.6 4.2 2.4 59 Ghorghoda Bhangari 83.2508 22.1328 DW 10.1 6.8 3.3 60 Ghorghoda Chimtapani 83.4167 22.2722 DW 12.35 7.8 4.55 61 Ghorghoda Kotrimal 83.39781 22.23154 DW 5.85 4.5 1.35 62 Ghorghoda Kurmibhuna 83.3665 22.28 DW 8.2 5 3.2 63 Ghorghoda Samarumi 83.3458 22.0842 DW 7 5.3 1.7 64 Ghorghoda Nawadih 83.3 22.32556 DW 3.95 2.9 1.05 65 Ghorghoda Pusalda 83.30472 22.30444 DW 9.8 4.9 4.9 66 Ghorghoda Pusalda 83.30417 22.30167 DW 10.1 5.15 4.95 67 Ghorghoda Dumarpali 83.27917 22.28972 DW 6.5 4.8 1.7 68 Ghorghoda Chimtapani 83.42056 22.27444 DW 13.1 7.5 5.6 69 Ghorghoda Phuthamuda 83.42889 22.2975 DW 6.1 3.7 2.4 70 Ghorghoda Phuthamuda 83.43028 22.29694 DW 6.3 3.9 2.4 71 Ghorghoda Kusumghat 83.27472 22.29972 DW 9.7 5.25 4.45

72 Ghorghoda Harradih 83.29322 22.04737 DW 9.8 7.98 1.82 73 Ghorghoda Gadgaon 83.28126 22.04753 DW 4.15 3.48 0.67 74 Ghorghoda Rabo 83.26369 22.06475 DW 6.18 4.39 1.79 75 Ghorghoda Dokrabura 83.28005 22.07569 DW 7.1 5.17 1.93 76 Ghorghoda Chharratangar 83.29758 22.09024 DW 6.6 5.83 0.77 77 Ghorghoda Pandripani 83.30554 22.12875 DW 5.7 5.04 0.66 78 Ghorghoda Kharamura 83.32752 22.15019 DW 7.8 5.91 1.89 79 Ghorghoda Bade Gumda 83.30056 22.17327 DW 8.15 7.08 1.07 80 Ghorghoda Chhote Gumda 83.28942 22.1769 DW 6.6 6.1 0.5 81 Ghorghoda Katandih 83.27892 22.15051 DW 8.8 6.78 2.02 82 Ghorghoda Bilaskhar 83.25096 22.09261 DW 10.7 8.69 2.01 83 Ghorghoda Daharidih 83.25165 22.07786 DW 5.4 4.69 0.71

82 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 84 Ghorghoda Tumidih 83.32981 22.06962 DW 5.9 4.18 1.72 85 Ghorghoda Bhalumar 83.34384 22.11964 DW 6.15 3.67 2.48 86 Ghorghoda Barpali 83.35861 22.14886 DW 7.5 5.36 2.14 87 Ghorghoda Chhota Nawapara 83.35484 22.1605 DW 4.65 3.46 1.19 88 Ghorghoda Jhariapali 83.37115 22.15195 DW 3.4 2.24 1.16 89 Ghorghoda Kanchanpur 83.33253 22.19692 DW 7.1 4.21 2.89 90 Ghorghoda Bahirkela 83.29822 22.1974 DW 7.15 4.8 2.35 91 Ghorghoda Malidih 83.28884 22.21076 DW 6.8 4.3 2.5 92 Ghorghoda Dhangrapara 83.28654 22.21836 DW 5.4 4.08 1.32 93 Ghorghoda Gharghori 83.29077 22.22391 DW 7.9 6.61 1.29 94 Ghorghoda Beldipa 83.29794 22.23249 DW 6.2 4.73 1.47 95 Ghorghoda Boronakunda 83.27187 22.20803 DW 8.4 6.78 1.62 96 Ghorghoda Nawagarh 83.27216 22.18863 DW 7.1 6.12 0.98 97 Ghorghoda Chaldonia 83.35276 22.11299 DW 4.9 4.27 0.63 98 Ghorghoda Karuwahi 83.49174 22.16625 DW 6.8 4.13 2.67 99 Ghorghoda Dholnara 83.46724 22.17442 DW 5 4.4 0.6 100 Ghorghoda Rodhopali 83.44695 22.16397 DW 6.5 2.4 4.1 101 Ghorghoda Chirimura (Hirapur) 83.42882 22.17884 DW 8.6 6.08 2.52 102 Ghorghoda Kerakhol 83.41772 22.19762 DW 7.5 5.62 1.88 103 Ghorghoda Kolam 83.43211 22.16799 DW 5.9 4.75 1.15 104 Ghorghoda Mauhapali 83.41663 22.13759 DW 5.7 4.55 1.15 105 Ghorghoda Dolesara 83.43361 22.14439 DW 7.6 4.22 3.38 106 Ghorghoda Devgarh (Chidarpara) 83.39647 22.13126 DW 7 5.81 1.19 107 Ghorghoda Patrapali 83.39651 22.1516 DW 6.15 3.4 2.75 108 Ghorghoda Rengal Behari 83.38203 22.1683 DW 5.9 5.12 0.78 109 Ghorghoda Barkaspali 83.4092 22.16065 DW 6.8 6.14 0.66

110 Ghorghoda Banai 83.39659 22.18051 DW 4.7 3.36 1.34 111 Ghorghoda Charbhata 83.37243 22.18448 DW 4.8 1.92 2.88 112 Ghorghoda Gharghoda 83.35191 22.17556 DW 6.5 6.49 0.01

83 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 113 Ghorghoda Auraimuda 83.38142 22.20284 DW 5.1 3.18 1.92

114 Ghorghoda Kotrimal 83.39781 22.23154 DW 6 4.49 1.51 115 Ghorghoda Raikera 83.4208 22.22956 DW 8.9 6.77 2.13 116 Ghorghoda Naya Rampur 83.46964 22.23097 DW 4.3 3.06 1.24

117 Ghorghoda Bichhnara 83.46522 22.24657 DW 4.8 4.36 0.44 118 Ghorghoda Tilaipali 83.48186 22.2415 DW 5.6 2.78 2.82 119 Ghorghoda Teram 83.34444 22.22289 DW 7.7 4.33 3.37 120 Ghorghoda Rumkera 83.35411 22.2381 DW 6.15 4.4 1.75 121 Ghorghoda Patrapali 83.34524 22.24491 DW 8.8 5.89 2.91 122 Ghorghoda Phaguram 83.32028 22.23845 DW 8.9 4.18 4.72 123 Ghorghoda Karichhapar 83.31451 22.23192 DW 10.4 7.52 2.88 124 Tamnar Auraimura 83.3811 22.20222 DW 4.8 4.25 0.55 125 Tamnar Barkaspali 83.4097 22.15911 DW 8 2.98 5.02

126 Tamnar Devgarh 83.39631 22.131672 DW 7.25 5 2.25 127 Tamnar Gare 83.48895 22.13577 DW 5.5 4.7 0.8 128 Tamnar Koknara 83.3694 22.2056 DW 4.95 3.8 1.15 129 Tamnar Milupara 83.5199 22.1872 DW 11.2 10.5 0.7 130 Tamnar Saraipali 83.31444 22.26167 DW 10.5 6.4 4.1 131 Tamnar Jaradih 83.5475 22.2 DW 5.6 1.8 3.8 132 Tamnar Hinjhar 83.54944 22.20944 DW 15.6 13 2.6 133 Tamnar Urba 83.53472 22.21917 DW 5.2 3.7 1.5 134 Tamnar Pelma 83.51389 22.23056 DW 3.8 2.4 1.4 135 Tamnar Dhaurabhata 83.54083 22.09444 DW 3.3 2.3 1 136 Tamnar Bijna 83.555 22.06639 DW 3 2.9 0.1 137 Tamnar Karrapali 83.57306 22.06028 HP 5.5 2 3.5 138 Tamnar Gourmuri 83.33092 22.0185 DW 9.17 7.3 1.87 139 Tamnar Barpali 83.29987 22.03091 HP 5.57 3.67 1.9 140 Tamnar Gerwani 83.37733 21.9985 DW 10.37 6.78 3.59

84 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 141 Tamnar Taraimal 83.37549 22.02794 DW 7.83 4.73 3.1 142 Tamnar Parkipahri (Gudguda) 83.36123 22.08039 DW 3.85 2.92 0.93

