Life, Growth & Development in the Virginia Colony (1700-1760)
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' ' ., ,�- NONIMPORTATION AND THE SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IN VIRGINIA, 1765-1775 BRUCE ALLAN RAGSDALE Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., University of Virginia, 1974 M.A., University of Virginia, 1980 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia May 1985 © Copyright by Bruce Allan Ragsdale All Rights Reserved May 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Trade and Economic Development in Virginia, 1730-1775 13 Chapter 2: The Dilemma of the Great Planters 55 Chapter 3: An Imperial Crisis and the Origins of Commercial Resistance in Virginia 84 Chapter 4: The Nonimportation Association of 1769 and 1770 117 Chapter 5: The Slave Trade and Economic Reform 180 Chapter 6: Commercial Development and the Credit Crisis of 1772 218 Chapter 7: The Revival Of Commercial Resistance 275 Chapter 8: The Continental Association in Virginia 340 Bibliography: 397 Key to Abbreviations used in Endnotes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being� Collection of all the Laws Qf Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the year 1619, 13 vols. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Rev. Va. Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, 7 vols. LC Library of Congress PRO Public Record Office, London co Colonial Office UVA Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia VHS Virginia Historical Society VSL Virginia State Library Introduction Three times in the decade before the Revolution. Vir ginians organized nonimportation associations as a protest against specific legislation from the British Parliament. -
Nomination Form
VLR Listing - 9/6/2006 Vi-/-· 11/1,/1, NRHP Listing - 11/3/2006 ,·~ (-µ{ :.,1(1-i C ' ,ps Form 10·900 0."\18 :\'o. !024-4018 \Ill',·. 10·90) 11. S. Department or the lnh.·:r-ior Town of Bermuda Hundred Historic District ~ational Park Sen'ice Chesterfield Co .. VA '.\TATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM This ronn is for use in nomir,ating or requesting d~enninations for individual properties and districts. See instruction.~ in l-lo~vto Complete the National Rcg1sler ofHi~tor1c Places Registration Forrn {National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each Hem by marking "x" in the appropnate box or bycntcnng :he information requcs!cd IC any item does not apply to the property bein~ documented, enter "NIA" for "no: applicable." For functions, architectural ,·las.~ification, nrnteriu!s, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative •terns on con1inuat1011 sheets (NPS Form J 0·900a). Use a t)i)ewflter, word processor, or eompuler, lo complete all items. I. Name of Pro ert ' Historic t<ame: Town ofBennuda Hundred Historic District other names/site number VDHR #020-0064 2. Location street & number_~B~o~t~h~s~id~e~s~o=f~B~e~nn=u~d~•~H=u~n~d~re~d~•n~d~A~l~li~e~d~R~o~a~d~s~______ not for publication ___ _ city or town Chester vicinity_,~X~-- :itate Virginia code VA eounty Chesterfield ____ code 041 Zip _2382 J 3. State/Federal Agency Certification !\s the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, J hereby certify that lhis _x_ nomina11on __ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering propenies in the Narional Register ofHmoric Place~ and meets the procedural and professional requirements sel forth in 36 CFR Part 60. -
Course Outline of Record Los Medanos College 2700 East Leland Road Pittsburg CA 94565 (925) 439-2181
Course Outline of Record Los Medanos College 2700 East Leland Road Pittsburg CA 94565 (925) 439-2181 Course Title: Survey of World Literature II: Mid-17th Century to Present Subject Area/Course Number: ENGL-145 New Course OR Existing Course Instructor(s)/Author(s): Karen Nakaji Subject Area/Course No.: English 145 Units: 3 Course Name/Title: Survey of World Literature II: Mid-17th Century to Present Discipline(s): English Pre-Requisite(s): English 100 or equivalency Catalog Description: Survey of World Literature II is a comparative study of selected works, in translation and in English, of literature from around the world, including Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and other areas, from the mid or late seventeenth century to the present. Students apply basic terminology and devices for interpreting and analyzing literature while focusing on a variety of genres. They also work with critical reading strategies to write about comparisons, or contrasts, as appropriate in a baccalaureate, transfer course. Schedule Description: This class covers a wide array of literature from the middle of the 17th century to the present, including authors from every literate continent: Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. Taught both historically and geographically, the class helps students understand how literature is a reflection of humankind, our differences and similarities. Hrs/Mode of Instruction: Lecture: 54 Scheduled Lab: ____ HBA Lab: ____ Composition: ____ Activity: ____ Total Hours 54 (Total for course) Credit Credit Degree Applicable -
VMI History Fact Sheet
VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE Founded in 1839, Virginia Military Institute is the nation’s first state-supported military college. U.S. News & World Report has ranked VMI among the nation’s top undergraduate public liberal arts colleges since 2001. For 2018, Money magazine ranked VMI 14th among the top 50 small colleges in the country. VMI is part of the state-supported system of higher education in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The governor appoints the Board of Visitors, the Institute’s governing body. The superintendent is the chief executive officer. WWW.VMI.EDU HISTORY OF VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE 540-464-7230 INSTITUTE OFFICERS On Nov. 11, 1839, 23 young Virginians were history. On May 15, 1863, the Corps of mustered into the service of the state and, in Cadets escorted Jackson’s remains to his Superintendent a falling snow, the first cadet sentry – John grave in Lexington. Just before the Battle of Gen. J.H. Binford Peay III B. Strange of Scottsville, Va. – took his post. Chancellorsville, in which he died, Jackson, U.S. Army (retired) Today the duty of walking guard duty is the after surveying the field and seeing so many oldest tradition of the Institute, a tradition VMI men around him in key positions, spoke Deputy Superintendent for experienced by every cadet. the oft-quoted words: “The Institute will be Academics and Dean of Faculty Col. J.T.L. Preston, a lawyer in Lexington heard from today.” Brig. Gen. Robert W. Moreschi and one of the founders of VMI, declared With the outbreak of the war, the Cadet Virginia Militia that the Institute’s unique program would Corps trained recruits for the Confederate Deputy Superintendent for produce “fair specimens of citizen-soldiers,” Army in Richmond. -
TA22 Catalog Session Vb Medals.Indd
e Admiral Vernon Medals of 1739 and 1741 by Daniel Frank Sedwick If the heart of collecting is visual and intellectual stimulation mixed with historical study, then the “Admiral Vernon” medals crafted in England in the period 1739-1741 are the perfect collectibles. e sheer number of di erent varieties of these medals makes collecting them both challenging and feasible. Fascination with these historic pieces has spawned more than a dozen studies over the past 180+ years, culminating in the book Medallic Portraits of Admiral Vernon (2010), by John Adams and Fernando Chao (the “AC” reference we quote in our lot descriptions). With this well-illustrated book alone, one can spend many enjoyable hours attributing each piece down to exact die details. e biggest challenge with these medals is condition, as they were heavily used and abused, which makes the present o ering comprising the collection of Richard Stuart an exceptional opportunity. e con! ict began with the capture and torture of the British merchant ship captain Robert Jenkins by the Spanish o Havana, Cuba, in 1731. His alleged punishment for smuggling was the removal of one of his ears, which he physically produced for British Parliament in 1739, setting o what became known as the “War of Jenkins’ Ear” starting that year, e ectively “Great Britain’s " rst protracted naval war in the Americas.” 1 In a burst of vengeful braggadocio, the experienced British admiral Edward Vernon reportedly said he could take the Spanish port of Portobelo, Panama, “with six ships only,” the larger goal being to disrupt the ! ow of Spanish shipping of treasure from the New World. -
“Lafayette in Williamsburg” (Walking Tour)
Other Sites to Visit • African American Religion exhibit– Explore the religious heritage of Africans and their Virginia descendants. Lafayette in • American Indian Interpretation– Explore the diverse cultures of Native peoples striving to preserve their traditional way of life and learn about the roles they played in creating a new country. Williamsburg • Apothecary – Learn how medicine, wellness, and surgical practices of the 18th century compare to today. • Cabinetmaker & Harpsichord Maker – Watch expert woodworkers fashion the intricate details of luxury products with period hand tools. AMERICAN FRIENDS OF LAFAYETTE • Capitol – Take a guided tour of the first floor entering through the Courtroom and exiting through the House of Burgesses. Annual Meeting 2021 June 13, 2021 • Carpenter’s Yard – Discover how the carpenters use hand tools to transform trees into lumber and lumber into buildings. • Courthouse – Experience justice in the 18th century in an original building. • Gunsmith – See how rifles, pistols, and fowling pieces are made using the tools and techniques of the 18th-century. • Joinery – Watch our experts use saws, planes, hammers, and other tools to fashion wood into the pieces of a future building. • Milliner & Mantua-maker – Shop for latest hats, headwear, ornaments, and accessories. Watch as old gowns are updated to the newest 18th-century fashion. • Tailor – Touch and feel the many different sorts of fabrics and garments that clothed colonial Americans, from elegant suits in the latest London styles to the sturdy uniforms of Revolutionary soldiers. • Public Leather Works – Discover how workman cut, mold, and stitch leather and heavy textiles. • Printing Office & Bindery – Watch and learn as printers set type and use reproduction printing presses to manufacture colonial newspapers, political notices, pamphlets, and books. -
Williamsburg Reserve Collection Celebrating the Orgin of American Style
