AADMER. See ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management And

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05353-3 - Humanitarian Action: Global, Regional and Domestic Legal Responses Edited by Andrej Zwitter, Christopher K. Lamont, Hans-Joachim Heintze and Joost Herman Index More information

INDEX

AADMER. See ASEAN Agreement on politicisation and militarisation of Disaster Management and aid in, 22–24 Emergency Response remote control aid delivery in, academic research, on humanitarian 39–41 assistance, 2 state building efforts in, 426–428 acceptability, practice of ICRC mandate Africa, disaster response framework in, and, 98–101 283–295, 478 Acción Social (AS) (Colombia), African Union and, 478–479 407–412 customs clearance and import accountability in water rights, 315–317 taxation policies in, 280, 288–289 Aceh tsunami of 2004, 331n.4 disaster response laws, 272 Indonesian compliance with domestic institutional frameworks international disaster response, for international assistance and, 330–332 286–288 South East Asia water management future legal issues concerning, and, 306–312 299–301 ACFDA (Inter-American Convention to immigration, visa, and work permit Facilitate Disaster Assistance), regulations, 291 179–180, 390–391 registration of foreign entities and ACHPR (African Commission on domestic legal status issues, 291 Human and Peoples’ Rights), African Charter on Human and Peoples 211–214 Rights, 209–218 ACHR (American Convention on African Charter on the Rights and Human Rights), 393–395 Welfare of the Child,59–61, Action by Churches Together (ACT), 209–218, 312–314 39 African Commission on Human and Additional Protocol to the American Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), 211–214 Convention on Human Rights in African Committee of Experts on the the Area of Economic, Social and Rights and Welfare of the Child, Cultural Rights, 215–218 209–218 adequate preparedness, protection African Court of Human and Peoples’ claims and, 225–227 Rights Afghanistan disaster relief and, 211–214 conﬂict change and evolution in, rights of the child and, 214–215 20–22 African human rights system, 209–218 impartiality and neutrality in policies African Humanitarian Policy toward, 449 Framework, 295–301, 480

538

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05353-3 - Humanitarian Action: Global, Regional and Domestic Legal Responses Edited by Andrej Zwitter, Christopher K. Lamont, Hans-Joachim Heintze and Joost Herman Index More information

index 539

African Regional Economic aid-workers, options for, 53 Communities (RECs), 276 Al Shabaab ban notice to aid agencies, African Union (AU) 43–50 African Humanitarian Policy ALNAP, statistics on humanitarian Framework drafted by, 296–298, organisations, 24–27 480 Alston, Philip, 76–77 AMIS (AU Mission in the Sudan), ambiguity 144–146 in argument for ICRC mandate, Constitutive Act, text of Article 3, 92–94 296n.56 assertion of ICRC mandate and, Convention for the Protection and 86–91 Assistance of IDPs. See Kampala fostering of, in ICRC mandate, 97–98 Convention risks and advantages of, in legal Darfur conﬂict and, 144–146 mandates, 105–106 disaster relief and, 179–180, 296–298 American Convention on Human duty to accept aid and, 178–179 Rights (ACHR), 215–218, 393–395 human rights law and, 59–61 American Court of Human Rights humanitarian programmes of, 47, OAS disaster relief and, 395–397 478–479 OAS humanitarian assistance and, Kampala Convention and, 298–299 393–395 legal framework for disaster American Declaration of the Rights and response, 272–301 Duties of Man, 215–218, 397–398 legal framework for humanitarian American Jewish World Service, 49 aid and, 299–301 AMIS (AU Mission in the Sudan), regional disaster relief efforts, 276 144–146 regulation and facilitation of disaster Amos, Valerie, 473 n.156 response in, 295–299 Anand, R. P., 117–118 African Union Convention for the Andean Committee for Disaster Protection and Assistance of Prevention and Response, Internally Displaced Persons. 388–389 See Kampala Convention Angola, 36–39, 308–309 African Union/UN Hybrid Operation Annan, Koﬁ, 354 in Darfur (UNAMID), 144–146 appeal process for humanitarian Agreement among the Governments of assistance, illusion of impartiality, the Participating States of the 41–45 Black Sea Economic Cooperation appropriateness of assistance, 292–294 (BSEC), 160 Arab Charter on Human Rights, 207 Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Arab Cooperation Agreement Disaster Emergency Response Regulating and Facilitating Relief Agency (CDERA), 179–180 Operations, 160 Agreement on Disaster Management Arab Human Rights Committee, 207 and Emergency Response Arab League, humanitarian (ASEAN), 179–180 programmes of, 47 AHRD (ASEAN Human Rights Arab, Saif al-, 471 Declaration), 203–206, 302–303, Arab Spring, legal framework for 321–326 humanitarian assistance and, 54 aid recipients, distrust of western aid Arab world, regional approaches to organisations by, 45n.23, 45–50 humanitarian aid in, 206–208

540 index

Argentina, enforcement of cyclone Nargis disaster relief, humanitarian assistance in, 370 180n.22 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 424, 428–431 duty to accept aid and, 179–180 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Myanmar cyclone Nargis response Congo case (ICJ), 75–78 and, 352–354 armed force norm of disaster response in, in East Timor, 146–147 330–332 ICRC relief programmes and, 83–86 regional human rights systems, UN authorisation for, 132–134, 203–206 137–147 water rights, regional policies arms control measures, UN concerning, 302–329 establishment of, 140–143 AU. See African Union Arnison, Nancy, 110–114, 116 AUC (United Self-defence Forces of ARSIWA (Articles on Responsibility of Colombia), 402–407 States for Internationally Wrongful Auden, W. H., 302–303 Acts), 359–362, 369–374 AS (Acción Social) (Colombia), 407–412 ASEAN. See Association of East Asian Badan Nasional Penanggulangan States Bencana (BNPB), 330–332, ASEAN Agreement on Disaster 331n.4 Management and Emergency compliance with disaster response Response (AADMER), 324–325 norms in, 336–338 compliance elements in, 336–338 local aid regimes and, 338–347 current and future issues in, 347–348 Badan Penanggulangan Bencana domestication of international law Daerah (BPBD), 336–347 in, 332–336 Ballentine, K., 342–343 implementation of, 338–347 Banjul Charter, 211–214 local aid regimes and, 338–347 Barcelona Traction case, 58–59, 366 norms of disaster response in, 330–348 Barnett, Michael, 51–53 ASEAN Charter, 203–206 Barre, Mohamed Siad, 436–438 ASEAN Commission for the Promotion Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 367–368 of Women and Children’ Rights, Bellamy, A. J., 354–355 203–206 Betancourt, Ingrid, 414–415 ASEAN Declaration on the Protection binding decisions, Security Council and Promotion of the Rights of assertion of, 129–134 Migrant Workers, 203–206 Black Sea Economic Cooperation, 160 ASEAN Human Rights Declaration BNPD. See Badan Nasional (AHRD), 203–206, 302–303, Penanggulangan Bencana 321–326 Bolívar, Simón, 377–381 ASEAN Intergovernmental bona ﬁde humanitarian assistance Commission on Human Rights responsibility for, 123–126 (AICHR), 203–206, 321–325 state responsibility concerning, Asian Development Bank, 303–306, 359–362, 372–374 323–324 Borda, Sandra, 400–422, 476–477 Association of East Asian States Bosch, Juan, 377–378 (ASEAN), 3–4, 45–50 Bosnia-Herzegovina, water Agreement on Disaster Management infrastructure damage in, 308–309 and Emergency Response, 149–162 Boswijk, Sanne, 272–301, 478–480

index 541

Botswana Caribbean Disaster Emergency disaster relief institutions in, 286–288 Management Agency (CDEMA), immigration, visa and work permit 163–164 regulations, disaster exemptions Caron, David, 118–120 for, 290–291 cases, list of, x Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 37 Castro, Fidel, 403n.5, 404n.9 boycotts, UN establishment of, Catholic Relief Services, 49 140–143 CBDRM. See community-based BPBD (Badan Penanggulangan disaster response management Bencana Daerah), 336–347 CCAI (Center for Integral Action Brauman, Rony, 27–29 Coordination), 407–412 Broberg, Morten, 271–477 CCoFDHA (Coordinating Committee Bruges Resolution, 123n.1 on Forced Displacement and BSEC (Agreement among the Humanitarian Action), 296–298 Governments of the Participating CDEMA (Caribbean Disaster States of the Black Sea Economic Emergency Management Agency), Cooperation), 160 163–164 Budayeva and others v. Turkey, CDERA (Agreement Establishing the 220–224 Caribbean Disaster Emergency bureaucratic institutionalisation, Response Agency), 179–180 Indonesian local disaster Center for Integral Action management and, 344–345 Coordination (CCAI), 407–412 Burmese refugee crisis, 41–45 Chad Bush, George W., 402–407 conflict over water resources in, 310–311 politicisation and militarisation of CAAM (Comprehensive Action against aid in, 22–24 Antipersonnel Mines), 384–386 Chernobyl Convention, 159–160 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Chile, earthquake disaster in, 430 Islam, 207–208 China Cambodia, 36–39 earthquake disasters in, 174–175 Thailand border issues with, Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis 306–312 and, 349–352 water infrastructure damage in, water infrastructure and resources 308–309 in, 310–311 water management and resources in, chronic conflict, evolution of, 20–22 303–306, 323–324 chronic poverty, erosion of humanity Cameroon, conflict over water and, 39–41 resources in, 310–311 CIFTA (Inter-American Convention Canadian International Development against Illicit Manufacturing of Agency, 47 and Trafficking in Firearms, capacity for assistance Ammunition, Explosives, and limits on protection of civilians, 51 Other Related Materials), 384–386 in natural disasters, 69–70 Civil and Political Rights Covenant, CARE International, financial structure legal codification of humanitarian of, 48–49 assistance and, 15–24 Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Civil Defence Framework Convention, 179–180 159–160

542 index

civil rights Collier, Paul, 39–41 domestic disaster response and, Colombia 153–155 access to war victims in, 400–402n.2, in UDHR, 184–194 407–412 civilians confrontation as conflict or assertion of ICRC mandate to assist, terrorism, definition of, 418–421 86–91 democratic security policy in, in Colombian war, 407–412 407–412 Dunantist values concerning, framing of conflict in, 418 n.50 34–36 ICRC mediation in kidnappings in, fading distinction between warring 412–418 parties and, 21–22 ICRC role in conflict during Uribe limits on capacity for protection of, administration of, 400–422, 51 476–477 protection of, as part of intensification of war in, 402–407 humanitarian aid, 50 international humanitarian UN protection programmes for, assistance in, 7–8 129–134 OAS mission in, 382–384, classical legal humanitarianism, 387n.43 challenges to validity of, 31–32 research issues on conflict in, Clinton, Bill, 430 421–422 cluster approach, 50, 121 combatants Code of Conduct for Humanitarian fading distinction between non- Action (ECCHA), 276 combatants and, 21–22 Code of Conduct for the International in Libya, blurring with aid-workers Red Cross Movement and Non- of, 469–473 Governmental Organisations COMESA (Common Market for (NGOs) in Disaster Relief, 19–20, Eastern and Southern Africa), 38, 277–278 276 Code of Conduct of Armed Forces and Commission on Migrant Workers, Security Services in West Africa, 203–206 276 Committee of Five, Dunantist values cold war and, 34–36 collective security during, 377–379 Committee on Hemispheric Security, conflict change in wake of, 20–22 379–380 normative frameworks for Committee on the Elimination of all humanitarian assistance following, forms of Discrimination against 36–39 Women (CEDAW), 312–314, state-building efforts during, 320–321, 325–326 426–428 Committee on the Rights of the Child collective rights (CRC), 312–314 European human rights system and, community-based disaster response 218–224 management (CBDRM) independent human right and, in Indonesia, 336–338, 340n.44 59–61 local norms and, 338–347 collective security compassion for aid recipients, during cold war, 377–379 erosion of humanity and, state-building and, 435–438 39–41