143 Tamnar Jhingolpara 83.38124 22.08061 DW 6.9 5.62 1.28 144 Tamnar Amaghat 83.40826 22.08449 DW 9.42 7.52 1.9 145 Tamnar Kachkoba 83.39408 22.10897 HP 8.42 5.92 2.5 146 Tamnar Gohri 83.42577 22.07773 HP 9.92 5.3 4.62 147 Tamnar Kasdol (Kasinagar) 83.42756 22.07141 DW 8.89 5.64 3.25 148 Tamnar Tomnar 83.4427 22.09215 DW 12.42 8.44 3.98 149 Tamnar Devgaon 83.45908 22.06444 DW 13.62 6.29 7.33 150 Tamnar Kunjemura 83.46659 22.13034 DW 6.85 5.54 1.31 151 Tamnar Saraitola 83.48091 22.15182 DW 3.96 3.27 0.69 152 Tamnar Mudagaon 83.46817 22.15062 DW 5.32 4.5 0.82 153 Tamnar Pata 83.46103 22.13887 HP 9.22 6.16 3.06 154 Tamnar Gare 83.48895 22.13577 HP 7.86 6.38 1.48 155 Kharsia Farkanara 83.1064 22.0175 DW 9.85 6.6 3.25 156 Kharsia Kharsia-s 83.098611 21.988889 PZ 7.62 5.24 2.38 157 Kharsia Barra 83.048028 22.127889 DW 7.8 0.72 7.08 158 Kharsia Pathrapali 83.062667 22.053694 DW 7.24 2.13 5.11 159 Kharsia Ulda 83.053833 22.056944 HP 7.06 3.24 3.82 160 Kharsia Masania Kalan 83.004861 22.071333 HP 7.46 7.46 161 Kharsia Sajapali 82.99825 22.09 DW 8.29 2.07 6.22 162 Kharsia Kothi Kunda 83.018194 22.098028 HP 9.29 2.62 6.67 163 Kharsia Khamhar 83.015333 22.119222 DW 5.46 1.31 4.15 164 Kharsia Khadgaon 82.993056 22.128222 DW 7.85 1.52 6.33 165 Kharsia Khadgaon 82.992889 22.12825 HP 8.22 1.6 6.62 166 Kharsia Bhagodih 83.064 21.995 DW 2.26 0.63 1.63 167 Kharsia Turekela 83.051 22.005 HP 15.94 0.7 15.24 168 Kharsia Tieur (Dharsa Para) 83.035 22.015 DW 7.9 0.5 7.4

85 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 169 Kharsia Sarwani 83.039 22.036 HP 14.3 1.55 12.75 170 Kharsia Jobi 83.041 22.151 DW 10.16 2.28 7.88 171 Kharsia Koru 83.074 22.152 HP 9.67 4.3 5.37 172 Kharsia Nangoi 83.081 22.13 DW 8.55 2.5 6.05 173 Kharsia Nandgaon 83.092 22.112 HP 9.25 4.85 4.4 174 Kharsia Pharkanara 83.069 22.095 DW 10.15 1.65 8.5

175 Kharsia Barbhauna 83.149 22.071 HP 5.46 3.68 1.78 176 Kharsia Binjkoth 83.204 22.023 HP 11.67 4.45 7.22 177 Kharsia Bhupdeopur (TilaiPali) 83.252 21.974 HP 29.01 0.69 28.32 178 Kharsia Jai-muda 83.225 21.942 DW 7.45 3.2 4.25 179 Kharsia Basnajhar 83.16 21.94 HP 4.55 1.1 3.45 180 Kharsia Jharidih 83.047 21.991 HP 22.8 3.33 19.47 181 Kharsia Karsia (Madhanpur) 83.113 22.007 HP 26.94 2.71 24.23 182 Lailunga Jegarpur 83.5388 22.3481 DW 10.5 8.5 2 183 Lailunga Lailunga 83.5833 22.3833 DW 9.7 7.73 1.97 184 Lailunga Bagudega (Shivaar Para) 83.4516 22.4996 DW 9 4.05 4.95

185 Lailunga Choranga 83.4736 22.4574 HP 7.89 1.25 6.64 186 Lailunga Rajpur 83.4884 22.4403 DW 7.26 1.25 6.01 187 Lailunga Moodagaon 83.5187 22.4945 DW 7.9 3.35 4.55 188 Lailunga Gudu Bahal 83.5667 22.5178 HP 10.29 5.98 4.31 189 Lailunga Sardega 83.5544 22.4533 HP 6.08 4.08 2 190 Lailunga Kamhar 83.553 22.4158 DW 9.25 1.18 8.07 191 Lailunga Potra 83.5953 22.4277 DW 5.4 2.34 3.06 192 Lailunga Hirapur 83.5041 22.4319 HP 22.55 12.19 10.36 193 Lailunga Phaghat - Lureg 83.5285 22.3956 DW 12.9 9.25 3.65 194 Lailunga Lailunga 83.5818 22.3913 DW 9.3 3.05 6.25 195 Lailunga Tolge 83.5871 22.2438 DW 5.88 0.9 4.98 196 Lailunga Tatkela 83.575 22.2966 HP 17.26 1.75 15.51 197 Lailunga Kesala 83.5822 22.316 HP 6.82 1.15 5.67 198 Lailunga Laripani 83.4683 22.3369 HP 13.55 5.4 8.15 199 Lailunga Phulikuda 83.4443 22.3334 DW 4.55 0.64 3.91

86 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 200 Lailunga Phulikuda 83.4443 22.3334 HP 18.45 7.62 10.83 201 Lailunga Amapali 83.4827 22.3722 HP 7.66 4.09 3.57 202 Lailunga Gamekala 83.6085 22.3595 DW 8.57 2.57 6 203 Lailunga Jatra 83.6086 22.3377 HP 19.28 9.32 9.96 204 Lailunga Lohrapani (Poyil Para) 83.6709 22.3669 DW 4.35 1.74 2.61 205 Lailunga Katakilya 83.6368 22.3313 DW 3.03 0.43 2.6 206 Lailunga Narayanpur (Mukya Basti) 83.6467 22.2609 HP 8.58 5.2 3.38 207 Lailunga Karadega 83.7122 22.267 HP 5.05 2.35 2.7 208 Lailunga Tolma 83.7689 22.2946 HP 12 4.64 7.36 209 Lailunga Mukdega 83.6767 22.3389 DW 8.1 2.85 5.25 210 Pusaur Aurda 83.38838 21.81203 DW 5.85 2.85 3 211 Pusaur Bonda 83.3042 21.7194 DW 3 1.42 1.58 212 Pusaur Surajgarh 83.3853 21.6925 DW 8.8 6 2.8 213 Pusaur Tadola 83.3806 21.7958 DW 4 3 1 214 Pusaur Tetla 83.3292 21.7917 DW 2.6 1.9 0.7 215 Pusaur Baghadola(Maldipa) 83.398 21.759 DW 2.2 0.3 1.9 216 Pusaur Loharsingha 83.343 21.828 DW 2.3 0.3 2 217 Pusaur Teka 83.271 21.846 DW 4.57 0.82 3.75 218 Pusaur Tadola 83.3806 21.7958 DW 3.3 2.3 1 219 Pusaur Tetla 83.3292 21.7917 DW 2.01 0.01 2 220 Pusaur Jharmunda 83.366 21.802 HP 31.4 18.8 12.6 221 Pusaur Kusmunda 83.396 21.774 HP 32.6 15.92 16.68 222 Pusaur Ghutkupali 83.432 21.774 HP 24 20.52 3.48 223 Pusaur Riyapali 83.43 21.782 HP 21 10.39 10.61 224 Pusaur Pusaur 83.391 21.753 HP 20.8 12.93 7.87 225 Pusaur Odekera 83.402 21.74 HP 23.7 19.66 4.04 226 Pusaur Garh umaria 83.401 21.849 HP 7 6.4 0.6 227 Pusaur Darramuda 83.423 21.838 HP 6.53 5.3 1.23 228 Pusaur Jhalmala(Dipapara) 83.43 21.803 HP 21 7.82 13.18 229 Pusaur Tarapur 83.268 21.858 HP 14.3 12 2.3 230 Pusaur Loharsingha 83.343 21.828 HP 30.4 22.7 7.7 231 Pusaur Kensara 83.294 21.79 HP 30.2 14.63 15.57 232 Raigarh Chiraipani 83.367222 21.976944 DW 9.9 7.3 2.6

