Forensic Science Course of Study
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Forensic Palynology: Why Do It and How It Works
Forensic Science International 163 (2006) 163–172 www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Editorial Forensic palynology: Why do it and how it works Abstract Forensic palynology has been a law enforcement tool for over 50 years. Forensic palynology is the application of pollen and spores in solving legal issues, either civil or criminal. Pollen and spores can be obtained from an extremely wide range of items, including bodies. Pollen and spores provide clues as to the source of the items and the characteristics of the environments from which the material on them is sourced. Their usefulness lies in a combination of their abundance, dispersal mechanisms, resistance to mechanical and chemical destruction, microscopic size, and morphology. Their often complex morphology allows identification to an individual parent plant taxon that can be related to a specific ecological habitat or a specific scene. Pollen and spore assemblages characterise different environments and scenes and can easily be picked up and transported away from scenes of interest without providing any visual clue to a suspect as to what has occurred. With so many publications and high-profile cases involving forensic palynology and environmental analysis now receiving publicity, the future of this branch of forensic science is assured. Furthermore, with the development of multi-disciplinary approaches to environmental analyses of crime scenes, far more detailed information is now available to law enforcement agencies, enabling them to determine with greater accuracy what may have happened during the commission of criminal activities. # 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Forensic science; Forensic palynology; Pollen; Spores; Environmental analysis; Trace evidence 1. -
Occum Inciment Et Fugia Nobitas Ditate Quam Neurolaw
from SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2012 Volume 24, Issue 5 A publication of the American Society of Trial Consultants Foundation Occum inciment et fugia nobitas ditate quam Neurolaw: Trial Tips for Today and Game Changing Questions for the Future By Alison Bennett HE FUTURE OF LAW is standing on the courthouse steps. cannot predict the point in time at which the intersection of Neurolaw – the combination of neuroscience research technology and law will merge to create credible courtroom Tand the law – is worthy of attention for a number of evidence, we can look to neurolaw research today for research reasons. Neuroscientists are conducting ground-breaking findings that confirm current trial practice techniques and research with a machine called a functional MRI, or fMRI, offer new insights into jury decision making and the art of which is similar to traditional MRI technology but focuses on persuasion. brain activity, not just structure. Some would argue the use of neuroscientific evidence based on fMRI research is a premature Current Criminal Trial Applications adoption of a novel technology, but neurolaw evidence is already In the United States, neuroscientific evidence has been influencing jury trials in the United States and abroad. Billions admitted in over one hundred criminal trials now, has been of dollars are being pored into interdisciplinary neuroscience cited in at least one U. S. Supreme Court case, and is being research each year in the United States and abroad. While we admitted as evidence in other countries as well. In many cases, September/October 2012 - Volume 24, Issue 5 thejuryexpert.com 1 neuroscientific evidence was offered to mitigate sentencing “John grasped the object” and “Pablo kicked the ball.” by presenting neuroimaging highlighting brain damage that The scans revealed activity in the motor cortex, which could have diminished the perpetrator’s capacity and ability coordinates the body’s movements, indicating imagining to make rational decisions. -
Supreme Court of the United States
no reactions indicative of deception. Htr. 44. Smith also testified that he was aware Davenport suffered a stroke sometime prior to 2006, did not have any record associated with the polygraph, and was now unavailable to answer questions about his conduct of the exam. Htr. 184-85. Smith also obtained two affidavits from Britt; one was executed on October 26,2005, the other in November 2005. Htr. 44-52; DX 5058; DX 5059. The October affidavit stated, in at least one paragraph, that Britt transported Stoeckley from Charleston to Raleigh; the November affidavit states that he transported her from Greenville to Raleigh. DX 5058 f 15; DX 5059 ^ 15; see also Htr. 40 (“Sometimes he said Charleston. Sometimes he said Greenville.”). The October affidavit also mentions what Britt felt was unethical behavior - Judge Dupree accepting cakes made by jurors - during the MacDonald trial. DX 5058 U 28. In February 2006, Britt executed an addendum to his affidavit, which included more detail than his previous affidavits. Htr. 199; GX 2089.34 Specifically, Britt stated that he and Holden transported Stoeckley to the courthouse on August 15,1979, for her interviews with the parties. GX 2089. He also stated that the defense interview of Stoeckley concluded around noon, and he then escorted her to the U.S. Attorney’s office. Britt again asserted that he was present during Stoeckley’s interview with the Government, and quoted Blackburn as telling her: “If you go downstairs and testify that you were at Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald’s house on the night of the murders, I will indict you as an accessory to murder.” Id. -