index 543

competence concerning humanitarian duty to accept aid and, 175–184 assistance fading distinction between peace future issues and responsibilities, and, 22 147–148 humanitarian aid obligations and, of Security Council, 136–147 351n.2, 460–461 of United Nations, 135 as humanitarian crisis, 65–69 competition for visibility, extended international armed conflicts, scope of humanitarian assistance 450–452 and, 24–27 legal framework for aid during, complementarity, international 13–20, 54–57 humanitarian law and, 75–78 non-international armed conflict, complex arena metaphor of 450–452 humanitarian space, 29–32 OAS humanitarian action and, complex emergency, humanitarian 381–387, 393–395 crises as, 69–71 practice of ICRC mandate during, complex legal pluralism 98–101 legal validity and, 231–233 rights-base approach to local norms in humanitarian crises humanitarian assistance and, 18 and, 230–231 sovereignty issues in, 458–464 compliance versus terrorism in Colombia, of Indonesia, to international norms 418–421 of disaster response, 330–332 UN humanitarian assistance and, with international regulations, 7–8 126–129 in UN humanitarian programmes, water management and resources 129–134 and, 303–306, 310–311, 326–328 UN promotion of, 126–129 Congress of Panama, 377–381 Comprehensive Action against consensus-building, humanitarian Antipersonnel Mines (CAAM), assistance and, 1–2 384–386 consent of authorities. See also state The Concept of Law (Hart), 231–233 consent conduct, obligations of, 188n.59, dichotomy of norms concerning, 188–189 114–116 Conference of Government Experts disaster assistance and, 107–122 (1947), 91–92, 94–97 humanitarian assistance and conflict. See also international armed necessity of, 14–15 conflict; local conflicts; non- ICRC legal mandate and, 101–105, international armed conflict; war 104n.111 assertion of ICRC mandate in legal delineation of humanitarian assistance during, 86–91 space in context of, 27–29 changing nature of, impact on operative and substantive norms humanitarianism and, 20–22 concerning, 114–115 civil conflicts, characteristics of, post-cold war ideology of, 37 400–402 unforeseen consequences in negation contemporary challenges to of, 18–19 international humanitarianism consequentialist ethics, expansion of and, 12–27 humanitarian assistance and, domestic disaster response and, 24–27 149–150 Consolidated Appeals Process, 41–45

544 index

constitutionalisation/fragmentation Côte d’Ívoire, 213 debate Council of Europe Organisation, globalisation and, 480–481 218–224 humanitarian norms and, 4–7 Council of State authorisation, armed international law and humanitarian force measures, 143–147 assistance and, 3–4 Covenant on the Rights of the Child in contact with aid beneﬁciaries, erosion Islam, 207–208 of humanity and, 39–41 CRC (Committee on the Rights of the contingency plans, legal framework for Child), 312–314 domestic response and, 151–153 crime against humanity, Myanmar Convention against Torture, legal response to cyclone Nargis, codiﬁcation of humanitarian characterisation as, 355–356 assistance and, 15–24 criminal courts Convention for the Protection and Indonesian local disaster Assistance of Internally Displaced management and, 345–346 Persons in Africa. See Kampala UN establishment of, 140–143 Convention criminal gangs, fading distinction Convention on Assistance in Case of a between civilians and, 21–22 Nuclear Accident or Radiological criminal neglect, humanitarian aid and Emergency, 274–275 role of, 358n.26 Convention on the Rights of the Child, cultural issues 51–53, 59–61, 312–314, 325–326 Asian perspectives on human rights, Convivir militias (Colombia), 407–412 325–326 Coordinating Committee on Forced customary versus national law and, Displacement and Humanitarian 245–247 Action (CCoFDHA), 296–298 distrust of western aid organisations coordination of humanitarian and, 45–46n.23 assistance regional organisations for cluster system for, 50 humanitarian assistance and, 7–8 Indonesian local disaster management custom and, 340n.45, 346–347 humanitarian law and, 238–239 OAS international humanitarian aid validity in international law and, facilitation, 390–391 233–235 corpora juris validity of national law and, converging goals in, 78–80 244–245 international humanitarian law and customs facilitation and priority human rights law, 73–74 treatment Correa, Rafael, 438–440 African legal framework for, corruption in humanitarian assistance 288–289 ECHO assistance protocols and, Indonesian local disaster 255–260 management and, 345–346 EU approach to, 271–477 international disaster response and, external corruption of humanitarian 272–274, 280 aid, 253–255 cyclone Nargis Indonesian local disaster history of, 352–354 management and, 345–346 humanitarian assistance in Myanmar legal framework for management of, and, 7–8, 45–50, 147–148, 266–271 174–175, 284

index 545

international law and response to, dichotomy of norms, state consent 349–352 issues, 114–116 South East Asia water management diet and nutrition, food donation and, 306–312 challenges with, 292–294 state responsibility in humanitarian disarmament measures assistance during, 349–374 OAS programmes for, 384–386 UN establishment of, 140–143 disaster relief, 1n.2, 1–2 dams and dykes, water rights and, African Commission on Human 317–320 and Peoples Rights and, Darfur region 211–214 humanitarian aid in, 41–45 African legal framework for, UN armed forces in, 144–146 283–295 water infrastructure damage in, African Union regulation and 317–320 facilitation of disaster response, De Albuquerque, Catarina, 315–317 295–299 de facto principle, state responsibility in appropriateness and quality of disaster response and, 349 assistance, 292–294 de lege principle, state responsibility contemporary challenges to in disaster response and, international humanitarianism 349, 476 and, 12–27 De Wet, Erika, 6 core obligations in, 196–200 deceased persons, domestic disaster customs clearance and import response and, 167–172 taxation policies and, 272–274, Declaration on Security in the 280, 288–289 Americas of 2003, 380–381 domestic law and, 278 demining operations, OAS peace and domestic legal framework for, humanitarian mission and, 151–153 382–384 domestic response, international democratic institutions, failed states as norms for, 149–173 threat to, 428–431 duty to accept aid and, 174–201 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), duty to provide information during, 41–45 431–432 politicisation and militarisation of global and regional institutions, aid in, 22–24 276 UN assistance in, 131–132 in Haiti, 423–446 Deng, F. M., 354 human rights protections and, dependency, politicisation and 215–218 militarisation of aid and creation humanitarian crises and, 65–66, of, 22–24 69–70 derogation Indonesian compliance and human rights law, domestic disaster implementation, 330–348 response and, 153–155 initiation, assessment and state party obligations in disaster deﬁnition of disaster, relief and, 195–200 283–285 water rights and, 317–320 international legal framework for, developing countries, human rights in, 274–278 154n.19 international treaties for, 274–275

546 index

disaster relief (cont.) institutional frameworks for legal and regulatory preparedness international assistance and, for, 272–274 286–288 legal framework for, 54 International Covenant of Economic, man-made disaster versus, Social and Cultural Rights and, 172–174n.1 158–159 multilateral treaties concerning, International Covenant on Civil and 107n.1 Political Rights and, 156–158 OAS humanitarian actions for, international norms for, 149–173, 388–393, 395–397 476–477 primary role of affected state in, international treaty law and, 150–151 155–164 in regional human rights regimes legally non-binding documents, and obligations in, 202–227 164–167 regional jurisprudence on human local norms in humanitarian crises, rights and humanitarian action, 228–249 209–224, 478–479 Pinheiro Principles, 165 requests for disaster assistance, legal primary role of affected state, framework for, 285 150–151 soft laws on, 277–278 protection issues, 167–172 South East Asia water management regional approaches to, 160–164 and, 306–312 sectoral treaties and, 159–160 state consent issues and assistance in, universal human rights law and, 107–122 155–159 state party obligations and, western aid organisations and, 195–200 228–230 UN General Assembly involvement domestic law. See national law in, 126–129 domestic legal status, African disaster unsolicited aid and, 283–285 response framework and, 291 water management, impact of domestication process, Indonesian natural disasters on, 308–309 domestication of international disaster visa, 280–281, 290–291 law, 332–336 Disasters (journal), 3 Dominican Republic, US intervention discrimination issues in, 377–378 customary versus national law and, donor accountability 245–247 in failed states, 438–440 in domestic disaster response, guidelines for, 50 167–172, 168n.65, 168n.64 Dörmann, K. L., 358 domestic disaster response state responsibility under, 58–59 ASEAN Agreement on Disaster DRC. See Democratic Republic of Management and Emergency Congo Response, 149–162 Dula, Peter, 48–49 Caribbean Disaster Emergency Dunant, Henri, 24–27, 34–36 Management Agency and, Dunantism 163–164 alternatives to, 51–53 framework conditions, 150–155 basic principles of, 33–34 IASC Guidelines, 165 donor accountability and, 50 IDRL guidelines, 166–167 erosion of humanity and, 39–41

index 547

historical evolution of, 34–36 ECtHR (European Court of Human illusion of impartiality and, 41–45 Rights), 77–78, 211–214, 220–224 Libyan humanitarian crisis and, Ecuador, sovereignty issues in, 438–440 473–474 ELN (National Liberation Army) limits on capacity to protect and, 51 (Colombia), 402–407 pitfalls of neutrality, 45–50 emancipation, humanitarian norms post-cold war normative framework and, 6–114 and, 36–39 embargoes rights-base approach to humanitarian enforcement of humanitarian assistance and, 33–53, 479 assistance using, 370 duty ethics, institutionalisation of, 24–27 in Haiti, 425–426 duty to accept aid, 477 UN establishment of, 140–143 constitutionalisation/fragmentation emergency assistance of humanitarian norms and, 4–7 appropriateness and quality issues, de facto barriers, 180n.20 292–294 ICESCR provisions concerning, corruption of, 253–255 174–201 deﬁnition, 66n.35 progressive realisation principle and, impact of laws and regulations on, 188–194 272–274 duty to cooperate, Myanmar response legal framework for, 54–57 in cyclone Nargis and, 359–362 primary role of affected state in, duty to seek assistance, ILC provision 150–151 concerning, 359–362 South East Asia water management Dyncorp, 39–41 and, 306–312 state party obligations, 195–200 state responsibilities, 154n.15 water rights enforcement, 325–328 early recovery, as part of humanitarian Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC), aid, 50 126–129 early warning systems, disaster relief enforcement measures and, 431–432 accountability in water rights and, East Timor 315–317 humanitarian crisis in, 444–445 history of cyclone Nargis and, UN assistance in, 146–147 352–354 ECCHA (ECOWAS Code of Conduct humanitarian aid provisions, 369–372 for Humanitarian Action), 276 military enforcement, 143–147 ECHO. See European Union: ECHO Myanmar cyclone Nargis response ECHR (European Convention on and, 359–362 Human Rights), 218–224 Myanmar humanitarian assistance Economic and Social Council, 126–129 and, 349–374 Economic Community of West-African non-military force, 140–143 States (ECOWAS), 179–180, 276 Security Council responsibilities economic rights, legal empowerment concerning, 137–147 projects, 241–243 water rights, 326–328 ECOWAS (Economic Community of environmental protection West-African States), 179–180, 276 implementation of AADMER and, ECSR (European Committee on Social 338–347 Rights), 219–220 water rights and, 317–320