87 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 233 Raigarh jamgaon(Basti) 83.5732 21.8885 DW 6.4 3 3.4 234 Raigarh Kerajhar 83.3042 21.9611 DW 5.85 4.55 1.3 235 Raigarh Kotarliya 83.4611 21.8903 DW 5.35 3 2.35 236 Raigarh Chiraipani 83.339 21.94 DW 6.9 2.7 4.2 237 Raigarh Sambalpuri 83.454 21.937 DW 3.9 2.2 1.7 238 Raigarh Bangrusian 83.471 21.977 DW 7 3.65 3.35 239 Raigarh Kerajhar 83.3042 21.9611 DW 4.25 3.1 1.15 240 Raigarh Lakha 83.3847 21.965 DW 5.17 3.85 1.32 241 Raigarh Raigarh 83.39722 21.89167 DW 8.3 3.15 5.15 242 Raigarh Jorapali 83.35 21.889 DW 4.35 3 1.35 243 Raigarh Jorapali 83.35 21.889 HP 16.5 16.1 0.4 244 Raigarh Kotra 83.309 21.871 HP 22.2 14.6 7.6 245 Raigarh Balamgoda 83.291 21.877 HP 28.15 9.3 18.85 246 Raigarh Biang 83.223 21.912 HP 16.1 8.8 7.3 247 Raigarh Parsada 83.321 21.955 HP 15.7 9.35 6.35 248 Raigarh Chiraipani 83.339 21.94 HP 13.1 5.6 7.5 249 Raigarh Sambalpuri 83.454 21.937 HP 8.2 4.8 3.4 250 Raigarh Bhupdeopur 83.25248 21.97274 HP 11.75 6.2 5.55 251 Raigarh Raigarh 83.39722 21.89167 HP 18.4 15.3 3.1 252 Sarangarh Bataupali 83.1344 21.5356 DW 3.3 2.9 0.4 253 Sarangarh Chhind 83.0033 21.5958 DW 5.15 3.5 1.65 254 Sarangarh Hirri 83.111 21.643 DW 8 5.5 2.5 255 Sarangarh Kargipali (Kargidipa) 83.097 21.436 DW 6.9 4.63 2.27 256 Sarangarh Kedar 82.971858 21.567419 DW 4.55 3.2 1.35 257 Sarangarh Pindri 83.14147 21.681256 DW 5.6 2.1 3.5 258 Sarangarh Reda 83.097 21.6241 DW 5.65 3.7 1.95 259 Sarangarh Kushal Nagar(Sarangarh) 83.08001 21.59737 DW 5.65 3.4 2.25 260 Sarangarh Kudhri 83.022 21.596 DW 4.8 2 2.8

88 S.No Block Village Long Lat Source Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Fluctation SWL (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) (m) 261 Sarangarh Bataupali 83.1344 21.5356 DW 3.4 3.1 0.3 262 Sarangarh Damdarha 83.1167 21.4542 DW 9.1 8.3 0.8 263 Sarangarh Hirri 83.111 21.643 DW 8.94 3.2 5.74 264 Sarangarh Kanakbirra 83.122 21.4603 DW 10.3 8.6 1.7 265 Sarangarh Malda(B) 83.1956 21.5589 DW 8.42 5.5 2.92 266 Sarangarh Pindri 83.1578 21.6639 DW 3.34 1.5 1.84 267 Sarangarh Dansara 83.125 21.582 HP 13 3.7 9.3 268 Sarangarh Kudhri 83.022 21.596 HP 5.7 3.9 1.8 269 Sarangarh Kedar 82.98 21.57 HP 3.23 2.5 0.73 270 Baramkela Baramkela 83.2625 21.525 DW 9 2.9 6.1 271 Baramkela Malda (B) 83.1956 21.5589 DW 9.95 4 5.95 272 Baramkela Kapartunga 83.225 21.508 DW 6.7 4.5 2.2

273 Baramkela Budeli 83.194 21.55 DW 6.6 3.1 3.5 274 Baramkela Sanda 83.298 21.573 DW 4.7 4.4 0.3 275 Baramkela Panchdhar 83.349 21.643 DW 6.65 4.7 1.95 276 Baramkela Saria 83.3595 21.63896 DW 5.9 2.8 3.1 277 Baramkela Paraskhol 83.264 21.532 HP 18.55 10.3 8.25 278 Baramkela Sanda HP 83.298 21.573 HP 22.5 18.5 4 279 Baramkela Barpali 83.346 21.615 HP 20.1 19.5 0.6 280 Baramkela Kandola BW 83.296 21.648 HP 25.5 10.75 14.75

89 ANNEXURE-III (A): Chemical Quality details of Shallow aquifer in Raigarh district

S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 1 Katangdih Dharamjaigarh 6.8 75.6 126 0 43 35.25 21 0 3.1 8 6 2.7 8.2 45 0.15 5.1 2 Barpali Dharamjaigarh 6.5 89.4 149 0 55 45.08 14 0.1 4.2 14 7.2 3.4 4 65 0.13 9.6 3 Gersa Dharamjaigarh 6.9 252.6 421 0 128 104.92 36 0.1 14.4 50 0 11.1 34.5 125 0.13 7.4 4 Amapali Dharamjaigarh 6.8 60 100 0 49 40.16 11 0.1 1.6 12 3.6 3.4 0.5 45 0.26 10.8 5 Bartapali Dharamjaigarh 6.7 78.6 131 0 55 45.08 14 0 1.6 10 7.2 2.4 5.5 55 0.11 9.6 6 Amagaon Dharamjaigarh 6.9 129 215 0 43 35.25 25 0 5.3 14 8.4 5.5 0.2 70 0.14 4 7 Baroud Gharghoda 7.3 262.8 438 0 207 169.67 25 0.4 11.8 38 15.6 19.9 7.8 160 0.14 6.6 8 Bojia Dharamjaigarh 6.8 218.4 364 0 73 59.84 67 0.1 2 30 13.2 14.1 1.5 130 0.11 17.3 9 Auranar Dharamjaigarh 6.9 24 40 0 18 14.75 7 0 1.4 6 2.4 0.8 0.2 25 0.15 5.5 10 Khedapali Dharamjaigarh 6.8 66 110 0 31 25.41 18 0 1.3 10 2.4 4.7 6.4 35 0.07 11 11 Edu Dharamjaigarh 7.1 160.8 268 0 159 130.33 14 0.3 1.4 26 14.4 3.7 8.7 125 0.15 4.9 12 Nawapara Dharamjaigarh 7.5 254.4 424 0 256 209.84 14 0.4 10.8 36 22.8 14.6 4.5 185 0.11 5.9 13 Chhal Dharamjaigarh 7.5 306.6 511 0 281 230.33 25 0.3 5.7 40 25.2 14.1 9.6 205 0.13 5.2 14 Golabuda Dharamjaigarh 6.7 94.2 157 0 79 64.75 11 0.8 0.9 12 9.6 10.5 2.2 70 0.09 22.4 15 Lipti Dharamjaigarh 6.8 97.8 163 0 85 69.67 11 1.9 4.3 14 3.6 17.5 0.5 50 0.09 24.1 16 Kapu Dharamjaigarh 7.1 195.6 326 0 128 104.92 32 0.2 0.9 32 10.8 14.5 1.9 125 0.16 20.7 17 Derpani Dharamjaigarh 7.3 289.2 482 0 189 154.92 46 0.6 24 50 15.6 23 1.7 190 0.16 16.7 18 Khamhar Dharamjaigarh 7.2 236.4 394 0 177 145.08 32 0.6 4.4 42 4.8 30.7 0.4 125 0.14 14.1 19 Kandadand Dharamjaigarh 7.2 166.2 277 0 165 135.25 11 0.6 4.3 20 10.8 22.6 5 95 0.14 4.2 20 Lakshmipur Dharamjaigarh 7.2 358.2 597 0 287 235.25 32 0.5 20.2 36 22.8 55.5 2 185 0.14 19.4 21 Bansjour Dharamjaigarh 7.1 250.2 417 0 207 169.67 25 0.4 9.5 34 9.6 35.4 1.5 125 0.15 21.5 22 Dharamjaigarh Dharamjaigarh 7.2 297.6 496 0 122 100.00 71 0.1 19.2 34 16.8 36.7 8 155 0.15 9.8 23 Bakaruma Dharamjaigarh 7.3 522.6 871 0 177 145.08 124 0.1 50.7 106 21.6 25.6 1.6 355 0.4 18.8 24 Charkhapara Dharamjaigarh 7.3 285 475 0 165 135.25 57 0.3 20.6 48 13.2 24.8 0.9 175 0.12 28.8 25 Karramara Dharamjaigarh 7.4 207 345 0 226 185.25 11 0.3 1.1 52 8.4 14.6 0.8 165 0.07 17.3 26 Sirsinga Dharamjaigarh 7.2 609.6 1016 0 165 135.25 188 0.2 27.1 92 38.4 33.3 11.5 390 0.14 5.9 27 Ongana Dharamjaigarh 7.1 214.8 358 0 116 95.08 36 0.1 9.1 26 12 9 27 115 0.14 9.3

