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Japanese Internment in Australia During World War II

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2-s' \ Japanese Internment in Aust¡alia during World. Ilar II Yuriko Nagata A thesis submitted for the Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History at the University of Àdelaide. September 1993 q cÌ /.uro'rrle tl I +- l I Stateneat åTilTr"rÏ,.';:HJ""å, r accepted ror rhe award, knowied.ge, doeåìt cont :y' nor, to-the best of my another published or written by ;il;;; except s made. I give coneent to üris copy of thesis, when deposited uni versit y Librarv, bein g a';'.¡ r"'ro..*y- in the Ë;'Juiîoto.op yin g . Yuriko Nagata. Signed Date: I Contents Page ïllustrations lll Maps and plans iv Acknowledgements v Abbreviations vi À note on gources vlt Summary viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 : Background to Japanese Migration tr Chapter 2 : Japanese Settlenent in Austratia 22 Chapter 3 : Àustralian Internment policy 51 Chapter 4 : Internment 84 Chapter 5 : Prisoner Exchangres and Early Releases L20 Chapter 6 : Camp Organisation L57 ChapterT:CampLife 193 Chapter I : Post-war Release and Repatriation 230 Chapter 9 : After Internment 260 Chapter 10: Internment in the US and Canada 290 Chapter 11: Conclusion 324 Appendices: Additional Statistical Information 334 Bibliography 336 ll I I Illustraùions Facing Nihonjin-kai Club House in Broome p.31 Chinatown in Broome p. 31 Members of Nihonjin-kai in Brisbane, 1939 p.4r Early settlers in Broome P.4 Prisoner exchange shÍps P.125 Christmas greetings to Mrs. Kinnish p. 168 Canteen coupon and postcard p. 179 Japanese internees at a funeral at Loveday P. 183 Japanese internees building Loved.ay Hall p.184 Japanese internees woodcutting at l{oolenook p. 185 Japanese internees employed at the clothing at Tatura factory P.189 The Japanese garden in Compound. C at Loved,ay p.797 Hand-made geta at entrance to sleeping hut at Loved.ay p.198 Drawings of camp life at Loved,ay P.200 Ueno Circus p.202 Japanese internees and. their child.ren on a picnic p. at lfaranga Reservoir 203 Marriage & funeral at Tatura p. 204 Japanese school at Tatura P. 206 Japanese textbook p.207 Committee members of B Compound., at Tatura p.2lL Reunion of former internees with Jim sulrivan, a former p.2go guard officer at Tatura lrl .â note on sources Both the official and' the oral sources on which this thesis defects, thoush is based have ffåÌJ""voidabre "ot """rr-"" iîurr¿.rmine the varue of the Àlmost_ 50 years passed. have since the end o suards and internees have ái"a-. ar*o"rãriitrÀäi" either children young rnen senior .o-r and, vromen at that gamp staff ana inieinlå" il",r. d.ied. This was and was not told. I wi conducted camp affairs, few interviewees wishe notation "Ìtame withheld,' . are in Japanese or Chines with pl or [C] in footnotes. I was able to see a film of Loveday camp taken by Mr. George Bolton i= in the of fll:Få::r1";:ïí":i:Jffi:i1,il:r'n "o* ;;;;ssio,' or ù'-. ¡ãton,s son, vlt Sunmary !.¡as run by an internees' committee proved difficult to discover how the anyone who did not conform to accep e, except for the Australian_born or VIII fatrodriction During World l{ar II both the Àllied. and Àxis Powers interned people of enemy origin in the name of national security. t{hen Japan entered. the war on 8 December 7947, Japanese living in many parts of the world, under Àllied. control were interned- The United Kingd.om arrested about S,Ooo Japanese in various places including India, Malaya and Singapore, and held. the¡n in camps in India.96 Japanese !{ere also arrested. in the UK and held on the Isle of Man. The Àmerican and Canadian governments pursued. policies of wholesale internment of Japanese. .About 22,ooo Japanese canadians and LL2,ooo Japanese Àmericans were put in camps. In the philippines 17,g00 Japanese were interned for a short tine until Japanese forces land.ed. on Mind.anao on 20 December-l Japanese $¡ere also interned in South Àmerica. For example, the Peruvian goverment interned approximately 1,800 Japanese at the behest of the United States and these were later transferred to the USA.2 The internment of Japanese in Australia was one part of world-wide actions taken by the Àllies against the Japanese. This thesis deals with the experiences of Japanese nationals and peopre of Japanese origin who were interned in Àustralia during the war. Australia interned about 16,700 people who were classified. as being of enemy origin - mainly German,Italian or Japanese. They comprised two groups - local internees arrested within Àustralia and. its territories (hereafter lAsahi Shinbun [Asahí], 29 Dec. L984, p.7 . Pawns peruvian .2Gttd'i,,.t ,9:H., ia a T-rianqle of l}ate: The - --Á--!Japanese and. the United States, University of Washing[on pr."r, fõAl, p. viii. 1 referred to as "local internees"), and, overseas internees held on behalf of other Allied Governments (hereafter referred. to as ,,overseas internees,,). 