On Your Way Home
TEST your power of OBSERVATION A crime scene investigator needs to hone his or her observational skills. Look carefully at both photos and identify seven things that are different. answers: hand sculpture, laptop computer, pen, plaque on wall, photo of Grissom, book on shelf, spider/beetle shelf, on book Grissom, of photo wall, on plaque pen, computer, laptop sculpture, hand answers: LIFT THE LIGHT BULB PROBLEM: You arrive at a crime scene and notice the light bulb outside the house has been partially unscrewed - possibly by the robber - who may have left fingerprints behind on the bulb. QUESTION: How do you remove the bulb from the fixture to preserve fingerprints without touching the light bulb with your hands? SOLUTION: See one solution by viewing the movie at http://www.csigizmos.com/video/bulb_remover_csi.wmv . ON YOUR WAY HOME... If you were to become a CSI, in which area would you specialize? DNA testing? Toxicology? Firearms? Entomology? Blood spatter analysis? Questioned documents? What characteristics do Crime Scene Investigators need to be successful? What skills will be important ? To find out more about how to become a CSI, visit http://www.forensicsciencesfoundation.org Continue to challenge your forensic skills. Log on To www.csitheexperience.org Mix Together: • 2 Tbsp. white corn syrup • 4 tsp. water • Red food coloring Store at room temperature for best results. DID YOU KNOW… • Blood acts like most other fluids--it obeys the laws of physics. • Blood spatter experts use trigonometry, physics and common sense to make their calculations. CAN YOU PREDICT… Will blood dropped from different heights be T. -
Neurolaw Or Frankenlaw? the Thought Police Have Arrived Brain
Volume 16, Issue 1 Summer 2011 Neurolaw or Frankenlaw? Brain-Friendly The Thought Police Have Arrived Case Stories By Larry Dossey, MD Part Two Reprinted with the author’s permission “This technology . opens up for the first time the possibility of punishing By Eric Oliver people for their thoughts rather than their actions.” —Henry T. Greely, bioethicist, Stanford Law School Without the aid of trained emotions the intellect is powerless against the animal organism.” Wonder Woman, the fabulous comic book heroine, wields a formidable - C. S. Lewis weapon called the Lasso of Truth. This magical lariat makes it impossible for anyone caught in it to lie. FIRST THINGS FIRST American psychologist William Moulton Marston created Wonder After the August, 1974 resig- Woman in 1941. He hit a nerve; Wonder Woman has been the most popular nation of Richard Nixon, an apoc- Continued on pg. 32 ryphal story began making the media rounds. It seems one of the major outlets had run a simple poll, asking respondents who they had voted for in the previous presi- dential race: McGovern or Nixon. have a most productive and practical contribution According to the results, Nixon had to share with you from my friend and consulting lost to “President” McGovern by a colleague, Amy Pardieck, from Perceptual Litigation. No stranger to these pages, Katherine James, landslide! Whether it is true or not, of ACT of Communication, makes the case that ac- the story rings of verisimilitude. Hi All – tors and directors have known for decades what tri- What the pollsters didn’t measure, Welcome to the second issue of the new al attorneys interested in bridging the gap between and which would have been much Mental Edge. -
About the AAFS
American Academy of Forensic Sciences 410 North 21st Street Colorado Springs, Colorado 80904 Phone: (719) 636-1100 Email: [email protected] Website: www.aafs.org @ AAFS Publication 20-2 Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Forensic Sciences Printed in the United States of America Publication Printers, Inc., Denver, CO Typography by Kathy Howard Cover Art by My Creative Condition, Colorado Springs, CO WELCOME LETTER Dear Attendees, It is my high honor and distinct privilege to welcome you to the 72nd AAFS Annual Scientific Meeting in Anaheim, California. I would like to thank the AAFS staff, the many volunteers, and everyone else who have worked together to create an excellent program for this meeting with the theme Crossing Borders. You will have many opportunities to meet your colleagues and discuss new challenges in the field. There are many workshops and special sessions that will be presented. The Interdisciplinary and Plenary Sessions will provide different views in forensic science—past, present, and future. The Young Forensic Scientists Forum will celebrate its 25th Anniversary and is conducting a workshop related to the meeting theme. More than 1,000 presentations are scheduled that will provide you with more insight into the developments in forensic science. The exhibit hall, always interesting to explore, is where you will see the latest forensic science equipment, technology, and literature. The theme Crossing Borders was chosen by me and my colleagues at the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI). We see many definitions of crossing borders in forensic science today. For the 2020 meeting, six words starting with the letters “IN” are included in the theme. -