548 index

equality for the law, Rule of Law and, Haitian relief crisis and, 441–445 239–241 humanitarian aid programmes of, ERC (Emergency Relief Coordinator), 260–262 126–129 humanitarian response centre, 3–4 erga omnes obligations, 351, 362–364, legal framework for anti-corruption 366, 370 efforts and, 266–271 right to life, and, 365 Libyan assistance from, 464–473, erga omnes partes obligations 473n.157 enforcement of, 369–372 separation of roles in Libya for, human rights treaties and, 362–364 469–473 Myanmar cyclone Nargis response European Voluntary Organisations in and, 349–352 Cooperation in Emergencies right to life and, 365–368 (VOICE), 39 ESC (European Social Charter), Ewins, Pete, 257–259 195–200, 218–224 expertise of ICRC, challenges to, 94–97 Ethiopia expiry dates on medical supplies, IDRL food donation challenges in, 292–294 regulations on, 292–294 NGO operations and, 291 expulsion, International Covenant on unsolicited disaster aid in, 283–285 Civil and Political Rights EU. See European Union protections against, 156–158 European Commission Humanitarian External Action Service (EU), Libyan Aid Office (ECHO), 179–180 humanitarian assistance and, assistance protocols and data for, 471–472 255–260 external assistance corruption in humanitarian aid and, in Libyan humanitarian crisis, 253–255 453–455 financing of humanitarian aid by, qualitative assessment in Libya of, 260–262 455–458 Libyan humanitarian assistance and, state responsibility concerning, 471–472 110–114, 359–362 European Committee on Social Rights (ECSR), 219–220 European Convention on Human Rights facilitation payments, 253–255, 254n.4 (ECHR), 218–224 failed states European Court of Human Rights humanitarian assistance in, 423–446, (ECtHR), 77–78, 211–214, 220–224 476 European human rights systems, impact on peace of, 428–431 218–224 international state-building attempts European Social Charter (ESC), and, 426–428 195–200, 218–224 obligations concerning humanitarian European Union (EU) aid in, 431–435 anti-corruption mechanisms for rights-base approach to humanitarian funding, 7–8, 262–266 humanitarian assistance in, 18, corruption and humanitarian aid in, 435–438 271–477 sovereignty of, 438–440 disaster relief and, 179–180 fairness, rights-based approach to ECHO (EU Commission humanitarian aid, 51–53 Humanitarian Aid Office), 47 FAO, neutrality of, 46–47

index 549

FARC-EP (Revolutionary Armed post-cold war policies of, 36–39 Forces of Colombia – Popular protection in armed conflict and Army), 402–418, 403n.5 principles of, 126–129 financial structure of NGOs, 48–49 resolution 46/182, 110–114, Finland, Libyan humanitarian crisis 180–182, 276, 283–285, 312–314 and, 453–455, 454n.39 resolution 60/1, 51 ‘first and foremost’ responsibility, General Comment 15 (GC-15) domestic disaster response and, development of water rights and, 150–151 312–314 food aid humanitarian agencies and water appropriateness and quality of rights in, 328 donations in, 292–294 progressive nature of water rights state obligations concerning, under, 326–328 196–200 scope of right to water and, foreign entity registration, African 315–317 disaster response and, 291 Genetically Modified Organisms Forsythe, David P., 85–86, 416–418 (GMOs), food donations and, fragmentation of humanitarian assistance. 292–294 See also constitutionalisation/ Geneva Convention for the fragmentation debate Amelioration of the Condition of cross-fertilisation of international the Wounded Armies in the Field, and regional norms, 477 34–36 humanitarian norms and, 4–7, Geneva Convention on the Protection of 480–481 Civilians (GCIV), 175–184 Framework Partnership Agreement Geneva Conventions of 1949 (FPA) Additional Protocols of 1977, EU anti-corruption efforts and, 62–64, 175–184, 238–239, 262–266, 270–271n.39 317–320 EU humanitarian aid and, 260n.22, ASEAN states and, 325–326 260–262 assertion of ICRC mandate and, France, Libyan assistance from, 457 86–91 Free Papua Movement, 306–312 assessment of ICRC legal mandate Fuller, L. L., 239–241 and, 101–105 Furundžija case, 356–359 classical international humanitarian law and, 13–20 Commentary to Additional Protocol Gaddafi, Muammar, 450–455, 458–466 I,66–69, 68n.41 Gardiner, Richard K., 187n.55 Dunantist values and, 33–35 gas storage facility, disaster risk of, enactment of ICRC mandate by, 215–218 91–98 Gasser, H.-P., 129–134 fostering of ambiguity in ICRC GCIV (Geneva Convention IV on the mandate and, 97–98 Protection of Civilians), 175–184 humanitarian law and, 62–64, General Assembly (UN) 238–239 Haitian elections and, 424 legal mandate grounded in, 82 human rights resolutions, 51–53 obligations to provide humanitarian natural disaster assistance and, aid under, 433–435 69–70 water rights and, 317–320

550 index

Geneva Diplomatic Conference, 91–92 politicisation and militarisation of fostering of ambiguity in ICRC aid and, 22–24 mandate during, 97–98 water resources and scarcity linked promotion of ICRC mandate during, to stability of, 310–311 94–97 Governors Island Agreement, 425–426 Geremia, Maurizio, 410 Great Lakes Protocol on Internally Germany Displaced Persons of 2006, domestic disaster response in, 151n.8 298–299 Libyan humanitarian crisis and, Greece, human rights system in, 453–455 219–220 GFDRR (Global Facility for Disaster greediness theory in natural resources Risk Reduction), 336–338 management, 342–343 Giladi, Rotem, 81–106, 478–479 Grotius, Hugo, 236 Gleick, Peter, 310–311 group-specific humanitarian assistance, global crisis responses legal codification of, 15–24 contemporary challenges to guidance documents international humanitarianism domestic disaster response, 153–155 and, 12–27 duty to accept aid and, 179–180n.19, humanitarian assistance and, 7 179–180 international disaster relief, 276 legally non-binding documents, Global Facility for Disaster Risk 164–167 Reduction (GFDRR), 336–338 medical donations, 292–294 globalisation, constitutionalisation/ protection issues in domestic disaster fragmentation debate and, response, 167–172 480–481 Guidelines for the Approach of GMOs (Genetically Modified International Cooperation Organisms), food donations and, Projects Developed in Colombia, 292–294 418–421 Good Humanitarian Donorship, 19–20 Guiding Principles on Internal goods transfers in humanitarian relief, Displacement, 480 294–295 domestic disaster response, 164–167 governments duty to accept aid and, 178–179 domestic disaster response and, Gulf region 149–162 conflict impact on water domestic institutional frameworks infrastructure of, 308–309 for international assistance and, NGO funding by states in, 48–49 286–288 of failed states, coordination with, 438–440 Hadzhiyska v. Bulgaria, 220–224 foreign aid programmes of, 47 Hafner, Gerhard, 6–114 human rights law, domestic disaster Hague law, 62–64 response and, 153–155 Haiti ICRC ‘firewall’ with, 34–36 earthquake disaster in, 423–426 Indonesian hierarchical structure of, future of humanitarian assistance in, 338n.36 445–446 legal and regulatory preparedness for history and geography of, 423 disaster and, 272–274 humanitarian assistance in, 423–446, NGO funding by, 48–49 476

index 551

legal mandate for aid in, 465–466 Human Development Report (UNDP), MINUSTAH (United Nations 354–359 Stabilisation Mission in Haiti), human dignity, solidarity for, 118–120 425–426, 430, 441–445 Human Rights Committee. See United MIPONUH (United Nations Civilian Nations Human Rights Police Mission in Haiti), 428–431 Committee OAS disaster relief and, 392n.56, human rights declarations and treaties 395–397 African human rights system, OAS peace and humanitarian 209–218 mission in, 382–384 European human rights system, politicisation and militarisation of 218–224 aid in, 22–24 humanitarian aid and, 362–364 post-earthquake international inter-American human rights system humanitarian assistance in, 7–8 and, 393 Responsibility to Protect paradigm legal codiﬁcation of humanitarian in, 441–445 assistance and, 15–24 sovereignty issues in, 438–440 Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis state-building efforts in, 426–428 and role of, 349–352 state failure in, 440–441 state responsibility and, 364n.46 threats to peace-building in, 428–431 UN assistance programmes and, hard law, ICRC legal mandate and, 126–129 101–105 human rights law HARDP (Humanitarian Affairs, African system of human rights, Refugees and IDPs), 295–299 209–218 Harrell-Bond, B., 243–244 competing regimes of, 237–238 Hart, H. L. A., 231–233, 232n.7 deﬁnitions, 153n.14 health care, state obligations during duty to accept aid and, 174–175, disaster concerning, 199 177–178 Heintze, Hans-Joachim, 1–8, 423–446, guidance documents for domestic 475–481 disaster response, 153–155 Heller, Yves, 413–414 humanitarian aid in context of, 59–62 hemispheric security, OAS and, international humanitarian law and, 380–381 73–74 Herman, Joost, 1–8, 11–32, 475–481 legal framework for domestic Hesselman, Marlies, 202–227, 478–479 response and, 151–153 Hilhorst, Thea, 29–31 lex specialis principle and, 75–78 Homer-Dixon, Thomas, 310–311 regional jurisprudence on, 209–224 ‘Hometown Soldiers’ (Soldados right to receive assistance, Campesinos) (Colombia), 407–412 determination of, 64–65 hors du combat principle, illusion of state building and, 435–438 impartiality and, 41–45 universal human rights law, 155–159 housing and shelter, International Vienna Convention on the Law of Covenant on Civil and Political Treaties and, 186–187 Rights provisions concerning, violations of peace and, 138–140 156–158 Human security concept, HRC. See United Nations Human Responsibility to Protect doctrine Rights Committee and, 354–359 Hsien-Li, 325–326 human security principle, 479

552 index

Humanitarian Accountability natural disasters, 69–70 Partnership, 19–20 overarching approach to, 69–71 humanitarian action, defined, 447n.1 working definition of, 65–66 Humanitarian Affairs, Refugees and Humanitarian Exchange (Colombia), IDPs, Department for (HARDP), 412–418 295–299 humanitarian organisations humanitarian assistance. See also legal defined, 262–266, 263n.32 framework for humanitarian aid; expanded scope of work by, 24–27 militarisation of humanitarian in Libya, 458–464 assistance; normative frameworks non-Western, 47 for humanitarian assistance; peacekeeping activities of regional approaches to international humanitarian humanitarian assistance; rights- organisations, 7–8 based approach to humanitarian water rights and, 328 assistance Humanitarian Principles, Libyan and ASEAN regional perspective on, Syrian humanitarian crises and, 302–329 11–12 challenges in Libya and Syria humanitarian space concerning, 11–12 conflict change impact on, 20–22 competence of UN and Security extended scope of, 24–27 Council concerning, 134–147 insecurity for donors and recipients corruption in, 271–477 in, 12–27 EU anti-corruption efforts and, international law and, 478–479 262–266 legal delineation and reality of, 27–31 global, regional and local institutions metaphorical concepts of, 29–31 and, 3–4 reconceptualisation of, 11–12 goods transfer, 294–295 humanitarianism international legal challenges in, 1–8 codification of, 13–20 non-local non-legal regimes and, conflict change and evolution impact 243–244 on, 20–22 obligations in failed states concerning, contemporary challenges to 431–435 international humanitarianism, politicisation and militarisation of, 12–27 22–24 humanity, principles of right to life and, 365–368 human rights law and, 61–62 statistics on appeals for, 41–45 obligations to provide humanitarian statistics on expansion, 2 aid and, 433–435 water rights in South East Asia and, state consent issues and, 108–110 302–303 Hunt, Paul, 191 Humanitarian Charter, publication of, 39 hurricane Katrina, US response to, humanitarian crises 174–175, 215–218 applicability of law in, 72–80 Hyogo Framework for Action conflict and occupation, 66–69 2005-2015, 336–338, 389 definition of, 33–34, 54–57, 66n.35, 71–72 legal framework for approach to, IAC. See international armed conflict 65–72, 80, 479 IACtHR. See Inter-American Court of local norms in, 228–249 Human Rights