4,301 Japanese were held in Australia. 1,141 were locals and 3,160 were from overseas, principally the Dutch East Ind,ies (hereafter N.E.I.), New caled.onia, the New Hebrides, the solomon Island.s and. New Ze¿land.. About 600 Formosans were arrested as Japanese and includ.ed. among the internees from N.E.I. Some Koreans were also arrested. as Japanese, but their number is unknown as they used JaPanese names. Although this thesis d.eals with common experiences of both overseas and local intenees, such as background. to migration, arrest, internment and repatriation, the emphasis is on local internees. Àustralia only accepted overseas internees at the request of Allied nations and. was not legally responsible for them beyond their internment whílst in Australia. Thère is closer analysis of the pre- and post-war experiences of rocar internees and discussion of internment poricy is limited to this group. The Japanese in this study had emigrated for various purposes. They ranged from single men earning money to take back to Japan, to families who settled and raised children- There we.re people from poverty-stricken parts of Japan who emigrated because they hoped. to find economic opportunities that they could not find at home. some were also hoping to find. personar freedom' some saw themselves as the advance guard of the Japanese Empire, fulfilling Japanese destiny in the region. Bankers and businessmen also came, as did prostitutes and others who provid.ed. services for those better placed. than themselves' They lived' both in Japanese communities and in isolation from other Japanese. Finally, there was a second generation, frequengy born to mixed marriages between Japanese fathers and. local mothers. 2 Relatively little research has been d,one on the wartime experiences of tnternees in Australia. l.largaret Bevege has written a ph.D. thesis on the internment of enemy aliens in Àustralia which was published. as a book in 1993. It covers all the nationalities and, one chapter ls d,evoted specifically to the Japanese' Kay saunders has written extensively on the wartime experiences of people in Australia and has written a number of articles on treatment of enemy aliens and internment in Australia. D.c.S. Sissons has written extensively on the earry history of Japanese immigration to Australia, while others in both Japan and Àustralia have written on migration between Japan and Australia.3 presence Th. of Japanese prisoners-of-war at cowra in Àustralia is well-known due to the mã-qs breakout which occurred there.4This thesis is concerned only with civilians who were interned. as Japanese. The migration patterns' policies and. events up to and. surround.ing t{orld War II in the UsÀ and Canad'a form a useful basis for comparison with the exPeriences of Japanese civilians in Australia d.uring the same period. Because of the continuity of the North American Japaneae communities and much larger numbers involved, there has been greater opportunity for research into their experiences' This research has sometimes been triggered. by the controversies which surrounded internment there. American and. Canadian internees and. their descendants have successfully pursued. claÍms for compensation from their governments for wrongfur deprivation of their rights and. property during the war. These claims were based on legal grounds in the case of the usÀ and largely on us preced.ent in the case of canada. 3See the bibliography for major works by Saunders an. Sissons. 3 A major part of the information for this thesls came from interviews with People who were on both sides of the barbed. wire - former internees now in Australia and Japan, and former Àustralian military personnel involved. with the operation of the camps. official documents held in both Àustralia and Japan were further sources. Ìlost ex-camp personnel who were approached. agrreed to be interviewed. Ìlany respond.ed to an ad.vertisment put in news- papers all over Àustralia in 1985. seventeen ex-Àustralian Military Forces (AMr) personnel were interviewed.. The same method was used to locate former internees, and a number of retters came from them or from peopre who knew about them' The research involved, travel to many places in Àustralia, Japan and' Taiwan to meet people these and to search for others. 40 former internees and their families were interviewed. in Australia, 27 in Japan, three in Taiwan. The majority of the generation first of internees have d.ied, so it was usually only possible to interview those who belonged to the younger generation during the war' Most of the former internees were at first reluctant to talk about their past' Many, both in Japan and.
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