90 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 28 Tendumar Dharamjaigarh 7.2 82.8 138 0 37 30.33 18 0 0.9 8 6 4.6 6.8 45 0.16 11.4 29 Shahpur Dharamjaigarh 6.9 118.8 198 0 61 50.00 18 0 0.9 12 8.4 5 9.4 65 0.15 8.8 30 Durgapur Dharamjaigarh 7.2 56.4 94 0 31 25.41 14 0 0.9 8 3.6 3 5.6 35 0.15 9.8 31 Karigashi Dharamjaigarh 7.3 544.8 908 0 92 75.41 138 1 145 46 14.4 107.5 1.6 175 0.14 6 32 Jabga Dharamjaigarh 7.2 111.6 186 0 79 64.75 18 0.1 2.3 18 8.4 3.3 8.5 80 0.15 9.4 33 Boro Dharamjaigarh 7.2 271.8 453 0 128 104.92 57 0 13.5 28 15.6 16.3 34.5 135 0.14 6 34 Pordahi Dharamjaigarh 7.4 253.2 422 0 220 180.33 25 0.3 8.6 48 10.8 20.9 3.3 165 0.14 7.3 35 Taraimar Dharamjaigarh 7.2 103.2 172 0 110 90.16 7 0.3 0.9 22 7.2 1.4 4.5 85 0.17 10.7 36 Bayasi Dharamjaigarh 7 131.4 219 0 73 59.84 28 0.1 4.6 16 10.8 8.7 5.4 85 0.15 8.9 37 Duliamuda Dharamjaigarh 7.4 51 85 0 31 25.41 11 0 0.9 6 3.6 1 6.3 30 0.14 11.7 38 Khadgaon Dharamjaigarh 7.5 250.8 418 0 214 175.41 21 0.4 6.5 34 13.2 13.1 30 140 0.14 6 39 Hati Dharamjaigarh 6.8 51 85 0 31 25.41 14 0.1 0.9 6 4.8 2.2 6.8 35 0.15 13.1 40 Munund Dharamjaigarh 6.9 67.2 112 0 43 35.25 18 0.1 1.5 10 6 6.5 3.1 50 0.14 6.1 41 Kurekela Dharamjaigarh 7.2 164.4 274 0 153 125.41 14 0.2 6.3 24 12 11.7 6.4 110 0.09 9.7 42 Gharghoda Gharghoda 7.1 776.4 1294 0 238 195.08 156 0.2 76 98 32.4 79 33.5 380 0.12 5.5 43 Bhengari Gharghoda 7 112.2 187 0 49 40.16 21 0 3.4 14 6 9.6 7.4 60 0.14 4.1 44 Bhalumar Gharghoda 7.1 119.4 199 0 73 59.84 21 0.1 7.8 14 7.2 8.1 10.9 65 0.14 10.5 45 Amlidih Gharghoda 7 236.4 394 0 98 80.33 50 0.1 18.1 28 12 22.8 10.7 120 0.14 4.2 46 Samarumi Gharghoda 7 31.2 52 0 24 19.67 11 0 1.6 6 3.6 1.1 0.7 30 0.1 2.4 47 Teram Gharghoda 6.9 228.6 381 0 201 164.75 14 0.3 8.3 38 12 11.5 5.7 145 0.11 6.6 48 Porda Gharghoda 7.2 216 360 0 207 169.67 18 0.8 9.7 26 16.8 19.4 10.3 135 0.13 4.8 49 Kurmibhuna Gharghoda 7.1 87 145 0 67 54.92 11 0.3 2 12 7.2 2.2 2.2 60 0.12 5.3 50 Dumarpali Gharghoda 6.7 44.4 74 0 37 30.33 7 0.1 2.4 10 2.4 2 1.9 35 0.15 12.5 51 Baroud Gharghoda 7.3 262.8 438 0 207 169.67 25 0.4 11.8 38 15.6 19.9 7.8 160 0.14 6.6 52 Kotrimal Gharghoda 7.4 223.2 372 0 183 150.00 21 0.6 11.1 30 18 9.4 9.3 150 0.12 6 53 Chimtapani Gharghoda 7.2 130.8 218 0 110 90.16 14 0.2 3.3 6 19.2 5.6 2.3 95 0.15 6.8 54 Harradih Gharghoda 7.9 620.8 970 0 244 200.00 67 0.1 47 66 7 20 134 195 137 55 Gadgaon Gharghoda 7.6 124.8 195 0 61 50.00 18 0 7 14 8 9 10 70 22 56 Rabo Gharghoda 7.5 56.96 89 0 18 14.75 18 0 1 6 2 7 8 25 13 57 Dokrabura Gharghoda 7.4 135.04 211 0 37 30.33 18 0.1 7 10 6 7 26 50 37

91 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 58 Chharratangar Gharghoda 7.9 513.92 803 0 287 235.25 67 0.2 4 76 8 21 85 225 22 59 Amladih Gharghoda 7.2 145.92 228 0 49 40.16 18 0 21 16 4 11 24 55 25 60 Pandripani Gharghoda 7.5 142.08 222 0 49 40.16 32 0 2 8 12 9 17 70 26 61 Kharamura Gharghoda 7.6 105.6 165 0 79 64.75 21 0 4 20 4 8 10 65 4 62 Bade Gumda Gharghoda 7.7 97.28 152 0 43 35.25 28 0 1 14 5 9 4 55 5 63 Chhote Gumda Gharghoda 7.8 153.6 240 0 79 64.75 28 0.2 6 12 5 13 36 50 5 64 Katandih Gharghoda 7.5 21.12 33 0 12 9.84 7 0 0 4 1 3 1 15 3 65 Bhengari Gharghoda 6.9 182.4 285 0 6 4.92 43 0 0 14 10 19 8 75 70 66 Bilaskhar Gharghoda 6.8 25.6 40 0 12 9.84 4 0 1 4 1 2 1 15 7 67 Daharidih Gharghoda 7.7 153.6 240 0 67 54.92 25 0 6 14 7 20 13 65 24 68 Tumidih Gharghoda 7.7 40.96 64 0 18 14.75 11 0 1 8 1 5 3 25 7 69 Samaruma Gharghoda 7.5 206.72 323 0 49 40.16 36 0.1 13 10 14 30 7 85 55 70 Bhalumar Gharghoda 7.4 95.36 149 0 49 40.16 18 0.1 4 12 5 8 11 50 8 71 Barpali Gharghoda 7.9 239.36 374 0 201 164.75 21 0.7 0 28 16 10 27 135 2 72 Chhota Nawapara Gharghoda 7.9 470.4 735 0 159 130.33 85 0.2 31 42 13 54 50 160 80 73 Jhariapali Gharghoda 7.9 417.92 653 0 250 204.92 67 0.7 15 26 25 43 39 170 6 74 Kanchanpur Gharghoda 7.4 272.64 426 0 31 25.41 82 0 3 32 8 21 29 115 45 75 Bahirkela Gharghoda 7.8 958.72 1498 0 171 140.16 312 0.9 54 74 68 74 26 470 60 76 Malidih Gharghoda 8.2 289.92 453 0 201 164.75 36 0.8 15 40 18 23 6 175 5 77 Dhangrapara Gharghoda 8 62.08 97 0 18 14.75 14 0 0 6 5 5 7 35 20 78 Gharghori Gharghoda 7.7 412.16 644 0 146 119.67 28 0.2 23 52 13 23 38 185 95 79 Beldipa Gharghoda 8 280.32 438 0 238 195.08 32 1.2 10 30 14 42 2 135 0 80 Boronakunda Gharghoda 8.1 154.24 241 0 92 75.41 25 0.1 9 22 8 7 9 90 4 81 Nawagarh Gharghoda 7.7 151.04 236 0 67 54.92 25 0 12 14 7 12 15 65 19 82 Chhaldonia Gharghoda 8.2 492.8 770 0 220 180.33 64 0.2 42 26 14 25 107 125 42 83 Karuwahi Gharghoda 8.1 154.88 242 0 73 59.84 36 0.3 2 16 8 16 8 75 11 84 Kerakhol Gharghoda 7.6 330.88 517 0 98 80.33 89 0 11 22 11 54 19 100 23 85 Kolam Gharghoda 8.2 446.72 698 0 250 204.92 64 0.7 33 34 40 17 31 250 25 86 Dolesara Gharghoda 8 199.68 312 0 134 109.84 25 0.3 11 32 6 12 23 105 6