index 553

IAPF (Inter-American Peace Force), Haitian refugees and, 424 377–378 impartiality principle IASC. See Inter-Agency Standing codification of, 13–20 Committee Dunantist values and, 33–34 ICC (International Criminal Court), human rights law and, 61–62 319 ICRC conditions for, 34–36 ICCPR. See International Covenant on illusion of, 41–45 Civil and Political Rights legacy of Libyan intervention and, ICESCR. See International Covenant of 473–474 Economic, Social and Cultural Libyan humanitarian action and, Rights 447–474, 477 ICISS. See International Commission state consent issues and, 108–110 on Intervention and State import duties exemption, international Sovereignty disaster response and, 280, ICJ. See International Court of Justice 288–289 ICRC. See International Committee of independence, ideology of the Red Cross codification of, 13–20 ICSV (International Commission for Dunantist values and, 33–34 Support and Verification), ICRC conditions for, 34–36 382–384 independent human right, to ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal humanitarian assistance, 59–61 for Rwanda, 356–359 Independent Permanent Human Rights ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal Commission, 207–208 for the former Yugoslavia), on individual emancipation, international international armed conflicts, law concerning, 479 450–452, 452n.31 Indonesia. See also Law Number 24 ideology, diminished role of, 20–22 CBDRM in, 336–338, 340n.44 IDI. See Institute of International Law compliance in disaster response law IDPs. See internally displaced persons of, 336–338, 478–479 IDRL. See International Disaster disaster response compliance and Response Laws implementation in, 330–348, 478 IDRL Model Act, 278–285, 292–294 domestication of international law IFRC. See International Federation of in, 332–336 the Red Cross and Red Crescent Free Papua Movement, 306–312 Societies KUHAP (Kitab Undang-Undang IHL. See international humanitarian Hukum) (Indonesian Criminal law Procedural Code), 345–346 IHRL. See international human rights local disaster management in, law 345–346 ILC. See International Law National Board of Disaster Response, Commission 331n.5, 335n.23 immigration restrictions Wasior flood disaster, 342 African disaster response and, water management and resources in, 290–291 303–306, 323–324 disaster visa, 280–281 information, duty to provide, domestic institutional disaster 431–432 response framework and, INGOs. See international non- 286–288 governmental organisations

554 index

Institute of International Law (IDI) Inter-American Drug Abuse Control bona fide humanitarian assistance Committee, 379–380 and, 123–126 inter-American human rights system competence of UN programmes and, disaster relief and, 215–218 125–147 law of humanitarian action and, Insulza, José Miguel, 388 397–398 Integrated Missions (UN), 46–47 OAS regionalisation of humanitarian Inter-Agency Operational Guidelines assistance and, 375–377, 393 on the Protection of Persons in Inter-American Network for Disaster Situations of Natural Disasters, Mitigation, 389 domestic disaster response, 43 Inter-American Peace Force (IAPF), Inter-Agency Standing Committee 377–378 (IASC) (UN) Inter-American Plan for Disaster domestic disaster response, 44, Prevention and Response and the 167–172 Coordination of Humanitarian Guidelines on Human Rights and Assistance, 388–393 Natural Disasters, 126–129, interdisciplinary fragmentation, in 164–167, 277–278 humanitarian studies, 3 Guidelines on Mental Health and Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Psychosocial Support in 278–282 Emergency Settings, 277–278 inter-state negotiation international disaster response, humanitarian assistance and, 1n.1, 277–278 1–2 Operational Guidelines, 480 international law and, 435–438 protection issues, 167–172 InterAction, 39 Inter-American Commission on intergovernmental agencies Human Rights, 75–78, 215–218 blurred roles in Libya for, 469–473 Inter-American Committee against legal codification of universal Terrorism, 379–380 humanitarianism and, 15 Inter-American Committee on Natural Libya humanitarian assistance and, Disaster Reduction, 389 464–473 Inter-American Convention against OAS regionalisation of humanitarian Illicit Manufacturing of and assistance and, 375–377 Trafficking in Firearms, politicisation and militarisation of Ammunition, Explosives, and aid and, 22–24 Other Related Materials (CIFTA), internal conflict 384–386 characteristics of, 400–402 Inter-American Convention to Facilitate in Colombia, 402–407 Disaster Assistance (ACFDA), Colombian war as, 418–421 179–180, 390–391 internally displaced persons (IDPs). Inter-American Council for Integral See also Kampala Convention for Development, 388–389 the Protection and Assistance of Inter-American Court of Human Internally Displaced Persons Rights (IACtHR), 215–218 African Union regulation and OAS humanitarian assistance and, facilitation of disaster response, 393–395 295–299 right to life and, 368 in Colombian war, 407–412, 408–409n.17

index 555

definitions, 164–165 n.57 fostering of ambiguity in mandate of, domestic disaster response and, 97–98 167–172 legal delineation of humanitarian duty to accept aid and, 178–179 space by, 27–29 guiding principles on, 164–165 legal mandate ambiguity and, Kampala Convention and, 298–299 81–106 OAS efforts concerning, 380–381, Libyan humanitarian assistance and, 384–386 458–473 Responsibility to Protect doctrine mediation in Colombian and, 354 kidnappings by, 412–418 water management and resources neutrality of, 46 and, 303–306, 320–321 origins of, 34–36 international armed conflict (IAC) post-cold war role of, 36–39 humanitarian assistance during, practice of legal mandate by, 460–461 98–101 Libyan war as, 450–452 Preliminary Conference of National International Commission for Support Red Cross Societies, 91–94 and Verification (ICSV), 382–384 promotion of mandate by, 94–97 International Commission on sovereignty and neutrality issues and, Intervention and State Sovereignty 19–20 (ICISS), 18–19 UN assistance programmes and, Haitian relief crisis and, 441–445 126–129 Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis International Convention on the Rights and, 349–352, 354 of Persons with Disabilities, International Committee for the 312–314 Wounded, 34–36 International Convention on the International Committee of the Red Simplification and Harmonisation Cross (ICRC). of Customs Procedures, See also International Federation 274–275 of the Red Cross and Red Crescent international cooperation Societies ICESCR and, 193 accessibility of Colombian war OAS cooperative security during victims and, 407–412 1990s and, 379–380 assertion of legal mandate by, 86–91 international corruption of assessment of legal mandate, humanitarian aid, 253–255 101–105 International Court of Justice (ICJ) as assistance mandate case study, custom as source of law, 233–235 83–86 duty to accept aid and, 178–179 classical international humanitarian functions of, 155n.20, 155n.21 law and, 13–20 humanitarian norms and, 6–114 Code of Conduct of, 24–27, 38 lex specialis principle and, 75–78 Colombian conflict and role of, OAS humanitarian assistance and, 400–422, 476–477 393–395 definition of humanitarian qualitative assessment of aid by, assistance, 54–57 455–458 enactment of mandate by, 91–98 state responsibility and judgement expanded scope of work by, 24–27, of, 58–59 102–103n.106 United Nations and, 126–129

556 index

International Covenant of Economic, foreign entity registration and Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) domestic legal status, 291 Article 2(1) provisions, 184–194 Guidelines and IDRL Model Act, Asian perspectives on, 325–326 278–282 domestic disaster response and, import taxation and, 288–289 158–159 initiation, assessment and definition duty to accept aid and, 174–201, 477 of disaster and, 283–285 erga omnes partes obligation and, Model Act for the Facilitation and 362–364 Regulation of International progressive nature of water rights Disaster Relief and Initial under, 326–328 Recovery Assistance, 278–285, right to life in, 365–368 292–294 state party obligations in, 195–200 protection issues in domestic Vienna Convention on the Law of response, 167–172 Treaties and, 186–187 visa, work permits and professional water development and, 312–314 qualifications regulations and, International Covenant on Civil and 290–291 Political Rights (ICCPR), 118–120 International Federation of the Red Asian perspectives on, 325–326 Cross and Red Crescent Societies domestic disaster response and, (IFRC), 69–70 156–158 domestic institutional disaster duty to accept aid and, 177–178 response framework and, ICESCR comparisons with, 184–194 286–288 right to life in, 365–368 duty to accept aid and, 179–180 state party obligations and, 195–200 IDRL Guidelines and IDRL Model International Criminal Court (ICC), Act, 278–282 319 international disaster response and, international criminal law, 236, 355 274–278 International Criminal Tribunal for OSA disaster relief programmes and, Rwanda (ICTR), 356–359 388–389 International Criminal Tribunal for international human rights law (IHRL) the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), on converging goals with humanitarian international armed conflicts, law, 78–80 450–452, 452n.31 growing disrespect for, 12–27 International Disaster Relief and Initial legal codification of humanitarian Recovery Assistance, domestic aid and, 15–24 disaster response, 166–167 legal delineation of humanitarian International Disaster Response Laws space in, 27–31 (IDRL), 115n.20 Libyan and Syrian humanitarian appropriateness and quality of aid crises and, 11–12 and, 292–294 proposed reconceptualisation of, customs facilitation and priority 31–32 treatment, 280, 288–289 state responsibility and, 349–374 disaster visa, 280–281 international humanitarian law (IHL) duty to accept aid and, 179–180 applicability in humanitarian crises, eligibility for legal facilities by 72–80 assisting actors application, assessment of ICRC legal mandate 281–282 and, 101–105

index 557

AU African Humanitarian Policy international institutions, power shift Framework, 296–298 towards, 6 classical law and humanitarian international law principles, 13–20 applicability in humanitarian crises, on conflict and occupation, 66–69 72–80 conflict change and evolution and, collective security and, 435–438 20–22 competing local regimes with, converging goals with human rights 247–249 law, 78–80 competing normative regimes, development of water rights and, 236–244 312–321 complementarity with regional and duty to accept aid and, 175–184 national norms in, 476–477 growing disrespect for, 12–27 complex legal pluralism and, human rights law and, 73–74, 230–231 394n.62 individual emancipation in, 479 ICRC interpretation of, 83–86 legal framework for domestic legal delineation of humanitarian response and, 151–153 space in, 27–31 legal framework for humanitarian legal framework for assistance and, assistance, 54–57 54–57, 62–64 multilateralism and, 117–118 lex specialis principle and, 75–78 Myanmar cyclone Nargis response Libyan and Syrian humanitarian and, 349–352, 359–362 crises and, 11–12 norms of human rights law in, 74–80 Libyan humanitarian assistance and, public international law, 236 447–474 state-building efforts and, 426–428 local norms of humanitarian action state consent issues and assistance in, and, 477 107–122 Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis validity in, 233–235 and, 349–352 International Law and Humanitarian normative regime for, 238–239 Assistance (Heintze and OAS humanitarian assistance and, Zwitter), 3 393–395 International Law Commission (ILC), politicisation and militarisation of 3–4 aid and, 22–24 background and work of, 108–110 proposed re-conceptualisation of, constitutionalisation/fragmentation 31–32 of humanitarian norms and, 4–7 UN promotion of compliance with, definition of humanitarian 126–129 assistance, 54–57 violations of peace and, 138–140 dichotomy of norms on state consent water rights accountability in, and, 213 315–317 disaster relief guidelines, 182–183 international humanitarian Draft Articles of, 476 organisations, peacekeeping duty to cooperate principle and, activities of, 7–8 359–362 International Humanitarian Studies future issues concerning state Association, establishment of, 2 consent and, 120–122 international humanitarianism, international disaster response and, contemporary challenges to, 12–27 274–275

