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Meth Chic and the Tyranny of the Immediate: Reflections on the Culture-Drug/Drug-Crime Relationships View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) North Dakota Law Review Volume 82 Number 4 Methamphetamine: Casting A Article 8 Shadow Across Disciplines And Jurisdictions 1-1-2006 Meth Chic and the Tyranny of the Immediate: Reflections on the Culture-Drug/Drug-Crime Relationships Avi Brisman Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Brisman, Avi (2006) "Meth Chic and the Tyranny of the Immediate: Reflections on the Culture-Drug/Drug- Crime Relationships," North Dakota Law Review: Vol. 82 : No. 4 , Article 8. Available at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr/vol82/iss4/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Dakota Law Review by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. METH CHIC AND THE TYRANNY OF THE IMMEDIATE1: REFLECTIONS ON THE CULTURE-DRUG/DRUG-CRIME RELATIONSHIPS AVI BRISMAN∗ I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................1275 II. L.’S STORY ........................................................................... 1291 III. DEFINITIONS, HISTORY, AND DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 1294 A. DEFINITIONS ....................................................................1294 1. Brief History of Drug Use and Abuse...................... 1296 2. Brief History of Amphetamine Use and Abuse........ 1299 3. Brief History of Methamphetamine Use and Abuse 1303 B. WHO’S USING METHAMPHETAMINE?............................ 1307 IV. DRUG-CRIME RELATIONSHIPS...................................... 1312 A. SUBSTANCE USE LEADS TO CRIME: THE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL MODEL .................... 1318 B. SUBSTANCE USE LEADS TO CRIME: THE SYSTEMIC MODEL ................................................... 1327 ∗Doctoral student, Department of Anthropology, Emory University. J.D., University of Connecticut School of Law; M.F.A., Pratt Institute; B.A., Oberlin College. Former Law Clerk to the Honorable Alan S. Gold, United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, and to the Honorable Ruth V. McGregor, then-Vice-Chief Justice and current Chief Justice, Arizona Supreme Court. A shortened version of this Article was presented at the Graduate Symposium, Department of Anthropology, Emory University, on February 10, 2007. I would like to thank those who attended the symposium for their helpful comments. I would also like to thank Robert Agnew, Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Emory University, for his advice and comments on an earlier version of this Article. Finally, I would like to thank the following members of the North Dakota Law Review for their assistance in preparing this Article for publication: Christene Beaupre, Madeleine Moise Cassetta, Michelle Kommer, Andrea Odegaard, Jared Rigby, and Mark Western. 1. The phrase “meth chic” is a permutation of the common phrase, “heroin chic.” See infra Part VI. The phrase, “the tyranny of the immediate,” was used by Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway and chairwoman of the United Nation-sponsored World Commission on Environment and Development (known as “the Brundtland Commission”), to describe the first Bush Administration’s placement of “short-term American economic interests above long-term global environmental necessity . .” PHILIP SHABECOFF, A FIERCE GREEN FIRE: THE AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 254 (1993). As this Article, however, will contend in infra Part VI, the phrase could well apply to the pace of culture and society today. 1274 NORTH DAKOTA LAW REVIEW [VOL. 82:1273 C. SUBSTANCE USE LEADS TO CRIME: THE ECONOMIC MOTIVATION MODEL .......................... 1335 V. DRUG ABUSE CONTROL STRATEGIES ........................ 1338 A. SUPPLY REDUCTION........................................................ 1338 1. Legal Status ............................................................... 1338 2. Law Enforcement ...................................................... 1342 a. Raising the Potential Penalty of Being Caught.1343 b. Increasing the Risk of Being Caught................. 1348 B. DEMAND REDUCTION ..................................................... 1351 1. Prevention..................................................................1351 a. What is Prevention?............................................ 1351 b. Why Focus on Prevention? ................................ 1353 c. Types of Prevention Programs and General Characteristics of Effective Prevention Programs ............................................................. 1355 d. Some Good News ............................................... 