“So that the future may learn from the past.” — John d. rockefeller, Jr. 108 williamsburg reserve collection Celebrating the Orgin of American Style. 131109 colonial williamsburg Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg, the capital of the colony of Virginia, owed its inception to politics, its design to human ingenuity, and its prosperity to government, commerce and war. Though never larger in size than a small English country town, Virginia’s metropolis became Virginia’s center of imperial rule, transatlantic trade, enlightened ideas and genteel fashion. Williamsburg served the populace of the surrounding colonies as a marketplace for goods and services, as a legal, administrative and religious center, and as a resort for shopping,information and diversion. But the capital was also a complex urban community with its own patterns of work, family life and cultural activities. Within Williamsburg’s year round populations, a rich tapestry of personal, familial, work, social, racial, gender and cultural relationships could be found. In Williamsburg patriots such as Patrick Henry protested parliamentary taxation by asserting their right as freeborn Englishmen to be taxed only by representatives of their own choosing. When British authorities reasserted their parliamentary sovereign right to tax the King’s subjects wherever they reside, Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, James Madison, George Washington and other Virginians claimed their right to govern themselves by virtue of their honesty and the logic of common sense. Many other Americans joined these Virginians in defending their countrymen’s liberties against what they came to regard as British tyranny. They fought for and won their independence. And they then fashioned governments and institutions of self-rule, many of which guide our lives today. -
London and Middlesex in the 1660S Introduction: the Early Modern
London and Middlesex in the 1660s Introduction: The early modern metropolis first comes into sharp visual focus in the middle of the seventeenth century, for a number of reasons. Most obviously this is the period when Wenceslas Hollar was depicting the capital and its inhabitants, with views of Covent Garden, the Royal Exchange, London women, his great panoramic view from Milbank to Greenwich, and his vignettes of palaces and country-houses in the environs. His oblique birds-eye map- view of Drury Lane and Covent Garden around 1660 offers an extraordinary level of detail of the streetscape and architectural texture of the area, from great mansions to modest cottages, while the map of the burnt city he issued shortly after the Fire of 1666 preserves a record of the medieval street-plan, dotted with churches and public buildings, as well as giving a glimpse of the unburned areas.1 Although the Fire destroyed most of the historic core of London, the need to rebuild the burnt city generated numerous surveys, plans, and written accounts of individual properties, and stimulated the production of a new and large-scale map of the city in 1676.2 Late-seventeenth-century maps of London included more of the spreading suburbs, east and west, while outer Middlesex was covered in rather less detail by county maps such as that of 1667, published by Richard Blome [Fig. 5]. In addition to the visual representations of mid-seventeenth-century London, a wider range of documentary sources for the city and its people becomes available to the historian. -
American Revolution Crossword Puzzle Sols: VS.1A-G, VS.2F, VS.3C-E, VS.4A, VS.4C-D, VS.5A-B; Reading 4.3A, Reading 4.3D; Reading 5.4
American Revolution Crossword Puzzle SOLs: VS.1a-g, VS.2f, VS.3c-e, VS.4a, VS.4c-d, VS.5a-b; Reading 4.3a, Reading 4.3d; Reading 5.4 DIRECTIONS: Use the Word Bank below to answer the clues. Answers that are more than one word do NOT have a space. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ACROSS 15. These people took on more responsibility to 2. This third capital was more centrally located support the war effort 4. This word describes people who did not 16. A group of people prepared to defend their take sides in the Revolution land against attack 5. These people arrived in 1619 against their 17. A decision a group votes on will 18. An official document that explains, promises, 7. This British governing body believed it had or demands certain things legal authority in the colonies DOWN 9. This very profitable cash crop was sold in 1. A name for people who remained loyal to Great England Britain during the Revolution 10. The title for elected representatives that 3. The capital moved here due to unhealthy living served in the colonial General Assembly conditions at Jamestown 11. Wrote the Declaration of Independence 6. Inspired patriots by saying "give me liberty or 12. These people fought in the Continental give me death!" Army for American independence 8. First permanent English settlement in North 14. The Commander-in-Chief of the America Continental Army 13. A good or service owed to another WORD BANK TOBACCO NEUTRAL PATRICK HENRY DEBT BURGESSES RESOLUTION LOYALISTS WILLIAMSBURG AFRICANS RICHMOND WASHINGTON MILITIA JAMESTOWN JEFFERSON CHARTER WOMEN PATRIOTS PARLIAMENT Definitions Charter – An official document that explains, promises, or demands certain things. -
The Military Reputation of Major-General James Wolfe