558 index

International Law Commission (ILC) remote control aid delivery in, 39–41 (cont.) UN sanctions in, 140–143 Myanmar response to cyclone water rights protection in, 326–328 Nargis, characterisation as, IRC. See International Rescue 355–356 Committee ‘publicness’ factor in state consent Irish Aid organisation, 47 and, 120–136 Islamic Relief (UK), 49 regional human rights instruments Islamic world, regional approaches to and, 226–227n.97 humanitarian aid in, 206–208 right to life and, 365–368 Istanbul Convention, 288–289 sovereignty and humanitarian Istanbul Convention on Temporary imperatives and, 116 Import, 274–275 state consent issues and, 107–122 Italy, l’Aquila earthquake in, 174–175 state responsibility issues and, 58–59, ius cogens principle 110–114, 372–374 enforcement of humanitarian state sovereignty principle and, assistance and, 370 57–58 erga omnes partes obligations and, international non-governmental 362–364 organisations (INGOs) human rights as ius cogens, 365 humanitarian law and, 238–239 Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis non-local non-legal regimes, and role of, 349–352 243–244 right to life and, 365–368 International Politics (journal), 3 international refugee law, humanitarian assistance and, 57n.7 Jansen-Wilhelm, Stefanie, 174–201, 477 international regulations Japan, earthquake and tsunami in, humanitarian norms and 174–175, 272–274 proliferation of, 6–114 Japan International Cooperation national compliance with, 7–8 Agency (JICA), 336–338 specialisation of, 6–114 jus in bello principle International Rescue Committee (IRC) expansion of humanitarian extended scope of, 24–27 assistance and, 24–27 ﬁnancial structure of, 48–49 international humanitarian law and, international treaty law 14–15 domestic disaster response and, jus necessitates principle, anti- 155–164 corruption efforts and, 266, 269 international disaster response and, 274–275 IOM (International Organisation for Kabila, Laurent, 131–132 Migration) Kampala Convention for the Protection Libyan humanitarian assistance and, and Assistance of Internally 471–472 Displaced Persons,59–61 neutrality of, 46–47 African Union development of, IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union), 298–299 278–282 duty to accept aid and, 178–179 Iraq human rights and, 209–218 impartiality and neutrality in policies regional aspects of, 202–203 toward, 449 Kellenberger, Jacob, 19–20, 471–472

index 559

Kelsen, Hans, 5 Le Billon, P., 342–343 Kenya, transfer of humanitarian goods League of Arab States, 160, 206–208 in, 294–295 ‘left-to-die’ boat in Libyan crisis, 470 kidnappings, ICRC mediation in, legal bias, in local disaster management, 412–418 343 Kirkpatrick, David, 36–39, 46 Legal Consequences of the Construction Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum of a Wall in the Occupied (Indonesian Criminal Procedural Palestinian Territory Advisory Code) (KUHAP), 345–346 Opinion (ICJ), 75–78 Klitgaard, Robert, 269 Legal Empowerment of the Poor Knotternus, Abel S., 375–399, Project (UNDP), 242n.19 478–479 legal empowerment projects, 241–243, Kocken, Joris, 228–249, 476–478 247–249 Kolyadenko and others v. Russia, legal framework for humanitarian aid 220–224 in Africa, future issues concerning, Kordic and Cerkez case, 356–359 299–301 Kosovo refugee crisis, illusion of African disaster response law and, impartiality and, 41–45 272–301 Kouchner, Bernard, 47, 349–354, African legal and regulatory issues in 433–435 disaster response, 283–295 Krieger, H., 77–78 African Union regulation and KUHAP (Kitab Undang-Undang facilitation of disaster response, Hukum) (Indonesian Criminal 295–299 Procedural Code), 345–346 applicability of law in humanitarian Kuijt, Emilie E., 54–80, 479 crises, 72–80 appropriateness and quality of assistance issues, 292–294 Lamont, Christopher K., 1–8, 349–374, competing local and international 475–481 regimes, 247–249 language issues, in medical assistance competing local regimes, 245–247 programmes, 292–294 competing non-local (international) Laos, water management and resources normative regimes, 236–244 in, 303–306, 323–324 complex legal pluralism and, Law and Development (journal), 3 230–231 Law Number 24 (Indonesia) current principles in, 57–65, 80 Articles in, 331n.5, 331n.6, 335n.23, customs clearance and import 335n.22 taxation policies and, 272–274, compliance elements in, 335n.27, 280, 288–289 336–338 deﬁnition of humanitarian crises, domestication of international law 71–72 in, 332–336, 335n.25, 335n.24 disaster relief and, 150–155, 176n.2, drafting of, 330–332, 331n.4 274–278 implementation of AADMER and, domestic disaster response and, 338–347 150–155 Law of the Transboundary Aquifers, domestic institutional frameworks 431–432 for international assistance and, law of war, UN humanitarian assistance 286–288 and, 126–129 duty to accept and, 174–201

560 index

legal framework for humanitarian aid offers and acceptance of (cont.) international assistance and, 285 duty to provide information under, overview of, 1–2 431–432 proposed reconceptualisation of, eligibility for legal facilities by assisting 31–32 actors application, 281–282 public international law, 236 erga omnes partes obligations and, reframing of, 54–80 362–364 requests for disaster relief and, 285 EU anti-corruption efforts and, right to receive assistance, 266–271 determination of, 64–65 foreign entity registration and Rule of law projects and, 239–241 domestic legal status, 291 scope of application and, 54–57 future issues in, 80 specialised humanitarian regulations, history and codiﬁcation of, 13–20 480 human rights law and, 59–62, state responsibility and, 58–59, 237–238 349–374 humanitarian crises and, 65–72, 479 state sovereignty, 57–58 humanitarian law and, 62–64, transfer of humanitarian goods, 238–239 294–295 humanitarian space delineated by, validity of national law, 244–245 27–29 legal mandate IDRL Guidelines and IDRL Model ambiguity in, 97–98, 478–479 Act and, 278–282 assessment of ICRC mandate, impact of laws and regulations on 101–105 assistance, 272–274 expansion by ICRC of, 102–103n.106 implementation of AADMER and, framework for ICRC argument for, 338–347 92–94 Indonesian compliance with future research issues, 105–106 international disaster response, ICRC as assistance mandate case 330 study, 83–86 Indonesian domestication of ICRC assertion of, 86–91 international law and, 332–336 ICRC enactment of, 91–98 initiation, assessment, and deﬁnitions ICRC practice of, 98–101 of disaster and, 283–285 ICRC promotion for, 94–97 Inter-American human rights system for Libyan humanitarian assistance, and, 397–398 465–468 international disaster response, MONUC mission, Democratic 274–278 Republic of Congo, 131–132 Kampala Convention for the operational role of ICRC and, Protection and Assistance of 83–86 Internally Displaced Persons and, risks and advantages of, 105–106 298–299 utility and limits of, 81–106, legal empowerment projects, 241–243 478–479 legal validity and complex legal legal personality doctrine pluralism, 231–233 in domestic disaster response, neutrality and impartiality in Libyan 167–172 humanitarian assistance and, foreign entity registration and 450–452 domestic legal status, 291

index 561

legal pluralism Lieber Code, 54–57 competing local and international Lisbon Treaty, 471–472 regimes, 247–249 list of cases, x customary versus national law and, local aid regimes 245–247 competing local and international local norms in humanitarian crises regimes, 247–249, 476–478 and, 230–231 competing local regimes, legal positivism 245–247 human rights law and, 237–238 competing non-local (international) humanitarian law and, 238–239 normative regimes, 236–244, validity of national law, 244–245 478–480 legitimacy, ICRC legal mandate and, corruption in, 257–259 101–105 Haitian disaster relief and, lex ferenda principle, 186–187 440–441 lex specialis principle Indonesian disaster response and, human rights treaties and, 362–364 338–347 norms of international law and, shift to regional and international 75–78 programmes from, 476–478 Liberia local conflicts appeals for assistance in, 41–45 contemporary challenges to conflict change and evolution in, 20–22 international humanitarianism water infrastructure damage in, and, 12–27 308–309 international humanitarian Libya assistance and, 1n.2 agents of humanitarian assistance in, 458–473 applicability of law to crisis in, 72–80 Mačák, Kubo, 447–474 blurred distinction between Macedonia, human rights system in, combatants and assistance 219–220 personnel in, 469–473 mandate-reliance, in ICRC relief challenges to humanitarian programmes, 98–101 assistance in, 453–458 Martin, Ian, 470–471 humanitarian agencies in, 458–464 media coverage humanitarian crisis in, 11–12 of Colombian conflict, 418–421 legal framework for humanitarian initiation, assessment and definition assistance in, 54 of disaster and, 283–285 multi-purpose actors in humanitarian of Libyan humanitarian crisis, 470 assistance for, 464–473 politicising effect of, 433–435 neutrality and impartiality of variation in humanitarian assistance humanitarian action in, 447–474, and, 41–45 477 medical assistance, appropriateness and qualitative assessment of aid in, quality issues, 292–294 455–458 Médicins san Frontieres (MSF) quantitative assessment of aid in, absence of legal mandate, 81n.1 453–455 extended scope of, 24–27 UN assistance in, 132–134 in Libya, 460–461 water infrastructure damage in, neutrality of, 48 308–309 Meier, Roberto, 420–421

562 index

Mekong River and Basin hypocrisy of, in Libyan and Syrian regional water infrastructure and humanitarian crises, 11–12 regime stability and, 310–311 validity in international law and, water management and resources 233–235 and, 303–306 validity of national law and, 244–245 Mekong River Commission (MRC), Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), 323–324 310–311 Melzer, N., 129–134 Moumtzis, Panos, 470–471 Mennonite Central Committee, 48–49 Mount Merapi eruption of 2010, Merry, Sally, 230–231 330–332, 346 metaphorical concepts of humanitarian Movement Statutes space, recent emergence of, 29–31 assessment of ICRC legal mandate Middle East, Iraqi refugees in, 41–45 and, 101–105 Milanovic, M., 362–364 principles of, 84n.8 MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front), Mozambique, 36–39 310–311 conﬂict over water resources in, militarisation of humanitarian 310–311 assistance, 22–24 customs clearance and import cyclone Nargis response and, taxation policies in, 288–289 349–352 domestic disaster response in Libya, 455–458 framework in, 286–288 Libyan humanitarian crisis and, medical assistance programmes in, 453–455, 465–468 292–294 separation of combatant and aid unsolicited disaster aid in, 283–285 worker roles and, 469–473 MRC (Mekong River Commission), sovereignty of failed states and, 323–324 438–440 MSF. See Médicins san Frontières state-building and, 436–438 multi-purpose actors, in Libyan Minear, Larry, 18 humanitarian crisis, 464–473 MINUSTAH (United Nations multilateralism Stabilisation Mission in Haiti), disaster relief treaties and, 107n.1 425–426, 430, 441–445 ‘publicness’ factor in state consent MIPONUH (United Nations Civilian and, 117–118 Police Mission in Haiti), 428–431 multinational forces, in East Timor, missing relatives, domestic disaster 146–147 response and, 167–172 mutual reinforcement Model Act for the Facilitation and human rights and humanitarian law Regulation of International and, 80 Disaster Relief and Initial operational role of ICRC and, 83–86 Recovery Assistance (IDRL Model Myanmar Act), 278–285, 292–294 cooperation versus protection duties Moldova, human rights system in, in disaster response by, 354–362 219–220 duty to cooperate in cyclone Nargis Montag, Heike, 123–148, 476–478 response, 359–362 MONUC mission, Democratic enforcement of humanitarian aid Republic of Congo, 131–132 provision in, 369–372 morality human rights treaties and human rights law and, 237–238 humanitarian aid in, 362–364