Optimization of the Pollen Extraction Processfor Improvement of Identification
OPTIMIZATION OF THE POLLEN EXTRACTION PROCESSFOR IMPROVEMENT OF IDENTIFICATION Anja Zlatanović Ana Branković, PhD1 University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract: Forensic palynology uses microscopic evidence that is resistant to external influences and displacement from the scene. Most suspects may overlook pollen as evidence because they do not know its importance. Pollen provides a myriad of opportunities in forensics: determining the time of year, locality, primary and secondary event venue, connecting participants in a single criminal event, etc. Pollen analysis consists of determining the species and estimating the percentage that each plant species represents in the evidence sample. All methods require preliminary preparation (pollen extraction). A couple of methods for pollen extraction are used, but they are usually either suitable for large samples or require expensive equipment. We tried to optimize some of the existing methods to improve yield. Best results have been achieved using water incubated samples combined with modified acetolysis. Further development and implementation of forensic palynology depend on the simplified procedure and involvement of forensic botanists. Keywords: forensic palynology, identification, extraction optimization, microscopy INTRODUCTION It has been established that trace evidence can be very important in forensic investigations and pollen evidence in particular since it can provide valuable temporal information. Most of the time, the cases where pollen evidence was used represent cases of identification of a crime scene based on the pol- len assemblages present on a suspect or victim or refuting an alibi. Palynology, which is the study of pollen and spores in an archaeological or geological context, has become a well-established research tool leading to many significant scientific developments. -
The Potential Contribution of Neuroscience to the Criminal Justice System of New Zealand
1 The Potential Contribution of Neuroscience to the CriminalJustice System of New Zealand SARAH MURPHY I INTRODUCTION Descriptions of "neurolaw", the legal discipline governing the intersection of law and neuroscience, span a continuum from "contribut[ing] nothing more than new details"' to ushering in "the greatest intellectual catastrophe in the history of our species". This controversy is not unwarranted. The "technological wizardry"3 of modern neuroscience tracks the movement of fluids and electrical currents, revealing both structure and organic functioning, and is the closest humans have come to "mind reading". While not unwarranted, the controversy's reactionary nature gives the misleading impression that neurolaw is a modem invention. In fact, neurolaw's historical roots are evident in the law's foundational preoccupation with concepts of mens rea and moral desert.' Connections between criminal behaviour and brain injury appeared as early as 1848,1 with biological positivism making formal - and sinister - progress at the end of the 19th century.6 Current legal applications of neuroscience both continue this story and reflect a wider trend of science gaining popular trust and interest from the courts.' Such applications have been proposed t Winner of the 2011 Minter Ellison Rudd Watts Prize for Legal Writing. * BSc (Biological Sciences)/LLB(Hons). The author would like to thank Professor Warren Brookbanks of the University of Auckland Faculty of Law, for his advice during the writing of this dissertation and an earlier, related research paper. I Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything" (2004) 359 Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1775 at 1775. -
Mccormick on Evidence and the Concept of Hearsay: a Critical Analysis Followed by Suggestions to Law Teachers Roger C
University of California, Hastings College of the Law UC Hastings Scholarship Repository Faculty Scholarship 1981 McCormick on Evidence and the Concept of Hearsay: A Critical Analysis Followed by Suggestions to Law Teachers Roger C. Park UC Hastings College of the Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Evidence Commons Recommended Citation Roger C. Park, McCormick on Evidence and the Concept of Hearsay: A Critical Analysis Followed by Suggestions to Law Teachers, 65 Minn. L. Rev. 423 (1981). Available at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/598 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Faculty Publications UC Hastings College of the Law Library Park Roger Author: Roger C. Park Source: Minnesota Law Review Citation: 65 Minn. L. Rev. 423 (1981). Title: McCormick on Evidence and the Concept of Hearsay: A Critical Analysis Followed by Suggestions to Law Teachers Originally published in MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW. This article is reprinted with permission from MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW and University of Minnesota Law School. McCormick on Evidence and the Concept of Hearsay: A Critical Analysis Followed by Suggestions to Law Teachers Roger C. Park* Few modern one volume treatises are as widely used or as influential as McCormick's Handbook of the Law of Evidence.1 The book has been employed by teachers as a casebook substi- tute in law school evidence courses,2 used by attorneys in the practice of law, and cited extensively by the Advisory Commit- tee on the Federal Rules of Evidence.3 McCormick deserves the popularity that it has achieved as a teaching tool and a ref- erence work. -
