Politics, Trangression, and Women's Humor in Contemporary American Television
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"THAT'S WHAT SHE SAID": POLITICS, TRANSGRESSION, AND WOMEN'S HUMOR IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN TELEVISION Melinda Maureen Lewis A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2014 Committee: Ellen Berry, Advisor Jacquelyn Cuneen Graduate Faculty Representative Rosalind Sibielski Becca Cragin ii ABSTRACT Ellen Berry, Advisor Since the early 2000s, women affiliated with comedy television have been widely discussed as exceptions within a masculine industrial context, celebrated as brave counterexamples to ideas women lack comedic voices, or derided for not being good enough as comics or feminists. Television has been included in this discussion as a space where women’s representation, in comparison to film, provided more dynamic options for actress. Comedy has been used in these conversations as journalists and bloggers increasingly focus on women’s lack of representation within comedy formats in addition to already lack of diversity on and offscreen. The goal of this research is to analyze women’s comedic work for television. The following is an examination of women’s authorship in comedy television. There have been a handful of women who have acted as headwriters/ showrunners/ producers/ stars in comedy texts within the past ten years. Through analyses of four women in particular: Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Diablo Cody, and Lena Dunham, this research highlights the ways in which women’s perspectives are incorporated within their texts. Through comedy they provide characters and points of identification that go beyond stereotyping and shed light on the nuanced nature of women’s lived experiences. These texts both resist and conform to societal expectations of women. iii Television Studies exists within a state of fluctuation as industrial shifts uproot the ways in which television operates and even how we as an audience watch or experience programs. Expansion of channels, changes in ownership, challenges over content have affected the ways in which audiences view television as an object. This dissertation is an exploration of those cracks, which were made by female comedy writers to provide insight into women’s daily lives and experiences within American contexts. While by no means all-inclusive, women working in contemporary television continue to try and negotiate wider openings for women’s content on the screen and battle against the saturation of male-centric narratives. iv To all the laughing Medusas v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have spent ten years working toward the goal of writing (and finishing) a dissertation and graduating with doctorate. The amount of people necessary to thank is a project in and of itself. Trust me, I will spend the rest of my life on that book of gratitude, but for now this brief mention will have to suffice. First and foremost I would like to thank my committee members. They each showed how great their sense of humor was by agreeing to be included in this project. Dr. Ellen Berry has been a major facet in my graduate career, as a great professor and mentor. There is no term to encompass how grateful I am to her for taking me on as one of her advisees. No matter how dejected I was going into her office, I was always ready to burst with ideas and writing after our meetings. Dr. Becca Cragin has been a great influence in my work. Her questions became my questions and our preliminary conversations about women and television comedy helped create a framework for this dissertation (as well as reigned me in when necessary). Dr. Roz Sibielski has not only been a great committee member, but friend and mentor. I am utterly thankful that she dived right into this work in addition to all of her other responsibilities. She has helped make me a better scholar, a more dynamic teacher, and better academic. Finally, I am grateful and lucky for Dr. Jacquelyn Cuneen’s readiness to jump in as a last minute representative. These scholars left a distinct mark on my dissertation work, which was a continuation of thoughts and work done in courses with the amazing faculty members available to those within the Department of American Culture Studies. I have been shipped, shaped, and molded by the best of them. I am especially thankful for Dr. Don vi McQuarie, who made entering into American Culture Studies and graduate school a less frightening experience. He set standards both professionally and personally I hope to reach. His successors Dr. Gajjala and Dr. Schocket have helped me with various opportunities that made life easier working on this monster. I was also lucky enough to have taken a course with Dr. Susana Peña, the Director of the School of Cultural and Critical Studies, where I learned scholarship was about entering and embracing the rabbit holes. I am also indebted to Dr. Ted Rippey, for making me a better person through Weimar Cinema; Dr. Don Callen, for being my cinematic spirit animal; Dr. Clayton Rosati for telling me I was NOT a knucklehead; Dr. Kathy Bradshaw for never letting us off the hook; and Dr. Simon Morgan-Russell, Dean of the Honors College, for giving me life lessons during my thesis. I would also like to acknowledge those at IUP’s English program who encouraged me to go further. Dr. Michael T. Williamson, Dr. Barb Kraszewski, and Dr. Judith Villa. Deserving of her own paragraph is Dr. Cynthia Baron who I have had the pleasure of working with for four years as a curator for Tuesdays at the Gish. I first met her at a screening and thought she was the coolest and working with her over the years in class, on the Gish, and writer have confirmed this as truth. I cannot thank her enough for the encouragement she has given me, the amount of hours spent workshopping, and all the advice and opportunities she has shared. I am and forever will be in the Cynthia Baron Fan Club and when those satin jackets finally get made I’m ordering two. Professors are not the only ones who confront us with how much we don’t actually know which is why I must pay thanks to my colleagues. My cohort helped me understand what kind of scholar I wanted to be and how to get there. Their consultation in the early stages of this project was invaluable, especially Arundhati's editing eyes. To those I have had the absolute pleasure of knowing and greatly contributed to my vii well-being: Dr. Mark Bernard, an absolute treasure of a gentleman and scholar; Dr. Hope Bernard for her very necessary note-taking and truth-saying; Carolyn Strong, one of the nicest and calmest academics I’ve come across, Dr. Phillip Cunningham, you can stay; Dr. Kelly MacDonald, for showing me the joys of cooking; Dr. Eric Weeks, “CHOO CHOO”; Stephanie Plummer, like a sun ball of sun; Justin Philpot, you’re an absolute treasure; Melissa Mills-Dick, you made me want to get back to the joys of fiction – and I’m forever thankful for those breaks from frustration; Diana DePasquale, I don’t know why we watch the things we do, but I’m sure glad we do; and to the cine-fun-club, thanks for the belly aches brought on by intense laughter and pizza. I am also grateful to those who have put up with me for far longer than anybody should by choice: Ryan, my dearest friend, I can’t wait for you to get here. Jillian thank you for your encouragement and straightforwardness. I could always count on you. Susan, thank you for those brief moments in time where it feels like nothing has changed. My academic partner in crime, Katie Barak, put up with me ranting, raving, and questioning since meeting in 2008. We have been through coursework, exams, and dissertations together. We have laughed, cried, and watched terrible television for six years and it’s never gotten stale. She’s my C3PO, Shaun, Jay to my R2-D2, Ed, and Silent Bob. Once again, but this time on paper (so much more official), I thank you and reiterate how I couldn’t have gotten through without your friendship (Broc and Moshi are pretty ok, too). I would like to conclude by declaring my undying love and gratitude for my family. My cat Ernie has been a phenomenal compadre over the years and is a frequent reminder of how fun naps can be between bouts of feverish play. A gigantic thank you to viii my parents, John and Malia. They had plenty of opportunities to conveniently misplace me behind during our many trials, but they held on and have supported me in all meanings that word conveys for the past twenty-nine years. I only hope throughout the years I can show your sacrifices were worth it. I love you forever. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LADIES AND GENTLEMAN: AN INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1 Television as More than Appliance .......................................................................... 3 Feminist Media Scholarship ..................................................................................... 7 Gaps and Interventions ............................................................................................. 14 Four Authors . ........................................................................................................... 21 Chapter Breakdowns ................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 1: WHAT’S THE DEAL WITH WOMEN AND COMEDY? ......................... 30 Finding Humor .......................................................................................................... 33 Women and Humor ..................................................................................................