index 563

international law and cyclone Nargis National Board of Disaster Response response in, 349–352, 476 (Indonesia), 331n.5, 335n.23 politicisation of disaster relief in, national law 433–435 African legal framework for post-cyclone humanitarian humanitarian aid and, 299–301 assistance in, 7–8, 45–50, 147–148, complementarity with regional 174–175, 284 and international norms in, Responsibility to Protect doctrine 476–477 and, 354–359 customary law versus, 245–247 water infrastructure damage in, disaster response and, 278 308–309, 320–321 domestic institutional frameworks water management and cyclone in, for international assistance and, 306–312 286–288 implementation of AADMER and, 338–347 Namibia Indonesian domestication of appropriateness and quality of international law in, 332–336 donations in, 292–294 validity of, 244–245 domestic disaster response water management and resources framework in, 286–288, 299–301, and, 323–324 480 National Liberation Army (ELN) transfer of humanitarian goods in, (Colombia), 402–407 294–295 national preparedness and response Napoleon III, 34–36 systems, OAS disaster response Nargis. See cyclone Nargis initiative and, 389–390 nation states national procedures, in domestic capacity in natural disasters and, disaster response, 167–172 69–70 National Transitional Council (NTC), conﬂict change impact on, 20–22 455–458 consent from, for humanitarian national unity assistance, 14–15 post-cold war ideology of, 37 customary versus national law in, UN resolutions concerning, 245–247 180–182 domestic disaster response and, NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty 150–155 Organisation legal and regulatory preparedness for natural disasters. See disaster relief disaster and, 272–274 natural law tradition NGO funding by, 48–49 humanitarian law and, 238–239 politicisation and militarisation of validity in international law and, aid and, 22–24 233–235 power shift away from, 6 natural resources shift of decision-making away from, greediness theory in management of, 476–478 342–343 sovereignty of, 57–58 Indonesian local management of, validity in international law of, 335n.26, 338–347 233–235 needs-based approach to humanitarian water resources and scarcity linked assistance, Myanmar cyclone to stability in, 310–311 Nargis response and, 359–362

564 index

neutrality principle non-local non-legal regimes and, codification of, 13–20 243–244 Dunantist values and, 33–34 religious NGOs, 49 human rights-based approach to remote control aid delivery and, humanitarian assistance and, 18 39–41 human rights law and, 61–62 UN assistance programmes and, ICRC conditions for, 34–36 126–129 legacy of Libyan intervention and, non-international armed conflict 473–474 (NIAC) Libyan humanitarian action and, humanitarian assistance during, 447–474, 477 460–461 pitfalls of, 45–50 Libyan war as, 450–452 state consent issues and, 108–110 non-intervention unforeseen consequences in denial inter-American culture of, 377–381 of, 18–19 state consent issues and, 108–110 NGOs. See non-governmental state responsibility and, 110–114, organisations 349–374 NIAC. See non-international armed water rights in Asia and, 325–326 conflict non-local non-legal regimes, Nicaragua, OAS peace and humanitarian assistance and, humanitarian mission in, 382–384 243–244 Nigeria non-military force, UN measures for, conflict over water resources in, 140–143 310–311 non-military sanctions oil pipeline in, 213–214 in Iraq, 140–143 Nitschke, H., 342–343 Security Council imposition of, non-arbitrariness, in disaster aid, 129–134 176–177, 177n.8 non-positivitist approaches, human non-combatants, fading distinction rights law, 237–238 between combatants and, 21–22 non-western humanitarian assistance non-derogable human rights, 154n.17 organisations, 47 non-governmental organisations normative frameworks for (NGOs). See also international humanitarian assistance non-governmental organisations competing international regimes, anti-corruption efforts and, 236–244 262–266 competing local and international EU regulation of, 253–255, 260–262 regimes, 247–249 extended scope of, 24–27 competing local regimes, 245–247 foreign entity registration and complementarity of national, domestic legal status and, 291 regional and international fragmentation and instability of, frameworks, 476–477 12–27 complex legal pluralism and, humanitarian aid and, 2 230–231 ICRC Code of Conduct and, 38 conflict change impact on, 20–22 legal codification of universal constitutionalisation or humanitarianism and, 15 fragmentation of, 4–7 legal framework for domestic cross-fertilisation with international response and, 151–153 law, 477

index 565

domestic disaster response, OAS. See Organisation of American international norms, 149–173 States Dunantist values and, 33–34 OAU (Organisation of African Unity), extended scope of organisations and, 295–299 24–27 occupied territories global crisis responses and, 7 assertion of ICRC mandate in, 86–91 ICRC interpretation of, 83–86 humanitarian crisis in, 66–69 Indonesian compliance and OCHA. See United Nations Office for implementation of disaster the Coordination of Humanitarian response, 330–348 Affairs international legal norms, 74–80, 478 OECD, NGO funding by, 48–49 lex specialis principle and, 75–78 Ogoniland, Shell oil extraction and, local norms in humanitarian crises, 213–214 228–249, 338–347, 478–479 Oil for Food Programme, 140–143 national compliance with Öneryildiz v. Turkey, 220–224 international norms, 7–8 Onuma, Yasuaki, 117–118 necessary consent issue and, 16–19 ‘Operación Jaque’, 415 non-local non-legal regimes, operational norms 243–244 ICRC legal mandate and, 83–86 overview of, 1–2 practice of ICRC legal mandate and, post-cold war principles, 36–39 98–101 regional aid programmes, 47, in state consent issues, 114–115 478–479 opinio juris right to life and, 365–368 human rights and, 59–61 rights-base approach and, 16–17, human rights and domestic disaster 51–53 response and, 153–155 sovereignty and, 116 opportunism in humanitarian aid, 53 state consent, dichotomy of norms Organisation for Security and concerning, 114–116 Cooperation (Europe), 218–224 UN enforcement actions and, Organisation of African Unity (OAU), 138–140 295–299 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Organisation of American States (NATO) (OAS), 179–180 disaster relief and, 179–180 activities of, 384n.34 Libyan assistance mandate and, armed conflicts and humanitarian 132–134, 464–473 actions by, 381–387, 393–395 Libyan conflict and, 450–452 collective security during cold war separation of roles in Libya for, and, 377–379 469–473 cooperative security during 1990s North Korea, conflict over water and, 379–380 resources in, 310–311 coordination of humanitarian ‘not in my back yard’ syndrome, assistance by, 391–392 Indonesian local disaster current and future initiatives of, management and, 346 398–399 NTC (National Transitional Council), Declaration on Security in the 455–458 Americas of 2003 and, 380–381 Nuclear Weapons Opinion (ICJ), 75–78 disaster risk reduction efforts of, 389 Nuland, Victoria, 322–323 Haitian elections and, 424

566 index

Organisation of American States (OAS) OAS humanitarian efforts and, (cont.) 382–384, 386–387 historical evolution of, 377–381 Rule of law and, 239–241 human rights system and, 209–218 Security Council responsibilities humanitarian agenda of, 392 concerning, 137–147 humanitarian programmes of, UN Charter definitions of, 137–147 384–386 UN commitment to, 135 Inter-American Human Rights ‘peace dividend’, post-cold war System and, 215–218, 393 humanitarian assistance and, 37 international humanitarian aid peacekeeping measures, UN operations facilitation by, 390–391 in Darfur, 144–146 Mission to Support the Peace Process Philip, Diana, 302–329, 476–477 in Colombia, 382–384, 387n.43 Philippines national preparedness and response conflict in, 306–312 systems in disaster management water infrastructure damage and, program, 389–390 308–311, 320–321 natural disaster relief actions, water management and resources in, 388–393, 395–397 303–306, 323–324 OAS/UN International Civilian Pinheiro Principles, 480 Mission in Haiti (ICMH), domestic disaster response, 164–165 382–384 protection issues, 167–172, 172n.74 peace missions and humanitarian ‘Plan Colombia’, 402–407 actions of, 382–384 plurality of roles, ICRC legal mandate regionalisation of humanitarian and, 86 action and, 375–399, 478–479 Poland, enforcement of humanitarian Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, assistance in, 369–370 human rights developments and, political rights, in UDHR, 184–194 207–208 politicisation of humanitarian aid Oslo Guidelines on civil–military co- aid recipients’ assessment of, 45–50 operation in humanitarian action, customary versus national law and, 19–20 245–247 Oxford Committee for Famine Relief fragmentation in, humanitarian (Oxfam) norms and, 6–114 extended scope of, 24–27 human rights and domestic disaster neutrality of, 48 response, 153–155 humanitarian assistance and, 1–2, 19–20 pacta sunt servanda principle, legal codification of universal humanitarian norms and, 5 humanitarianism and avoidance paramilitary activities, in Colombian of, 15 war, 407–412 in Libya, 453–455 Pascoe, Lynn, 453 OAS regionalisation of humanitarian Pastrana, Andrés, 402–407 assistance and, 375–377 Patnaik, Dabiru Sridhar 107–122, 476 politicisation of aid and, 22–24 peace-building post-cold war humanitarian fading distinction between conflict assistance and, 37 and, 22 Responsibility to Protect and, 359 failed states as threat to, 428–431 Rule of law and, 239–241

index 567

state responsibility concerning property and possessions assistance and, 110–114 domestic disaster response and, in United Nations programmes, 167–172 46–47 European Court of Human Rights variation in humanitarian assistance cases and, 220–224 and media coverage, 41–45 proportionality, principle of, state- PONJA Report (Post-Nargis Joint building efforts and, 426–428 Assessment Report), 352–354 protection. See also Responsibility to Porto, J. G., 342–343 Protect Post-Nargis Joint Assessment Report adequate preparedness and, 225–227 (PONJA Report), 352–354 consultation and participation issues, Powell, Colin, 402–407 167–172 power politics domestic disaster response and, assertion of ICRC mandate and, 167–172 86–91 limits on capacity for, 51 diminished role of state power and, mandate-reliance versus, 98–101 20–22 as part of humanitarian aid, 50 international humanitarian law and, state consent issues concerning, 13–20 108–110 legal empowerment projects, state responsibility concerning, 241–243 110–114 Rule of law projects and, 239–241 Protection of Persons in the Event of shift from local to global power Disasters, Draft Articles on, structures, 476–478 182–183, 274–275 PoWs (prisoners of war), assertion Protection of Victims of Non- of ICRC mandate concerning, International Armed Conﬂict, 86–91 317–320 PoWs Convention of 1929, 92 Protocol of San Salvador, 215–218 preferential treatment in humanitarian Protocol to the African Charter on assistance, 41–45 Human Peoples’ Rights on the Preliminary Conference of National Rights of Women in Africa, Red Cross Societies, 91–94 211–214 Préval, René Garcia, 438–440 Provincial Reconstruction Teams Principles and Good Practice of (Afghanistan), politicisation and Humanitarian Donorship, militarisation of aid in, 22–24 establishment of, 50 public international law Principles on Housing and Property competing regimes of, 236 Restitution for Refugees and water rights and, 312–314 Displaced Persons, domestic ‘publicness’ factor, state consent and, disaster response, 164–167 120–136 prisoners of war (PoWs), assertion pyramidal structure of humanitarian of ICRC mandate concerning, space, 27–29 86–91 professional qualiﬁcations regulations, African disaster response and, qualitative assessment of aid, 292–294, 290–291 455–458 progressive realisation principle, quantitative assessment of aid, ICESCR and, 188–194 453–455