92 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 87 Devgarh Gharghoda 7.7 237.44 371 0 55 45.08 71 0.1 5 22 13 27 4 110 25 88 Patrapali Gharghoda 8.1 689.28 1077 0 195 159.84 146 0.7 38 62 38 59 21 315 87 89 Rengal Behari Gharghoda 8.1 307.84 481 0 195 159.84 50 0.4 0 24 18 22 26 135 2 90 Barkaspali Gharghoda 8.1 277.12 433 0 226 185.25 28 0.8 0 26 14 18 31 125 2 91 Banai Gharghoda 8 569.6 890 0 214 175.41 78 0.9 49 26 32 57 45 200 31 92 Charbhanta Gharghoda 8.3 561.92 878 12 153 145.41 185 1.4 35 22 42 75 6 230 7 93 Ghorghora Gharghoda 7.9 482.56 754 0 165 135.25 96 0.4 31 36 22 45 34 180 46 94 Kognara Gharghoda 8.1 229.76 359 0 226 185.25 14 1 1 18 32 4 4 180 1 95 Auraimuda Gharghoda 7 92.8 145 0 18 14.75 36 0.1 0 8 7 7 4 50 2 96 Kotrimal Gharghoda 8.3 372.48 582 6 128 114.92 78 0.2 29 36 20 24 23 175 31 97 Raikera Gharghoda 7.6 163.84 256 0 85 69.67 36 0.2 7 20 12 12 6 100 10 98 Nayarampur Gharghoda 8.3 511.36 799 9 165 150.25 96 0.6 40 42 25 37 36 210 54 99 Bichhnara Gharghoda 7.8 289.92 453 0 116 95.08 53 0.5 21 26 16 23 30 130 33 100 Tilaipali Gharghoda 7.8 275.84 431 0 104 85.25 57 0.3 17 22 7 30 26 85 19 101 Teram Gharghoda 7.9 261.76 409 0 159 130.33 21 0.5 32 32 11 21 9 125 2 102 Rumkera Gharghoda 7.9 326.4 510 0 122 100.00 57 0.2 19 32 14 19 39 140 51 103 Patrapali (II) Gharghoda 8.3 497.28 777 6 153 135.41 107 0.4 37 36 19 68 15 170 16 104 Phaguram Gharghoda 8.3 511.36 799 12 140 134.75 124 0.7 42 26 31 65 11 195 17 105 Karichhapar Gharghoda 8 244.48 382 0 159 130.33 14 1 17 38 5 15 35 115 28 106 Nawadih Gharghoda 7.5 87.04 136 0 0.00 7 0.3 0 14 4 6 4 50 3 107 Pusalda Gharghoda 7.5 163.84 256 0 0.00 36 0.2 11 14 11 10 15 80 21 108 Pusalda Gharghoda 7.5 101.12 158 0 0.00 18 0.2 11 12 12 10 15 80 21 109 Dumarpali Gharghoda 7.1 48.64 76 0 37 30.33 18 0.1 0 8 1 8 5 25 4 110 Chimtapani Gharghoda 7.6 198.4 310 0 110 90.16 36 0.2 13 34 6 9 14 110 30 111 Chimtapani Gharghoda 7.5 80 125 0 0.00 7 0.2 1 14 5 2 6 55 0 112 Phuthamuda Gharghoda 7.5 218.88 342 0 0.00 46 0.1 24 20 10 16 29 90 16 113 Phuthamuda Gharghoda 7.5 216.96 339 0 0.00 43 0.1 24 22 8 15 29 90 16 114 Kusumghat Gharghoda 8 544 850 0 0.00 78 0.4 91 68 34 45 19 310 3 115 Gourmuri Tamnar 7.8 628.48 982 0 98 80.33 131 0 60 50 17 40 95 195 143 116 Saraipali (II) Tamnar 7.2 351.36 549 0 18 14.75 75 0 9 6 20 31 47 100 115 117 Barpali Tamnar 7.4 42.88 67 0 12 9.84 7 0.1 1 6 4 2 5 30 20 118 Gerwani Tamnar 8 280.32 438 0 146 119.67 39 0.1 20 30 10 22 36 115 32 119 Taraimal Tamnar 8.2 305.28 477 0 146 119.67 67 0 20 30 6 57 7 100 22

93 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 120 Parkipahri Tamnar 7.8 37.76 59 0 18 14.75 11 0 2 6 2 4 3 25 7 121 Jhingolpara Tamnar 7.8 226.56 354 0 73 59.84 60 0 6 18 16 15 10 110 19 122 Amaghat Tamnar 7.5 133.12 208 0 31 25.41 25 0 4 10 7 7 19 55 40 123 Kachkoba Tamnar 7.8 586.24 916 0 195 159.84 99 0.1 40 52 26 28 75 240 102 124 Gorhi Tamnar 7.9 305.92 478 0 104 85.25 67 0.1 8 24 12 34 21 110 40 125 Kasdol Tamnar 7.8 173.44 271 0 79 64.75 21 0 1 26 10 13 6 105 38 126 Tamnar Tamnar 7.9 326.4 510 0 165 135.25 50 0.1 26 46 11 28 6 160 22 127 Devgaon Tamnar 7.7 1075.2 1680 0 195 159.84 327 0.7 70 86 62 105 45 475 132 128 Parigon Tamnar 7.9 116.48 182 0 61 50.00 14 0.1 11 14 6 8 12 60 7 129 Kunjemara Tamnar 7.5 120.32 188 0 43 35.25 28 0.1 1 10 5 13 13 45 24 130 Saraitola Tamnar 8.2 329.6 515 0 250 204.92 36 0.7 11 26 17 42 31 135 3 131 Gare Tamnar 7.9 355.2 555 0 146 119.67 60 0.4 29 26 16 33 44 130 34 132 Saraipali Tamnar 7.8 182.4 285 0 0.00 36 0.1 11 6 20 16 8 100 15 133 Milupara Tamnar 7.7 80.64 126 0 49 40.16 11 0.1 0 14 9.2 4.1 2 60 6 134 Milupara Tamnar 7.9 209.92 328 0 85 69.67 43 0.1 0 36 36.9 21.1 1 110 4.8 135 Jaradih Tamnar 7.9 142.08 222 0 79 64.75 28 0.3 9 22 1.3 8.6 9.2 85 7.2 136 Hinjhar Tamnar 7.9 0 0 110 90.16 11 0.3 11 18 0.8 8.6 12.6 80 8.4 137 Urba Tamnar 8.2 453.76 709 0 299 245.08 50 0.3 30 42 5.9 21.5 90 185 19.2 138 Urba Tamnar 8 186.88 292 0 140 114.75 14 0.2 16 22 0 11.8 22.6 85 7.2 139 Pelma Tamnar 8.2 376.96 589 0 146 119.67 89 0.1 34 42 10.5 45.7 11.2 175 16.8 140 Dhaurabhata Tamnar 7.9 172.16 269 0 98 80.33 28 0.3 14 26 0.3 13.8 6.5 95 7.2 141 Bijna Tamnar 8.1 684.16 1069 0 409 335.25 103 1.4 56 86 11.6 45.3 17.9 415 48 142 Karrapali Tamnar 8.4 345.6 540 15 220 205.33 50 0.7 0 46 0.6 15.5 28.3 205 21.6 143 Taraimal Tamnar 6.6 117 195 0 43 35.25 28 0.1 10.6 12 8.4 13.4 2.8 65 0.14 3.2 144 Amaghat Tamnar 6.9 117.6 196 0 43 35.25 25 0.1 7.7 12 9.6 4.9 10 70 0.11 7.8 145 Godhi Tamnar 7.3 522 870 0 244 200.00 163 0.1 8.9 56 33.6 37 55.1 280 0.14 3.1 146 Tamnar Tamnar 7.1 189 315 0 122 100.00 39 0.1 7.2 30 9.6 14.9 3.8 115 0.13 12.5 147 Daurabhata Tamnar 7.2 201 335 0 134 109.84 32 0.2 10 24 10.8 15.2 8.7 105 0.12 7.5 148 Gare Tamnar 7.3 176.4 294 0 146 119.67 21 0.9 2.9 22 12 12.2 9.3 105 0.11 6.9 149 Milupara Tamnar 7.1 192 320 0 159 130.33 28 0.2 8.9 16 14.4 15.4 24 100 0.18 6.4 150 Barkaspali Tamnar 7.2 312 520 0 281 230.33 28 0.4 2 32 24 21.4 22 180 0.15 4.4 151 Devgarh Tamnar 6.9 265.8 443 0 85 69.67 85 0.1 9.8 26 15.6 29.4 4 130 0.14 10.7 152 Koknara Tamnar 7.5 283.8 473 0 287 235.25 14 0.5 13.8 36 25.2 19.3 3.4 195 0.11 4.7 153 Arimura Tamnar 6.9 84 140 0 49 40.16 18 0.1 3.4 12 4.8 4.1 4.7 50 0.08 11.2 154 Barra Karsia 7.23 124 188 0 67.1 55.00 21.3 0.01 1.22 14 7.2 7.4 5.3 65 0.07 9.06 155 Bothlda Karsia 6.73 25 30 0 12.2 10.00 3.55 0.00 1.04 2 1.2 3.2 0.2 10 0.05 5.36 156 Pathrapali Karsia 7.4 143 216 0 128.1 105.00 10.65 0.57 1.78 22 10.8 5.7 1.9 100 0.05 7.03