THE MILITARY REPUTATION OF MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES WOLFE Presidential Address Delivered by E. R. Adair 1936 This is an age when heroes are viewed with a somewhat sceptical eye, when it is felt that mere blind veneration for the reputations of the past should not turn aside the chilly wind of historical criticism, that the legends devised to charm worshippers must be tested by the acid of facts. So far General Wolfe has survived any serious attacks upon his reputation, very largely because he was fortunate enough to die in the moment of victory, a victory moreover that came like a blessed thunderbolt to an England that thought that all hope of it had departed, for, as Horace Walpole aptly says, Wolfe's final despatch couched "in the most artful terms that could be framed" had "left the nation uncertain whether he meant to prepare an excuse for desisting, or to claim the melancholy merit of having sacrificed himself without a prospect of success."(1) But if his reputation has so far survived practically untarnished, it is not because he has been wholly exempt from all the dangers to which dead heroes are exposed. On the one hand he has been rendered at times a little ridiculous, by the praises of his more eulogistic biographers, of whom Beckles Willson is one of the worst,(2) and who have found it necessary to discover even in his earlier years those splendid qualities which they thought it proper for a Hero to possess; that there was no particular authority to justify their views seemed quite immaterial. -
Chapter 2 Conflicting Visions: England's Seventeenth-Century Colonies
C H A P T E R 2 CONFLICTING VISIONS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIES SUMMARY In the seventeenth century, different and sometimes disparate groups of English settlers established several colonies in North America. The English way of colonization differed from that of the Spanish in that English colonization did not emanate from a desire to create a centralized empire in the New World. Breaking Away English migration to the New World was part of a larger pattern of mobility—the New World was just another destination. Some Englishmen migrated to the New World for economic reasons, leaving poverty and seeking land. Others came seeking religious opportunity or to avoid political strife and conflict in England. The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth In the early to mid-seventeenth century, the English established two successful but diverse colonies around the Chesapeake Bay—Virginia and Maryland. Entrepreneurs in Virginia In 1607, the London Company, a joint stock company, built Jamestown in Virginia. This colony, however, experienced numerous problems arising from a hostile natural environment, conflict with local Native Americans, the colonists’ failure to work for the common good, and unclear goals. Spinning Out of Control To save the colony, Captain John Smith took over the management of the town and imposed military order. The London Company also restructured the government and sent more people to keep the colony going. “Stinking Weed” One key to the eventual success of Virginia was the development by John Rolfe of tobacco as a commercial crop. London Company directors further attracted settlers by giving land grants (headrights), establishing elective local government (the House of Burgesses), and bringing women to the colony. -
The Present State of Virginia, Rev. Hugh Jones, 1724, Excerpts
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox Becoming American: The British Atlantic Colonies, 1690-1763 Library of Congress “capable of great Improvements still” * Rev. Hugh Jones The Present State of VIRGINIA 1724__EXCERPTS Hugh Jones was an English clergyman called to serve in Virginia for two years as a “Mathe- matickal Professor” in the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg. On his return to England he discovered that “few people . have correct notions of the true state of the Herman Moll, A New Map of the North Parts of America , 1720, detail plantations [colonies].” Thus in 1724 he Herman Moll, A New Map of the North Parts of America, 1720, detail published The Present State of Virginia to “few people in England . have correct Notions inform his English audience of the colony’s “few people in England . have correct Notions government, peoples, economic and religious of the true State of the Plantations” of the true State of the Plantations” state, etc., and to promote his plan to transport the English “poor and vagabonds” to Virginia as a non-African labor supply. INTRODUCTION_____ When I considered the great Benefit that arises to the Public from the large colony of Virginia, I observed that though it be thus advantageous, yet it is capable of great Improvements still, and requires several Alterations, both with Regard to its own Welfare, and the Interest of Great Britain. Observing moreover, that few people in England (even many concerned in public affairs of this kind) have correct Notions of the true State of the Plantations, and having been eagerly applied to frequently by Persons of the greatest Figure, Experience and Judgment in political and national Concerns, for Information concern- ing all the Circumstances of Virginia, I was requested to digest methodically and publish what I knew and thought of these Matters; and being in a great Measure enjoined to it by a noble Patron, I have here complied with his Commands, with the best of my Knowledge and Judgment.