568 index

quasi-legal humanitarian principles, Myanmar disaster relief and, classical international 349–374 humanitarian law and regional approaches to humanitarian establishment of, 13–20 assistance, 3–4 quasi-sovereign locus, human rights- in Arab/Islamic world, 206–208 base approach to humanitarian armed force measures, 143–147 assistance and, 18 ASEAN human rights systems, ‘quid pro quo’ principle 203–206 challenges to humanitarian complementarity with national and assistance and, 14–15 international norms in, 476–477 conﬂict change and evolution and, development of water rights and, 20–22 312–321 domestic disaster response and, 160–164 R2P. See Responsibility to Protect duty to accept aid and, 178–179 rebel forces, fading distinction between future trends in, 225–227 civilians and, 21–22 Indonesian disaster response and, reconstruction/developmental aid 336–338 expansion of humanitarian international disaster relief, 276 assistance as, 24–27 international, regional and national Haitian relief crisis and, 441–445 interaction in, 7–8, 478–479 Red Crescent Movement. legal obligations in, 349 See also International Federation limits of neutrality in, 47 of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in natural disasters, human rights Societies and, 209–224 UN assistance programmes and, OAS role in, 375–399 126–129 state obligations in natural disasters, Red Cross. See International 202–227, 479 Committee of the Red Cross regional conﬂicts, in post-cold war era, refugee assistance 36–39 African Union regulation and regionalisation of international law, facilitation of disaster response, humanitarian norms and, 6–114 295–299 Relief International, extended scope of, domestic disaster response and, 24–27 167–172 relief schemes duty to accept aid and, 178–179 assertion of ICRC mandate for, in Haiti, 424, 428–431 86–91 humanitarian assistance and, 57n.7 promotion of ICRC mandate for, independent human rights and, 59–61 94–97 non-local non-legal regimes and, religion, customary versus national law 243–244 and, 245–247 OAS initiatives concerning, 384–386 religious NGOs, goals and funding for, politicisation and militarisation of, 49 22–24 remote control aid delivery, erosion of water management and resources humanity and, 39–41 and, 303–306 Renamo rebels, 36–39 refusal of aid Responsibility to Protect (R2P) international law and, 174–175 aid enforcement using, 352–354

index 569

European Court of Human Rights rights-based approach to cases and, 220–224 humanitarian assistance and, in Haitian crisis, 441–445 16–17, 64–65 International Law Commission right to provide assistance consideration of, 359–362 argument of ICRC mandate for, Libyan and Syrian humanitarian 92–94 crises and, 11–12 assertion of ICRC mandate Myanmar cyclone Nargis response concerning, 86–91 and applicability of, 349–352, promotion of ICRC mandate for, 354–359, 372–374 94–97 OAS regionalisation of humanitarian state responsibility concerning, assistance and, 375–377 110–114 politicisation of disaster relief and, rights-based approach to humanitarian 433–435 assistance sovereignty issues and, 18–19, 116, Asian perspectives on, 325–326 116–117n.23 competing local and international United Nations assistance regimes and, 247–249 programmes and, 123–126 in conﬂict zones, 18 water rights protection, 326–328 development of water rights and, ‘Restore Hope’ operation, 436–438 312–321 Revolutionary Armed Forces of enforcement of water rights in Colombia – Popular Army emergencies, 325–328 (FARC-EP), 402–418, 403n.5 holistic approach to international right of initiative, ICRC invocation of, law and, 17 86–91 human rights treaties and, 362–364 right to life legal challenges to, 17 African human rights system and, legal framework for, 54–57 209–218 Myanmar cyclone Nargis response ASEAN commitment to, 203–206 and, 359–362 enforcement of provisions necessity of, 33–53 concerning, 369–372 non-local non-legal regimes and, erga omnes obligations and, 243–244 365–368 normative framework for, 16–17, erga omnes partes obligations and, 51–53 365–368 progressive aspect of water rights European Court of Human Rights and, 326–328 and, 218–224 reconstruction/developmental aid guidance documents concerning, expansion and, 24–27 153–155 risk reduction mechanisms, OAS human rights law and, 59–61 disaster relief programme and, 389 in human rights treaties, 362–364 Rome Statute IASC guidelines on, 167–172 enforcement of humanitarian ICCPR provision on, 156–158 assistance and, 372 ICESCR interpretation of, 188–194 Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and, 355–356 and, 207–208 water rights provisions in, 317–320 right to water and, 302–303, RUF (Revolutionary United Front) 312–314, 325–326 group, 46n.24

570 index

Rule of law projects, 239–241 secular NGOs, ﬁnances of, 48 rules of recognition, 232n.7 security legal validity and, 231–233 collective security during cold war, validity in international law, 233–235 377–379 validity of national law and, 244–245 cooperative security during 1990s, Russia. See also Soviet Union 379–380 Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis hemispheric security, 380–381 and, 349–352 for Libyan humanitarian assistance Rwanda workers, 460–461 domestic disaster response of person, International Covenant on framework in, 286–288, 299–301 Civil and Political Rights genocide and aid operations in, protections of, 156–158 38–39 regional water infrastructure and, unsolicited disaster aid in, 283–285 310–311 water infrastructure damage in, Responsibility to Protect doctrine 308–309 and, 354–359 Security Council responsibilities concerning, 136–137 SADC, 276 UN commitment to, 135 Safer Communities for Disaster Risk Security Council (UN) Reduction (SCDRR), 336–338 applicability of law in humanitarian SALW (small arms and light weapons), crises, 72–80 OAS initiatives concerning, armed force measures of, 143–147 384–386, 385n.37 competence concerning San Remo Principles, 66–69 humanitarian assistance, 136–147 sanctions competences in humanitarian non-military, 129–134, 140–143 assistance programmes and, tailored/targeted, 142–143 123–148 Sassoli, Marco, 77 constraints on assistance Save the Children Fund (SCF) programmes and, 129–134 African relief work by, 290–291 Darfur conﬂict and, 144–146 extended scope of, 24–27 East Timor operations of, 146–147 neutrality of, 48–49 future issues and responsibilities in Savimbi, Jonas, 36–39 assistance programmes, 147–148 saving clause in ICRC mandate, 94–97 growing powers and obligations of, SCDRR (Safer Communities for 476–478 Disaster Risk Reduction), 336–338 Haitian missions of, 425–426 SCF. See Save the Children Fund humanitarian assistance and, 62–64, Schaerer, Juan Pedro, 411–418 116 scope of application interim results of assistance assertion of ICRC mandate and, programmes, 125–147 86–91 Libyan assistance and, 132–134, humanitarian crises assistance, 66 465–468 legal framework for humanitarian Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis aid, 54–57 and, 349–352, 354–355 secrecy of ICRC, legal mandate and, 86 non-military force measures under, sectoral treaties, domestic disaster 140–143 response, 159–160 Resolution 237, 15–24

index 571

Resolution 940, 428–431 solidarity rights Resolution 1973, 455–458, 465–468 human dignity and, 118–120 responsibilities of, 123–126 independent human right and, 59–61 Responsibility to Protect and, Salomons, Dirk, 33–53 361n.37 Somalia Somalian assistance and, 138–140 corruption of humanitarian aid in, state-building efforts and, 426–428 253–255, 262–266 self-contained system theory, erga politicisation and militarisation of omnes partes obligations and, aid in, 22–24 362–364 remote control aid delivery in, 39–41 self-help assistance, Committee on state building efforts in, 426–428, Economic, Social and Cultural 436–438 Rights provisions concerning, UN assistance in, 138–140 196–200 South Africa Semanza case, 356–359, 357n.23 Disaster Management Act 2000 in, September 11, 2001 attacks, US foreign 286–288 policy and, 402–407 enforcement of humanitarian Seychelles, domestic disaster response assistance in, 371–372 framework in, 286–288 Libyan humanitarian crisis and, 468 Shaw, Carolyn, 380 South East Asia Sierra Leone, 41–45, 46n.24 emergency assistance in, impact on conflict change and evolution in, water management, 306–312 20–22 geography and demographics of, customs clearance and import 302–303 taxation policies in, 288–289 right to water vis-à-vis humanitarian foreign entity registration and aid in, 320–321 domestic legal status, 291 water management and resources in, Simma, Bruno, 4–7, 362–364 303–306 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 57n.9 South Sudan, relief regulations in, small arms and light weapons (SALW), 288–289 OAS initiatives concerning, sovereignty 384–386, 385n.37 capacity to protect limited by, 51 Snyder, Jack, 51–53 conflict change impact on, 20–22 soft law consent issues and, 108–110 assistance in conflict and occupation definitions of, 57n.9 and, 66–69 domestic disaster response and, humanitarian crises and, 69–71 149–162 ICRC legal mandate and, 101–105 duty to accept aid and, 175–184 initiation, assessment, and definition of failed states, 438–440 of disaster and, 283–285 human rights-based approach to international disaster relief, 277–278 humanitarian assistance as international law as, 235n.9 challenge to, 18 regional disaster relief, 276 humanitarian norms and, 6–7, 116 specialised humanitarian regulations, international humanitarian law and 480 acceptance of, 14–15 Soldados Campesinos (‘Hometown legal framework for, 57–58 Soldiers’) (Colombia), 407–412 legal framework for humanitarian Solferino, battle of, 34–36 aid and, 57–58

572 index

sovereignty (cont.) International Law Commission work Libyan humanitarian aid and, 11–12, on, 476 458–464 ‘publicness’ factor, 120–136 multilateralism and, 117–118 solidarity for human dignity and, post-cold war ideology of, 37 118–120 Responsibility to Protect doctrine state power and, 354 diminished role of, 20–22 state responsibility and, 110–114, expansion of humanitarian 349–374 assistance into realm of, 24–27 Syrian humanitarian crises and validity of national law and, 244–245 claims of, 11–12 State Reporting Guidelines, African third party assistance and, 57n.8, human rights systems, 213 64n.31 state responsibility UN resolutions concerning, 180–182 African legal framework for unforeseen consequences in denial humanitarian aid and, 299–301 of, 18–19 consent issues and, 108–110 validity in international law and, domestic disaster response, 150–155, 233–235 154n.15, 172–173, 479 water rights in Asia and, 325–326 duty to seek assistance, 359–362 Soviet Union. See also Russia enforcement of humanitarian collapse of, 20–22, 36–39 assistance and, 370 state-building efforts by, 426–428 in European Court of Human Rights specialised human rights treaties, legal cases, 220–224 framework for domestic response human rights law and, 59–61 and, 151–153 human rights treaties concerning, specialised humanitarian regulations, 362–364 480 ICESCR obligation in disaster relief, Spieker, Heike, 149–173, 238–239, 195–200 476–477 ILC analysis of, 110–114 Sphere Project, 19–20, 33–34 Indonesian local disaster evolution of, 39 management and, 344 Humanitarian Charter and in Kampala Convention for the Minimum Standards in Protection and Assistance of Humanitarian Response, 51–53, Internally Displaced Persons, 277–278 298–299 water rights and, 315–317 legal framework for, 58–59 standard of living, domestic disaster Myanmar humanitarian assistance response and, 167–172 and, 349–374 state-building natural disaster response and, humanitarian assistance and, 200–201 435–438 obligations to provide humanitarian international attempts at, 426–428 aid, 433–435 state consent primary versus secondary deﬁned, 176n.4 responsibility, 110–114 duty to accept aid and, 175–184 Responsibility to Protect doctrine to external assistance, 359–362, and, 354–359 372–374 in regional human rights regimes, future issues concerning, 120–122 202–227