94 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 157 Masania Kalan Karsia 6.8 62 94 0 12.2 10.00 17.75 0.06 0.94 6 2.4 7.6 0.2 25 0.06 5.21 158 Sajapali Karsia 7.65 255 418 0 213.5 175.00 21.3 0.23 4.19 50 12 11.5 0.3 175 0.21 35.42 159 Khamhar Karsia 7.5 203 313 0 109.8 90.00 31.95 0.00 6.50 24 7.2 21.1 7.8 90 0.13 9.27 160 Khadgoan Karsia 7.4 414 634 0 176.9 145.00 63.9 0.07 17.70 44 10.8 54.5 1.8 155 0.18 35.00 161 Turekela Karsia 7.67 305 462 0 176.9 145.00 42.6 0.20 6.69 22 14.4 49.5 0.8 115 0.05 7.34 162 Sarwani Karsia 7.12 108 365 0 134.2 110.00 42.6 0.24 5.94 38 10.8 7 8.7 140 0.05 9.11 163 Kapharmar Karsia 7.4 995 1514 0 378.2 310.00 134.9 0.03 22.32 76 37.2 104.6 8.19 345 0.11 11.56 164 Nangoi Karsia 7.68 606 919 0 274.5 225.00 127.8 0.06 17.06 40 25.2 36.2 140 205 0.05 5.63 165 Pharkanara Karsia 7.69 277 324 0 103.7 85.00 49.7 0.01 6.69 24 8.4 18.9 26.2 95 0.06 7.55 166 Barbhauna Karsia 7.55 297 448 0 128.1 105.00 74.55 0.03 25.57 52 18 4.83 0.8 205 0.05 8.70 167 Binjkoth Karsia 7.52 214 622 0 213.5 175.00 42.6 0.12 26.88 54 14.4 34.8 0.5 195 0.06 12.08 168 Bhupdeopur Karsia 7.24 407 1514 0 274.5 225.00 120.7 0.09 122.88 94 37.2 87.5 2.73 390 0.11 10.42 (Talaipali) 169 Jaimura Karsia 7.47 993 1504 0 274.5 225.00 113.6 0.22 204.00 190 26.4 88 14 585 0.05 11.20 170 Basnajhar Karsia 7.45 43 66 0 18.3 15.00 7.1 0.07 7.98 6 2.4 2.5 0.5 25 0.06 1.82 171 Kodha Bhatta Karsia 7.66 211 319 0 109.8 90.00 28.4 0.33 19.93 36 10.8 10.4 0.3 135 0.06 9.58 (Gidha) 172 Jharidih Karsia 7.68 681 1032 0 250.1 205.00 110.05 0.18 61.44 56 63.6 59.1 2.1 405 0.10 8.13 173 Karsiaa Karsia 7.59 329 499 0 103.7 85.00 81.65 0.13 39.65 38 14.4 38.2 0.4 155 0.09 5.68 (MADHANPUR 174 Chaple Kharsia 7.5 493.8 823 0 268 219.67 124 0.2 15.7 46 21.6 87.4 1 205 0.12 12 175 Domnara Kharsia 7.2 219 365 0 207 169.67 21 0.2 8.6 38 13.2 19.5 0.6 150 0.09 19.1 176 Farkanara Kharsia 7.3 348.6 581 0 201 164.75 53 0.1 24.6 46 10.8 24.5 30 160 0.11 5.2 177 Kharsia Kharsia 7 535.2 892 0 201 164.75 163 0.2 36.4 52 13.2 107 0.7 185 0.14 5.5 178 Bagudega (Shivaar Lailunga 7.23 90 136 0 48.8 40.00 14.2 0.11 2.43 14 1.2 11.3 0.4 40 0.08 20.83 Para) 179 Choranga Lailunga 7.6 231 350 0 140.3 115.00 39.05 0.38 11.59 40 12 13.2 1.2 150 0.60 19.17 180 Moodagoan Lailunga 7.42 327 495 0 158.6 130.00 67.45 0.03 13.44 70 6 18.8 1 200 0.15 19.27 181 Gudu Bahal Lailunga 7.58 879 1332 0 128.1 105.00 273.35 0.42 29.65 142 34.8 43.9 3.9 500 0.12 22.50 182 Sardega Lailunga 7.68 490 742 0 207.4 170.00 106.5 0.07 31.69 76 33.6 18.6 0.9 330 0.14 20.16 183 Kumhar Lailunga 7.62 295 446 0 128.1 105.00 53.25 0.15 15.20 46 8.4 23.9 0.5 150 0.16 22.71 184 Potra Lailunga 7.65 274 415 0 189.1 155.00 35.5 0.24 13.72 46 8.4 30.4 0.1 150 0.17 17.76 185 Hirapur Lailunga 7.66 275 416 0 164.7 135.00 35.5 0.27 9.46 52 10.8 18.9 1 175 0.15 21.46 186 Phaghat-Lureg Lailunga 7.73 242 366 0 103.7 85.00 46.15 0.10 11.69 46 6 10.7 0.6 140 0.22 21.20 187 Tatkela Lailunga 7.71 269 460 0 183 150.00 28.4 1.04 38.07 28 25.2 24.5 4.3 175 0.17 30.26

95 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 188 Kesala Lailunga 7.63 172 260 0 146.4 120.00 10.65 0.41 3.17 20 9.6 21.2 2.1 90 0.10 37.66 189 Laripani Lailunga 7.72 256 388 0 140.3 115.00 49.7 0.19 10.20 36 18 8.5 8.1 165 0.06 23.59 190 Phulikuda Lailunga 7.68 182 275 0 140.3 115.00 7.1 1.07 4.19 30 8.4 15.1 1.1 110 0.06 21.15 191 Amapali Lailunga 7.56 366 555 0 158.6 130.00 74.55 1.49 48.07 34 8.4 69.1 3 120 0.05 16.41 192 Gamekela Lailunga 7.69 234 354 0 103.7 85.00 49.7 0.15 10.39 42 7.2 12.9 1.1 135 0.19 11.35 193 Lohrapani ( Poyl Lailunga 7.9 230 349 0 189.1 155.00 21.3 0.49 4.09 26 4.8 44.1 1.1 85 0.16 19.95 para) 194 Katakilya Lailunga 7.71 170 257 0 140.3 115.00 14.2 0.19 4.00 28 13.2 8.5 0.3 125 0.08 23.59 195 Narayanpur (Mukya Lailunga 7.91 163 248 0 122 100.00 21.3 0.17 6.31 28 7.2 12.9 1.1 100 0.09 13.33 Basti) 196 Karadega Lailunga 7.68 168 280 0 146.4 120.00 14.2 0.34 1.78 30 10.8 9.6 1.2 120 0.11 25.68 197 Tolma Lailunga 7.64 209 316 0 128.1 105.00 24.85 1.34 12.61 26 7.2 27.2 1 95 0.12 20.78 198 Mukdega Lailunga 7.8 404 612 0 164.7 135.00 85.2 0.39 30.02 64 8.4 34.1 1 195 0.13 21.25 199 Futhahmuda Lailunga 7 54.6 91 0 31 25.41 14 0.1 1.9 10 2.4 2.9 5.2 35 0.09 9.2 200 Laripani Lailunga 7.1 556.2 927 0 171 140.16 192 0.3 14.2 84 39.6 14.6 6.8 375 0.14 22.4 201 Gosaidih Lailunga 7.3 222 370 0 207 169.67 11 0.4 3.2 22 21.6 19.2 1.5 145 0.11 16.5 202 Jegarpur Lailunga 7.3 412.2 687 0 195 159.84 96 0.3 34.7 78 15.6 27.5 1.7 260 0.1 28.8 203 Kunjara Basti Lailunga 7.4 235.8 393 0 128 104.92 36 0.2 22.8 42 13.2 16.7 2.2 160 0.09 14.8 204 Lailunga Lailunga 7.3 501 835 0 140 114.75 146 0.1 63.8 88 7.2 76.7 2.5 250 0.11 20.2 205 Salkhiya Lailunga 7.4 118.8 198 0 128 104.92 11 0.2 1.6 24 10.8 5.3 0.4 105 0.12 18.8 206 Rajpur Lailunga 7.3 356.4 594 0 104 85.25 128 0.1 8.1 66 9.6 34.4 1.8 205 0.12 29.5 207 Choranga Lailunga 7.5 346.2 577 0 268 219.67 39 0.2 12.5 48 31.2 14.7 1.8 250 0.12 25.7 208 Pakargaon Lailunga 7.2 250.2 417 0 220 180.33 18 0.2 7.6 36 20.4 16.4 1.6 175 0.12 24 209 Jharmunda Pusaur 7.45 249.6 416 0 98 80.33 21 0.46 100 12 17 59 1.2 100 0.00 8 0.128 210 Kusmunda Pusaur 7.42 310.8 518 0 122 100.00 21 0.45 120 38 22 37 4.3 185 0.00 14 0.19 211 Baghdola Pusaur 7.24 468.6 781 0 220 180.33 14 0.44 150 82 12 53 2.3 250 0.00 12 0.19 212 Ghuterpali Pusaur 7.5 176.4 294 0 73 59.84 14 0.42 46 14 11 33 1.6 80 0.00 11 0.222 213 Pusaur Pusaur 7.27 676.8 1128 0 390 319.67 35 0.44 144 138 22 51 25 435 0.00 10 214 Odekora Pusaur 7.47 184.2 307 0 98 80.33 21 0.48 54 12 12 37 4.6 80 0.00 15 0.19