Expert Witnesses
Law 101: Legal Guide for the Forensic Expert This course is provided free of charge and is designed to give a comprehensive discussion of recommended practices for the forensic expert to follow when preparing for and testifying in court. Find this course live, online at: https://law101.training.nij.gov Updated: September 8, 2011 DNA I N I T I A T I V E www.DNA.gov About this Course This PDF file has been created from the free, self-paced online course “Law 101: Legal Guide for the Forensic Expert.” To take this course online, visit https://law101.training. nij.gov. If you already are registered for any course on DNA.gov, you may logon directly at http://law101.dna.gov. Questions? If you have any questions about this file or any of the courses or content on DNA.gov, visit us online at http://www.dna.gov/more/contactus/. Links in this File Most courses from DNA.Gov contain animations, videos, downloadable documents and/ or links to other userful Web sites. If you are using a printed, paper version of this course, you will not have access to those features. If you are viewing the course as a PDF file online, you may be able to use these features if you are connected to the Internet. Animations, Audio and Video. Throughout this course, there may be links to animation, audio or video files. To listen to or view these files, you need to be connected to the Internet and have the requisite plug-in applications installed on your computer. -
CHAPTER (24): Allied Forensic Specialties CHAPTER (23):PRINCIPLES of FORENSIC SCIENCE Locard’S Exchange Principle: ‘Every Contact Leaves a Trace
• CHAPTER (23):PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE Lecture 4: • CHAPTER (24): Allied Forensic Specialties CHAPTER (23):PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE Locard’s exchange principle: ‘every contact leaves a trace. Scene examination : (Aim : to secure, identify and preserve evidence ) - A crime scene is a zone is cordoned off, within which all people accessing or leaving are entered into (and have to sign) a ‘scene log’. - Crime Scene Manager (CSM) is in overall charge of the scene and controls the personnel that assist in the examination . - Scene of Crime Officers (SOCOs) is in charge of evidence gathering - Police Search Advisory (POLSA) staff in charge of ‘fingertips’. If there are human remains at crime scenes, examinations are focused on the - immediate area around the remains so that they can Be removed for a post- mortem examination (why?) à remains are prone to rapid changes, especially during the first few weeks of decomposition. Packaging differ based on the evidence: Evidence recovery : Paper sacks For clothing because, if item is slightly damp, this allows moisture to pass through. 1- Evidence assigned an Plastic bags Used for items such as cigarette ends. exhibit number. 2- Photographed before removed Plastic tubes Used for sharp items such as knives or screwdrivers . 3- Packaged. / known as weapons tubes Cardboard With plastic ties to secure the item in place. boxes Chain of custody: • Once an exhibit has been created, each time it is transferred from one place to another, the details need to be recorded. • Continuity forms, tells that the exhibit has been passed from one person to another. • Once examinations of an exhibit have been concluded, it is retained for a period of time before it is destroyed or, on occasion, returned. -
Forensic Palynology
fact sheet Forensic palynology Pollen grains and investigative science The remarkable properties of the outer wall (exine) of pollen grains make pollen a useful tool for scientists, across a range of disciplines. The exine’s resistance to environmental damage means pollen grains that are thousands of years old can still retain their original wall texture and pattern, whilst the uniqueness of each pollen type allows for scientific identification. Pollen grains are well represented in fossil records, particularly those from plants that produce large amounts of pollen and rely on wind for pollination. What is forensic Over time, large quantities of pollen build up in layers of sediment. Palynologists sample these palynology? sediment layers and identify pollen grains, creating Forensic palynologists use pollen a pollen profile. Analysis of pollen profiles has wide grains to assist in solving crimes. ranging applications. By examining pollen collected from a crime scene, or suspect, Taxonomists use pollen profiles to investigate it is possible to be specific about botanical evolutionary pathways, and archaeologists where a person or object has use them to understand the diet and agricultural been. Palynologists have extensive conditions of past civilisations. The most widespread knowledge about pollen dispersal uses are in geography and mining. Geologists and plant productivity patterns, use pollen analysis to date rocks for petroleum which helps to establish the exploration, and geographers use it to model climate origins of a particular pollen type, patterns. Forensic science is a more recent application and make inferences about where of pollen analysis. a suspect, victim or object has been. References Denbow, J.