1359 2. Treatment...................................................................1362 VI. METHAMPHETAMINE CONTROL IN CONTEXT: WHAT’S MISSING FROM LAW ENFORCEMENT, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT EFFORTS ............... 1371 A. ECONOMIC-BASED POLICY INTERVENTIONS ................ 1374 B. METHAMPHETAMINE AND THE CULTURE OF SPEED.....1386 VII. CONCLUSION....................................................................... 1393 2006] METH CHIC 1275 The FBI says . meth labs hidden in wooded areas are dangerous because wildlife can unintentionally discover the drugs and eat them. So if you see a bear who should be hibernating, but he’s doing jazz-aerobics instead, approach with caution.2 But is the nature of civilization ‘speed’? Or is it ‘consideration’? Any animal can rush around a corral four times a day. Only a human being can consciously oblige himself to go slowly in order to consider whether he is doing the right thing, doing it the right way, or ought in fact to be doing something else. Speed and efficiency are not in themselves signs of intelligence or capability or correctness.3 I. INTRODUCTION L., a late 30s/early 40s resident of a rural Washington state town, has been clean for twenty-six months.4 Intelligent, articulate, and a few credits shy of a degree in forensic psychology, L. hardly seems like a recovering addict. But what is more surprising than the fact that she was addicted to alcohol and drugs for twenty-one years, is that she is even alive to share her experiences. Methamphetamine, or “meth,” also known as “biker’s coffee,” “chalk,” “chicken feed,” “CR,” “crank,” “crystal,” “crystal meth,” “fire,” “glass,” “go,” “go-fast,” “ice,” “methlies quick,” “poor man’s cocaine,” “shabu,” “speed,” “stove top,” “Tina,” “white man’s crack,” “wire,” “yellowbarn,” and “zip,” among other names, is a highly addictive synthetic stimulant 2. Laugh Lines, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 17, 2006, § 4, at 2 (quoting Jay Leno); see JoinTogether.org, Some Hunters Find Methamphetamine Labs in Their Midst, Dec. 13, 2006, http://www.jointogether.org/news/headlines/inthenews/2006/some-hunters-findmethlabs.html? print=t (discussing meth labs hidden in wooded areas). 3. DAVID W. ORR, THE NATURE OF DESIGN: ECOLOGY, CULTURE, AND HUMAN INTENTION 43 (2002) (quoting SAUL JOHN RALSTON, VOLTAIRE’S BASTARDS: THE DICTATORSHIP OF REASON IN THE WEST (N.Y.: VINTAGE 1993)). 4. Telephone Interview with L. (Oct. 12, 2006). On September 28, 2006, this Author posted a message on the “discussmeth” listserv identifying himself as a graduate student in the Department of Anthropology at Emory University and requesting information regarding metham- phetamine use and abuse. L. contacted this Author on October 1, 2006 identifying herself as a former addict and offering to help. This Author, in an October 1, 2006 email correspondence with L., further delineated the contours of the project and queried whether L. might be willing to submit to an interview, either via email or telephone, making clear that there was no obligation on her part. L. agreed and in an email dated October 3, 2006, provided the Author with her informed consent to submit to a telephone interview. In an email dated October 16, 2006, she agreed to allow this Author to use her story on condition of anonymity. 1276 NORTH DAKOTA LAW REVIEW [VOL. 82:1273 (Schedule II), similar in chemical structure to its parent compound, am- phetamine, that dramatically affects the central nervous system.5 Meth, as 5. Timothy E. Albertson et al., Methamphetamine and the Expanding Complications of Amphetamines, 170 WEST J. MED. 214, 215 (1999) (“Methamphetamine hydrochloride has greater CNS effects compared to D-amphetamine, presumably because of prolonged half-life and increased CNS penetration.”); M. Douglas Anglin et al., History of the Methamphetamine Problem, 32 J. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS 137, 137-38 (2000); J. Michael Bostwick & Timothy W. Lineberry, The ‘Meth’ Epidemic: Acute Intoxication, CURRENT PSYCHIATRY, Nov. 2006, at 47; Holly Buchanan, Investigator, Lt. Stacy Gibbs Narcotics Commander, & Officer Darlene Harris, GLBT Liaison, Atlanta Police Dep’t, Presentation on Drugs and the GLBT Community (Sept. 26, 2006) (notes on file with author); Jerome Cartier et al., Methamphetamine Use, Self-Reported Violent Crime, and Recidivism Among Offenders in California Who Abuse Substances, 21 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 435, 435 (2006); DAVID T. COURTWRIGHT, FORCES OF HABIT: DRUGS AND THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD 78 (2001); Roy R. Danks et al., Methamphetamine-Associated Burn Injuries: A Retrospective Analysis, 25 J. BURN CARE & REHABILITATION 425, 425, 428 (2004); High in the Heartland, THE ECONOMIST, Feb. 6, 1999, at 29-30; Instant Pleasure, Instant Ageing, THE ECONOMIST, June 18,
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