96 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 215 Darramuda Pusaur 7.56 158.4 264 0 98 80.33 21 0.40 26 6 12 23 7.8 80 0.00 14 0.096 216 Bathanpali Pusaur 7.33 143.4 239 0 73 59.84 7 0.52 58 10 3.6 22 4.6 65 0.00 15 3.79 217 Jhalmala Pusaur 7.32 133.8 223 0 92 75.41 14 0.47 4 20 6 8.1 7.8 75 0.00 14 0.128 218 Tarapur Pusaur 7.42 456 760 0 98 80.33 28 0.40 130 88 11 39 3.5 265 0.00 10 0.316 219 Pacheda Pusaur 7.26 826.8 1378 0 427 350.00 35 0.43 70 90 68 109 1.95 510 0.00 12 0.128 220 Teka Pusaur 7.39 190.2 317 0 79 64.75 11 0.47 68 23 13 17 1.56 120 0.00 12 0.034 221 Loharsunga Pusaur 7.3 508.8 848 0 183 150.00 21 0.50 150 60 31 62 37 230 0.00 12 0.159 222 Kensara Pusaur 7.34 364.2 607 0 134 109.84 28 0.44 130 50 14 55 16 185 0.00 10 0.096 223 Bonda Pussaur 7.1 312 520 0 177 145.08 53 0.3 30.3 24 37.2 10.8 1.5 215 0.11 6.9 224 Surajgarh Pussaur 7.3 256.2 427 0 153 125.41 50 0.1 11.3 30 13.2 31.7 0.6 130 0.11 6.1 225 Kondatarai Pussaur 7 513.6 856 0 128 104.92 46 0.2 194 58 28.8 65.9 1.6 265 0.12 12.1 226 Nawrangpur Pussaur 7.2 688.2 1147 0 85 69.67 14 0.2 442.6 118 31.2 57.8 1.9 425 0.15 8.7 227 Tadola Pussaur 7.4 307.2 512 0 256 209.84 18 0.1 27 46 20.4 30.2 1.4 200 0.11 14 228 Tetla Pussaur 7.3 628.2 1047 0 165 135.25 21 0 318 102 25.2 81.5 2 360 0.15 11.4 229 Kathali Pussaur 7.2 628.8 1048 0 55 45.08 50 0 394.2 104 38.4 59.2 2.5 420 0.05 8 230 Aurda Pussaur 7.3 384 640 0 232 190.16 75 0.1 28.5 50 24 44.8 1.1 225 0.1 4 231 Koshmunda Pussaur 7.4 409.2 682 0 262 214.75 21 0.2 109.8 42 37.2 42.9 1.5 260 0.2 13.8 232 Rengalpali Pussaur 7.3 657 1095 0 171 140.16 46 0 341 144 25.2 37.7 7.7 465 0.14 12.4 233 Jorapali Raigarh 7.21 336 560 0 122 100.00 7 0.46 130 50 12 37 3.5 175 0.00 9 0.879 234 Kotra Raigarh 7.34 252 420 0 110 90.16 18 0.45 92 18 13 57 3.5 100 0.00 10 0.096 235 Balamgoda Raigarh 7.29 637.2 1062 0 159 130.33 35 0.45 120 112 14 83 3.1 340 0.00 9 0.19 236 Biang Raigarh 7.52 194.4 324 0 98 80.33 18 0.44 54 16 11 33 7.8 85 0.00 11 0.096 237 Parsada Raigarh 7.43 196.8 328 0 67 54.92 35 0.46 17 30 11 18 9.75 120 0.00 10 0.096 238 Cheraipani Raigarh 7.39 180.6 301 0 67 54.92 18 0.45 54 24 9.6 24 8.19 100 0.00 10 0.065 239 Sambalpuri Raigarh 7.46 61.2 102 0 37 30.33 7 0.47 5 8 4.8 4.8 0.78 40 0.00 12 1.161 240 Bangrusian Raigarh 7.29 175.2 292 0 91 74.59 11 0.49 25 12 2.4 22 62 40 0.00 11 0.037 241 Jorapali (IGKV Raigarh 7.6 342.6 571 0 37 30.33 21 0.44 110 28 30 34 4.7 195 0.00 10 0.535 Raigarh) 242 Sariya Raigarh 7 267 445 0 85 69.67 60 0 39.4 36 13.2 31 9.5 145 0.1 6.1

97 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 243 Bhupdevpur Raigarh 7.2 294.6 491 0 244 200.00 25 0.4 14.7 44 21.6 26 0.9 200 0.14 10.1 244 Kerajhar Raigarh 7.4 255.6 426 0 226 185.25 21 0.2 7.4 46 19.2 11.9 2.1 195 0.12 4.2 245 Chiraipani1 Raigarh 7.2 47.64 79.4 0 31 25.41 7 0.1 3.4 10 2.4 1.2 0.7 35 0.12 3.4 246 Sambalpuri Raigarh 7.1 91.8 153 0 73 59.84 14 0.1 6.4 22 4.8 2.2 6.4 75 0.12 5.7 247 Bangrushian Raigarh 6.8 61.2 102 0 31 25.41 18 0 2.5 6 6 5.9 2.4 40 0.1 3.6 248 Raigarh Raigarh 7.1 565.2 942 0 214 175.41 96 0.1 148 92 26.4 53.9 1.4 340 0.11 8.4 249 Mahapali Raigarh 7.2 593.4 989 0 116 95.08 202 0.1 37.9 62 39.6 62.3 2.9 320 0.08 26 250 Jamgaon Basti Raigarh 7.3 364.8 608 0 153 125.41 107 0.2 24.4 48 27.6 21.7 5.1 235 0.12 12 251 Jamga Railway stn. Raigarh 6.9 66.6 111 0 31 25.41 18 0 3.7 6 6 7.3 2.1 40 0.11 3.2 252 Kotarlia Raigarh 7.4 230.4 384 0 165 135.25 36 0.4 17.4 26 10.8 43.6 0.7 110 0.09 18.4 253 Chiraipani Raigarh 7.5 327.6 546 0 220 180.33 43 0.4 40.4 34 25.2 32.2 6.7 190 0.11 7.2 254 Lakha Raigarh 6.8 45.6 76 0 31 25.41 11 0 1.5 4 4.8 5.3 0.2 30 0.12 4.2 255 Gerwani Raigarh 6.5 87.6 146 0 37 30.33 18 0 1.7 10 4.8 10.2 0.7 45 0.11 4.5 256 Padigaon Raigarh 7.3 240 400 0 207 169.67 28 0.3 1.7 26 18 7.7 30.5 140 0.16 5.2 257 Dhansara Sarangarh 7.18 318.6 531 0 146 119.67 85 0.48 42 18 19 65 21 125 0.00 4 0.034 258 Kudhri Sarangarh 7.66 223.2 372 0 146 119.67 21 0.48 25 12 11 53 3.1 75 0.00 32 2.069 259 Kargidipa Sarangarh 7.1 325.8 543 0 238 195.08 39 0.7 8.1 28 14.4 48.9 2.1 130 0.1 6.4 260 Damdarha Sarangarh 7.2 256.2 427 0 146 119.67 21 1.7 52 32 10.8 29.7 3.2 125 0.12 10.7 261 Kanakbirra Sarangarh 7.1 299.4 499 0 140 114.75 32 2 15.6 28 14.4 24.3 1.2 130 0.11 24.6 262 Bataupali Sarangarh 7.4 556.8 928 0 378 309.84 75 1.3 27.9 42 39.6 65.8 0.9 270 0.13 9.8 263 Malda-B Sarangarh 7.3 289.8 483 0 122 100.00 64 0.2 21.6 44 20.4 17 0.8 195 0.13 11 264 Kushalnagar Sarangarh 7.1 907.8 1513 0 293 240.16 316 0.2 30.1 136 43.2 94.1 1.1 520 0.16 8.6 265 Godam Sarangarh 7.3 733.8 1223 0 360 295.08 199 0.2 36.2 42 14.4 181.5 2.4 165 0.15 5.9 266 Pindri Sarangarh 7.3 606.6 1011 0 342 280.33 131 0.3 39.2 38 10.8 144.5 4.9 140 0.14 8.3 267 Hirri Sarangarh 7.1 289.2 482 0 207 169.67 39 0.1 15.4 54 18 17.1 0.6 210 0.15 8.4 268 Reda Sarangarh 7.2 407.4 679 0 244 200.00 75 0.5 29.5 100 10.8 16 4 295 0.16 8.8 269 Chhind Sarangarh 7.2 777 1295 0 317 259.84 209 0.1 70.8 162 19.2 63.1 10.5 485 0.14 14.2 270 Kedar Sarangarh 7.2 366 610 0 250 204.92 53 0.4 28.6 48 27.6 33.6 6 235 0.15 8.1