index 573

sovereignty and humanitarian Tanzania, domestic disaster response imperatives and, 116 framework in, 286–288 United Nations assistance tax exemptions programmes and, 123–126 Indonesian local disaster for water rights, 315–317 management and, 345–346 water rights and, 326–328 international disaster response and, Statutes of the Red Cross Movement, 280, 288–289 assertion of ICRC mandate in, TCG (Tripartite Core Group), 86–91 Myanmar cyclone Nargis response Stockholm International Red Cross and, 352–354 Conference (1948), 91–92 Technical Notes on Drinking Water, Street Children Case, 368 Sanitation and Hygiene During Strengthening of the Coordination of Emergencies, 315–317 Humanitarian Emergence territorial integrity Assistance of the United Nations, post-cold war ideology of, 37 150–151 state responsibility and, 110–114 substantive norms UN resolutions concerning, Rule of law and, 239–241 180–182 in state consent issues, terrorism 114–115 Colombian conﬂict as, 418–421 Sudan water management and, 310–311 customs clearance and import Terry, Fiona, 51 taxation policies in, 288–289 Thailand Darfur conﬂict in, 144–146 Burmese refugees in, 41–45 legal framework for humanitarian water infrastructure in, 306–312, assistance in, 54, 284 323–324 politicisation and militarisation of third party assistance and, sovereignty aid in, 22–24 issues and, 57n.8, 64n.31 UNMIS, 144–146 Thürer, Daniel, 27–29 water infrastructure damage in, timeframe for humanitarian assistance, 317–320 legal framework for, 54–57 Suriname, OAS peace mission in, transnational crises, inter-state 382–384 bargaining and, 1n.1, 1–2 Syria transparency in humanitarian aid civilian deaths in, 51 programmes, pitfalls of neutrality, failure of humanitarian assistance in, 45–50 37, 46n.24 Transparency International, 253–255 humanitarian crisis in, 11–12 triangle model of humanitarian space legal framework for humanitarian (ICRC), 27–29 assistance in, 54 Tripartite Core Group (TCG), water infrastructure damage in, Myanmar cyclone Nargis response 308–309 and, 352–354 Triyana, Heribertus Jaka, 330–348, 478–479 tailored/targeted sanctions, UN tropical storm Washi 2011, water practice of, 142–143 infrastructure damage and, Tampere Convention, 159–160, 308–309 274–275, 431–432 Truong Tan Sang, 310–311

574 index

tsunami. See Aceh tsunami of 2004 bureaucratic constraints on Turkey, human rights system in, assistance programmes of, 219–220 129–134 ‘Two Concepts of Sovereignty’ cluster system of, 50 (Annan), 354 competence concerning Tyagi, Yogesh, 117–120 humanitarian assistance, 134–147 definition of humanitarian assistance, 54–57 UDHR. See Universal Declaration of Democratic Republic of Congo and, Human Rights 131–132 Uganda, politicisation and Department of Humanitarian militarisation of aid in, 22–24 Affairs, 36–39, 41–45 UN ISDR (United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator for, International Strategy for Disaster 36–39 Reduction), 336–338 domestic disaster response and, UNAMID (African Union/UN Hybrid 150–151 Operation in Darfur), 144–146 expansion of peacekeeping UNC. See United Nations Charter operations by, 22–23n.24 UNCC (United Nations Compensation future issues and responsibilities in Commission), 326–328 assistance programmes, 147–148 UNCESCR (United Nations Haitian disaster relief and, 423–426 Committee on Economic, Social humanitarian assistance and Cultural Rights), 185–186, programmes of, 123–148 188–194, 196–200, 312–314 interim results of assistance UNDP. See United Nations programmes, 125–147 Development Programme kidnappings in Colombia and, undue hardship, in humanitarian 412–418 crises, 66–69 lack of neutrality in humanitarian UNEP, neutrality of, 46–47 programmes of, 3–4, 46n.24, UNFPA (United Nations Population 46–47 Fund), neutrality of, 46–47 Libya humanitarian assistance and, UNHCR. See United Nations Human 464–473 Rights Committee Libyan assistance program, 132–134 UNICEF multilateralism and, 117–118 anti-corruption efforts of, 253–255, Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis 262–266 and role of, 349–352 neutrality of, 46–47 OAS and, 382–384 politicisation and militarisation of politicisation and militarisation of aid by, 22–24 aid by, 22–24 unified tasked force operation practice of humanitarian assistance (UNITAF) in Somalia, 138–140 by, 126–129 UNITA movement, 36–39 separation of roles in Libya for, United Kingdom 469–473 challenges to ICRC by, 94–97 Somalia, assistance in, 138–140 Department for International Special Representative of the Development (DfID), 47 Secretary-General (SRSG), 47n.25 United Nations. see under specific United Nations Charter (UNC) bodies, e.g. Security Council armed force measures, 143–147

index 575

assistance measures outside United Nations Human Rights Council, Chapter VII of, 136–137 126–129, 312–314 assistance measures under United Nations International Strategy Chapter VII of, 137–147 for Disaster Reduction (UN collective security during cold war ISDR), 336–338 and, 377–379 United Nations Mission in Sudan competence provisions in, 135 (UNMIS), 144–146 erga omnes partes obligations and, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk 362–364 Reduction, 389 ICESCR and, 192–194 United Nations Office for the Myanmar response to cyclone Nargis Coordination of Humanitarian and, 349–352 Affairs (UNOCHA), 3–4 Security Council competence in, AU African Humanitarian Policy 136–147 Framework and, 296–298 state-building and, 435–438 Financial Tracking Service, 41–45 United Nations Civilian Police Haitian disaster relief and, Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH), 440–441 428–431 human assistance functions, United Nations Committee against 126–129 Racial Discrimination, 215–218 IDRL Model Act and, 278–282 United Nations Committee on initiation, assessment, and definition Economic, Social and Cultural of disaster and, 283–285 Rights (UNCESCR), 185–186, international disaster relief and, 276 188–194, 196–200, 312–314 neutrality of, 46–47 United Nations Compensation politicisation and militarisation of Commission (UNCC), 326–328 aid by, 22–24 United Nations Development state consent issues and, 114–115 Programme (UNDP), 126–129, water and humanitarian assistance, 242n.19 312 legal empowerment projects, United Nations Population Fund 241–243 (UNFPA), neutrality of, 46–47 Responsibility to Protect doctrine United Nations Secretary-General, and, 354–359 126–129 United Nations Human Rights Iraq sanctions and, 140–143 Committee (UNHCR), 75–78, Myanmar cyclone Nargis response 393–395 and, 352–354 Colombian war and, 418–421 United Nations Stabilisation Mission in disaster relief, 215–218 Haiti (MINUSTAH), 425–426, legal mandate and, 85–86 430, 441–445 Libyan humanitarian assistance and, United Nations Support Mission for 471–472 Libya (UNSMIL), 470–471 Myanmar cyclone Nargis response United Nations Transitional and, 352–354 Administration in East Timor neutrality of, 46–47 (UNTAET), 146–147, 444–445 politicisation and militarisation of United Nations Water Conference, aid by, 22–24 312–314 solidarity for human dignity and, United Self-defence Forces of Colombia 118–120 (AUC), 402–407

576 index

United States Valencia-Ospina, Eduardo, 433–435 Dominican Republic intervention by, validity 377–378 complex legal pluralism and, involvement in Colombian war, 231–233 402–407 in international law, 233–235 Myanmar cyclone Nargis response of national law, 244–245 and role of, 358 VCLT (Vienna Convention on the Law OAS and, 377–379 of Treaties), 186–187, 362–368 Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, Venezuela 47 Haitian relief crisis and, 441–445 Universal Declaration of Human Rights mediation in Colombian (UDHR) kidnappings and, 413–414 ICESCR and, 184–194 Verdirame, G., 243–244 legal codification of humanitarian Verdross, Alfred, 5 assistance and, 15–24 vertical conflict, in Indonesian disaster right to life in, 365–368 management, 346 rights-based approach to victims humanitarian aid, 51–53 accessibility in Colombia to, universal humanitarianism, legal 400–402n.4, 407–412 codification of, 12–27 accessibility in Libya of, 458–464 universality of human rights, legal gaining accessibility to, 24–27 norms concerning, 237–238 in humanitarian space, 27–31 UNMIS (United Nations Mission in ICRC concern with, 92–93n.59 Sudan), 144–146 international humanitarian law UNOCHA. See United Nations Office codification concerning, 13–20 for the Coordination of in Syria, 11–12 Humanitarian Affairs Vienna Convention on the Law of UNOSOM missions I and II in Somalia, Treaties (VCLT), 186–187, 138–140 362–368 unsolicited aid, initiation, assessment Viennese school of international law, 5 and definition of disaster and, Vietnam, water infrastructure 283–285 damage in, 310–311, 317–320, UNTAET (United Nations Transitional 323–324 Administration in East Timor), VOICE (European Voluntary 146–147, 444–445 Organisations in Cooperation in Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Emergencies), 39 381–382, 382 n.25 urbanisation, water management and resources and, 303–306 Waldron, J., 239–241 Uribe, Alvaro war approval rate for presidency of, in Colombia, 402–407 402–403 n.5 Colombian conflict as, 418–421 Colombian war and presidency of, impact on water infrastructure in, 402–407, 418–421 317–320 kidnapping mediations in Colombia legal humanitarianism in time of, and, 415, 417–418 13–20 utility assessment, of ICRC mandate warlords, fading distinction between and, 98–101, 104 civilians and, 21–22

index 577

Washi (2011 tropical storm), water western legal regimes, customary versus infrastructure damage and, national law and, 245–247 308–309 Westphal, Florian, 416 Wasior, Indonesia ﬂood disaster, 342 Westphalian international legal system, water infrastructure Myanmar response to cyclone ASEAN regional perspective on, Nargis and, 349–352 302–329, 476–477 WFP, neutrality of, 46–47 development of water rights and, WHO. See World Health Organisation 312–321 Wilsonian ideology, NGO assistance emergency assistance South East programmes and, 48–49 Asia, impact on, 306–312 Wolfrum, Rüdiger, 118–120 future challenges concerning, work permits, African disaster response 328–329 and, 290–291 humanitarian assistance and, 312, World Bank, legal empowerment 320–321 projects, 241–243 international humanitarian World Conference on Humanitarian assistance and importance of, Studies, 2, 108–109 302–303 World Health Organisation (WHO), international humanitarian law and, 276 317–320 Guidelines for Medicine Donations, multiple threats to, 310–311 292–294 natural disaster impact on, 308–309 human assistance functions, 126–129 progressive aspect of water rights water rights and, 315–317 and, 326–328 World Vision International, 49 public international law and, 312–314 relief agencies responsibilities and, 328 Yemen, water infrastructure damage in, rights enforcement in emergencies, 308–309 325–328 Yugoslavia, politicisation and scope of right to water and, 315–317 militarisation of aid in, 22–24 South East Asia water management and resources and, 303–306 state obligations concerning, 196–200 Zambia, food donations in, 292–294 weak states, human rights-based Zimbabwe approach to humanitarian humanitarian assistance issues in, assistance in, 18 41–45, 284 western aid organisations transfer of humanitarian goods by, distrust of, 45–46n.23, 45–50 294–295 local norms in humanitarian crises Zwitter, Andrej, 1–8, 349–374, and, 228–230 475–481