98 S.NO. Location Block pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Total Cl F SO4 Ca Mg Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity 271 Kapartunga Baramkela 7.17 213.6 356 0 98 80.33 57 0.49 16 16 17 32 0.78 110 0.00 5 0.159 272 Paraskhol Baramkela 7.39 49.2 82 0 49 40.16 7 0.50 5 4 7.2 3.8 0.39 50 0.00 10 12.93 273 Budeli Baramkela 7.28 176.4 294 0 110 90.16 28 0.41 20 12 7.2 43 5 60 0.00 11 0.128 274 Sanda Baramkela 7.43 133.8 223 0 110 90.16 7 0.32 12 16 14 6.1 1.95 100 0.00 8 0.19 275 Barpali Baramkela 7.36 154.2 257 0 110 90.16 7 0.37 18 12 7.2 4.3 53 60 0.00 7 0.065 276 Panchdhar Baramkela 7.23 172.8 288 0 85 69.67 7 0.44 56 22 8.4 13 23 90 0.00 10 0.128 277 Kandola Baramkela 7.37 151.8 253 0 122 100.00 7 0.41 54 18 25 9.2 27 150 0.00 5 0.472 278 Baramkela Baramkela 7.5 301.8 503 0 226 185.25 21 0.6 9.3 40 27.6 3.9 1.9 215 0.14 10.4 279 Bade Nawapara Baramkela 7.2 324 540 0 98 80.33 85 0.2 29.2 42 15.6 26.9 1.4 170 0.14 8.3 280 Lendra Baramkela 7 372.6 621 0 104 85.25 99 0.2 27.8 52 27.6 15.5 0.6 245 0.09 7 281 Jhikipali Baramkela 7.2 442.2 737 0 128 104.92 135 0.2 43.9 56 20.4 53.5 1.1 225 0.13 22.4 282 Mahuapali Baramkela 7 249.6 416 0 171 140.16 21 0.3 43 30 25.2 10.9 2.1 180 0.1 6.3 283 Kandola Baramkela 7.3 396.6 661 0 238 195.08 18 0.3 76 22 60 8.3 2.8 305 0.11 6.1 284 Barpali Baramkela 7.2 280.2 467 0 201 164.75 11 0.2 16.6 20 36 2.7 2.5 200 0.11 6.1

99 ANNEXURE-III (B): Chemical Quality details of deeper aquifer in Raigarh district

Total S.NO. Location Block Type pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Cl F SO4 Ca Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity Mg 1 Chhal Dharmajaigarh EW 7.01 168 280 0 134 109.84 21 24 19 140 2 Hati Dharmajaigarh EW 7.8 615.6 1026 0 323 264.75 113 48 128 10 59 1.2 360 28 0.7 3 Hati OW Dharmajaigarh EW 7.8 615.6 1026 0 323 264.75 113 48 128 10 59 1.2 360 28 0.7 4 Kudekala Dharmajaigarh EW 8.1 174 290 0 85 69.67 35 40 5 120 5 Kudekela OW-I Dharmajaigarh EW 8.9 534 890 0 427 350.00 53 10 6 50 6 Ulkhar Dharmajaigarh EW 7.8 256.2 427 0 195 159.84 18 0 24 19 41 1.8 140 0 0 7 Bakaruma Dharmajaigarh EW 7.8 240.6 401 0 220 180.33 7 0 32 5 58 1.9 100 0 0 8 Rairuma Dharmajaigarh EW 7.7 423 705 0 220 180.33 39 0 62 10 82 1.5 195 0 0 9 Tejpur Dharmajaigarh EW 7.8 276 460 0 152 124.59 25 0 64 2.4 27 0.9 170 0 0 10 Lipti Dharmajaigarh EW 7.7 94.2 157 0 61 50.00 7 0 10 7 13 2.2 55 0 0 11 Kapu Dharmajaigarh EW 7.6 54.6 91 0 43 35.25 7 0 8 4 7 1.5 35 0 0 12 Sonpur Dharmajaigarh EW 7.8 50.4 84 0 24 19.67 7 0 2 4 9 0.7 20 0 0 13 Vijaynagar Dharmajaigarh EW 7.9 121.8 203 0 61 50.00 21 0 16 2.4 23 1.6 50 0 0 14 Alola Dharmajaigarh EW 7.6 96.6 161 0 73 59.84 7 0 14 4 12 1.3 50 0 0 15 Shishringa Dharmajaigarh EW 8 231 385 0 215 176.23 9 10 38 4 46 2.1 110 nil 0.4 16 Dumarpali Gharghoda EW 7.9 363 605 0 262 214.75 28 0 34 16 43 19 150 0 0 17 Phaguram Gharghoda EW 7.7 1260 2100 0 207 169.67 50 260 19 730 18 Tamnar Tamnar EW 8.5 171 285 0 128 104.92 18 14 8 70 19 Dhaurabhata Tamnar EW 7.8 282 470 0 183 150.00 25 0.7 60 16 1 86 19 45 1 20 Barra Kharsia EW 8.3 300 500 0 275 225.41 25 18 13 100 21 Kapharmar Kharsia EW 7.8 126 210 0 110 90.16 11 16 4 55 22 Tieur Kharsia EW 8 240 400 0 92 75.41 46 0 28 21 29 1.1 155 0 0 23 Dehjari Kharsia EW 8.1 288 480 0 287 235.25 14 24 Palgada Kharsia EW 7.7 292.8 488 0 250 204.92 32 66 18 240 25 Botalda Kharsia EW 8.1 188.4 314 0 165 135.25 18 38 12 145 26 Halaholi Kharsia EW 7.9 444.6 741 0 354 290.16 14 27 Deradhi Kharsia EW 7.07 140.4 234 0 91.5 75.00 21.3 0.2 6.0 14 12 13.3 53.3 85 0.1

100 Total S.NO. Location Block Type pH TDS EC CO3 HCO3 Cl F SO4 Ca Na K TH PO4 SiO2 Fe NO₃ Alkalinity Mg 28 Tumighi Kharsia EW 7.19 278.4 464 0 280.6 230.00 17.75 1.0 10.1 24 10.8 65.1 38.8 105 0.1 29 Tumighi Kharsia EW 7.69 226.2 377 0 213.5 175.00 21.3 0.5 0.1 26 14.4 7.9 5.6 125 0.1 30 Deradhi Kharsia EW 6.6 78.0 130.0 0.0 79.3 65.0 14.2 0.3 0.2 14.0 3.6 3.7 4.6 50.0 0.1 31 Chaurenga Lailunga EW 7.9 258 430 0 122 100.00 39 28 46 13 14 1.1 170 0.7 26 32 Rajpur Lailunga EW 8.3 180 300 0 134 109.84 11 0.4 10 24 13 5 3.9 115 1.3 33 Rengalpali pusaur EW 8 390 650 0 146 119.67 7 0 66 13 50 1.6 220 0 0 34 Tilga pusaur EW 7.9 84 140 0 18 14.75 7 0 4 5 18 1 30 0 0 35 Bhatanpail pusaur EW 8.2 240.6 401 0 159 130.33 14 26 16 130 36 Nandeli pusaur EW 7.7 481.2 802 0 177 145.08 14 100 13 305 37 Kusmura pusaur EW 8 1023 1705 0 67 54.92 35 262 47 50 38 Nandagoan pusaur EW 7.2 1392 2320 0 225.7 185.00 31.9 0.0 126.5 364 20.4 125 4 995 0.2 39 Nandagoan pusaur EW 7.45 220.2 367 0 183 150.00 21.3 0.5 20.2 20 13.2 41.2 3.3 105 0.1 40 Podigaon pusaur EW 7.45 211.2 352 0 219.6 180.00 7.1 0.6 6.1 22 10.8 44.6 1.1 100 0.1 41 Kerajhar Raigarh EW 7.5 369 615 0 213 174.59 25 56 30 265 42 Gejamunda Raigarh EW 8 387.6 646 0 354 290.16 11 58 35 290 43 Ranisagar Sarangarh EW 8.1 174 290 0 85 69.67 25 0 32 7 19 0.7 110 0 0 44 Kudri Sarangarh EW 7.9 415.8 693 0 98 80.33 7 0 112 9 27 1.2 315 0 0 45 Kudri OW Sarangarh EW 8.2 763.8 1273 0 421 345.08 106 0 12 16 255 5.9 95 0 0 46 Bonda Sarangarh EW 8.2 367.2 612 0 207 169.67 53 0 24 34 57 1 200 0 0 47 Lendrhra (B) Sarangarh EW 7.8 214.8 358 0 195 159.84 7 0 12 9 60 1 65 0 0 48 Dansara Sarangarh EW 8.1 505.8 843 0 275 225.41 64 0 66 17 85 2.5 235 0 0 49 Kandurpali Sarangarh EW 8.1 482.4 804 0 421 345.08 35 0 14 36 98 5.2 185 0 0 50 Reda Sarangarh EW 7.7 316.8 528 0 214 175.41 35 0 42 6 64 1.4 130 0 0 51 Lendhra Baramkela EW 8.2 642 1070 0 384 314.75 82 0 4 4 237 2.2 25 0 0 52 Resada Baramkela EW 7.7 316.8 528 0 214 175.41 35 0 42 6 64 1.4 130 0 0 53 Chhichorumaria Baramkela EW 8.2 676.8 1128 0 415 340.16 128 0 10 11 221 6.3 70 0 0 54 Kutela Baramkela EW 8.1 174 290 0 85 69.67 35 40 5 120 55 Baramkela Baramkela EW 8.4 228 380 0 195 159.84 21 34 25 190

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